3

Motion in Two Dimensions

ANSWERS TO OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS

OQ3.1 The acceleration of a car traveling at constant speed in a circular path

is directed toward the center of the circle. Answer (d).
OQ3.3 The car’s acceleration must have an inward component and a forward
component: answer (e). Another argument: Draw a final velocity
vector of two units west. Add to it a vector of one unit south. This
represents subtracting the initial velocity from the final velocity, on the
way to finding the acceleration. The direction of the resultant is that of
vector (e).
OQ3.4 (i) The 45° angle means that at point A the horizontal and vertical
velocity components are equal. The horizontal velocity component is
the same at A, B, and C. The vertical velocity component is zero at B
and negative at C. The assembled answer is a = b = c > d = 0 > e.
(ii) The x component of acceleration is everywhere zero and the y
component is everywhere −9.8 m/s2. Then we have a = c = 0 > b = d = e.

OQ3.6 The centripetal acceleration a = v2/r becomes (3v)2/(3r) = 3v2/r, so it is 3

times larger. The answer is (b).
OQ3.7 The period T = 2 r/v changes by a factor of 4/4 = 1. The answer is (a).

OQ3.8 With radius half as large, speed should be smaller by a factor of 1 2,

so that a = v2/r can be the same. The answer is (d).

SOLUTIONS TO END-OF-CHAPTER PROBLEMS

Section 3.1 The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors

P3.2 (a) For the average velocity, we have

50
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 Chapter 3 51

x  4.00   x  2.00   ˆ  y  4.00   y  2.00   ˆ

v avg   i  j
 4.00 s  2.00 s   4.00 s  2.00 s 
5.00 m  3.00 m  ˆ  3.00 m  1.50 m  ˆ
  i  j
 2.00 s   2.00 s 


v avg  1.00ˆi  0.750ˆj m/s 
(b) For the velocity components, we have
dx
vx   a  1.00 m/ s
dt

 2ct  0.250 m/ s 2 t
dy
and v y 
dt
Therefore,
v  vx ˆi  v y ˆj  1.00 m/s  ˆi   0.250 m/s 2  t ˆj

v  t  2.00 s   1.00 m/s  ˆi   0.500 m/s  ˆj

and the speed is

v  t  2.00 s   1.00 m/s    0.500 m/s   1.12 m/s

2 2

(c) For the acceleration components, we have

and

Therefore,

Section 3.2 Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant

Acceleration
P3.5  
v i  4.00ˆi  1.00ˆj m/s and v(20.0)  20.0ˆi  5.00ˆj m/s 
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 52 Motion in Two Dimensions

v x 20.0 m/ s  4.00 m/ s
(a) ax    0.800 m/ s 2
t 20.0 s
v y 5.00 m/ s  1.00 m/ s
ay    0.300 m/ s 2
t 20.0 s
 0.300 m/ s 2 
  tan 1   20.6  339 from  x axis
 0.800 m/ s 2 
(b)

(c) At t = 25.0 s the fish’s position is specified by its coordinates and

the direction of its motion is specified by the direction angle of its
velocity:
1 2
x f  x i  v xit  ax t
2
1
 10.0 m  4.00 m/ s (25.0 s)  (0.800 m/ s 2 )(25.0 s)2
2
 360 m
1 2
y f  y i  v yit  ay t
2
1
 4.00 m  1.00 m/ s (25.0 s)  (0.300 m/ s 2 )(25.0 s)2
2
 72.7 m

v xf  v xi  ax t  4.00 m/ s  0.800 m/ s 2 (25.0 s)  24 m/ s

v yf  v yi  ay t  1.00 m/ s  0.300 m/ s 2 (25.0 s)  6.50 m/ s
vy  6.50 m/ s 
  tan 1  tan 1   15.2
vx  24.0 m/ s 

Section 3.3 Projectile Motion

P3.15 Ans. Fig P3.15 indicates that a line extending along the slope will past
through the end of the ramp, so we may take the position of the skier
as she leaves the rap to be the origin of our coordinate system.
(a) Measured from the end of the ramp, the skier lands a distance d
down the slope at time t:
x  vxi t
 d cos 50.0  (10.0 m/s)(cos15.0) t

and

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 Chapter 3 53

1 2
y  v yi t  gt 
2
1
d sin 50.0  (10.0 m/s)(sin15.0)t  (9.80 m/s 2 )t 2
2

Solving, d  43.2 m and t = 2.88 s.

ANS. FIG. P3.15

(b) Since ax = 0,

vxf  vxi  10.0 m/s  cos15.0  9.66 m/s

v yf  v yi  a y t  10.0 m/s  sin15.0   9.80 m/s 2  (2.88 s)
 25.6 m s
2
P3.18 (a) The acceleration is that of gravity: 9.80 m/s , downward.
(b) The horizontal component of the initial velocity is vxi = vi cos 40.0°
= 0.766vi, and the time required for the ball to move 10.0 m
horizontally is
x 10.0 m 13.1 m
t  
vxi 0.766 vi vi

At this time, the vertical displacement of the ball must be

y  y f  yi  3.05 m  2.00 m  1.05 m

1 2
Thus, y  v yi t  a y t becomes
2

13.1 m 
2


1.05 m  vi sin 40.0
vi 2

  9.80 m s 2 
13.1 m 1
vi2

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 54 Motion in Two Dimensions

835 m3 s 2
or 1.05 m  8.39 m 
vi2

which yields

835 m3 s 2
vi   10.7 m s
8.39 m  1.05 m

Section 3.4 Analysis Model: Particle in Uniform Circular

Motion
v 2 20.0 m/ s 
2

P3.23 ac    377 m/ s 2 . The mass is unnecessary

r 1.06 m
information.
v2
P3.25 ac 
r

v  ac r  3 9.8 m/ s 2 9.45 m   16.7 m/ s

Each revolution carries the astronaut over a distance of

2 r  2 9.45 m   59.4 m.

Then the rotation rate is

16.7 m/s 
1 rev 
  0.281 rev/s
 59.4 m 
Section 3.5 Tangential and Radial Acceleration
P3.30 (a) See figure to the right.

(b) The components of the 20.2 m/s2 and the 22.5

m/s2 accelerations along the rope together
constitute the centripetal acceleration:
ac  22.5 m s 2  cos 90.0  36.9

 20.2 m s 2  cos 36.9  29.7 m s 2

ANS. FIG. P3.30
v2
(c) ac  so v  ac r  29.7 m/ s 2 (1.50 m)  6.67 m/ s tangent to
r
the circle.
v  6.67 m/s at 36.9 above the horizontal

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