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Kinema Tic

The document discusses fundamental concepts in physics related to motion, including displacement, velocity, and acceleration, with applications in various fields such as engineering and geology. It explains the mathematical relationships governing motion in one and two dimensions, utilizing calculus for deriving equations of motion. Additionally, it covers projectile motion and the independence of horizontal and vertical components of motion.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
55 views53 pages

Kinema Tic

The document discusses fundamental concepts in physics related to motion, including displacement, velocity, and acceleration, with applications in various fields such as engineering and geology. It explains the mathematical relationships governing motion in one and two dimensions, utilizing calculus for deriving equations of motion. Additionally, it covers projectile motion and the independence of horizontal and vertical components of motion.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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by

Dr. Eng. Pribadi Mumpuni


Adhi
▪ One purpose of physics is to study the motion of
objects – how fast the move, and how far they move
in a given amount of time.
▪ F1 engineers need to determine the
performance of their cars before and during the

race.
Geologists use this physics to measure
tectonic-plate motion to predict an earthquake.
▪ Medical researchers need to map the blood flow
through a patient
▪ Etc…

3
▪ In 1-D, we write the postion as x(t1 ).
▪ Because in 1-D, to know direction we this (+) or
( signs
the use
Displacement in the interval t = t2 - t1 is

x = x(t2) - x(t1) = x2 - x1

x
x2 Particle’s path in 1-D
x
x1

t1 t2 t
t

▪ Displacement is a vector quantity


4
▪ Velocity v is “rate of position changed”
▪ Average velocity vav in interval  = t2 - t1 is:
t
x( t 2 ) x( t1 ) x
v av  
t 2  t1 t

x
x2 path
x
vav = slope between x1 and x2.
x1

t1 t2 t
“Speed” is the magnitude of
velocity 5
▪ See the limit of t1 ➔ t2
▪ Instantaneous v is defined as:
dx( t )
v( t )
 dt
thus v(t2) = the slo of tangential line on the path of t2.
x pe
x2
x
x1

t1 t2 t
t

6
▪ Acceleration a is “the rate of velocity changed”
▪ Average acceleration aav in the interval t = t2 - t1 is:

v ( t 2 ) v( t1 ) v
aav  
t 2  t1 t

▪ Instantaneous acceleration a is defined as:

dv( t d 2 x( t )
a( t ) )  2
 dt dt

using v( t )
dx( t
) dt

7
▪ A car moves from City A to City B with the
constant speed of 6 m/s, then goes back to
City A with the speed of 12 m/s. Determine
the average speed and average velocity

8
1
▪ If position of x is function of we can v
and so
time, a function of determine a
as time!

x
x  x( t )
dx
v  t
dt v
2
a 
dv
dt dt
d x 2 t
a

1
▪ Says that v = dx / dt
▪ In term of “calculus” we can write dx = v dt, which
we can integrate to have :
t2
x(t 2 )  x(t1 )   v (t )dt
t
1

In graphic, these are addition of some small rectangles


under the line
v(t) + +...+
= displacement

1
▪ Calculus in n 1
 t dt  t n 1  const
SMA: n 1
dv
▪ a
remember:  dt

▪ Because a is constan, we can do integration


to get:
v   a dt  a  dt  at 
v0
▪ The same, v we integrate more
because dx
dt one time

to have

1 2
x   v dt   ( at  v 0 )dt  at  v 0 t  x0
2

1
▪ For motion with constant acceleration:

x  x0  v 0 t  1 at2
2
t
v  v 0  at v

a  const
t
a

1
x (meters)
200

150

100

50

0
0 5 10 15 20
t (seconds)

v (m/s)

▪ x x0 + v0t + 1/2 ◼ x v0t + 1/2 at2 20

= at2 =
v0 + at
15

◼ at
▪ v v 10

= v2 = v02 + 2a(x-x0)
▪ ◼ v2 =v02 +2a
= 5

x 0
0 5 10 15 20
t (seconds)

2
a (m/s )
2

1.5

0.5

0
0 5 10 15 20
t (seconds) 1
▪ Dimensional : x
1
Dimensional :
▪ cartesian (x,y),
2 coordinate )
▪ polar coordinate
▪ (r,
(x,y,z)
▪ Dimensional :
cylindrical coordinate
3 cartesian (r,,z)
▪ coordinate
spherical coordinate
▪ (,,)

1
▪ In one coordinate system, we can position of
determine the a
point in “position vector”

𝑟Ԧ = �� +
y
r

�� + �𝑘෠
x

z
▪ r in notation of coordinate:
(x,y,z)
▪ If we have two position
▪ Displacement
vectors: r ,r is the subtraction of two vecto
1 2 y
position r

Δ𝑟Ԧ = 𝑟Ԧ2 − 𝑟Ԧ1


 
r2  r1
= �� + �� +
r1

Δ�𝑘෠
r
 x
r
(Δ� = �2 − �1
etc.)
2

z 1
▪ Displacement from A to B can be expressed with a
displacement vector D. If the coordinate of A (2.0, 6.0) m and
B (5.0, 10.0) m.
a). Express D in displacement vector A & B.
b). Find magnitude D the angle respect thex-
the and to
axis.

1
y

▪ Displacement from A to B can be


expressed with a displacement vector D. 10
If the coordinate of A (2.0, 6.0) m and B
(5.0, 10.0) m. 6
a). Express D in displacement vector A B
A&
B.
b). Find the magnitude D the
x
and angle 2 5
respect to the x-axis.
Answer
▪ D=B-A
▪ D= (5.0 – 2.0)i + (10.0 –
6.0)j
▪ D = 3i + 4j
▪ Magnitude of D is 5 (find by
4
yourself)
tan =
▪ The angle
3 53.13°
(θ): −1

2
▪ Velocity is a rate of position
changed

𝑣Ԧ = =
∆𝑟Ԧ
lim
∆𝑡
�𝑟Ԧ
∆��→0 tangent
�𝑡
▪ Direction of velocity always with the path
proportional
Component
with
▪ velocity is the velocity 1-Dimensional
r if r  0) eac
of in (for h
axis)

𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣� � + 𝑣� � + 𝑣� 𝑘෠
𝑣� , 𝑣� ,
𝑣�
= = =
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡

�� � �� �

��
2
▪ If the an object moves in this path:

𝑟Ԧ = (7 − 4��)� +
▪ What3�� � + 4𝑘෠
is the2 velocity?

𝑣Ԧ �𝑟Ԧ
= +6
= �𝑡−4� �


▪ What is the speed?

𝑆𝑝��� = 𝑣Ԧ = −4 2 +
2
▪ Accelaration is a rate of velocity changed

𝑎Ԧ = =
∆𝑣Ԧ
lim
∆��→0 ∆𝑡
�𝑣Ԧ
▪ �𝑡
What is the acceleration of the object from previous slide ?

𝑟Ԧ = (7 − 4��)� +

3�� 2 � + 4𝑘෠
𝑣Ԧ = −4� + 6���
𝑎Ԧ z-axis,
▪ No motion = 6� velocity is constant in x-axis,
and the motion accelerates in y-axis

2
x = x0 + v0xt + ½ axt2 y = y0 + v0yt + ½ ayt2
◼ ◼

vx = v0x + axt vy = v0y + ayt


vx = v0x + 2ax x vy = v0y + 2ay y
◼ ◼

◼ ◼
2 2 2

Motion in x and y direction are not related with


each
other
2
▪ Horizontal and vertical motion are not related with
each other
▪ E.g: Free fall motion without a motion in
horizontal
direction
(Vertical motion is not affected by horizontal motion)

▪ E.g: Projectile motion


(horizontal motion is not affected by vertical motion)

2
ax 0
v x  0
v x is
constant
x 2  x1  v x t

a y  g
v y   gt
v 2 y  v1 y  gt
1 2
y 2  y1  v y1t  gt
2
y
a y  g
ax 0
vy   x
gt vx  0
v2 y  v1 y  gt
v x is constan
1 2
y 2  y1  v y1t  gt x 2  t x1  v
2
t
x
2
v
v0x=v cos
v0y
 v0y=v sin

v0x

2
▪ An object was shot with initial velocity v0 and make 0 with
an angle the horizontal direction
▪ Horizontal motion has constant velocity

� = �0 + ��0� 𝑡
= �0 +
�� cos��0 𝑡
▪ Vertical motion has0 constant
acceleration
� = �0 + ��0�1𝑡 2

+ 2 ��𝑡 1 0𝑡 2
= �0 + ��0 sin��

simplification) − 2 ��𝑡
▪ Time needed (x0=y0=0 for

𝑡
=

��0 co �
2��
�0 cos2 2
▪ The path only depend on initial velocity and angle

� = tan��0 ��� 2
2𝑣 2
�−
cos 2 𝜃
0

0
▪ Totaldistance after an object reach the ground (y=0)

tan�� = ��� 2
0� 2𝑣02 cos 2 𝜃 0
2
2 sin��0
cos��0
�=

𝑔
�0

𝑔

02
3
tA
g

H
vo2 sin 2  o
H
 2g

The y-component of the projectile velocity is: v y  v0 sin  0  gt


v0 sin  0
At point A: vy  0  v0 sin 0  gt  t 
g
2 2
gt v0 sin  0 g  v0 sin  0 
H y(t)   v0 sin 0  t    v0 sin 0     
 2 g 2 g 
v o2 sin 2 o
H
 2g 3
tA
g
vo2 sin 2 o
H H
2g

We can calculate the maximum height using the third equation of kinematics
for motion along the y-axis: v y 2  v 2yo 2a  y  y o 
In our problem: yo  0 , y  , v yo  vo sin  o , v y  0 , and a   g 
2 H2
v v o sin 2 o
2
v yo 2gH  H yo 
 2g 2g
3
Barry Bonds
Simulation
Initia Velocity 40 m/s
100
l : 5 degrees
90
25
80 degrees
45
70
degrees
Height (m)

60 65
degrees
50
85
40 degrees
30

20

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Distance
(m) 3
▪ Location on earth is expressed by latitude and
longitude.
▪ The shortest between points earth surface
not straight
distance two on is
a line

3
3
▪ Example of circular
motion:
▪ Motion of wheels
▪ CD, DVD, VCD
▪ Satellites

▪ Coordinate of an object

Radius of
circumference

3
▪ In circular motion, the direction of motion always
tangent with
the path of the motion
▪ angular
The velocity

θsi the angle taken by an object


(in
radi
an) within time t

1 circumference = 2π
rad
π rad = 180°

3
R = radius of
circumference
Vector
position:
=

3
wher
e

4
A particle moves in a circular path with the radius of r and with the
constant speed v. Although the speed is constant, but the velocity
changes, because its direction changes from one point to another point on
the path. Velocity changed that means acceleration is not zero.
Acceleration in circular motion has two characteristics:
1. Its vector points to the center of path C, therefore it called
“centripetal” 2
v
2. Its magnitude a is given by: a
Q
r
r The time T it takes to complete a full revolution is
C r P known as the “period”. It is given by the
r equation:
R
T
v
2r 4
yP xP
v  v xiˆ  v y ˆj   v sin   iˆ   v cos  ˆj
sin  cos 
 r r

Here xP and yP are the coordinates of the particle
 yP   xP  drotatin yP  vd
v  v ˆ i  v ˆ j Acceleration a  v =g  v d i  ˆ xP 
        ˆj
 r   r  dt  r dt   r dt 
dyP dxP
We note that:  y v and  x  v sin 
dt cos  dt
 v 2
  v
v
2  v v 2
v2
a   cos  iˆ    sin   ˆj a a 2x  a 2y   cos     sin 
2

 r   r   r r
 2

tan 
ay

  v / r  sin 
2

 tan     a points t owards C


 ax  v / r 
2
 
vx  v sin 
cos 
vy  v cos 
P

C A C

 cos     sin 
2
 4
Determine the centripetal acceleration of earth when orbits the
sun. Assume the orbit is circle and the radius is 1.496 x
1011m.

4
▪ Angular
acceleration

▪ When t → 0

▪ Tangential
acceleration

▪ When t → 0

4
▪ Direction of tangential acceleration is the with its
same velocity

▪ Unit vector of velocity written


can be as
vx  v sin 
vy  v cos


Therefore

4
▪ Magnitude of acceleratio
centripetal n

▪ U
ni t
vector
=


Therefore

4
4
▪ Consider a particle moving along a curved path
where the velocity changes both in direction and
magnitude.

• Tangential acceleration makes the speed changes

• Radial acceleration makes the direction


changes
• Negative sign on radial acceleration due to 4
▪ It is convenient to write the acceleration of a particle
moving in a circular path in terms of unit vectors.
theunit vectors ��ො 𝜽 shown in figure


and

▪ The total acceleration

▪ Negative sign on radial acceleration due to opposite


direction with its radius vector
4
A car exhibits a constant acceleration of 0.300
m/s2
parallel to the roadway. The car passes over a
rise
in the roadway such that the top of the rise is
shaped like of
the direction a the
circle of acceleration
total radius 500 m. At the
vector for the
moment
car at this instant?
the car is at the top of the rise, its velocity
vector is
horizontal and has a magnitude of 6.00 m/s.
What is
5
▪ What is the total acceleration, if the angular
velocity is constant  = 0,4π rad

5
Reducing a velocity in gears
The gear with the larger radius
will
have smaller angular velocity
If gear R1 rotated with the
angular velocity 

If the radius of R1 is 10 times larger than R2, then angular velocity of R1 will
reduced 1/10 times of R2
5
Reducing a velocity in gears

If the R1/R2 = 10, with this system the reduction will be 100
smaller times
5
Angular Linear

 = constant a  constan t

 = 0 + t v = v 0 + at

1 1
= + t+ t 2
x = x0 + v0 t + at 2
0 0
2 2

For a point with the distance R from origin :

x = R v = R a = R

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