Kinema Tic
Kinema Tic
3
▪ In 1-D, we write the postion as x(t1 ).
▪ Because in 1-D, to know direction we this (+) or
( signs
the use
Displacement in the interval t = t2 - t1 is
x = x(t2) - x(t1) = x2 - x1
x
x2 Particle’s path in 1-D
x
x1
t1 t2 t
t
x
x2 path
x
vav = slope between x1 and x2.
x1
t1 t2 t
“Speed” is the magnitude of
velocity 5
▪ See the limit of t1 ➔ t2
▪ Instantaneous v is defined as:
dx( t )
v( t )
dt
thus v(t2) = the slo of tangential line on the path of t2.
x pe
x2
x
x1
t1 t2 t
t
6
▪ Acceleration a is “the rate of velocity changed”
▪ Average acceleration aav in the interval t = t2 - t1 is:
v ( t 2 ) v( t1 ) v
aav
t 2 t1 t
dv( t d 2 x( t )
a( t ) ) 2
dt dt
using v( t )
dx( t
) dt
7
▪ A car moves from City A to City B with the
constant speed of 6 m/s, then goes back to
City A with the speed of 12 m/s. Determine
the average speed and average velocity
8
1
▪ If position of x is function of we can v
and so
time, a function of determine a
as time!
x
x x( t )
dx
v t
dt v
2
a
dv
dt dt
d x 2 t
a
1
▪ Says that v = dx / dt
▪ In term of “calculus” we can write dx = v dt, which
we can integrate to have :
t2
x(t 2 ) x(t1 ) v (t )dt
t
1
1
▪ Calculus in n 1
t dt t n 1 const
SMA: n 1
dv
▪ a
remember: dt
1 2
x v dt ( at v 0 )dt at v 0 t x0
2
1
▪ For motion with constant acceleration:
x x0 v 0 t 1 at2
2
t
v v 0 at v
a const
t
a
1
x (meters)
200
150
100
50
0
0 5 10 15 20
t (seconds)
v (m/s)
= at2 =
v0 + at
15
◼ at
▪ v v 10
= v2 = v02 + 2a(x-x0)
▪ ◼ v2 =v02 +2a
= 5
x 0
0 5 10 15 20
t (seconds)
2
a (m/s )
2
1.5
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20
t (seconds) 1
▪ Dimensional : x
1
Dimensional :
▪ cartesian (x,y),
2 coordinate )
▪ polar coordinate
▪ (r,
(x,y,z)
▪ Dimensional :
cylindrical coordinate
3 cartesian (r,,z)
▪ coordinate
spherical coordinate
▪ (,,)
▪
1
▪ In one coordinate system, we can position of
determine the a
point in “position vector”
𝑟Ԧ = �� +
y
r
�� + �𝑘
x
z
▪ r in notation of coordinate:
(x,y,z)
▪ If we have two position
▪ Displacement
vectors: r ,r is the subtraction of two vecto
1 2 y
position r
Δ�𝑘
r
x
r
(Δ� = �2 − �1
etc.)
2
z 1
▪ Displacement from A to B can be expressed with a
displacement vector D. If the coordinate of A (2.0, 6.0) m and
B (5.0, 10.0) m.
a). Express D in displacement vector A & B.
b). Find magnitude D the angle respect thex-
the and to
axis.
1
y
2
▪ Velocity is a rate of position
changed
𝑣Ԧ = =
∆𝑟Ԧ
lim
∆𝑡
�𝑟Ԧ
∆��→0 tangent
�𝑡
▪ Direction of velocity always with the path
proportional
Component
with
▪ velocity is the velocity 1-Dimensional
r if r 0) eac
of in (for h
axis)
𝑣Ԧ = 𝑣� � + 𝑣� � + 𝑣� 𝑘
𝑣� , 𝑣� ,
𝑣�
= = =
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
�
�� � �� �
��
2
▪ If the an object moves in this path:
𝑟Ԧ = (7 − 4��)� +
▪ What3�� � + 4𝑘
is the2 velocity?
𝑣Ԧ �𝑟Ԧ
= +6
= �𝑡−4� �
�
�
▪ What is the speed?
𝑆𝑝��� = 𝑣Ԧ = −4 2 +
2
▪ Accelaration is a rate of velocity changed
𝑎Ԧ = =
∆𝑣Ԧ
lim
∆��→0 ∆𝑡
�𝑣Ԧ
▪ �𝑡
What is the acceleration of the object from previous slide ?
𝑟Ԧ = (7 − 4��)� +
3�� 2 � + 4𝑘
𝑣Ԧ = −4� + 6���
𝑎Ԧ z-axis,
▪ No motion = 6� velocity is constant in x-axis,
and the motion accelerates in y-axis
2
x = x0 + v0xt + ½ axt2 y = y0 + v0yt + ½ ayt2
◼ ◼
◼ ◼
2 2 2
2
ax 0
v x 0
v x is
constant
x 2 x1 v x t
a y g
v y gt
v 2 y v1 y gt
1 2
y 2 y1 v y1t gt
2
y
a y g
ax 0
vy x
gt vx 0
v2 y v1 y gt
v x is constan
1 2
y 2 y1 v y1t gt x 2 t x1 v
2
t
x
2
v
v0x=v cos
v0y
v0y=v sin
v0x
2
▪ An object was shot with initial velocity v0 and make 0 with
an angle the horizontal direction
▪ Horizontal motion has constant velocity
� = �0 + ��0� 𝑡
= �0 +
�� cos��0 𝑡
▪ Vertical motion has0 constant
acceleration
� = �0 + ��0�1𝑡 2
+ 2 ��𝑡 1 0𝑡 2
= �0 + ��0 sin��
simplification) − 2 ��𝑡
▪ Time needed (x0=y0=0 for
𝑡
=
�
��0 co �
2��
�0 cos2 2
▪ The path only depend on initial velocity and angle
� = tan��0 ��� 2
2𝑣 2
�−
cos 2 𝜃
0
0
▪ Totaldistance after an object reach the ground (y=0)
tan�� = ��� 2
0� 2𝑣02 cos 2 𝜃 0
2
2 sin��0
cos��0
�=
�
𝑔
�0
�
𝑔
�
02
3
tA
g
H
vo2 sin 2 o
H
2g
We can calculate the maximum height using the third equation of kinematics
for motion along the y-axis: v y 2 v 2yo 2a y y o
In our problem: yo 0 , y , v yo vo sin o , v y 0 , and a g
2 H2
v v o sin 2 o
2
v yo 2gH H yo
2g 2g
3
Barry Bonds
Simulation
Initia Velocity 40 m/s
100
l : 5 degrees
90
25
80 degrees
45
70
degrees
Height (m)
60 65
degrees
50
85
40 degrees
30
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Distance
(m) 3
▪ Location on earth is expressed by latitude and
longitude.
▪ The shortest between points earth surface
not straight
distance two on is
a line
3
3
▪ Example of circular
motion:
▪ Motion of wheels
▪ CD, DVD, VCD
▪ Satellites
▪ Coordinate of an object
Radius of
circumference
3
▪ In circular motion, the direction of motion always
tangent with
the path of the motion
▪ angular
The velocity
1 circumference = 2π
rad
π rad = 180°
3
R = radius of
circumference
Vector
position:
=
3
wher
e
4
A particle moves in a circular path with the radius of r and with the
constant speed v. Although the speed is constant, but the velocity
changes, because its direction changes from one point to another point on
the path. Velocity changed that means acceleration is not zero.
Acceleration in circular motion has two characteristics:
1. Its vector points to the center of path C, therefore it called
“centripetal” 2
v
2. Its magnitude a is given by: a
Q
r
r The time T it takes to complete a full revolution is
C r P known as the “period”. It is given by the
r equation:
R
T
v
2r 4
yP xP
v v xiˆ v y ˆj v sin iˆ v cos ˆj
sin cos
r r
Here xP and yP are the coordinates of the particle
yP xP drotatin yP vd
v v ˆ i v ˆ j Acceleration a v =g v d i ˆ xP
ˆj
r r dt r dt r dt
dyP dxP
We note that: y v and x v sin
dt cos dt
v 2
v
v
2 v v 2
v2
a cos iˆ sin ˆj a a 2x a 2y cos sin
2
r r r r
2
tan
ay
v / r sin
2
C A C
cos sin
2
4
Determine the centripetal acceleration of earth when orbits the
sun. Assume the orbit is circle and the radius is 1.496 x
1011m.
4
▪ Angular
acceleration
▪ When t → 0
▪ Tangential
acceleration
▪ When t → 0
4
▪ Direction of tangential acceleration is the with its
same velocity
▪
Therefore
4
▪ Magnitude of acceleratio
centripetal n
▪ U
ni t
vector
=
▪
Therefore
4
4
▪ Consider a particle moving along a curved path
where the velocity changes both in direction and
magnitude.
5
Reducing a velocity in gears
The gear with the larger radius
will
have smaller angular velocity
If gear R1 rotated with the
angular velocity
If the radius of R1 is 10 times larger than R2, then angular velocity of R1 will
reduced 1/10 times of R2
5
Reducing a velocity in gears
If the R1/R2 = 10, with this system the reduction will be 100
smaller times
5
Angular Linear
= constant a constan t
= 0 + t v = v 0 + at
1 1
= + t+ t 2
x = x0 + v0 t + at 2
0 0
2 2
x = R v = R a = R