RK MANWONG CRIMINOLOGY SOLUTIONS

Bacolod | Baguio | Batangas | Cubao | Cebu | Pampanga | Roxas | Negros Occ. | Palawan

CRIMINOLOGY BOARD REVIEW

READING MATERIAL IN ▪ ** Hue and Cry – Complainant shouts for the mandatory
assembly of men to catch the culprit, horn – oldest known
LAW ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION warning device
▪ ** Royal Judge – investigates and punishes
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES
▪ ** Trial by Ordeal – painful test of guilt/innocence
▪ **Shire-Rieve – shire (district/county) rieve (ruler) later
▪ Policing is the most obvious and apparent aspect of the
called Sheriff– England was divided into 55 military districts
criminal justice system
under the control of a rieve.
▪ Police Systems around the world varied in terms of
▪ **Travelling Judge – renders judgment and gives
approach and practices in achieving police goals due to
punishment
diversity of culture however similarities are placed on the
▪ ** Leges Henri – policemen were considered public officials
purpose of their existence – Law enforcement, Peace and
▪ ** Magna Carta – (King John) – Peace Treaty and the laws
Order, and Crime prevention.
can be made with the demand of the Knights of the Round
Table –beginning of national/local government and
The word “POLICE” is French!
legislation.
▪ “Politeia” G, government of a city
▪ **Statute of Winchester- (King Edward) - 1285 –
▪ “Politia” R, same meaning above
Watchmen (16 heads)
▪ “Polizei” Gr, Safe keepers (territory)
▪ **Statute of 1295 – gate of London close at sundown –
▪ “POLICE” F, persons to enforce law
curfew system adopted
▪ **borrowed by the English and Americans to refer to LAW
▪ ** Justice of the Peace – a position with power to arrest,
ENFORCER.
pursue and impose punishment
▪ ** constable, patrol, F in origin
▪ **Star Chamber Court – special court to try offenses
against the state.
Police in the Ancient Time
▪ **Keepers of the Peace – time of King Richard appoint –
▪ 2300 B.C – Sumerians Lipithstar & Eshumma – set
Knights to keep the King’s Peace
standards on what constituted an offense against society –
▪ ** The Charlies – time of King Charles – appoint – night
the SUMERIAN CODE
watchers known as Bellmen - on duty from sunset to
▪ 2100 B.C – Babylonians – Code of King Hammurabi –
sunrise
Principle LEX TALIONES – oldest harsh code.
▪ ** Bow Street Runner – time of Henry Fielding,
▪ 1500 B.C – Egyptians – Court system presided by judges
appointment of foot patrol, horse patrol (mounted patrol).
appointed by the Pharaoh; Marine patrol and custom
▪ In France – 16th Century - Paris had two patrols: Citizen
house officers protecting commerce started; first use of
Night Guard; and the Royal Guard for the king’s protection.
dog patrol; MEDJAYS – civilian police under the command
The Guard motto that even today is on the
of a military.
▪ French police emblem “Vigilat ut Quiescant” - “He watches
▪ Ancient Greece – EPHORI – law enforcers
that they may sleep”. They were also called GENDARMIE
▪ Ancient Rome – 12 Tabulae (12 Tables) – the first written
▪ 1791 - The position of “Officers de Paix” was formed (origin
laws, Emperor Augustus – created the Praetorian Guard,
of “Peace Officer”). The first French Police Officers –
Urban Cohorts (City Patrol), and the Vigiles (fire fighters);
Sargent de Ville’ - servant of the city
Emperor Justinian – Justinian Code became known as
▪ Italian Police – Carabinieri
Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Law)
▪ Spanish Police – Guardia Civil
▪ **Vigiles –first civilian police force which keep the peace
▪ Boston, 1636 - formed the first “Night Watch”, they
very ruthlessly, hence the word vigilantes
were called “Leathermen”
▪ Anglo-Saxon (England: 849-899) -Time of King Alfred
Philadelphia, 1833 – instituted the first daytime, paid police
▪ ** Tun Policing – Tun (Town); Frankpledge system - 10
service
male residents as guardians of the town known as tythings
(10 families).
Modernized Policing Productivity means the summary of measures of the quantity
▪ **Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 – modernize the police and quality of police work performance achieved, with resource
system of England; creation of Scotland Yard – Robert utilization considered. This involves a commitment to the
Peel - “Father of Modern Policing” accomplishment of two different, but complimentary, police
▪ New York, 1844 – organized the first modern American performance outcomes:
police force based on the English Metropolitan police.
1. Police Effectiveness, which measures whether or not
Policing in the Philippines important task goals are being attained
▪ Pre-Spanish – policing is tribal in nature 2. Police Efficiency, which measures how well
▪ 1712 – Carabineros de Seguridad Publico – the mounted resources are being utilized.
police
▪ 1836 – Guardrilleros – rural police POLICE MANAGEMENT PROCESSES
▪ 1852 – Guardia Civil – town police
▪ 1901 - Organic Act # 175 – Phil. Constabulary (PC) under The management process involves Planning –
Capt. Henry T. Allen – first Chief Organizing – Leading – Controlling the use of organizational
▪ 1917 – PC Filipinization – Brig. Gen. Rafael Crame – First resources to achieve high performance results.
Filipino Chief of PC
▪ 1935 – PC Personnel were absorbed by the Philippine 1. Planning – is the process of setting performance
Army objectives and identifying the actions needed to
▪ 1936 – Commonwealth Act #88 created the STATE accomplish them.
POLICE 2. Organizing – is the process of dividing the work to be
▪ 1938 – Commonwealth Act #343 – reconstituted the done and coordinating results to achieve a desired
Philippine Constabulary – PC became an independent purpose.
National Police Force 3. Leading – is the process of directing and coordinating
▪ 1939 - The Manila Police Department introduced bicycle the work efforts of other people to help them
patrol. accomplish important task.
▪ 1941 - Japanese Occupation - Japanese Military Police 4. Controlling – is the process of monitoring
(Kempetai) took over MPD. performance, comparing results to objectives and
▪ 1945 - Liberation Period - The MPD was reconstituted and taking corrective action as necessary.
placed under American control. Col. Marcus Ellis Jones
became the Chief of Police of the MPD. CLASSICAL APPROACH
▪ Aug. 1966 – RA 4864 – Police Act of 1966 – Creation of
the Police Commission - POLCOM A. Scientific Management (Frederick Taylor, 1856-
▪ 1975 – PD 765 – integration of the national police - the 1915) - Scientific Management sought to discover the
PC/INP became the nucleus of a united police force in the best method of performing specific task. Taylor
country believed that if workers were taught the best
▪ 1990 – R.A. 6975 – Creation of the Philippine National procedures, with pay tied to output, they would
Police (PNP) that is civilian in character and national in produce the maximum amount of work.
scope (Constitution)
▪ 1998 – RA 8551 – PNP Reform & Reorganization Act B. Bureaucratic Management (Max Weber, 1864-
dubbed as the“PNP Professionalization Law”. 1920) - Weber believed that such an approach was a
means of lessening the cruelty, nepotism, and
BASIC CONCEPTS IN POLICE MANAGEMENT subjective managerial practices common in the early
stages of the Industrial Revolution. (for example, it
Management pertains to the utilization of available resources was a standard practice to hire relatives regardless of
in an organization while administration refers to the processes their competence and to allow only individuals of
used. aristocratic birth to attain high-level positions within
government and industry)
Goals are broad statements of general and long-term
organizational purposes often used to define the role of the Characteristics of Bureaucratic Organization
police, for instance, to prevent crime, maintain order or help
solve community problems. 1. Division of labor based on a specified sphere of
competence
Objectives are specific short-term statements consistent with 2. Hierarchy of authority where its lower office is under
an organization’s goal. the control and supervision of a higher one.

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 3. Specified set of rules applied uniformly throughout the 14. Espirit de Corps – “union”, unity is strength; harmony
organization and teamwork are essential to effective organizations.
4. Maintenance of interpersonal relationships, because
rational decisions can only be made objectively and D. Gulick and Urwick (1920-1937) - Pioneers of “The
without emotions Science of Administration” (1937) - they described the
5. Selection and promotion based on competence, not major functions of administration using the acronym
on irrelevant considerations POSDCRB.

C. Administrative Management - Henri Fayol (1841- 1. Planning – working out in broad outline the things that
1945) – in his most influential work “Industrial and need to be done and the methods for doing them to
General Management”, 14 principles of efficient accomplish the purpose set for the enterprise.
management was identified. 2. Organizing – establishment of the formal structure of
authority through which work subdivisions are
1. Division of Work - work specialization can increase arranged, defined, and coordinated for the define
efficiency with the same amount of effort. objective.
2. Authority and Responsibility – authority includes 3. Staffing – personnel function of bringing in and out
the right to command and the power to require training the staff and maintaining the staff the
obedience; one cannot have authority without favorable conditions of work. Filling the organization
responsibility. with the right people and right position.
3. Discipline – Discipline is necessary for an 4. Directing – task of making decisions and embodying
organization to function effectively, however, the state them in specific and general orders and instructions
of the disciplinary process depends upon the quality of and serving as the leader of the enterprise
its leaders. 5. Coordinating - the all-important duty of interrelating
4. Unity of Command - employee should receive orders the various parts of the work.
from one superior only. 6. Reporting – is keeping those to whom the executive
5. Unity of Direction – there should be one manager is responsible informed as to what is going on, which
and one plan for a group of activities that have the thus includes keeping himself and his subordinates
same objective. informed through records research and inspection.
6. Subordination of individual interest to general 7. Budgeting – with all that goes of budgeting in the form
interest – the interest of one employee or group of of fiscal planning, accounting, and control
employees should not take precedence over those of
the organization as a whole. HUMAN RELATIONS APPROACH
7. Remuneration of Personnel – compensation should
be fair to both the employee and the employer. Elton Mayo - suggested that when special attention is paid to
8. Centralization – the proper amount of centralization employees by management, productivity is likely to increase
depends on the situation. The objective is to pursue regardless of changes in working conditions. This phenomenon
the optimum utilization of the capabilities of personnel was labeled the “Hawthorne effect”. The major contributions
9. Scalar Chain – the hierarchy of authority is the order of this approach are summarized as follows:
of ranks from the highest to the lowest levels of the
organization. Besides this vertical communication 1. The level of production is set by norms, not by
should also be encourage as long as the managers is physiological capacities
in the chain are kept informed. 2. Non-economic rewards and sanctions significantly
10. Order – materials and human resources should be in affect the behavior of the workers and largely limit the
the right place at the right time; individuals should be effect of economic incentive plans
in jobs or position that suits them. 3. Often workers do not act or react as individuals but as
11. Equity – employees should be treated with kindness members of a group
and justice
12. Stability of personnel tenure - an employee needs BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE APPROACH
time to adjust to a new job and reach a point of
satisfactory performance; high turnover should be The behavioral science approach utilizes scientific
avoided. method as the foundation for testing and developing theories
13. Initiative – the ability to conceive and execute a plan about human behavior in organizations that can be used to
(through initiative and freedom) should be encouraged guide and develop managerial policies and practices.
and developed throughout all levels of the
organization.

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Contributors for this approach are:
3. Theory Z and Quality Management - focused on the
Abraham Maslow (Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory) Japanese management practices. The emergence of
1940’s – see discussion on Motivation Theories Total Quality Management (TQM) practices – a
customer-oriented approach and emphasizes on both
McGregor (McGregor’s Theory X and Y) - Theory X assumes human resources and quantitative methods in an
that people have little ambition, dislike work, and must be attempt to strive towards continuous improvement.
coerced in order to perform satisfactorily. Theory Y assumes
that people do not inherently dislike work and if properly MOTIVATION AND THE POLICE SERVICE
rewarded, especially satisfying esteem and self-actualization
needs, will perform well on the job. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory - has suggested that
human needs form a hierarchy from the most basic biological
Theory X Assumptions requirements to the needs for self-actualization – the highest of
✓ The average person inherently dislikes work and will try to all needs. The pyramidal structures of human needs from the
avoid it bottom to the top of the hierarchy, the levels of needs or motive,
✓ Most people must be coerced, controlled, directed, and are:
threatened with punishment to get them to work towards 1. Biological or Physiological Needs – these motives
organizational goals include the need for food, water, oxygen, activity, and
✓ The average person prefers to be directed, wants to avoid sleep.
responsibility, has relatively little ambition, and seeks 2. Safety Needs – these pertain to the motives of being
security above all. cared for and being secured such as in income and
place to live.
Theory Y Assumptions 3. Love/Belongingness – Belongingness is integration
✓ Work, whether physical or mental, is as natural as play or into various kinds of social groups or social
rest, and most people do not inherently dislike it organizations. Love needs means need for affection.
✓ External control and threat of punishment are not the only 4. Cognitive Needs – our motivation for learning and
means of bringing about effort toward organizational goals, exploration
people will exercise self-direction and self-control when 5. Esteem Needs – our motivation for an honest,
they are committed fundamental respect for a person as a useful and
✓ Commitment to goals is a function of the rewards made honorable human being.
available 6. Aesthetic Needs - our motivation for beauty and order
✓ An average person learns, under proper conditions, not 7. Self- actualization – pertains to human total
only to accept but to seek responsibility satisfaction, when people are motivated not so much
✓ Ability to exercise a high degree of creativity in the solution by unmet needs, as by the desire to become all they
of problems are capable of (self-realization).

CONTEMPORARY APPROACH Aldefer’s ERG Theory - categorizes needs into Existence,

Relatedness and Growth needs. According to Aldefer:
This is the movement towards quality management. Theorists 1. Existence Needs – are desires for physiological and
have incorporated the influences of the behavioral science and material well-being
other earlier school of thoughts. 2. Relatedness Needs – are desires for satisfying
interpersonal relationships
1. The System Theory - all parts of a system are 3. Growth Needs – are desires for continued personal
interrelated and interdependent to form the whole. A growth and development.
system is composed of elements or subsystems that
are related and dependent upon one another. When McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory - David McClelland
these subsystems are in interaction with one another, identified three types of acquired needs. These are:
they form a unitary whole. 1. Need for Achievement – the desire to do something
better or more efficiently, to solve problems, or to
2. The Contingency Theory – This approach master complex task.
recognizes that many internal and external 2. Need for Affiliation – the desire to establish and
environmental variables affect organizational maintain friendly and warm relations with others
behavior. In this case, there is no best way for 3. Need for Power – the desire to control others, to
structuring and managing diverse types of influence their behavior, or to be responsible for
organizations. So, the underlying theme of this theory others.
is that it all depends on a particular situation.

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POLICE PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT services. These activities include the determination of
an equitable wage and maintenance of an incentive
Area of management concerned with human relations system.
in the police organization. Police Personnel Management uses
planning, organizing, directing and controlling of day-to-day 3. Developing and motivating personnel - deals with
activities involved in procuring, developing and motivating them the education of the police officers, the appraisal of
and in coordinating their activities to achieve the aims of the work performance, their promotion, and the
police. suggestion system, which enables them to develop so
they can rise to the police organization’s desired
Operative Functions of Police Personnel standards of performance.

1. Police Personnel Planning – study of the labor 4. Human relations - involves the development of
supply of jobs, which are composed with the demands harmonious relations between management on one
for employees in an organization to determine future hand and individual police officer the on the other
personnel requirements, which either increase or hand.
decrease. If there is an expected shortage of
personnel the organization may decide to train and 5. Efficient administration of the program with
develop present employees and/or recruit from adequate budget – this is to achieve a favorable
outside sources. climate for police officers. Good human relations
2. Police Recruitment - is the process of encouraging should be the attitude in the applications,
police applicant from outside an organization to seek implementation and interpretation of the
employment in an organization. The process of organization’s policies, rules and regulations. The
recruitment consists of developing a recruitment plan, important tools in this area are records and reports,
recruitment strategy formulation job applicants search, personnel research and statistics, and evaluation of
screening of qualified applicants, and maintaining a the effects of current policies, activities, and programs.
waiting list of qualified applicants.
3. Police Selections (screening) - is the process of NATURE OF POLICE POLICIES
determining the most qualified police applicant for a
given position in the police organization. Policies are tools of management, which give life and
4. Police Placement- is the process of making police direction to the police program of activities and set limits within
officers adjusted and knowledgeable in a new job and which action is to be pursued by the personnel concerned.
or working environment. Policies define the authority and the responsibility of
5. Police Training and Development – refers to any subordinates. They help the personnel understand their mutual
method used to improve the attitude, knowledge, and relationships. They are ahead to guide the men on the
skill or behavior pattern of an employee for adequate operational level, authority, and responsibility and to enable
performance of a given job. It is a day-to-day, year- them to arrive at sound decisions.
round task.
6. Police Appraisal (Performance Evaluation) - POLICY - refers to a general plan of action that serves as a
performance rating is the evaluation of the traits, guide in the operation of the organization. It makes up the basic
behavior and effectiveness of a police officer on the framework of management decisions that set the course what
job as determined by work standards. the organization should follow. It defines the authority and
7. Police Compensation - Financial compensation in responsibility of supervisors in their job of directing group efforts
the form of wages of salaries constitutes the largest and implementing personnel programs.
single expenditure for most organizations.
TYPES OF POLICE POLICIES
PERSONNEL POLICIES
According to origin, policies are classified as:
1. Acquiring competent personnel - includes human
resources planning, job description and job 1. Originated Policy - This type of policy comes from top
specification, police recruitment, selection, placement, management level and is intended to set up guidelines
transfer, layoffs, and separation. in the operation of the police organization.
2. Appealed Policy - This type of policy is born when
2. Holding and retaining competent personnel - gives problems arise at the lower levels of the organization
depth and meaning to good management philosophy, and the man in charge does not know how to meet the
and involves the granting of fair wages, reasonable
working hours, and other employee benefits and

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 problem. He then appeals to his superiors for 6. Police Publications - Communication has gained
guidelines and for guidance. such importance to and attention by management in
3. Imposed Policy - This type of policy comes from the recent years. To meet the needs of communicating
government in the forms of laws, administrative with officers, police organizations have been spending
orders, and rules and procedures or contract amount of money on publications, internal or external.
specifications.
POLICE JOB DESCRIPTION
According to their subject matter, policies may be
classified into: JOB DESCRIPTION may be defined as an abstract of
information derived from the job analysis report, describing the
1. General Statement of Principles - policies stated in duties performed, the skills, the training, and experience
broad terms, such as statement of objectives, required the responsibilities involved, the condition under which
philosophy and creed. Others stress in general terms the job is done, and relation of the job to the other job in the
management traits, such as fairness in dealing with organization.
officers, understanding and humane treatment of the
work force. RECRUITMENT, SELECTION, AND PLACEMENT
2. Specific Rules - cover specific situations. They are
more direct and are less flexible. They are more rigid On Police Recruitment - The first step in the recruiting
in nature. procedure, and the one that should receive greatest emphasis,
is that of attracting well-qualified applicants. The best selection
DISSEMINATION OF POLICIES devices available are of little value if the recruiting effort has
failed to attract candidates of high caliber. Widespread publicity
1. Police Handbooks - These handbooks are distributed directed at the particular element of the population which it is
to all personnel, and contain among other things, hoped will be attracted to the examination is the best method of
information about the benefits and services that the seeking outstanding applicants.
organization grants to its officers, the organization’s
history, its organizational structure, its officers, and Recruitment in the police service is dependent on the
other information useful to the officers in availability of national or regional quota which is determined by
understanding their relationship with the organization. the NAPOLCOM.
2. Police Manual - A policy manual covering all police
personnel policies and procedures, if made available Standard Policy on Selection and Appointment
to managers and supervisors, will be a great help in
their decision-making and employees’ relationship. There shall be a standard policy for the selection of
3. Memoranda and Circulars - Memoranda and policy personnel throughout the Philippines in order to
circulars are another common means of strengthen the police service and lay the groundwork for police
communicating police policies to all officers. They can professionalization. The general qualification for initial
be issued fast and they provide the greatest appointment to the police service shall be based on the
assurance of reaching every employee. They are built provisions of Republic Act No. 8551, which states: No person
in means by which every member of the organization shall be appointed as uniformed member of the PNP unless he
is reached. or she possesses the following minimum qualifications:
4. Bulletin Boards - Organizational policies, rules and
regulations, and activities may be typed out of a. A citizen of the Philippines;
mimeographed and the posts on bulletin boards. If b. A person of good moral conduct;
strategically located and well managed, bulletin c. Must have passed the psychiatric or psychological,
boards are an effective medium for transmitting newly drug and physical tests to be administered by the PNP
issued policies, rules and regulations to police officers. or by any government hospital accredited by the
5. Meetings or Conferences - Meeting or conferences Commission for the purpose of determining physical
are often held to inform officers about new policies, and mental health;
their objectives and implementation. One advantage d. Must possess a formal baccalaureate degree from a
of this type of policy dissemination is that it gives the recognized institution of learning;
officers the opportunity to ask questions and request e. Must be eligible in accordance with the standards set
clarification on vague and doubtful points. It is effective by the Commission;
to smaller departments, as they accommodate small f. Must not have been dishonorably discharged from
groups and allow the scheduling of meeting at very military employment or dismissed for cause from any
convenient hours. civilian position in the Government;

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 g. Must not have been convicted by final judgment of an 1. Letter of application if none has been submitted
offense or crime involving moral turpitude; 2. An Information Sheet
h. Must be at least one meter and sixty-two centimeters 3. A copy of his picture (passport size)
(1.62m) in height for male and one meter and fifty- 4. Birth Certificate
seven centimeters (1.57m) for female; 5. Transcript of scholastic records and/ or diploma
i. Must weigh not more or less than five kilograms (5kgs) 6. Fingerprint card, properly accomplished
from the standard weight corresponding to his or her 7. Clearance papers from the local police department
height, age, and sex; and PNP provincial headquarters, city or municipal court
j. For a new applicant, must not be less than twenty-one and city or provincial prosecutor’s office and his
(21) not more than thirty (30) years of age. Except for hometown police department, NBI, and others that
the last qualification, the above-enumerated may be required.
qualifications shall be continuing in character and an
absence of any of them at any given time shall be a Physical and Medical Examination - in order to
ground for separation or retirement from the determine whether or not the applicant is in good health,
service: Provided, that PNP members who are free from any contagious diseases and physically fit for
already in the service upon the effectivity of these police service, he shall undergo a thorough physical and
Implementing Rules and Regulations shall be given medical examination to be conducted by the police health
five (5) years to obtain the minimum educational officer after he qualifies in the preliminary interview.
qualification and one (1) year to satisfy the weight
requirement. Physical Agility Test - the Screening Committee shall
require the applicant to undergo a physical agility test
For the purpose of determining compliance with the designed to determine whether or not he possess the
requirements on physical and mental health, as well as the non- required coordination strength, and speed of movement
use of prohibited or regulated drugs, the PNP by itself or necessary for police service. The applicant shall pass the
through a government hospital accredited by the Commission tests like Pull-ups-6 Push-ups-27, Two minutes sit-ups-45,
shall conduct regular psychiatric, psychological, drug and Squat jumps-32, and Squat thrusts-20
physical tests randomly and without notice.
Medical Standards for Police Candidates
After the lapse of the reglementary period for the
satisfaction of a specific requirement, current members of the 1. General Appearance – the applicant must be free
PNP who shall fail to satisfy any of the requirements from any marked deformity, from all parasite or
enumerated under this Section shall be separated from the systematic skin disease, and from evidence of
service if they are below fifty (50) years of age and have served intemperance in the use of stimulants or drugs. The
in Government for less than twenty (20) years or retired if they body must be well proportioned, of good muscular
are from the age of fifty (50) and above and have served the development, and show careful attention to personal
Government for at least twenty (20) years without prejudice in cleanliness: Obesity, muscular weakness or poor
either case to the payment of benefits they may be entitled to physique must be rejected. Girth of abdomen should
under existing laws. (Section 14, RA 8551 – IRR) not be more than the measurement of chest at rest.
2. Nose, Mouth and Teeth – Obstruction to free
On Selection Procedures - The purpose of the selection breathing, chronic cataract, or very offensive breath
process is to secure these candidates who have the highest must be rejected. The mouth must be free from
potential for developing into good policemen. The process deformities in conditions that interfere with distinct
involves two basic functions. The first function is to measure speech or that pre-dispose to disease of the car, nose
each candidate’s qualifications against whose ideal or throat. There shall be no disease or hypertrophy of
qualification that are established chiefly through job analysis. tonsil or thyroid enlargement. Teeth must be clean,
The second function, because of the comparative nature of the well-cared for and free from multiple cavities. Missing
merit system, is to rank the candidates relatively on the basis of teeth may be supplied by crown or bridge work, where
their qualifications. site of teeth makes this impossible, rubber denture will
be accepted. At least twenty natural teeth must be
Preliminary Interview - the applicant shall be present.
interviewed personally by the personnel officer. If the applicant 3. Genitals – must be free from deformities and from
qualifies with respect to the requirements of citizenship, varicole, hyrocole, and enlargement of the testicles,
education and age, he shall be required to present the stricture of urine. Retained testicles or strophy is
following: rejected. Any acute and all venereal diseases of these
organs must be rejected.

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 4. Varicose Veins - a marked tendency to their 1. Temporary – if the applicant passes through the
formation must be rejected. waiver program as provided in under R.A 8551.
5. Arms, Legs, Hands and Feet – must be free from 2. Probationary – if the applicant passes through the
infection of the joints, sprains, stiffness or other regular screening procedures.
conditions, such as flat foot, long nails or hammer toes 3. Permanent – if the applicant able to finish the required
which would prevent the proper and easy performance field training program for permanency.
of duty. First (index) second (middle), and third (ring)
fingers and thumb must be present in their entirely. Appointment in the PNP shall be affected in the
The toe must be the same. following manner:
6. Eyes – the applicant must be free from color
blindness, and be able to read with each eye 1. PO1 to SPO4 – appointed by the PNP Regional
separately from standard test type at a distance of Director for regional personnel or by the Chief of the
twenty feet. Loss of either eye, chronic inflammation PNP for National Head Quarter’s personnel and
of the lids, or permanent abnormalities of either eye attested by the Civil Service Commission (CSC)
must be rejected, 20/20 or 20/30 in one eye, with 2. Inspector to Superintendent – appointed by the
binocular vision of 20/30. Chief PNP as recommended by their immediate
7. Respiration – must be full, easy, and regular, the superiors and attested by the Civil Service
respiratory murmur must be clear and distinct over the Commission (CSC).
lungs and no disease of the respiratory organ is 3. Sr. Supt to Dep. Dir. Gen. – Appointed by the
present. President upon the recommendation of the Chief PNP
8. Circulation – The action of the heart must be uniform, with the endorsement of the Civil Service Commission
free and steady, its rhythm and the heart from organ (CSC) and with confirmation by the Commission on
changes. Blood Pressure – systolic maximum 135; Appointment (CA).
diastolic 90; pulse pressure 15 to 50. Brain and 4. Director General – appointed by the President from
nervous system must be free from defects. among the most senior officers down to the rank of
9. Kidneys – must be healthy and urine normal. Chief Superintendent in the service subject to the
confirmation of the Commission on Appointment (CA).
Character and Background Investigation - the Provided, that the C/PNP shall serve a tour of duty not
Screening Committee shall cause a confidential exceeding four (4) years. Provided further, that in
investigation of the character and from among various times of war or other national emergency declared by
sources. congress, the President may extend such tour of duty.

Psychological and/or Neuro-Psychiatric Test - in order Waiver for Appointment - Waivers for initial appointment
to exclude applicants who are emotionally or to the police service shall be governed by Section 15 of
temperamentally unstable, psychotic, or suffering from any Republic Act 8551, IRR.
mental disorder, the applicant shall take a psychological
and/or neuro-psychiatric test to be administered by the Appointment by Lateral Entry - In general, all original
NBI, the PNP, or other duly recognized institution offering appointments of Commissioned Officers (CO) in the PNP shall
such test after he has qualified and met all the commenced with the rank of inspector to include those with
requirements above. highly technical qualifications applying for the PNP technical
services, such as dentist, optometrist, nurses, engineers, and
The Oral Interview - the Screening Committee shall graduates of forensic sciences. Doctors of Medicine, members
interview the qualified applicants for suitability for police of the Bar and Chaplains shall be appointed to the rank of
work. The interview shall aid in determining appearance, Senior Inspector in their particular technical services.
likeableness, and affability, attitude toward work, outside Graduates of the PNPA shall be automatically appointed to the
interest, forcefulness, conversational ability, and initial rank of Inspector. Licensed Criminologist may be
disagreeable mannerism. appointed to the rank of Inspector to fill up any vacancy.

POLICE APPOINTMENT POLICE TRAINING - All training programs operated by law

enforcement agencies should limit their enrolment to law
Any applicant who meets the general qualifications for enforcement officers. Training courses should be set-up,
appointment to police service and who passes the tests prescribed units of instruction, and arranged a time schedule.
required in the screening procedures, shall be recommended Practical recruit training subsequent to employment should be
for initial appointment and shall be classified as follows: provided.

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 The training of police officers shall be the responsibility 4. Officers Basic Course (OBC) – for Inspectors to Chief
of the PNP in coordination with the Philippine Public Safety Inspectors
College (PPSC) which shall be the premier educational 5. Officers Advance Course (OAC) – for Chief Inspectors
institution for the training of human resources in the field of law to Sn Superintendent
enforcement (PNP, BFP, BJMP), subject to the supervision of 6. Officer Senior Education Course (OSEC) –
the NAPOLCOM. Superintendent and above
7. Directorial Staff Course (DSC) – for directors and
Types of Police Training Programs - The following are the above.
training programs in the police service:
POLICE APPRAISAL - Appraisal refers to the process of
1. Basic Recruit Training measuring the performance of people in achieving goals and
2. Field Training objectives. It is also known as “performance evaluation
3. In-Service Training programs system”. The purposes of police appraisal are:
4. Department In-service training programs 1. It serves as guide for promotion, salary increase,
5. National and International Conventions on Policing retirement, and disciplinary actions.
2. It increases productivity and efficiency of police works.
The Basic Recruit Training shall be in accordance with 3. It assimilates supervision
the programs of instructions prescribed by the PPSC and the 4. It informs the officer of the quality of his work for
NAPOLCOM subject to modifications to suit local conditions. improvements
This course is conducted within not less than six (6) months. A
training week shall normally consist of 40 hours of scheduled PNP Appraisal System - The Performance Evaluation in the
instructions. police service is the responsibility of the NAPOLCOM, which
shall issue the necessary rules and regulation for the orderly
Full time attendance in the Basic Recruit Training – administration of the appraisal process. Such performance
Attendance to this type of training is full time basis. However, in evaluation shall be administered in a manner as to foster the
cases of emergency, recruits maybe required to render service improvement of every individual police efficiency and
upon certification of the Regional Director or the City or behavioral discipline as well as the promotion of the
Municipal Chief of Police the necessity of such service. organization’s effectiveness.

Completion and Certification of Training – After the Basic The rating system shall be based on the standards set
Recruit Training, the Regional Director shall certify that the by the NAPOLCOM and shall consider results of annual
police recruits have completed the training and has satisfied all physical, psychological and neuro-psychiatric examinations.
the requirements for police service.
POLICE PROMOTION
The PNP Field Training – is the process by which an individual
police officer who is recruited into the service receives formal Under the law, the NAPOLCOM shall establish a
instruction on the job for special and defined purposes and system of promotion for uniformed and non-uniformed
performs actual job functions with periodic appraisal on his members of the PNP, which shall be based on:
performance and progress.
1. Merit – includes length of service in the present rank,
Under R.A 8551, all uniformed members of the PNP and qualification.
shall undergo a field training program involving actual 2. Seniority
experience and assignment in patrol, traffic and investigation as 3. Availability of vacant position.
a requirement for permanency of their appointment. The
program shall be for twelve (12) months inclusive of the Basic The promotion shall be gender fair which means
Recruit Training Course for non-officers and the Officer women in the PNP shall enjoy equal opportunity for promotion
Orientation Course or Officer Basic Course for officers. (Section as that of men.
20, RA 8551 – IRR)
Preferences for Promotion
The In-Service Training Programs
1. Appropriate Eligibility - Whenever two or more
1. Junior Leadership Training – for PO1 to PO3 persons who are next in rank, preference shall be
2. Senior Leadership Training – for SPO1 to SPO4 given to the person who is the most competent and
3. Police Basic Course (PBC) – preparatory for OBC – qualified and who has the appropriate eligibility.
for senior police officers 2. Competency and Vacancy - When competency,
qualification, and eligibility are equal, preference shall

9|w w w . r k m f i l e s . n e t RK MCS2019
 be given to the qualified member in the organizational the call of duty, shall be promoted to the next higher
unit where the vacancy occurs. rank. Provided, that such act shall be validated by the
3. Seniority - When all the foregoing conditions have NAPOLCOM based on established criteria.
been taken into account, and still the members in the
next rank have the same merit and qualification, 3. Promotion by Virtue of Position - Any PNP member
preference shall be given to the most senior officer. designated to any key position whose rank is lower
than that which is required for such position shall, after
Factors in Selection for Promotion six (6) months of occupying the same, be entitled to a
promotion, subject to the availability of vacant
1. Efficiency of Performance – as an aid to fair positions. Provided, that the member shall not be
appraisal of the candidates’ proficiency, the reassigned to a position calling for a higher rank until
performance-rating period shall be considered. after two (2) years from the date of such
Provided, that in no instance shall a candidate be promotion. Provided, further, that any member
considered for promotion unless he had obtained a designated to the position who does not possess the
rating of at least “satisfactory”. established minimum qualifications thereof shall
2. Education and Training – educational background occupy the same for not more than six (6) months
which includes completion of in-service training without extension. (Section 34, RA 8551 – IRR)
courses, academic studies, training grants and the
like. POLICE ASSIGNMENT - Police assignment is the process of
3. Experience and Outstanding Accomplishment – designating a police officer at a particular function, duty or
this includes occupational history, work experience responsibility.
and other accomplishment worthy of commendation.
4. Physical Character and Personality – the factors of Purpose of Assignment - The purpose of police assignment
physical fitness and capacity as well as attitude and is to ensure systematic and effective utilization of all the
personality traits in so far as they bear on the nature members of the force.
of the rank and/or position to be filled. This means that
the candidate should have no derogatory records Power to make designation or assignment - The Chief of
which might affect integrity, morality and conduct. PNP (CPNP), Regional Director (RD), Provincial Director (PD),
5. Leadership Potential – the capacity and ability to and the City or Municipal Chief of Police (COP) can make
perform the duties required in the new or higher designation or assignment of the police force with in their
position and good qualities for leadership. respective levels. They shall have the power to make
designations or assignments as to who among the police
Kinds of Police Promotion officers shall head and constitute various offices and units of
the police organization.
1. Regular Promotion - Regular promotion shall be
based on the following requirements: The assignment of the members of the local police
agency shall be in conformity with the career development
✓ He or she has successfully passed the program especially during the probationary period. Thereafter,
corresponding promotional examination given by shall be guided by the principle of placing the right man in the
the NAPOLCOM; right job after proper classification has been made.
✓ Passed the Bar or corresponding Board
examination for technical services and other Criteria in Police Assignment
professions;
✓ Satisfactory completion of the appropriate 1. Those possessing the general qualifications for police
accredited course in the PPSC or equivalent duties without technical skills may be assigned to
training institutions; positions where any personnel can acquire proficiency
✓ Passed the Psychiatric, Psychological, and Drug within considerably short period of time.
test; and 2. Those possessing skills acquired by previous related
✓ Cleared by the People’s Law Enforcement Board experiences should be assigned to the corresponding
(PLEB) and the Office of the Ombudsman for any positions.
complaints against him/her. 3. Those possessing highly technical skills with adequate
experience and duly supported by authoritative basis
2. Promotion by Virtue of Exhibited Acts (Special shall be given preferential assignment to the
Promotion) - Any uniformed member of the PNP who corresponding positions, which call for highly technical
has exhibited acts of conspicuous courage and trained police officers. (Misassignment of personnel
gallantry at the risk of his or her life above and beyond falling under this criterion constitute a serious neglect

10 | w w w . r k m f i l e s . n e t R KMCS2019
 of duty of the C/PNP, RD, or the COP, in the exercise personnel morale through appropriate welfare
of his administrative function) programs.
4. Those selected to undergo further studies in
specialized courses shall be chosen solely on the 3. Longevity Pay and Allowances - Under Republic Act
basis of ability, professional preparation and aptitude. 6975, PNP personnel are entitled to a longevity pay of
5. Qualifications of the police officers shall be examined 10% of their basic monthly salaries for every five years
annually to ascertain newly acquired skills, specialties, of service. However, the totality of such longevity pay
and proficiencies. does not exceed 50% of the basic pay.
6. Those with physical limitation incurred while in the
performance of duties should be assigned where they They shall also enjoy the following allowances:
can be best used in accordance with the requirements ✓ Subsistence allowance
of the force. ✓ Quarter’s allowance
7. Assignments and reassignments of the police officers ✓ Clothing allowance
from one unit to another shall be the prerogative of the ✓ Cost of living allowance
authority. ✓ Hazard pay
8. To give well rounded training and experience to police ✓ Others
recruits, tour of duties in various assignments during
the probationary period shall be in accordance with 4. Retirement Benefit - Monthly retirement pay shall be
Republic Act 8551. fifty percent (50%) of the base pay and longevity pay
of the retired grade in case of twenty (20) years of
POLICE SALARIES, BENEFITS, AND PRIVILEGES active service, increasing by two and one-half percent
(2.5%) for every year of active service rendered
On Salary - The uniformed members of the PNP are beyond twenty (20) yeas to a maximum of ninety
considered employees of the National Government and draw percent (90%) for thirty-six (36) years of service and
their salaries therefrom. They have the same salary grade that over: Provided, that the uniformed member shall have
of a public-school teacher. Police Officers assigned in the option to receive in advance and in lump sum his
Metropolitan Manila, chartered cities, and first-class or her retirement pay for the first five (5)
municipalities may be paid with financial incentives by the local years. Provided, further, that payment of the
government unit concerned subject to the availability of funds. retirement benefits in lump sum shall be made within
six (6) months from effectivity date of retirement and/or
On Benefits and Privileges completion. Provided, finally, that the retirement pay
of PNP members shall be subject to adjustments
1. Incentives and Awards - The NAPOLCOM shall based on the prevailing scale of base pay of police
promulgate standards on incentives and award personnel in the active service. (Section 36, RA 8551
system in the PNP administered by the Board of – IRR)
Incentives and Awards. Awards may be in the forms
of decorations, service medals and citation badges or 5. Permanent Physical Disability Pay - A PNP member
in monetary considerations. The following are who is permanently and totally disabled as a result of
examples of authorized Decorations/medals/citation: injuries suffered or sickness contracted in the
performance of duty as certified by the NAPOLCOM,
✓ Police Medal of Valor upon finding and certification by the appropriate
✓ Police Medal of Merit medical officer, that the extent of the disability or
✓ Wounded Police Medal sickness renders such member unfit or unable to
✓ Police Efficiency Medal further perform the duties of his or her position, shall
✓ Police Service Medal be entitled to a gratuity equivalent to one year salary
✓ Police Unit Citation Badge and to a lifetime pension equivalent to eighty percent
(80%) of his or her last salary, in addition to other
Posthumous Award – in case a police officer die. benefits as provided under existing laws.

2. Health and Welfare - The NAPOLCOM is mandated Should such member who has been retired under
to provide assistance in developing health and welfare permanent total disability under this Section die within five (5)
programs for police personnel. All heads of the PNP in years from his retirement, his surviving legal spouse or, if there
their respective levels are responsible to initiate proper be none, the surviving dependent legitimate children shall be
steps to create a good atmosphere to a superior- entitled to the pension for the remainder of the five (5) year
subordinate relationship and improvement of guaranteed period. (Section 37, RA 8551 – IRR)

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 6. Early Retirement Benefit - A PNP member of his or
her own request and with the approval of the Where the irregularity noted during inspection is
NAPOLCOM, retire from the service shall be paid serious as to warrant administrative charges against a police
separation benefits corresponding to a position two officer, the inspecting officer shall immediately file the
ranks higher than his present rank provided that the necessary charge or charges before the appropriate
officer or non-officer has accumulated at least 20 disciplinary action offices.
years of service.
POLICE DISCIPLINARY MECHANISM - Aside from higher
POLICE INSPECTION - The purpose of police inspection is to police management levels that can impose disciplinary actions
ascertain the standard policies and procedures, review and against subordinates, the following also serves as disciplinary
analyze the performance, activities and facilities affecting mechanisms in the police service:
operations and to look into the morale, needs and general
efficiency of the police organization in maintaining law and Administrative Disciplinary Powers of the Local Chief
order. Executive (LCE) - The City and Municipal Mayors shall have
the power to impose, after due notice and summary hearings,
Types of Police Inspection disciplinary penalties for minor offenses committed by members
of the PNP assigned to their respective jurisdictions as provided
1. Authoritative Inspection – those conducted by the in Section 41 of Republic Act No. 6975, as amended by Section
head of subordinate units in a regular basis. 52 of Republic Act No. 8551.
2. Staff Inspection – those conducted by the staff for
and in behalf of the Chief PNP or superior officers in PLEB - the PLEB (People's Law Enforcement Board) is the
command of various units or departments. central receiving entity for any citizen's complaint against PNP
members. As such, every citizen's complaint, regardless of the
Nature of Police Inspection imposable penalty for the offense alleged, shall be filed with the
PLEB of the city or municipality where the offense was allegedly
1. Internal Affairs – inspection on internal affairs committed. Upon receipt and docketing of the complaint, the
embraces administration, training, operation, PLEB shall immediately determine whether the offense alleged
intelligence, investigation, morale and discipline as therein is grave, less grave or minor.
well as the financial condition of the police
organization. Should the PLEB find that the offense alleged is grave
2. External Affairs – it embraces the community or less grave, the Board shall assume jurisdiction to hear and
relationship of the organization, the crime and vice decide the complaint by serving summons upon the respondent
situation of the locality, and the prevailing public within three (3) days from receipt of the complaint. If the PLEB
opinion concerning the integrity and reputation of the finds that the offense alleged is minor, it shall refer the
personnel. complaint to the Mayor or Chief of Police, as the case may be,
of the city or municipality where the PNP member is assigned
Authority to Inspect - In the PNP, the following are the within three (3) days upon the filing thereof.
authority to conduct inspection:
If the city or municipality where the offense was
1. NAPOLCOM or its representative committed has no PLEB, the citizen's complaint shall be filed
2. PNP Chief or his designated representative with the regional or provincial office of the Commission
3. PNP Director for Personnel or his representative (NAPOLCOM) nearest the residence of the complainant.
4. PNP Regional Director or his representative
5. City/Municipal Chief of Police or his representative ADMINISTRATIVE OFFENSES - The following are the offense
6. Internal Affairs Service (IAS under RA 8551) for which a member of the PNP may be charged
administratively:
The inspecting officer/s shall examine, audit, inspect
police agencies in accordance with existing standards and with 1. Neglect of duty or nonfeasance – it is the omission
the following objectives: or refusal, without sufficient excuse, to perform an act
or duty, which it was the peace officer’s legal
1. To take note or discover defects and irregularities obligation to perform; it implies a duty as well as its
2. To effect corrections on minor defects being breach and the fast can never be found in the absence
discovered of a duty.
3. To bring to the attention of and recommend to the 2. Irregularities in the performance of duty – it is the
concerned officers for appropriate actions on defects improper performance of some act which might
noted. lawfully be done.

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 3. Misconduct or Malfeasance – it is the doing, either or an intersection or cross walk from traffic duty. It is a
through ignorance, inattention or malice, of that which spot location for general guard duty.
the officer had no legal right to do at all, as where he 2. Route – a length of streets designated for patrol
acts without any authority whatsoever, or exceeds, purposes. It is also called LINE BEAT.
ignores or abuses his powers. 3. Beat – An area assigned for patrol purposes, whether
4. Incompetency – it is the manifest lack of adequate foot or motorized.
ability and fitness for the satisfactory performance of 4. Sector – An area containing two or more beats,
police duties. This has reference to any physical, routes, or posts.
moral or intellectual quality the lack of which 5. District – a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol
substantially incapacitates one to perform the duties purposes, usually with its own station.
of a peace officer. 6. Area – a section or territorial division of a large city
5. Oppression – it imports an act of cruelty, severity, each comprised of designated districts.
unlawful exaction, domination, or excessive use of
authority. The exercise of the unlawful powers or other Other Terminologies
means, in depriving an individual of his liberty or
property against his will, is generally an act of 1. Sworn Officers – all personnel of the police
oppression. department who have oath and who possess the
6. Dishonesty – it is the concealment or distortion of power to arrest.
truth in a matter of fact relevant to one’s office, or 2. Superior Officer - one having supervisory
connected with the performance of his duties. responsibilities, either temporarily or permanently,
7. Disloyalty to the Government – it consists of over officers of lower rank.
abandonment or renunciation of one’s loyalty to the 3. Commanding Officer - an officer who is in command
Government of the Philippines, or advocating the of the department, a bureau, a division, an area, or a
overthrow of the government. district.
8. Violation of Law – this presupposes conviction in 4. Ranking Officer - the officer who has the more senior
court of any crime or offense penalized under the rank/higher rank in a team or group.
Revised Penal Code or any special law or ordinance. 5. Length of Service - the period of time that has
elapsed since the oath of office was administered.
THE POLICE ORGANIZATION Previous active services may be included or added.
6. On Duty - the period when an officer is actively
Organization - is a form of human association for the engaged in the performance of his duty.
attainment of a goal or objective. It is the process of identifying 7. Off Duty - the nature of which the police officer is free
and grouping the work to be performed, defining and delegating from specific routine duty.
responsibility and authority establishing relationships for the 8. Special Duty - the police service, its nature, which
purpose of enabling people work effectively. requires that the officer be excused from the
performance of his active regular duty.
Police Organization - a group of trained personnel in the field 9. Leave of Absence - period, which an officer is
of public safety administration engaged in the achievement of excused from active duty by any valid/acceptable
goals and objectives that promotes the maintenance of peace reason, approved by higher authority.
and order, protection of life and property, enforcement of the 10. Sick Leave - period which an officer is excused from
laws and the prevention of crimes. active duty by reason of illness or injury.
11. Suspension - a consequence of an act which
Functional Units temporarily deprives an officer from the privilege of
performing his duties as result of violating directives or
1. Bureau – the largest organic functional unit within a other department regulations.
large department. It comprises of numbers of 12. Department Rules - rules established by department
divisions. directors/supervisors to control the conduct of the
2. Division – a primary subdivision of a bureau. members of the police force.
3. Section – functional unit within a division that is 13. Duty Manual - describes the procedures and defines
necessary for specialization. the duties of officers assigned to specified post or
4. Unit – functional group within a section; or the position.
smallest functional group within an organization. 14. Order - an instruction given by a ranking officer to a
Territorial Units subordinate, either a. General Order, b. Special, or c.
Personal
1. Post – a fixed point or location to which an officer is
assigned for duty, such as a designated desk or office

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 15. Report - usually a written communication unless the detective, the sergeant, the lieutenant, the captain, and the
otherwise specifies to be verbal reports; verbal reports chief of police.
should be confirmed by written communication.
Staff Functions: Staff functions are those operations
Basic Types of Police Organizational Structures designed to support the line functions, Staff members are
necessarily advisors who are typically assigned to planning,
1. Line Organization - The straight-line organization, research, legal advice, budgeting, and educational services.
often called the individual, military or departmental Staff members are often civilians with specialized training who
type of organization, is the simplest and perhaps the serve within the department but do not deal with daily operation
oldest type. While the line type of organization has son the street. Their main function is to study police policies and
many advantages, it also has some inherent practices and to offer proposals to the chief executive of the
weaknesses which, for many organizations, make its department.
use impractical. Perhaps its greatest advantage is
that, it is utterly simple. It involves a division of the Auxiliary Functions: Auxiliary functions involve the
work into units of each person with a person in charge logistical operations of the department. These include training,
who has complete control and who can be hold directly communications, jailing, maintenance, record keeping, motor
responsible or accountable for results, or lack of them. vehicles, and similar operations.

2. Functional Organization - functional organization in ELEMENTS OF FORMAL ORGANIZATONS

its pure form is rarely found in present day
organizations, except at or near the top of the very Specialization - is the assignment of particular
large organizations. Unlike the line type of structure, workers to particular tasks. Thus, it can be thought of in terms
those establishments organized on a functional basis of either jobs or people. Specialization of people (specialists) is
violate the prime rule that men perform best when they the designation of particular persons as having expertise in a
have but one superior. The functional responsibility of specific area of work. Here, specialization signifies the
each “functional manager” is limited to the particular adaptation of an individual to the requirements go some
activity over which he has control, regardless of who technical tasks through training, conditioning or extensive on-
performs the function. the-job experience.

3. Line and Staff Organization - The Line and Staff Hierarchy of Authority - If all persons within an
organization is a combination of the line and functional organization were given the freedom to do what they like (and
types. It combines staff specialist such as the to refuse to do what they dislike), there would be little likelihood
criminalists, the training officers, the research and of accomplishment. Any collaborative effort such as that in a
development specialists, etc. Channels of police department thus requires a system of checks and
responsibility is to “think and provide expertise” for the controls on individual behavior. Hence, the department must
line units. The line supervisor must remember that he have a person or persons with authority to direct the actions of
obtains advice from the staff specialists. In normal workers and ensure compliance with standards in order to
operations, the staff supervisor has line commands achieve the department’s goals.
but with recognized limitations such as coordination
between line and staff personnel can be achieved Hierarchy - represents the formal relationship among
without undue friction. Failure to recognize these line superiors and subordinates in any given organization.
and staff relationship is the greatest and most frequent It can be visualized as a ladder, with each rung (or
source of friction and a barrier to effective rank) representing a higher or lower level of authority.
coordination. The advantage of this kind would be - it
combines staff specialist or units with line organization Authority - is the right to command and control the
so that service of knowledge can be provided line behavior of employees in lower positions within an
personnel by specialist. organizational hierarchy. A hierarchy thus serves as
the framework for the flow of authority downward (and
Classification of Line, Staff, and Auxiliary Function obedience upward) through the department.

Line Functions: Line functions are the “backbone” of Span of Control - A span of control is the maximum
the police department; they include such operations as patrol, number of subordinates at a given position that superior can
criminal investigation, and traffic control, as well as supervision supervise effectively. Effective organization requires that only
of the personnel performing those operations. Line functions a manageable number of subordinates be supervised by one
are carried out but “line members,” including the patrol officer, person at any given time. This number will, of course, vary –
not only from one organization to another (depending on each

14 | w w w . r k m f i l e s . n e t R KMCS2019
organization’s definition of “effective supervision”) but also what he can effectively direct and coordinate.
within each organization depending on the number of task and In span of control, levels of authority shall be
the size of personnel available at a given time. kept to a minimum.
c. The Delegation of authority shall carry with
Delegation of Authority - Delegation is the conferring it a commensurate authority and the person
of an amount of authority by a superior position onto a lower- to whom the authority is delegated shall be
level position. The person to whom authority is delegated held accountable therefore. It implies that
becomes responsible to the superior for doing the assigned job. delegation must carry with it appropriate
However, the delegators remain accountable for responsibility.
accomplishment of the job within the guidelines and quality d. The Unity of Command - explains that
standards of the agency. subordinates should only be under the
control of one superior.
Unity of Command - Traditional theories of
organization insisted that each employee should have only one 4. Functional Principle – refers to division of work
supervisor of “boss”, and considered this principle of “unity of according to type, place, time and specialization.
command” the backbone of any organizational structure. Thus, 5. Line and Staff – implies that a system of varied
a patrol officer, for example, would always receive orders from functions arrange into a workable pattern. The line
one sergeant and would always report to that same sergeant. If organization is responsible for the direct
the officer was instructed or advised by a detective, garage accomplishment of the objectives while the staff is
sergeant, or any other administrator (with the possible responsible for support, advisory or facilitative
exception of the chief), the officer is expected to check with his capacity.
or her sergeant before taking any action. 6. Principle of Balance – states that the application of
principles must be balanced to ensure the
Formal Communication - Basically, communication effectiveness of the structure in meeting organization’s
is the process of sharing understanding and information on objectives.
common subjects. More precisely, it is an intercourse between, 7. Principle of Delegation by Results – states that
through or more people by means of words, letters symbols, or authority delegated should be adequate to ensure the
gestures for the purpose of exchanging information. ability to accomplish expected results.
Procedures, channels, and standardized languages are 8. Principles of Absoluteness of Responsibility –
essential to effective communication within such large explains that the responsibility of the subordinates to
organization. their superior for performance is absolute and the
superior cannot escape responsibility for the
PRINCIPLES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION organization on activities performed by their
subordinates.
1. Principle of Unity of Objectives - an organization is 9. Principle of Parity and Responsibility – explains
effective if it enables the individuals to contribute to the that responsibility for action cannot be greater than
organization’s objectives. that implied by the authority delegated nor should it be
2. Principle of Organizational Efficiency – less.
organization structure is effective if it is structured in 10. Authority Level Principle – implies that decisions
such a way to aid the accomplishment of the within the authority of the individual commander
organization’s objectives with a minimum cost. should be made by them and not be returned upward
3. Scalar Principle – shows the vertical hierarchy of the in the organizational structure.
organization which defines an unbroken chain of units 11. Principle of Flexibility – means that the more flexible
from top to bottom describing explicitly the flow of the organization, the more it can fulfill its purpose.
authority. The scalar principles are:
Other Principles in Police Organizations
a. Line of Authority and Chain of Command
- This principle of organization suggests that 1. Grouping of Similar Task
communications should ordinarily go upward
through established channels in the According to Function - The force should be
hierarchy. Diverting orders, directives, or organized primarily according to the nature of the
reports around a level of command usually basis to be performed. It should be divided into groups
has disastrous effects on efficiency of the so that similar and related duties may be assigned to
organization. each.
b. The Span of Control of a supervisor over
personnel or units shall not mean more than

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 According to Time Frame - The elements are divided 7. Directorate for Comptrollership
into many shifts or watches according to the time of 8. Directorate for Police Community Relations
the day. This is the most elementary form of police 9. Directorate for Human Resources and Doctrine
organization. Any large functional unit can also be Development
organized according to time if the demand exists. 10. Directorate for Research and Development
11. Directorate for Info & Com Tech Management
According to Place of Work - A territorial distribution 12. Directorate for Integrated Police Operations
of a platoon, accomplished by assigning patrolman on
beats, is necessary to facilitate the direction and Administrative Support Units
control of the officers and to ensure suitable patrol
service at every point within the jurisdiction. Patrolman 1. Legal Service
on street duty is usually under the supervision of a 2. Health Service
patrol sergeant. When the number of patrolmen is 3. Chaplain Service
great, it may be desirable to divide them into squads 4. PNP Retirement & Benefits Admin Service
assigned to specific sectors of jurisdiction, with a 5. Engineering Service
sergeant in charge of each squad. 6. Headquarters Support Service
7. Logistic Support Service
According to Level of Authority - A police 8. Finance Service
department is always divided according to the level of 9. Information Technology Management Service
authority. Example, there will be some patrolmen, 10. Training Service
sergeants, some lieutenants, some captains, and so 11. Communications-Electronics Service
on. Vertical combinations of superior officers, with
each rank at a different level of authority from any Operational Support Units
other, from channels through which operations may be
directed and controlled can be adopted in certain 1. Intelligence Group
cases to ensure coordination. 2. Criminal Investigation and Detection Group
3. Crime Laboratory
2. Specialization Based on Need - Specialized units 4. PNP Anti Cyber Crime Group
should be created only when overall departmental 5. Highway Patrol Group
capability is thus significantly increased. 6. Civil Security Group
Specialization is a principle of organization which is 7. PNP Drug Enforcement Group
the result of the division of the force into separate 8. Maritime Group
units. The degree of specialization is determined by 9. PNP Anti Kidnapping Group
the size and sophistication of the department and by 10. PNP EOD-K9 Group
the extent to which unit has exclusive responsibility for 11. Aviation Security Group
the performance of each group of the operational task. 12. Special Action Force
13. Police Security & Protection Group
The PNP Staff and Support Units 14. Police Community Relations Group

a. The Chief of the Philippine National Police has the The Functions of the PNP
rank of Police Director General
b. Deputy Chief of Philippine National Police for 1. Law Enforcement.
Administration. 2. Maintain peace and order.
c. Deputy Chief of Philippine National Police for 3. Prevents and investigates crimes and bring
Operations offenders to justice.
d. The Chief of Directorial Staff is assisted by a
4. Exercise the vested powers from the Philippine
Secretary, Directorial Staff.
Constitution and pertinent laws.
Directorial Staff (Functional Staff) 5. Detain an arrested person for a period not
beyond what is prescribed by law.
1. Directorate for Personnel & Record Management 6. Implements pertinent laws and regulations on
2. Directorate for Intelligence firearms and explosives control.
3. Directorate for Operations 7. Supervise and control the training and
4. Directorate for Investigation operations of security agencies.
5. Directorate for Logistics
6. Directorate for Plans

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New Rank Classification for PNP Personnel (RA 11200) PLANNING is also the process of preparing for change and
coping with uncertainty formulating future causes of action; the
POLICE COMMISSIONED OFFICERS (PCOs) process of determining the problem of the organization and
coming up with proposed resolutions and finding best solutions.
DIRECTOR GENERAL POLICE GENERAL
DEPUTY DIRECTOR GENERAL POLICE LT GENERAL POLICE PLANNING is an attempt by police administrators in
DIRECTOR POLICE MAJ GENERAL trying to allocate anticipated resources to meet anticipated
CHIEF SUPERINTENDENT POLICE BRIG. GENERAL service demands. It is the systematic and orderly determination
SENIOR SUPERINTENDENT POLICE COLONEL of facts and events as basis for policy formulation and decision
SUPERINTENDENT POLICE LT COLONEL affecting law enforcement management.
CHIEF INSPECTOR POLICE MAJOR
SENIOR INSPECTOR POLICE CAPTAIN OPERATIONAL PLANNING is the use of a rational design or
INSPECTOR POLICE LIEUTENANT pattern for all departmental undertakings rather than relying on
chance in an operational environment. It is the preparation and
POLICE NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS (PNCOs) development of procedures and techniques in accomplishing of
each of the primary tasks and functions of an organization.
PO4 – POLICE EXECUTIVE MASTER SERGEANT
SPO3 – POLICE CHIEF MASTER SERGEANT POLICE OPERATIONAL PLANNING is the act of determining
SPO2 – POLICE SENIOR MASTER SERGEANT policies and guidelines for police activities and operations and
SPO1 – POLICE MASTER SERGEANT providing controls and safeguards for such activities and
PO3 – POLICE STAFF SERGEANT operations in the department. It may also be the process of
PO2 – POLICE CORPORAL formulating coordinated sequence of methodical activities and
PO1 – PATROLMAN/PATROLWOMAN allocation of resources to the line units of the police
organization for the attainment of the mandated objectives or
PNP: National in Scope - Civilian in Character goals.

National in scope simply means that the PNP is a STRATEGY is a broad design or method; or a plan to attain a
nationwide government organization whose jurisdiction covers stated goal or objectives.
the entire breath of the Philippines archipelago which extends
up to the municipality of Kalayaan islands in the province of TACTICS are specific design, method or course of action to
Palawan. All PNP personnel both the uniformed and non- attain a particular objective in consonance with strategy.
uniformed components are national government employees.
Civilian in character means that the PNP is not a part of the PROCEDURES are sequences of activities to reach a point or
military. Although it retains some military attributes such as to attain what is desired.
discipline, it shall adopt unique non-military cultures, Code of
Ethics, and Standard of Professional conduct comparable to the POLICY is a product of prudence or wisdom in the
civilian police forces of other countries. management of human affairs, or policy is a course of action
which could be a program of actions adopted by an individual,
POLICE PLANNING group, organization, or government, or the set of principles on
which they are based.
PLAN - is an organize schedule or sequence by methodical
activities intended to attain a goal and objectives for the GUIDELINES are rules of action for the rank and file to show
accomplishments of mission or assignment. It is a method or them how they are expected to obtain the desired effect.
way of doing something in order to attain objectives. Plan
provides answer to 5W’s and 1 H. STRATEGIC PLANNING - is a series of preliminary decisions
on a framework, which in turn guides subsequent decisions that
PLANNING is a management function concerned with generate the nature and direction of an organization. This is
visualizing future situations, making estimates concerning usually long ranged in nature.
them, identifying issues, needs and potential danger points, VISION – is what a police department should be achieving in
analyzing and evaluating the alternative ways and means for the future keeping in mind the strategic focus in a framework.
reaching desired goals according to a certain schedule,
estimating the necessary funds and resources to do the work, STRATEGIC PLANNING PROCESS
and initiating action in time to prepare what may be needed to
cope with the changing conditions and contingent events. 1. Develop Mission and Objectives
2. Diagnose Environmental Threats and Opportunities
3. Assess Organizational Strengths and Weaknesses

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 4. Generate Alternative Strategies 6. Identify alternative course of action – As stated
5. Develop Strategic Plan earlier, alternatives are means by which goals and
6. Develop Tactical Plan objectives can be attained. These are options or
7. Assess Results of Strategic and Tactical Plan possible things to be done in case the main or original
8. Repeat Planning Process plan is not applicable.
7. Select preferred alternatives – there are three
APPROACHES IN PLANNING techniques to select alternative:

SYNOPTIC PLANNING or the rational comprehensive a. Strategic Analysis – this includes the study on
approach is the dominant tradition in planning. It is also the the courses of actions; suitability studies;
point of departure for most other planning approaches. This feasibility studies; acceptability studies; and
model is based on a problem-oriented approach to planning judgment. Suitability – each course of action is
especially appropriate for police agencies. It relies heavily on evaluated in accordance with general policies,
the problem identification and analysis of the planning process. rules and laws. Feasibility - these include the
It can assist police administrators in formulating goals and appraisal of the effects of a number of factors
priorities in terms that are focused on specific problems and weighed separately and together. Acceptability –
solutions that often confront law enforcement. those judged to be suitable and feasible are then
analyzed in acceptability studies.
STEPS IN SYNOPTIC PLANNING b. Cost-effectiveness Analysis - This technique is
sometimes called cost-benefit or cost
1. Prepare for Planning - The task of planning should performance analysis. The purpose of this form of
be detailed in a work chart that specifies (a) what selection is that the alternative chosen should
events and actions are necessary, (b) when they must maximize the ratio of benefit to cost.
take place, (c) who is to be involved in each action and c. Must-Wants Analysis – This method of selecting
for how long, and (d) how the various actions will a preferred course of action combines the
interlock with one another. strengths of both strategic and cost effectiveness
2. Describe the present situation - Planning must have analysis. Must-wants analysis is concerned with
a mean for evaluation. Without an accurate beginning both the subjective weights of suitability,
database there is no reference point on which to feasibility, and acceptability and the objectives
formulate success or failure. weights of cost versus benefits.
3. Develop projections and consider alternative
future states - Projections should be written with an 8. Plan and carryout implementation - The police
attempt to link the current situation with the future, administrator must be aware that the implementation
keeping in mind the desirable outcomes. It is important requires a great deal of tact and skill. It may be more
for the police executive to project the current situations important how an alternative is introduced to a police
into the future to determine possible, probable and department than what actually is.
desirable future states while considering the social, 9. Monitor and evaluate progress - Evaluation requires
legislative, and political trends existing in the comparing what actually happened with what was
community. planned for- and this may not be a simple undertaking.
4. Identify and analyze problems - The discovery of the Feedback must be obtained concerning the results of
problems assumes that a system to monitor and the planning cycle, the efficiency of the
evaluate the current arena is already on place. Closely implementation process, and the effectiveness of new
related to the detection and identification of issues is procedures, projects or programs. This is an important
the ability of the police to define the nature of the step of synoptic planning, trying to figure out what, if
problem, that is to able to describe the magnitude, anything happened as a result of implementing a
cause, duration, and the expense of the issues at selected alternative.
hand. A complete understanding of the problem leads
to the development of the means to deal with the 10. Summation of the synoptic planning approach –
issues. This can be done by making a summary of the
5. Set goals - Making choices about goals is one of the presentation, could be tabular or other forms of
most important aspects of planning. It makes no sense presentation.
to establish a goal that does not address a specific 11. Repeat the Planning Process – repetition of the
problem. Remembering that the police departments process of planning enables the planner to thresh out
are problem oriented, choices about goals and possible flaws in the plan.
objectives should adhere to the synoptic model.

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INCREMENTAL PLANNING - concludes that long range and Bureau of Investigation (NBI) and other law
comprehensive planning are not only too difficult, but inherently enforcement agencies.
bad. The problems are seen as too difficult when they are
grouped together and easier to solve when they are taken one b. Ethical Doctrines – These define the fundamental
at a time and broken down into gradual adjustments over time. principles governing the rules of conduct, attitude,
behavior and ethical norm of the PNP.
TRANSACTIVE PLANNING - is carried out in face-to-face
interaction with the people who are to be affected by the plan CLASSIFICATIONS OF POLICE PLAN
and not to an anonymous target community of beneficiaries.
Techniques include field surveys and interpersonal dialogue ACCORDING TO COVERAGE: Police Plans could be Local
marked by a process of mutual learning. Plans (within police precincts, sub-stations, and stations),
Regional Plans, and National Plans.
ADVOCACY PLANNING - Beneficial aspects of this approach
include a greater sensitivity to the unintended and negative side ACCORDING TO TIME: Police Plans are classified as:
effects of plans.
1. Strategic or Long-Range Plan – It relates to plans
RADICAL PLANNING - The first mainstream involves which are strategic or long range in application, and it
collective actions to achieve concrete results in the immediate determine the organization’s original goals and
future. The second mainstream is critical of large-scale social strategy. Example - PATROL 2030
processes and how they permeate the character of social and
economic life at all levels, which, in turn, determine the structure 2. Intermediate or Medium Range Planning – It relates
and evolution of social problems. to plans, which determine quantity and quality efforts
and accomplishments. It refers to the process of
DOCTRINE CONSIDERATIONS IN POLICE PLANNING determining the contribution on efforts that can make
or provide with allocated resources.
1. Primary Doctrines
Examples: THE 6 MASTERS PLANS
a. Fundamental Doctrines – These are the basic
principles in planning, organization and management ✓ Master Plan Sandigan-Milenyo (Anti-Crime Master Plan)
of the PNP in support of the overall pursuits of the PNP ✓ Master Plan Sandugo (Support to Internal Security
Vision, mission and strategic action plan of the Operations Master Plan)
attainment of the national objectives. ✓ Master Plan Banat (Anti-Illegal Drugs Master Plan)
✓ Master Plan Sang-ingat (Security Operations Master
b. Operational Doctrines – These are the principles and Plan)
rules governing the planning, organization and ✓ Master Plan Saklolo (Disaster Management Master
direction and employment of the PNP forces in the Plan)
accomplishment of basic security operational mission ✓ Sangyaman (protection and Preservation of
in the maintenance of peace and order, crime Environment, Cultural Properties, and Natural
prevention and suppression, internal security and Resources Master Plan)
public safety operation.
3. Operational or Short-Range Planning - Refers to
c. Functional Doctrines – These provide guidance for the production of plans, which determine the schedule
specialized activities of the PNP in the broad field of of special activity and are applicable from one week or
interest such as personnel, intelligence, operations, less than year duration. Plan that addresses
logistics, planning, etc. immediate need which are specific and how it can be
accomplished on time with available allocated
2. Secondary Doctrines resources.

a. Complimentary Doctrines – Formulated jointly by Examples of OPLANS

two or more bureaus in order to effect a certain
operation with regard to public safety and peace and ✓ Oplan Jumbo – Aviation Security Group Strategic Plan
order. These essentially involve the participation of the against terrorist attacks
other bureaus of the Bureau of Jail Management and ✓ Oplan Salikop – Criminal Investigation and Detection
Penology (BJMP), Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), Group (CIDG) Strategic Plan against Organized Crime
Philippine Public Safety College (PPSC), National Groups

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 ✓ OPLAN BANTAY DALAMPASIGAN that sets forth the
operational guidelines on the heightened security SPECIFIC TYPES OF POLICE PLANS
measures and sea borne security patrols.
Procedural Plans
TYPES OF PLANS IN GENERAL
1. Field Procedure – Procedures intended to be used in
1. Reactive Plans are developed as a result of crisis. A all situations of all kinds shall be outlined as a guide to
particular problem may occur for which the department officers and men in the field. Examples of these
has no plan and must quickly develop one, sometimes procedures are those related to reporting, to
without careful preparation. dispatching, to raids, arrest, stopping suspicious
2. Proactive Plans are developed in anticipation of persons, receiving complaints, touring beats, and
problems. Although not all police problems are investigation of crimes. The use of physical force and
predictable, many are, and it is possible for a police clubs, restraining devices, firearms, tear gas and the
department to prepare a response in advance. like shall, in dealing with groups or individuals, shall
3. Visionary Plans are essential statements that identify also be outlined.
the role of the police in the community and a future 2. Headquarters Procedures – Included in these
condition or state to which the department can aspire. procedures are the duties of the dispatcher, jailer,
A vision may also include a statement of values to be matron, and other personnel concerned which may be
used to guide the decision-making process in the reflected in the duty manual. Procedures that involve
department. coordinated action on activity of several offices,
4. Strategic Plans are designed to meet the long-range, however, shall be established separately as in the
overall goals of the organization. Such plans allow the case of using telephone for local or long-distance
department to adapt to anticipated changes or develop calls, the radio teletype, and other similar devices.
a new philosophy or model of policing (e.g. community 3. Special Operation Procedures – Certain special
policing). One of the most important aspects of operations also necessitate the preparation of
strategic planning is to focus on external procedures as guides. Included are the operation of
environmental factors that affect the goals and the special unit charged with the searching and
objectives of the department and how they will be preservation of physical evidence at the crime scenes
achieved. Important environmental factors include and accidents, the control of licenses, dissemination
personnel needs, population trends, technological of information about wanted persons, inspection of the
innovations, business trends and demand, crime PNP headquarters, and the like.
problems, and community attitudes.
5. Operational Plans are designed to meet the specific Tactical Plans – These are the procedures for coping with
tasks required to implement strategic plans. There are specific situations at known locations. Included in this category
four types of operational plan: are plans for dealing with an attack against buildings with alarm
6. Standing Plans provide the basic framework for systems and an attack against the PNP headquarters by
responding to organizational problems. The lawless elements. Plans shall be likewise be made for blockade
organizational vision and values, strategic statement, and jail emergencies and for special community events, such
policies, procedures, and rules and regulations are as longer public meetings, athletic contests, parades, religious
examples of standing plans. Standing plans also activities, carnivals, strikes, demonstrations, and other street
include guidelines for responding to different types of affairs.
incidents; for example, a civil disturbance, hostage
situation, crime in progress, and felony car stops. Operational Plans – These are plans for the operations of
7. Functional Plans include the framework for the special divisions like the patrol, detective, traffic, fire and
operation of the major functional units in the juvenile control divisions. Operational plans shall be prepared
organization, such as patrol and investigations. It also to accomplish each of the primary police tasks. For example,
includes the design of the structure, how different patrol activities must be planned, the force must be distributed
functions and units are to relate and coordinate among the shifts and territorially among beats, in proportion to
activities, and how resources are to be allocated. the needs of the service, and special details must be planned
8. Time-specific Plans are concerned with a specific to meet unexpected needs. Likewise, in the crime prevention
purpose and conclude when an objective is and in traffic, juvenile and vice control, campaigns must be
accomplished or a problem is solved. Specific police planned and assignments made to assure the accomplishment
programs or projects such as drug crackdown, crime of the police purpose in meeting both average and regular
prevention program, and neighborhood clean-up needs. Each division or unit has primary responsibility to plan
campaign are good examples of time-specific plans. operations in its field and also to execute the plans, either by its

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own personnel or, as staff agency, by utilizing members of the 3. Traffic– control of streets or highways, vehicles, and
other divisions. people shall facilitate the safe and rapid movement of
vehicles and pedestrians.
Extra-office Plans – The active interest and the participation
of individual citizen is so vital to the success of the PNP 4. Vice Control – It shall be the determined stand of the
programs that the PNP shall continuously seek to motivate, PNP in the control of vices to treat vice offenses as
promote, and maintain an active public concern in its affairs. they shall do to any violation, and to exert efforts to
These are plans made to organize the community to assist in eliminate them, as there attempt to eliminate robbery,
the accomplishment of objectives in the fields of traffic control, theft, and public disturbance.
organized crime, and juvenile delinquency prevention. The 5. Juvenile Delinquency Control – The police
organizations may be called safety councils for crime leadership shall recognize a need for preventing crime
commissions and community councils for the delinquency or correcting conditions that induce criminality and by
prevention. They shall assist in coordinating community effort, rehabilitating the delinquent.
in promoting public support, and in combating organized crime.
Organization and operating plans for civil defense shall also be STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES - SOPs are
prepared or used in case of emergency or war in coordination products of police operational planning adopted by the police
with the office of the Civil Defense. organization to guide the police officers in the conduct of their
duties and functions, especially during field operations. The
Management Plans following are some examples of the Security Service Package
of the PNP standard operating procedures and guidelines:
1. Budget Planning – Plans for supporting budget
request must be made if needed appropriations are to SOP #01 – POLICE BEAT PATROL PROCEDURES
be obtained. SOP #02 – BANTAY KALYE
2. Accounting Procedures – Procedures shall be SOP #03 – SIYASAT
established and expenditure reports be provided to SOP #04 – REACT 166
assist in making administrative decisions and in SOP #05 – LIGTAS (ANTI-KIDNAPPING)
holding expenditures within the appropriations. SOP #06 – ANTI-CARNAPPING
3. Specifications and Purchasing Procedures – SOP #07 – ANTI-TERRORISM
Specifications shall be drawn for equipment and SOP #08 – ANTI-BANK ROBBERY
supplies. SOP #09 – ANTI-HIJACKING/HIGHWAY ROBBERY
4. Personnel – Procedures shall be established to SOP #10 – PAGLALANSAG/PAGAAYOS-HOPE
assure the carrying out of personnel programs and the SOP #11 – MANHUNT BRAVO (WANTED PERSONS)
allocation of personnel among the component SOP #12 – ANTI-ILLEGAL GAMBLING
organizational units in proportions need. SOP #13 – ANTI-SQUATTING
5. Organization – A basic organizational plan of the SOP #14 – JERICHO
command/unit shall be made and be posted for the SOP #15 – NENA (ANTI-PROSTITUTION/VAGRANCY)
guidance of the force. SOP #16 – ANTI-PORNOGRAPHY
SOP #17 – ARREST, SEARCH, AND SEIZURE
FIELD OPERATIONS SOP #18 – SANDIGAN MASTER PLAN
SOP #19 – ANTI-ILLEGAL LOGGING
1. Patrol – the primary responsibility of safeguarding the SOP #20 – ANTI-ILLEGAL FISHING
community through the protection of persons and SOP #21 – ANTI-ILLEGAL DRUGS
property, the preservation of the peace, the prevention
of crime, the suppression of criminal activities, the
apprehension of criminals, the enforcement of laws
and ordinances and regulations of conduct, and
performing necessary service and inspections.

2. Investigation – The basic purpose of the investigation

division unit shall be to investigate certain designated
crimes and clear them by the recovery of stolen
property and the arrest and conviction of the
perpetrators.

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PATROL OPERATIONS Fundamental Theories of Patrol

PATROL - is the essence of police function. It is the heart and 1. Theory of Police Omnipresence - High police
the backbone of a police department. It refers to the regular visibility discourages criminals. Normally, criminals
tour made by a guard in a place in order to protect it or to think twice before executing their plans if there is
maintain order. obvious presence of police officers. Thus, patrol
activity should be carried in a manner that attracts
Two broad duties of police officers while on patrol maximum attention to the police officer or police
vehicles. This theory applies the principle of overt
1. Provide public protection through: operation or high police visibility.
a. Preventive Enforcement – progressive and
continuous patrolling 2. Low Profile Theory - Low police visibility increases
b. Selective Enforcement –research and the opportunity to apprehend criminals. Deceptive
investigation absence of the police officers will let criminals believe
2. Render social services that they will not be detected or caught if they execute
a. information services crimes that they planned. In this theory, the objective
b. police escort is to attract as little attention as possible while on the
c. assisting other agencies process of patrolling. The officers should operate in a
d. serving court notices (warrants) manner that it would be difficult for either criminals or
the public to determine that police are around. The
The most important role of a patrol officer is to serve principle of covert operation is integrated in this
as the police organization’s actual field contact with the people. theory.
Thus, the word PATROL is an acronym of: Policeman;
Assigned; To; Restore; Order in the; Locality. METHODS OF PATROL

Patrol and Discretion Methods are various means of getting from one place
to another within a specified patrol jurisdiction. Patrol effort
Police discretion simply refers to the wise use of one’s made by the police may be in the form of any or combination of
judgment based on personal experience and common sense to the following:
decide a particular situation. Discretion may also mean the
freedom to decide: the freedom or authority to judge 1. Beat Patrol
something or make a decision about it a. Foot Patrol
b. Bicycle Patrol
Police officers are decision-makers and most of their 2. Sector Patrol (Motorized Patrol)
decisions involve discretion. In hostage taking, for example: if a. Automobile Patrol
they shoot, they are publicly condemned. But if they hesitate, b. Motorcycle Patrol
even for just a second, they are dead. c. Aircraft Patrol (Helicopter and Fixed Wing)
3. Specialized Patrol Methods
Purposes of Police Patrol a. Horse (mounted) Patrol
b. Marine (water) Patrol
1. Crime Prevention - involves the suppression of the c. Canine (K-9) Assisted Patrol
desire of potential criminals to commit crimes. d. Special Terrain Patrol

2. Crime Suppression - involves the elimination of the FOOT PATROL - Foot patrol is restricted to small areas and is
opportunity of criminals to perform acts against the used to deal with special situations while maintaining radio
law. contact with officers in patrol cars. Foot patrol is used to secure
2 types of police geographical units:
Manning Level of Patrol Force
1. Post – a fixed position or location where an officer is
The manning level of the police is provided under assigned for guard duty
section 27 of Republic Act # 6975. The standard manning level 2. Beat – the smallest area specifically assigned for
is 1:500 (1 police officer for every 500 residents). However, in patrol purposes
extreme conditions, this manning level maybe stretched to
maximum, which is 1:1000 (1 police officer for every 1,000
resident).

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Types of Foot Patrol Advantages of Automobile Patrol

1. Fixed foot patrol is usually used for traffic, 1. High mobility allowing coverage of greater area.
surveillance, parades, and special events. 2. Quicker response time to complaints. Greater
2. Mobile foot patrol is used where there is efficiency in responding to emergency calls and other
considerable foot movement such as patrolling called-for services
business and shopping centers, high crime areas, and 3. More economical as compared to foot patrol.
in places where there are many or multiple family 4. Enable more effective street pursuit of offenders.
dwellings. 5. Enable more effective traffic enforcement.
a. Line beat patrol is used in securing a certain 6. Provide an element of surprise, especially when crime
portion of a road or street. is in progress.
b. Random foot patrol is used in checking residential 7. Provide the officers with necessary protection during
buildings, business establishments, dark alleys, inclement weather.
and parking lots. 8. Enable officers to carry supplementary equipment
essential in patrolling.
Advantages of Foot Patrol
Disadvantages of Automobile Patrol
1. Greater personal contact with the public leading to
increased community support for the police. Police 1. Diminished personal contact with the public.
becomes closer to the community residents. 2. Little opportunity to develop sources of information.
2. Greater opportunity to develop sources of information. 3. Marked police vehicle hampers apprehension and
3. High police visibility. Regular police presence surveillance operations.
discourages criminals and provides greater sense of
security to storekeepers, females, and elderly Advantages of One-Man Automobile Patrol
persons.
4. Places not accessible by motor vehicles are reached 1. Preventive enforcement is doubled by having twice as
and patrolled. Patrol officers can enter small alleys many police cars on the street
and side streets. 2. An officer who is alone devotes his full attention to
5. Easier detection of criminal activities. Foot patrol driving and beat observation rather than conversing
provides closer observation of the environment and with his partner
the circumstances that may require immediate police 3. Personality clashes are reduced and/or avoided
attention. 4. Promotes self-reliance and self-confidence.
6. Easy discovery and familiarization on the layout of the
beat. In-depth knowledge of the character and Advantages of Two Man Automobile Patrol
problems of the patrol area.
1. Provides officers with greater safety by doubling the
Disadvantages of Foot Patrol firepower and physical protection
2. Mistake made by one officer may be noticed and
1. Low mobility resulting to limited coverage of the patrol immediately corrected by his partner
area. 3. Each officer could get rest and thus perform more
2. Low response time to telephone complaints. effectively since each does not have to drive for full 8
3. Foot patrol method involves a large number of hours of duty
personnel, since officers are assigned on small areas 4. Beneficial since two pairs of eyes are better than one.
of jurisdiction called posts and beats. 5. One could operate the radio while the other one
drives.
AUTOMOBILE PATROL - The patrol car is the most 6. Sleeping on duty could be avoided especially for the
extensively used and the most effective means of transportation one who is driving since he has a companion who
for police on patrol. Equipped with state-of-the-art police gear, keeps him awake
patrol cars today provide a rapid, safe, and efficient means of
transportation under average operating conditions. Automobile
patrol has the greatest mobility and flexibility. Most experts on
patrol operation agree that it is the most cost-effective method
of patrol.

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BICYCLE PATROL - Bicycle patrol is growing in popularity 2. Excellent for traffic control in long stretches of
because of easy operation and its acceptance by the public, highways, for search and surveillance, and other
particularly children who view them as a non-threatening form special missions.
of patrol. Bicycles are now used in many countries as a simple
and inexpensive means of silent transportation to carry police Disadvantages of Fixed-Wing Aircraft Patrol
officers throughout their patrol district. Often, bicycles are used
in parks and on beaches and have many of the same 1. Fixed-wing aircraft has very little flexibility in
advantages and disadvantages as motorcycles. congested metropolitan areas.
2. Needs a span of flat land for lift-off and landing.
Advantages of Bicycle Patrol 3. Very expensive to operate.

1. Lower-cost (inexpensive) to operate as compared to Advantages of Helicopter Patrol

motorcycle and automobiles
2. Areas not accessible by patrol cars or are too wide for 1. Able to travel at low speeds, to hover if necessary, and
foot patrol can be covered by bicycle to land even in small patch of flat land.
3. Increased mobility and stealth since bicycle can be 2. Increased visual range/scope.
operated quietly and without attracting too much 3. More efficient for rescue, medical evacuation,
attention. surveillance, and other high-profile police activities.
4. Found to be highly effective in combating theft, 4. Improved response time to emergency calls and other
vandalism in residential areas, parks, shopping malls, called-for service.
etc. 5. Increased rate of apprehension of professional and
5. Effectively used by plainclothesmen for surveillance in organized crime groups.
high crime areas wherein officers wearing nondescript 6. Improved efficiency of regular patrol units through
clothes could blend with the apparels worn by the airborne reconnaissance.
criminals 7. Increased ability in conducting searches for missing or
lost people suspected offenders and escaping
MOTORCYCLE PATROL - Most police departments have their prisoners.
motorcycles marked with the same insignia as their patrol cars. 8. Provide a better system of flood lighting areas to be
Motorcycles are beginning to be a favorite of patrol officers patrolled at night.
because of the ease and speed of moving around. Motorcycle 9. Capable of broadcasting information to a large area
patrol has many of the same advantages as automobile patrol, through airborne speakers.
especially in speed and maneuverability. Motorcycles have 10. Provide rapid emergency transportation of personnel.
greater access than automobiles to some areas and are better 11. Added security to patrol officers on foot, motorcycles
suited to heavy traffic, narrow alleys and rugged terrain. or in patrol cars through backup offered by aerial
patrol.
Disadvantages of Motorcycle Patrol
Disadvantages of Helicopter Patrol
1. relatively high cost to operate
2. limited use in bad weather 1. Very expensive – high cost of training of
3. inability to carry additional equipment or officers pilots/operators, buying, fuel, and special facilities for
4. the danger involved in riding them housing and maintenance.
2. Public complaints about the noise and about being
HORSE PATROL (Mounted Patrol) – The greatest advantage spied upon.
is that an officer on horseback is much more effective at 3. Forcibly grounded during bad weather.
controlling a disorderly crowd than one on foot or in any kind of 4. Smog and light or intermittent clouds affect visibility.
vehicle (other than a tank). Mounted officers can see up to three 5. Presence of various hazards especially in congested
blocks away and cover more territory than officers on patrol. areas, such as high wires and smog.
6. There are landing patterns or procedures that must be
AIRCRAFT PATROL – Also known as aircraft or helicopter or followed, which delays landing time.
fixed-wing patrol. 7. Pilots must work shorter periods of time than regular
police shift since driver of helicopters easily suffer
Advantages of Fixed-Wing Aircraft Patrol work fatigues.
8. There are many tactical problems to overcome such
1. Patrolling long stretches of highway or expenses of as location of police units on ground and the exact
inaccessible land. location of addresses

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 9. Element of surprise is lost since criminals could hear ✓ Doberman pinschers
the helicopter coming even from a great distance. ✓ Bouvier
✓ Newfoundland
WATER PATROL (Marine/Bay/River Patrol) - Water patrol ✓ Airedale terriers
units are extremely specialized and are not in great use except ✓ Alaskan malamutes
in areas with extensive coasts or a great deal of lake or river
traffic. The objective was to use the water vehicles in anti- Disadvantages of using K-9
smuggling operations as well as against robberies committed in
warehouses along riverbanks or water ports. Like aircraft, boats 1. Most police dogs work with only one handler.
are expensive to buy, operate and maintain. Further, those who 2. K-9, like most dogs, is territorial, and its handler and
operate them must have special training. Nonetheless, boats its K-9 cruiser are part of its territory.
are the best means to effectively control violators of water 3. Dog training is expensive. Dog training usually takes
safety regulations as well as to apprehend drug and gun 10 to 12 weeks.
smugglers. They are also valuable in rescue operations during 4. Police department that initiates a K9 section is
times of flooding as well as in dragging operations for drowning vulnerable to law suits.
cases.
WOLVES – It stands for Wireless Operational Link and
CANINE (K-9) ASSISTED PATROL (Dog Patrol) - As earlier Video Exploration System; the system of attaching a
mentioned, the Egyptians were the first to use dogs in miniature camera and transmitter to a search dog; this
patrolling. Police dogs are especially useful in high crime areas, equipment make man’s best friend and even better friend,
in dangerous search situations, in dealing with street gangs, in because the dog can now be the eyes and ears of his
dispersing a crowd, in taking fleeing suspects into custody, in handler in situations where saving life is paramount
guarding suspects, in searching alleys, parks, schools, and objective.
other large building. A most recent use of police dogs is in the Bloodhounds – These tracking dog; a large powerful dog with
search and detection of drugs in packages or on suspects. drooping ears, sagging jowls, and keen sense of smell, formerly
used for tracking.
Uses of Dogs or K-9s in police operations
PATROL SYSTEMS, STRATEGIES, & TERMINOLOGIES
1. Provide great assistance in search and rescue as well
as in smelling out drugs and bombs. PROACTIVE PATROL - more economical alternative patrol
2. Provide protection for 1-officer patrol. Officer/s system, which has an objective approach against criminality as
assigned to a high-crime area has little to fear with a much as practicable. It addresses crime at its very root before
well-trained canine at their side. it is able to develop into a felonious act.
3. Great value in crowd control since:
a. properly trained dogs are virtually fearless; and REACTIVE PATROL - the old system of police patrol activity
b. totally loyal to their handlers have a significant which consists of continuously driving around the area of patrol
psychological effect on would-be trouble makers waiting for something to happen and to react accordingly in
4. Extensively used in international airports to detect case something does happen.
narcotics and bombs because of their keen sense of
smell. A dog is capable of recognizing an odor 10 PARTICIPATIVE LAW ENFORCEMENT - a system where the
million times better than a human can. citizenry and the police work together to reduce crime, prevent
5. Specially trained dogs are extremely effective in juvenile delinquency and criminal behavior, maintain the peace
finding bodies – dead or alive, just buried or buried for and reduce local problems which are the mutual responsibility
years. of the police and the people.
6. Locating trapped people during emergencies.
7. Can be an asset to public relations efforts. COPS - refers to Community Oriented Policing System. It is the
8. Well-trained police dogs can be used for deploying of policemen in police blocks to provide police and
demonstrations in public affairs, schools, or parades. public safety services. It also involves the breaking down of
large and impersonal police departments into small units to
K-9 Breeds suited for police works create a series of mini-police precincts, which are responsive to
the smaller communities.
✓ German Shepherds (the most frequently used and
highest-scoring dog for police work) POLICE BLOCK - This is the NCOB (New Cops on the Block)
✓ Black Labrador retrievers Center of Command and Control of its activities and the police
✓ Giant Schnauzers base from which the citizen may seek assistance whether in
✓ Rottweilers person by radio or telephone.

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“STREET QUESTIONING” METHOD - a method whereby ROUTINE CALL – Under this category, the mobile car is
policemen on patrol may interview within the bounds of law required to observe all traffic laws and rules and does not
suspicious personalities at random in order to serve as a normally use its flashing lights and siren while on its way to the
deterrent to those intended to commit a crime. scene.

TEAM POLICING - It is a grassroot approach undertaken to URGENT CALL – This is similar to the routine call, which also
bring the people and the police together in a cooperative requires the responding police car to observe all traffic rules
situation. Its distinguishing feature is the establishments of and does not use its flashing lights or siren. However, it
neighborhood crime watch groups to encourage the people to proceeds directly to its destination and does not stop unless an
report crimes and to assume greater interest and responsibility incident of far more serious nature occurs.
in crime prevention and suppression.
EMERGENCY CALL – In most cases, this category requires
POLICE OMNIPRESENCE - a crime repression activity of the the use of the flashing light and fluctuating siren although there
police which is accomplished by making their presence known are exceptions which include the attempt to surprise criminals
in such a way that even if they are longer present in a certain in the act. It is permissible in this case for the responding police
location, would be criminals would still have the impression that car to violate traffic laws provided that extreme care is
they are still around and would therefore refrain from exercised while driving at high speed.
committing an offense.
SCHOOLS OF THOUGHTS ON POLICE APPROACH TO
PURPOSE OF POLICE UNIFORM - As with any other CRIME IN PROGRESS
occupation, the police uniform is intended to separate
policemen from everyone who are not in the same line of work 1. Approach the scene with lights and siren flashing and
to avoid confusion and to assure others of his authority and his to pull on directly at the scene of the reported crime.
presence. The idea here is to frighten the criminal in order to
prevent him from completing his criminal act.
PATROL HAZARD - a term used frequently to describe a 2. Approach the crime scene as inconspicuously as
specific condition or place that requires a patrol officer’s special possible in order to use the advantage of surprise in
attention. apprehending the criminal or preventing his escape.

VEHICLE INSPECTION - The emergency nature of police work INTEGRATED PATROL SYSTEM (IPS) OF THE PNP - The
demands that the vehicle they use be in the best condition as Integrated Patrol System (IPS) of the Philippine National Police
possible not only for routine patrol driving but also for pursuit is a concerted effort of the whole PNP organization with other
operation. Hence, there is a need for regular vehicle inspection. government agencies. The purpose is for the effective
performance of the general role of the PNP which is to deliver
POLICE SURVEILLANCE - the process of keeping under the basic public safety services to the community.
observation a person; a place or an object to obtain information
material to the solution of a case. It is also use to detect some PUBLIC SAFETY BUREAUS - there are three separate line
forms of criminal behaviors. bureaus created under the Department of Interior and Local
Government. They are responsible in the protection of the
POLICE AT THE SCENE OF CIVIL DISTURBANCE - During community against criminality, destructive fires and calamities
civil disturbances, the police: protects lives and properties of and protection by confinement and correction of convicted
everyone at the scene; enforces the law; and restores peace criminal perpetrators. The three bureaus are: PNP – Philippine
and order. National Police, BFP – Bureau of Fire Protection, and BJMP –
Bureau of Jail Management and Penology.
PRIMARY PATROL UNITS - patrol, investigation, traffic, vice
and juvenile patrol. GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF PATROL ACTIVITY - The
general objective of patrol activity is to prevent the commission
SECONDARY OR AUXILIARY PATROL UNITS - records, of crime by destroying the opportunity of potential offenders thru
property custodian, jails, crime laboratory services, constant and alert patrolling. With these, patrol officers should
transportation, and communication. have a detailed understanding of the anatomy of crime or what
makes up a criminal act.
ADMINISTRATIVE OR MANAGERIAL PATROL UNITS -
personnel, intelligence, planning, budgeting, and training in ANATORMY OF CRIME - crime takes place if the three (3)
community relations. elements or ingredients are present at the same time and place
which are: Instrumentalities, Motive and Opportunity. To
explain further:

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 ▪ SYMBOLS & ALPHABETS - languages also have a
1. Instrumentality – the means or instrument used in the written form. The oldest records of written language
commission of crime such as: firearm; fan knife; are about 5000 years old.
poison (or any obnoxious substance); Hammer; motor ▪ CUNEIFORM - one of the first forms of writing and
vehicle; a document, etc. was pictographic, with symbols representing
objects.
2. Motive – the reason or cause why a person or group ▪ SCRIPT-STYLE WRITING date from about
of persons will perpetrate a crime or the purpose or 3000 BC. Papyrus sheets (a kind of early
aim of doing something. Examples are: economic paper made from reeds) from about 2700 to
gain; jealousy; covetousness/greediness; revenge; 2500 BC have been found in the Nile Delta in
gratify desire; and win a competition. Egypt bearing written hieroglyphs, another
pictographic-ideographic form of writing. The
3. Opportunity – It refers to the chance or twist of fate; Chinese writing system is called logographic
consist of the acts (whether by omission or because the full symbols, or characters, each
commission) by a person (the victim) that enables represent a word.
another person or group of persons (the offenders) to ▪ DYAD - most basic form of interpersonal
perpetrate the crime. Opportunity is synonyms with communication is a dyad (an encounter or
carelessness, acts of indiscretion, and lack of crime conversation between two people).
prevention or lack of consciousness on the part of the ▪ GROUP COMMUNICATION - occur in small
victim. groups, such as families, clubs, religious
groups, friendship groups, or work groups.
POLICE VISIBILITY - can be done in three (3) ways: physical ▪ PUBLIC SPEAKING - occurs with larger
presence by being visible as police and easy to locate police groups as well, such as when a speaker gives
units; patrolling scheme through mobile, integrated, and a talk to a large crowd.
widespread, supportive, and redundant coverage; and ▪ SEMAPHORE SYSTEMS (visual codes) of
response which should be proper, adequate and timely (ideal is flags or flashing lights were employed to send
5 minutes response time). Further, the Police Visibility Program messages over relatively short but difficult-to-
of the PNP can be accomplished thru the use of the Integrated cross distances, such as from hilltop to hilltop,
Patrol System (PNP-IPS). or between ships at sea.

POLICE COMMUNICATION - exchange of information MEDIUM OF COMMUNICATION

between individuals, for example, by means of speaking,
writing, or using a common system of signs or behavior; the act ▪ PAPER AND PRINTING - The first lightweight
of giving or sending information; means of access or medium was papyrus, an early form of paper used
communication, for example, a connecting door. by the Egyptians that was made from grasses
called reeds. Later, in the 2nd century AD, the
SCOPE OF COMMUNICATION - talking, writing, nonverbal Chinese wrote on silk fabric instead of wood, and
communication - such as: facial expressions; body developed paper made from silk fibers. (Today
language; and gestures; visual communication - use of paper made from cotton or linen fibers is still called
images or pictures, such as: painting; photography; video; rag paper.)
and film; electronic communication such as: telephone ▪ POSTAL SERVICES - Different societies have
calls; electronic mail; cable television; and satellite devised systems for transporting messages from
broadcasts. place to place and from person to person. The
earliest were courier-type services whereby
SYSTEMS OF COMMUNICATION messengers carried memorized or written
messages from one person to another, and
▪ GESTURES - the development of language, and returned with the reply. The Persian and Roman
the necessity to engage in joint action all played a empires and some Asian societies sent couriers
part. regularly along planned routes to retrieve reliable
▪ ORAL (SPOKEN) LANGUAGE - is a feature of and timely information about trade and military
every human society or culture. The earliest affairs from distant areas.
language systems probably combined vocal ▪ TELEGRAPHY - The first truly electronic medium
sounds with hand or body signals to express was the telegraph, which sent and received
messages. Some words may be imitative of natural electrical signals over long-distance wires. The
sounds. first practical commercial systems were developed
by Sir Charles Wheatstone (physicist, Great

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 Britain); Sir William F. Cooke (inventor, Great used for different purposes and are usually identified by their
Britain); and Samuel F. B. Morse (artist and frequency.
inventor, United States).
▪ TELEPHONE - In 1876, Scottish-born RADIO WAVES - Radio waves range from a few kilohertz to
American inventor Alexander Graham Bell several gigahertz. Waves of visible light are much shorter. In a
was the first to patent and produce a vacuum, all electromagnetic waves travel at a uniform speed of
telephone. His patent was titled Improvement about 300,000 km (about 186,000 mi) per second.
in Telegraphy, and contained the design of a A typical radio communication system has two main
device that would transmit the human voice components, a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter
over wires instead of electrical clicks or other generates electrical oscillations at a radio frequency called the
signals, like the telegraph. Originally, Bell carrier frequency. Either the amplitude or the frequency itself
thought that the telephone would be used to may be modulated to vary the carrier wave. An amplitude-
transmit musical concerts, lectures, or modulated signal consists of the carrier frequency plus two
sermons. sidebands resulting from the modulation. Frequency
▪ RADIO - The telegraph and telephone were modulation produces more than one pair of sidebands for each
systems for distance communication that sent modulation frequency. These produce the complex variations
electrical signals through wires. The earliest that emerge as speech or other sound in radio broadcasting,
system for sending electrical signals through and in the alterations of light and darkness in television
the air via electromagnetic waves was called broadcasting.
wireless, and later radio. Radio technology
was based on the discoveries of James Clerk
Maxwell. RADIO TRANSMITTER - Essential components of a radio
▪ TELEVISION - Two pioneers independently transmitter include an oscillation generator for converting
created the first workable television systems commercial electric power into oscillations of a predetermined
— American inventor Philo T. Farnsworth and radio frequency; amplifiers for increasing the intensity of these
Russian-born American engineer Vladimir K. oscillations while retaining the desired frequency; and a
Zworykin. Farnsworth used an electronic transducer for converting the information to be transmitted into
camera he called an image dissector to a varying electrical voltage proportional to each successive
transmit a picture of a dollar sign in 1927. He instantaneous intensity. For sound transmission, a microphone
patented aspects of his system, and is the transducer; for picture transmission the transducer is a
developed his television further in the 1930s, photoelectric device.
but lost his financial backing when World War
II (1939-1945) began. RADIO MODULATORS - Other important components of the
▪ COMPUTERS - The earliest computers were radio transmitter are the modulator, which uses these
machines built to make repetitive numerical proportionate voltages to control the variations in the oscillation
calculations that had previously been done by intensity or the instantaneous frequency of the carrier, and the
hand. Today, internet access to individual antenna, which radiates a similarly modulated carrier wave. The
computer users and companies are common. signal may be impressed on the carrier either by frequency
▪ MOBILE PHONE - a very recent mode of modulation (FM) or amplitude modulation (AM).
communication which is already utilized by
private and commercial entities. The Police RADIO ANTENNAS - The antenna of a transmitter need not be
and the military are also using this as one of close to the transmitter itself. Commercial broadcasting at
the major alternatives of communication. medium frequencies generally requires a very large antenna,
Mobile (cellular) phones have become which is best located at an isolated point far from cities,
invaluable for people who need to stay in whereas the broadcasting studio is usually in the heart of the
touch while on the move. Cellular telephone city.
systems combine radio and television
technology with computer systems. RADIO RECEIVER - The essential components of a radio
receiver are:
POLICE COMMUNICATIONS - Police communications are the 1. An antenna for receiving the electromagnetic waves
backbone of police tactics. Without proper communications, and converting them into electrical oscillations;
the modern police department would be lost.” 2. Amplifiers for increasing the intensity of these
oscillations;
RADIO is the system of communication employing 3. Demodulator or detection equipment for
electromagnetic waves propagated through space. Because of demodulating;
their varying characteristics, radio waves of different lengths are

28 | w w w . r k m f i l e s . n e t R KMCS2019
 4. A speaker for converting the impulses into sound g. ABBREVIATED PLAINDRESS MESSAGE - message
waves audible by the human ear (and in television a that has certain elements of the message heading
picture tube for converting the signal into visible light omitted for speed of handling. Anyone or all of
waves); and the following may be omitted: precedence, date, date-
5. In most radio receivers, oscillators to generate radio- time group, and group count.
frequency waves that can be “mixed” with the h. RECEIPT - a communication sent by the receiving
incoming waves. operator indicating that the message or other
transmission has been satisfactorily received.
CONVENTIONAL COMMUNICATIONS AND COMMAND i. ACKNOWLEDGMENT - separate message originated
CENTER - Most police communication centers operate in a by the addressee to inform the originator that his
two-stage manual process. The following is the SOP when a message has been received and is understood.
call is made to the police department:
a. The officer at a complaint desk position, first RADIO PHONETIC ALPHABETS - When necessary to identify
determines the need for police action, and then a letter of the alphabet, the standard phonetic alphabet should
records the details on a card. be used. This helps to prevent the receiving operator from
b. The card is then routed to dispatch console where the copying your words or groups of words incorrectly. Bs, Ps, Ts,
operator has control of one or more radio channels. and other letters that sound alike can be confusing when heard
c. The operator at the dispatch console then establishes on radio telephone nets. Example A – Alpha (al fah)
radio contact with the patrol unit and relays the details
of the complaint. WALKIE-TALKIES - The slang term for the two-way radio
d. The dispatcher also has the duty of maintaining a systems developed by Motorola in the 1930s designed for
record of the status of the police vehicles under his home and police radios. Today, it is known as two-way hand
control. If information is needed from the records held radio (HHR) or radio transceiver.
division or from some computer source, the operator
must then phone for this information. ABC’S OF RADIO TRANSMISSION

POLICE RADIO DISPATCHER - The radio dispatcher is the A. Accuracy – It is the correctness and truthfulness of
personnel in a police communication center or coordinating what is being communicated. Inaccuracy oftentimes
center tasked to receive and transmit radio messages. Before causes miscommunication. The major cause of
a policeman or civilian can become a radio dispatcher, he must inaccuracy is haste and impatience. The old saying
be trained formally or through an OJT. The dispatcher is also that “haste makes waste” certainly applies to police
called radio coordinator and radio operator. communications.

POLICE RADIO (AND TELEPHONE) LANGUAGE - Even B. Brevity – This means using few words. Due to the
though your primary duties are those of an investigator, expanding volume of radio traffic, it is essential that
patrolman, or traffic officer, you may be called upon to pick up there be no unnecessary or repetitious words in the
a radio to pass some valuable information to one of the police transmission.
units or offices.
C. Courtesy – Courtesy refers to politeness of the words
a. TRANSMISSION - formal message sent by one police being used in communication. As the old adage points
unit and intended for reception by another police unit. out, “Courtesy begets courtesy.” “Anger begets
b. ANSWER or FEEDBACK - transmission made by a anger.” The practice of courtesy is actually a practice
station called in response to the call received. of good human relations.
c. CALL SIGN – is a word or group of words intended for
transmission by voice and it identifies the command D. Clarity - in radio communications also stands for
unit or authority of the radio station. “Clarity” which is often mentioned in report writing
d. NET CALL SIGN - collective call sign that represents and note taking but it is also an essential in police
all the radio stations operating together on a particular communications.
radio net.
e. NET CONTROL STATION - A radio station appointed Clarity can be best obtained through two main areas:
by higher authority to direct and control the operation
and flow of all traffic handled on the radio net. 1. Semantics - significant meaning, the science of
f. PROWORD - a pronounceable word or phrase that meanings as contrasted with phonetics, the science of
has been assigned a meaning to speed up message sound.
handling on radio nets that use radio and telephone.

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 2. Phonetics - Phonetics is the “science of sounds” - the AKBAR - He was known to be the sagacious master of the
understanding of a communication through the proper Hindustan. He employed more than 4,000 agents for the sole
sounding of words. There are three main areas of purpose of bringing him the truth that his throne might rest upon
phonetics that hinder good police communications. it.

a. Radio interference and distortion. This can be GENGHIS KHAN - He was known “The Great Mongol”, who
corrected to some extent by the proper adjusting used intelligence to conquer China and invade Cathay. He
of the “Squelch” control. Changing position and instructed his Generals to send out spies and used prisoners
having the message relayed by other units can as sources of information. The leader of the so-called MONGOL
also help. CONQUERORS - made use of effective propaganda machine
by spreading rumors of Mongol Terror, they collected
b. Poor Pronunciation. An officer should not information on weaknesses and rivalries of Europe. The leaders
transmit over the air if he has gum in his mouth or usually disguised as merchants.
is eating his lunch. If it is an emergency, he should
spit them out for the sake of clarity. He should SIR FRANCIS WALSINGHAM, under Queen Elizabeth,
face the mike at all times, and talk about two organized the first National Intelligence Service. He employed
inches from the mike. If he is speeding with the spies on the staff of the Admiral in Command of the Spanish
siren going, he may cut out the noise by placing Army and able to obtain information regarding Spanish Army as
the mike on the side of his throat and then to their ships, equipment, forces and stores. He protected
transmitting his message. Queen Elizabeth I from countless assassins.

c. Similar sounding words and letters. There are CARDINAL RICHELIEU – introduced the network of
many words in the English language that have covert collectors who transmitted prompt and accurate
similar sound. There are also many letters that information to Paris regarding the activities of the rebels
sound the same. and dissidents of the kingdom. He famous quotes are - If
you give me six lines written by the hand of the most
POLICE INTELLIGENCE AND SECRET SERVICE
honest of men, I will find something in them which will
MOSES - One of the first recorded formalized intelligence hang him… “Secrecy is the first essential in affairs of
efforts, with format, can be found in the Holy Bible Numbers state”; “To know how to dissimulate is the knowledge of
13:17 kings”

RAHAB - Joshua 2:1-21 - who sheltered and concealed the LOUIS XIV OF FRANCE – He was known as Louis the Great
agents of Israel, made a covenant with the agents and duped or the Sun King, was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who
their pursuers. reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715. He
systematized political policy, continuous surveillance, postal
DELILAH - Judges 16. Delilah was an impromptu intelligence censorship and military intelligence organization.
agent. She used sex and beauty to gain intelligence from a
powerful enemy. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE – one who once said, “One Spy in
the right place is worth 20,000 men in the field”. He organized
SUN TZU – famous for his ART OF WAR, a book containing two Bureaus of Interest: Bureau of Intelligence – which
military strategies such as “Know thy enemy and know yourself, consolidate all incoming information regarding the enemy for
you need not fear the results of a hundred battles” “If you know presentation to the emperor and to obtain information as
yourself and not the enemy, for every victory, you are a fool who desired, and Topographic Bureau – which maintains a large
will meet defeat in every battle.” map which covers the latest information regarding both enemy
and friendly forces. He maintained Military Intelligence and
ALEXANDER THE GREAT - devising the first “letter sorting” to Secret Political Police Service all over Europe. His main arm
obtain information. was “Spy against spy” concept.

QUINTUS SERTORIUS - He was the Roman Commander in FREDERICK THE GREAT - He was known as the “Father of
Spain who possessed a White Fawn and allowed it to become Organized Military Espionage”. He has divided his agents into
widely known - that he derived secrets and guidance from the four classes:
fawn. His intelligence agents credited their information to the
supernatural power of animals. a. Common spies – those recruited among poor folk,
glad to earn a small sum or to accommodate as
military officer.

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 b. Double spies – are unreliable renegades, chiefly
involved in spreading false information to the enemy. EDWARD I KING OF ENGLAND - in 1725, he organized a
c. Spies of Consequences – couriers and noblemen, systematic police system so called Witch and Ward. By Royal
staff officers, and kindred conspirators, requiring a proclamation, the profession “State Informer “was created in
substantial bribe or bait, 1734 enjoining all informers to expose criminal activities and be
d. Persons who were forced to undertake espionage compensated.
against their own will.
JOSEPH FOUCHE OF FRANCE - A Frenchman born in 1759,
HANNIBAL BARCA - He was considered one of the brilliant rose to become the most feared and respected intelligence
military strategists in the history of military intelligence. He had director in French history. He created a network of agent. His
developed an effective intelligence system for 15 years in assistance founded the modern system of spying on spies,
Rome. He usually roams around the city often disguise himself which later was known as counter espionage.
as a beggar to gather firsthand information.
JOSEPH PETROSINO - He was member of the New York
GEORGE WASHINGTON - was grand master in intelligence. Police Department in early 1900, he was the head of the Italian
He mobilized the Free Masons of the colonies at the outbreak Squad. Through extensive intelligence network, he was
of the American war of Independence. credited to smash and neutralization of the Black Society.

KARL SCHULMEISTER - an Austrian double agent STANLEY WELLINGTON FINCH - was the first director of
for France during the reign of Napoleon I. He was Napoleon’s the Bureau of Investigation (1908–1912), which would
eye and military secret. He began his career in offensive eventually become the FBI.
espionage under a cover role. He was able to infiltrate the
Austrian General Staff. JOHN EDGAR HOOVER – was the first director of the Federal
Bureau of Investigation (FBI) in 1924. On September 6, 1939
WILHELM STIEBER – He was a German master spy and by a presidential directive, he led the FBIs task of a domestic
director of the Prussian Gendarmerie (German Military Police). intelligence.
He was both an agent of domestic surveillance and an external
agent He incorporated intelligence in the General Staff Support CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY - The agency was
System. He further device military censorship and organized created under the US National Security Act of 1947. It was the
military propaganda. He introduced military censorship and Central Intelligence group established during the time of
organized military propaganda. He works as a census taker and President Truman in January 1946. The CIA was under the
developed informal gathering of data. National Security Council.

ALFRED REDL - was a Ukrainian military officer who rose to COMMITTEE FOR STATE SECURITY - Russia - The
head the directorate of military intelligence (Evidenzbureau), Intelligence agency known as the KGB - Komitet
and the counter-intelligence wing of the Austro-Hungarian Army Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (KGB)
General Staff. He was one of the most brilliant intelligent agents
though a homosexual. He became a double agent of Russia. In BRITISH SECRET SERVICE – Secret Intelligence
1913, his treason was discovered and he was forced to commit Service (SIS), known as MI is the foreign intelligence service of
suicide. His treason also led to the death of almost 500,000 the government of UK, tasked mainly with the covert overseas
agents and soldiers combined in his 13 years espionage collection and analysis of human intelligence (HUMINT) in
episode. support of the UK's national security. The Security Service,
also known as MI5 (military intelligence, section 5) is UKs
GENERAL WILLIAM DONOVAN - was an American soldier, domestic counter-intelligence and security agency and is part
lawyer, intelligence officer and diplomat, best known for serving of its intelligence machinery alongside MI6.
as the head of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the
precursor to the Central Intelligence Agency, during World War THE MOSSAD – short for HaMossad leModiʿin uleTafkidim
II. He is regarded as the founding father of the CIA. Meyuḥadim, is the national intelligence agency of Israel. It is
one of the main entities in the Israeli Intelligence Community,
ADMIRAL ISOROKU YAMAMOTO - He was the commander- along with Aman (Military Intelligence) and Shin Bet (Internal
in-chief during the early years of the Pacific War and oversaw Security).
major engagements including the attack on Pearl Harbor and
the Battle of Midway. He was killed when American code THE BND – (BUNDESNACHRICHTENDIENST) The Federal
breakers identified his flight plans and shot down his plane. His Intelligence Service or the foreign intelligence
death was a major blow to Japanese military morale during agency of Germany. It is directly under the office of the
World War II

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Chancellor. Its office is located in Central Berlin and is for the purpose of affecting their arrest, obtaining
considered as the world's largest intelligence headquarters. evidence, and forestalling plan to commit crime.

INTER-SERVICES INTELLIGENCE (ISI) - is the Principles of Intelligence

premier intelligence agency of Pakistan, operationally
responsible for gathering, processing, and ✓ Objectivity - in intelligence, only the well guided succeed.
analyzing national security information from around It is a basic intelligence concept that there must be unity
the world. between knowledge and action. It follows therefore that
intelligence should interact and condition the decision.
MINISTRY OF STATE SECURITY (MSS) - is the intelligence ✓ Interdependence - Intelligence is artificially subdivided into
and security agency of the People's Republic of China (non- component elements to ensure complete coverage,
military area of interests), responsible for counter-intelligence, eliminate duplication and to reduce the overall task or
foreign intelligence and political security. MSS headquarter is manageable sizes. Nevertheless, each subdivision remains
located in Beijing. as essential part of unity; contributes proportionately to the
end result; possesses a precise interrelationship; and
AUSTRALIAN SECRET INTELLIGENCE SERVICE (ASIS) - interacts with each other so as to achieve a balanced and
is Australia's foreign intelligence agency. ASIS was formed in harmonious whole.
1952, but its existence remained secret even within the ✓ Continuity - Intelligence must be continuous. It is
Government until 1972. ASIS is part of the Australian necessary that coverage be continuous so that the shape of
Intelligence Community responsible for the collection of foreign what happens today could be studied in the light of what
intelligence, including both counter-intelligence and liaising with happened before, which in turn would enable us to predict
the intelligence agencies of other countries. the shape of things to come.
✓ Communication - Intelligence adequate to their needs
PUBLIC SECURITY INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (PSIA) - is the must be communicated to all the decision makers in manner
national intelligence agency of Japan. It is administered by that they will understand and form that will permit its most
the Ministry of Justice, and is tasked with internal security and effective use.
espionage against threats to Japanese national security. ✓ Usefulness - Intelligence is useless if it remains in the
minds, or in the files of its collectors or its producers. The
INTELLIGENCE DEFINED story must be told and it must be told well. The story must
be convincing and to be convincing it must not only be
1. Government - Commission Task Force - It means the plausible or factual but its significance must be shown.
collection, processing, collation, interpretation, ✓ Selection - Intelligence should be essential and pertinent to
evaluation and dissemination of information, with the purpose at hand. Intelligence involves the plowing
references to national security. In certain context, it through a maze of information, considering innumerable
may also mean the network or the system for the number of means or of picking the most promising of a
collection, collation, interpretation, evaluation, multitude of leads. The requirement of decision-making
processing, and dissemination of information. “The covers very nearly the entire span of human knowledge.
term as used here doesn’t include any police powers Unless there is selection of only the most essential and the
or authorities, any investigative function other than pertinent, intelligence will go off in all directions in one
those involve in the collection of information nor any monumental waste of effort.
function involved in the enforcement of laws, orders, ✓ Timeliness - Intelligence must be communicated to the
or regulation. decision maker at the appropriate time to permit its most
effective use. This is one of the most important and most
2. Military Terminologies - Intelligence is the end product obvious, for Intelligence that is too soon or too late are
resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis, equally useless. Timeliness is one principle that
integration and interpretation of all available complements all the others.
information which may have immediate or potential ✓ Security - Security is achieved by the measures which
significance to the development and execution of intelligence takes to protect and preserve the integrity of its
plans, policies and programs of the users. activities. If intelligence has no security, it might be as well
being run like a newspaper to which it is similar.
3. Police Parlance - The end product resulting from the
collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and General Activities in Police Intelligence
interpretation of all available information regarding the
activities of criminal and other law violators for the 1. Strategic Intelligence – it is an intelligence activity
purpose of affecting criminals and other law violators which is primarily long range in nature with little
practical immediate operation value.

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 2. Line Intelligence – it is an intelligence activity that has KINDS OF INTELLIGENCE
the immediate nature and value necessary for more
effective police planning and operation. A. Strategic Intelligence – as defined earlier, it is an
3. National Intelligence - it is the integrated product of intelligence data that are not of an immediate value. It is usually
intelligence developed by all the governmental descriptive in nature, accumulation of physical description of
branches, departments concerning the broad aspect personalities, modus operandi. It does not have immediate
of national security and policy. It is concerned to more operational value but rather long range that may become
than one department or agency and it is not produced relevant to future police operations.
by single entity. It is used to coordinate all the
activities of the government in developing and B. Line Intelligence – It is the kind of intelligence
executing integrated and national policies and plans. required by the commander to provide for planning and conduct
4. Counter-Intelligence – phase of intelligence covering tactical and administrative operation in counter insurgency. This
the activity devoted in destroying the effectiveness of pertains to knowledge of People, Weather, Enemy and Terrain
hostile foreign activities and to the protection of info (PWET) used in planning and conducting tactical and
against espionage, subversion and sabotage. administrative operation in a counter insurgency.
5. Undercover Work – is an investigative process in
which disguises and pretext cover and deception are Intelligence information to be determined in Line
used to gain the confidence of criminal suspects for Intelligence are:
the purpose of determining the nature and extent of
any criminal activities that maybe contemplating or People - living condition of the people, sources of income,
perpetuating. education of the people, government livelihood projects,
extent of enemy influence to the people
Functional Classification of Police Intelligence Weather – visibility, cloudy, temperature, precipitation (rain),
wind
1. Criminal Intelligence – refers to the knowledge Enemy - location of the enemy, strength of the enemy,
essential to the prevention of crimes and the disposition, tactical capability, enemy vulnerability
investigation, arrest, and prosecution of criminal Terrain - relief and drainage system, vegetation, surface
offenders. material, manmade features. There are military aspects of
2. Internal Security Intelligence – refers to the terrain which includes cover and concealment, obstacle,
knowledge essential to the maintenance of peace and critical key terrain features, observation and fields of fire, and
order. avenues of approach.
3. Public Safety Intelligence – refers to the knowledge
essential to ensure the protection of lives and C. Counter Intelligence (CI) - this kind of intelligence
properties. covers the activity devoted in destroying the effectiveness of
hostile foreign activities and to the protection of info against
Forms of Intelligence espionage, subversion and sabotage. Hence, the three
activities of CI are: protection of information against espionage;
1. Sociological Intelligence – deals with the protection of personnel against subversion; and protection of
demographic and psychological aspects of groups of installations and material against sabotage.
people. It includes the population and manpower and
the characteristics of the people, public opinion – Counter Intelligence is also known as Negative
attitude of the majority of the people towards matter of Intelligence - a generic term meaning three different things;
public policy and education.
2. Biographical Intelligence – deals with individual’s Security Intelligence – means that the total sum of
personalities who have actual possession of power. efforts to counsel the national policies, diplomatic decisions,
3. Armed Force Intelligence – deals with the armed military data, and any other information of a secret nature
forces of the nation. It includes the position of the affecting the security of the nation form unauthorized persons.
armed forces, the constitutional and legal basis of its It is an effort to deny information to unauthorized persons by
creation and actual role, the organizational structure restricting to those who are explicitly authorized to possess it.
and territorial disposition, and the military manpower
recruitment and Order of Battle Counter-Intelligence - counter intelligence is the
4. Geographical Intelligence – deals with the progress organized effort to protect specific data that might be of value
of research and development as it affects the to the opponent’s own intelligence organization. Some of its
economic and military potential of a nation. functions are: Censorship – of the following: correspondence,
broadcast, telecast, telephone conversations, telegrams and
cables, etc., prevention of the dissemination of any information

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that might aid an opponent; maintenance of files of suspect; (ELINT) - electronic emissions picked up from modern
surveillance of suspects; mail reading, wiretapping and weapons and tracking systems.
recording; infiltration of the enemy intelligence organized to
procure information about its method, personal, specific 5. OPEN-SOURCE INTELLIGENCE (OSINT) refers to a
operations and interest. broad array of information and sources that are
Counter-Espionage - In counter-espionage, negative generally available, including information obtained
intelligence becomes a dynamic and active effort. Its purpose from the media (newspapers, radio, television, etc.),
is to investigate actual or theoretical violation of espionage professional and academic records (papers,
laws, to enforce those laws and to apprehend any violators. conferences, professional associations, etc.), and
public data (government reports, demographics,
Five Categories of CI Operation hearings, speeches, etc.).

1. Military Security – it encompasses the measures THE INTELLIGENCE CYCLE

taken by a command to protect itself against
espionage, enemy operation, sabotage, subversion or PHASE 1 - Planning the Collection Effort - This phase of the
surprise. cycle involves the determination of the requirements of
2. Port Frontier and Travel Security – has to do with intelligence. It is concerned with identifying the so-called
the application of both military and civil security Essential Element of Information (EEI) - an item of intelligence
measures for CI control at point of entry and or information of the characteristics of the area of operations
departure, international borders or boundaries. and the enemy, which the commander feels he needs before
he needs before he can reasonably arrive at a decision.
3. Civil Security – it encompasses active and passive
CI measures affecting the non-military nationals PHASE 2 - Collection of information - This phase of the cycle
permanently or temporarily residing in an area under is concerned with identification of the collecting agency, the
military jurisdiction. formulation of procedures on the manner of collecting the
4. Censorship – it is the control and examination of the information in conjunction with the plans as achieved in phase
civil, national, armed forces, field press, and POWs. one.
5. Special Operations – counter subversion, sabotage
and espionage In choosing collection agents, they must be selected according
to their capability – agents’ placements or access to the target;
INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION DISCIPLINE multiplicity – more agents; and balance – the number of agents
needed per operation.
1. HUMAN INTELLIGENCE (HUMINT) is the collection
of information from human sources. The collection Methods of Collection – collection of information can be done
may be done openly (INTERVIEW) or it may be done through overt method (open system) or covert method
through clandestine or covert means (ESPIONAGE). (secret/clandestine).

2. SIGNALS INTELLIGENCE (SIGINT) refers to Collecting Agencies – depending on the type of operation, the
electronic transmissions that can be collected by collecting agency could be Government Agencies, Intelligence
ships, planes, ground sites, or satellites. units, or Organizations
Communications Intelligence (COMINT) is a type of
SIGINT and refers to the interception of Trade Crafts – includes the use of photography, investigations
communications between two parties. / elicitation / interrogation, surveillance, sound equipment,
surreptitious entry – keys and locks, use of an artist,
3. IMAGERY INTELLIGENCE (IMINT) is sometimes communication
also referred to as photo intelligence (PHOTINT).
Done thru imagery satellites, spy planes, other PHASE 3 - Processing the Collected Information - This
modern technology. phase of the cycle is concerned with the examination and
collation of all collected information.
4. MEASUREMENT AND SIGNATURES
INTELLIGENCE (MASINT) it concerns about weapon Steps in Processing Raw Information
capabilities and industrial activities which includes
advanced processing and use of data gathered from 1. Collection – organization of raw data and information into
overhead and airborne IMINT and SIGINT. It uses usable form; grouping similar items of information so that
Telemetry Intelligence (TELINT) -data relayed by they will be readily accessible.
weapons during tests and electronic intelligence

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2. Recording – is the reduction of info into writing or some PHASE 4 - Dissemination and Use of Information - This
other form of graphical representation and the arranging or phase of the cycle refers to the activities of transferring the
this info into writing or some form of graphical processed information to the proper users, most particularly the
representation and the arranging of this into groups of authority that requires the activity. Processed information can
related items. be disseminated through annexes, estimates, briefing,
message, reports, overlays, and or summaries.
3. Evaluation – examination of raw information to determine
intelligence value, pertinence of the information, reliability Methods of Dissemination
of the source and agency, and its credibility or truth of
information. 1. Fragmentary orders from top to bottom of the
command
a. Pertinence - does it hold some value to current 2. Memorandum, circulars, special orders
operation? Is it needed immediately? 3. Operations order, oral or written
b. Reliability – judging the source of info of agency 4. Conference – staff members
c. Credibility – truth of info. Is it possible for the 5. Other report and intelligence documents
reported fact or event to have taken place? Is the 6. Personal Contact
report consistent within itself? Is the report
confirmed or corroborated by info from different Users of Intelligence
sources or agencies? If the report does not agree
with info from other sources which one is more 1. National leaders and military commanders –
likely to be true? formulation of national policies.
2. Advisors and Staff – preparations of plans and
The Evaluation Guide estimates
3. Friendly nations or other branches of the armed
ACCURACY OF RELIABILITY OF SOURCE OF forces.
INFORMATION INFORMATION INFORMATION 4. Processor – basis for evaluation and interpretation.
A. CONFIRMED by 1. COMPLETE T. Direct Observation
5. Head / chairman of an organization
other sources RELIABLE by Comdr/Chf of Unit 6. Any person with authority for purposes of planning.
B. PROBABLY TRUE 2. USUALLY U. Report by DPA or
RELIABLE Resident Agent INFORMATION AND ITS SOURCES
C. POSSIBLY TRUE 3. FAIRLY V. Report by
RELIABLE PNP/AFP Troops
D. DOUBTFULLY 4. NOT USUALLY W. Interrogation of
Information - refers to all evaluated materials of every
TRUE RELIABLE Captured Enemy description including those derived from observation, reports,
E. IMPROBABLE 5. UNRELIABLE X. Observation of rumors, imagery, and other sources from which intelligence in
gov’t/civilian produced. Information is a communicated knowledge by others
employee obtaining by personal study, investigation, research, analysis,
F. TRUTH cannot be 6. REALIBILITY Y. Observation by
judged cannot be judged the populace
observation.
Z. Documentary
Two General classifications of sources of information:
4. Interpretation – it is establishing the meaning and 1. Open Sources – 99% of the information collected are
significance of the information. It involves the following coming from open sources.
activities: 2. Close Sources – 1% of information are collected from
close sources.
a. Analysis – shifting and isolating those elements that
have significance in light of the mission or national OVERT INTELLIGENCE – is the gathering of information or
objective. documents procured openly without regard as to whether the
subject or target become knowledgeable of the purpose
b. Integration – combining the elements isolated in
analysis and known information to form a logical Open Sources: Includes information taken from
picture or theory. ✓ Enemy activity
✓ POW and Civilians
c. Deduction – the formulation of conclusions from the ✓ Captured documents
theory developed, tested and considered valid – ✓ Map - Weather, forecast, studies, report -
determination of effort and meaning of the information. Agencies

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COVERT INTELLIGENCE – is the secret procurement of 2. Recruited Informant – A person who is selected
information, which is obtained without the knowledge of the cultivated and developed into a continuous source of
person or persons safeguarding vital intelligence interest. info

Close Sources: Include information which may be Categories of Recruited Informants:

taken through:
✓ Surveillance 1. Spontaneous or Automatic Informant – Informants
✓ Casing and who by the nature of their work or position in society
✓ Elicitation have a certain legal, moral or ethical responsibility to
✓ Surreptitious entry report info to the police
✓ Employment of technical means (Bugging and 2. Ordinary (out-of-their-will) Informants – Informants
Tapping device) that are under the compulsion to report info to the
✓ Tactical Interrogation - Observation and police
Description (ODEX) 3. Special Employee – informants who are of a specific
operational nature
PERSONS AS SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Other Classification of Informant
Informant Net – It is a controlled group of people who
worked through the direction of the agent handler. The Other terms related to people who gives information
informants, principal or cutouts supply the agent handler are Automatic Informant, Penetrating Agent, Infiltrating Agent,
directly or indirectly with Intel information Full time Informant, Rival – Elimination Informant, False
Informant, Frightened Informant, Self- aggrandizing Informant,
Informants (Asset) – people selected as sources of Mercenary Informant, Double Crosser Informant, Woman
information, which could be voluntary, or in consideration of a Informant, Legitimate Informant.
price.
✓ Informant – refers to a person who gives Common Motives of Informants - People give information to
information to the police voluntarily or involuntarily the police due to various reasons. Their motives include reward,
without any consideration revenge, fear and avoidance of punishment, friendship,
✓ Informer – those who give information to the patriotism, vanity, civic-mindedness, repentance, competition,
police for price or reward and other motives.

Types of Informants INFORMANT RECRUITMENT

1. Criminal Informant – an informant who give Phases

information to the police pertaining to the underworld
about organized criminals with the understanding that 1. Selection – it is particularly desirable to be able to
his identity will be protected identity and recruit an informant who has access to
2. Confidential Informant – is similar to the former but many criminal in-group or subversive organization.
he gives information violate of the law to includes Wide access is probably the single most important
crimes and criminals feature in the consideration of recruiting the potential
3. Voluntary Informant – a type of informant who give informant
information freely and willfully as a witness to a certain 2. Investigation – the investigation of the potential
act informants that has tentatively identified as a
4. Special Informant – those who gives information “probable” must be as thorough as possible. It must
concerning specialized cases only and it is regarded a establish possible existing motives as to this person
special treatment by the operatives (ex. teachers, might assist the police Intel community. Failure to do
businessmen) so will deny this office who must perform the approach
5. Anonymous Informant – those who gives and persuasion phase with little more than a guess. If
information through telephone with the hope that the necessary, conduct complete background
informant cannot be identified investigation (CBI)
3. Approach – approach must be done in a setting from
Sub-type of Informant which might include pleasant surroundings, perhaps a
confidential apartment, completely free form any
1. Incidental Informant – a person who casually imparts probability of compromise, preferably in an adjacent
information to an officer with no intention of providing city or a remote area foreign to the informants living
subsequent information pattern.

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 4. Testing – the testing program should begin, of course, b. Secondary Access – it is the access to the desired
with the limited assignment, with a gradual integration info through a principal source where the latter has the
into the more important areas. The occasional testing direct access
of an informant should continue through the entire c. Outside Access – the agent is employed outside the
affiliation target and merely monitor info from a third person who
is monitoring in the area
INTELLIGENCE OPERATIONS
AGENT CONTROL - CONTROL is the authority to direct the
Intelligence Operations is the result of intelligence agent to carryout task or requirement on behalf of the
planning, planning is always ahead of operation although an clandestine organization in an acceptable manner and security
operation can be made without a plan, it is usually due to
sudden and inevitable situations but definitely this is poor 1. Positive Control – is characterized by professionalism
intelligence management. and rapport like agent motivation, psychological
control
1. Infiltration – the insertion of action agent inside the 2. Negative Control – characterized by threat and it
target organization include disciplinary action, escrow account and
2. Penetration – recruitment of action agent inside the blackmail.
target organization
METHODS OF COVERT INTELLIGENCE
COVER AND UNDERCOVER ACTIVITIES
Surveillance - is a form of clandestine investigation which
Cover - the means by which an individual group of organization consists of keeping persons, place or other targets under
conceals the true nature of its acts and or existence from the physical observation in order to obtain evidence or information
observer. pertinent to an investigation.

Cover story – a biographical data through fictional that will Surveillance of persons is called Tailing or Shadowing,
portray the personality of the agent he assumed, a scenario to Surveillance of place is called Casing or Reconnaissance,
cover up the operation and Surveillance of other things, events, and activities is called
Roping.
Cover Support – an agent assigned in target areas with the
primary mission of supporting the cover story. Surveillance Planning Considerations

Organizational Cover – is an account consisting of 1. Pre-Surveillance Conference – a conference held among

biographical which when adopted by an individual will assume the team members, the police intelligence unit before
the personality he wants to adopt. surveillance is conducted.
2. Surveillance Plan – a plan established the as required
Undercover Assignment – is an investigative technique in according to type of personnel, and the general and
which agent conceal his official identity an obtain information specific instructions for surveillance.
from that organization 3. Area Target Study – refers to the area of operation of
surveillance activities.
THE UNDECOVER AGENT - Special qualifications include 4. Surveillant – a person who conducts surveillance with
knowledge of the language, area background regarding events, includes only observations.
knowledge about the custom and habits, physical appearance, 5. Stakeout or Plant – is the observation of places or areas
and must be an artist. from a fixed point.
6. Tailing or Shadowing – it is the observation of a person’s
Selecting Action Agents movement.
7. Undercover Man – it refers to a person trained to observe
Placement – location of prospective agent with respect to the and penetrate certain organization suspected of illegal
target activities and later reports the observation and
information’s that proper operational action can be made
Access – it is the capability of a prospective agent to obtain the 8. Liaison Program – the assignment of trained intelligence
desired info for the Intel organization or to perform to Intel personnel to other agencies in order to obtain information
collection mission in the area. of police intelligence value. (Agencies like the press, credit
a. Primary Access – it is the access to the desired info agencies, labor unions, telephone companies)

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9. Safe house – is a place, building, enclosed mobile, or an Basic Preparations in Surveillance
apartment, where police undercover men meet for
debriefing or reporting purposes. a. Study the Subject – name, address, description, family
10. Drop – any person is a convenient, secure and and relatives, associates, character and
unsuspecting place where police undercover men meet his temperament, vice, hobbies, education, others
action agent for debriefing or reporting purposes. b. Knowledge of the area and terrain – maps, national
11. Convoy – an accomplice or associate of the subject used and religious backgrounds, transportation, public
to avoid or elude surveillant. utilities
12. Decoy – a cover supporting the surveillant who can c. Subversive Organization - history and background,
become a convoy whenever surveillant is burned. biography of the official, identity and background of
13. Contact – any persons whom the subject picks or deals members and former members, method of
with while he is under observation and identifies the identification employed by the members, files and
observer. records, nature, location and accessibility, meeting
14. Made – when subject under surveillance becomes aware d. Cover Story – the scenario must be appropriate to
that he is under observation and identifies the observer. cover up operation and avoidance of identification of
15. Lost – when the surveillant does not know the mission.
whereabouts of his subject or the subject had eluded the
surveillance. COUNTER SURVEILLANCE – the conduct of operation is
coupled with counter intelligence measures such as window
TYPES OF SURVEILLANCE shopping, use of convoys and decoys, stopping immediately on
blind corners, getting out immediately on public conveyances,
According to Intensity and Sensitivity retracing, entering mobile housing.
1. Discreet –subject person to be watch is unaware that
he is under observation CASING OR RECONNAISSANCE - Casing is the term use in
2. Close – subject is aware that he is under observation the police organization while reconnaissance is used in military
varied on each occasion terms. Casing or reconnaissance is the surveillance of a
3. Loose – applied frequently or infrequently, period of building place or area to determine its suitability for Intel use or
observation varied on each occasion its vulnerability in operations. It aids in the planning of an
operation by providing needed information. It assists the agent
According to Methods handler to install confidence in his agent during briefing phase
1. Stationary – this is observation of place usually a by being able to speak knowingly about the area of operation.
bookie stall, a gambling, joint, a residence where Casing is also considered a security measure because it offers
illegal activities are going on (fixed position) some degree of protection for those operating in an area
2. Moving – surveillance follow the subject from the unfamiliar to them.
place to place to maintain continuous watch of his
activities Methods of Casing
3. Technical – this is a surveillance by the use of
communications and electronic hardware’s, gadgets, a. Personal Reconnaissance – the most effective
system and equipment method and will produced the most info since you
know just what you’re looking for.
Methods available to employ in Surveillance - Ordinarily, the b. Map Reconnaissance – it may not sufficient but it can
methods are surveillance of place, tailing or shadowing (1-2-3- produce a certain amount of usable information
man shadow), undercover investigation, special methods c. Research - much info can be acquired through
includes: wiretapping - concealed microphones - tape recorder research
-television - electric gadgets d. Prior Information – your unit and of the unit will have
file report that they may provide you with info
Essential Requirements and Appearance in Surveillance - e. Hearsay –info usually gains by the person operating
In the actual process of operation, the agent is advised to be of in the area and performing casing job
general appearance, has no noticeable peculiarities in
appearance. Agent should not wear inconspicuous jewelry or OBSERVATION, DESCRIPTION & EXPLOITATION (ODEX)
clothing, nothing about him to attract attention. He must have
perseverance and able to wait for hours. Alertness, a. OBSERVATION – a complete and accurate
resourcefulness, and being versatile and quick-witted are his observation by an individual of his surroundings an
weapons. encompasses the use of all the major sense to register
and recognized its operational or Intel significance

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 b. DESCRIPTION – the actual and factual reporting of 3. Record File (we know all technique) – the
one’s observation of he reported sensory experience interrogator prepares a file on the source listing all
recounted by another known information (record should be padded to make
it appear to be very extensive). The information must
Note: Psychologist estimate that approximately 85% contain the life history of the interrogee to include his
of our knowledge is gathered through sight, 13% from activities and known associates (Party- bio-data of the
sense of hearing and only 2% through the three other interrogee is important). The “we know all” s used in
senses conjunction with the record file. During the approach,
the interrogator may ask the interrogee about a
Psychological Processes for accurate observation subject, if he refuses to cooperate, the interrogator
may provide the answer in order to impress him that
▪ Attention – consist of the psychological process the interrogator knows him very well (all is known).
involve in becoming aware of an existence of fact
▪ Perception – involved in the understanding this 4. Exasperation – Techniques (Harassment) –
fact of awareness effectively employed against hostile type interrogee.
▪ Report – involved in identifying the name in one The interrogator must be alert because the interrogee
own mind and some fact which has been may fabricate information to gain relief from irritation
perceive, narrated and identified (monotype). Subject Interrogee is placed in a longer
period of interrogation without rest or sleep. The
c. EXPLOITATION - the action of making use of and interrogator permits the source to go to sleep and
benefiting from resources. subsequently awaken for another series of
questioning (this is done repeatedly). The purpose is
ELICITATION - It is a system or plan whereby information of to bore the interrogee thoroughly until he begins to
intelligence value is obtained through the process direct answer questions freely to end the harassment.
intercommunication in which one or more of the parties to the
common is unaware of the specific purpose of the conservation. 5. Opposite Personality Technique – also known as
“Mutt and Jeff”, “Threat and Rescue”, “Bud Guy – God
PORTRAIT PARLE (P/P) - It is a means of using descriptive Guy’, “Sweet and Sour”, “Sugar and Vinegar”, “Devil
terms in relation to the personal features of an individual and it and Angel”. Use of two (2) interrogators playing
can be briefly described as a world description or a spoken opposite roles.
picture. (Anthropometry - no two human beings have the same
body measurement) 6. Egotist Techniques (Pride and Ego) – usually
successful when employed against an interrogee who
BACKGROUND CHECKS AND INVESTIGATION - has displayed a weakness or a feeling of insecurity.
Information needed: Domestic Background, Personal Habit, You may reverse the technique by complimenting the
Business History, Social or Business Associates, Medical interrogee in hopes of getting him to admit certain
History, Educational Background, Family History information to gain credit. Described him as the best
person, superior or comrade.
TACTICAL INTERROGATION - The need for obtaining
information of the highest degree of credibility taken on the 7. “Silent” Technique – employed against nervous or
minimum of time can be through interrogation which varies and the confident type of interrogee. Look out the
dependent entirely on the situation. interrogee squarely in the eye with sarcastic smile
(force him to break eye contact first). He may ask
1. The “Open Techniques” – the interrogator is open questions but the interrogator must not answer.
and direct in his approach and makes no attempts to Patience is needed until the interrogator is ready to
conceal the purpose of the interrogator. It is best break silence.
employed when the interrogee is cooperative. It is
frequently used at the tactical level where time is a 8. “Question Barrage” Technique (Rapid Fire
major interrogator. Questioning) – intended to confuse the interrogee
and put him into a defensive position. The interrogee
2. The “Common Interest” Technique – the become frustrated and confused, he will likely reveal
interrogator must exert effort to impress the interrogee more than he intended, thus creating opening for
of their common interest. The interrogator must look further questioning.
for he point out the real advantages the interrogee will
receive if he cooperates

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SECURITY MANAGEMENT themselves. This type of security employs house
detectives, uniforms guard and supervisor and
CONCEPT OF SECURITY - Security is a state or condition of ensures that hotel guests and their personal effects
being secured; there is freedom from fear, harm, danger, loss, are safeguarded.
destruction or damages. Basically, it is the action of man
against man that led to many unsecured and unsafe conditions. 3. Bank Security - this type of security is concern with
bank operations. Its main objective is the protection of
BROAD CATEGORIES OF SECURITY SYSTEMS bank cash and assets, its personnel and clientele.
Security personnel are trained to safeguard bank and
1. Physical Security - this concern with the physical assets while in storage, in transit and during
measures adopted to prevent unauthorized access to transactions.
equipment, facilities, material and document and to
safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, 4. VIP Security - a type of security applied for the
damage, loss and theft. protection of top-ranking officials of the government or
private entity, visiting persons of illustrious standing
2. Personnel Security- this is as important as physical and foreign dignitaries.
security. Personnel security starts even before the
hiring of an employee and remains to be maintained 5. School/Campus Security - a type of security that is
for as long as the person is employed. Its purpose is concern with the protection of students, faculty
to ensure that a firm hires those best suited to assist members, and school properties. Security personnel
the firm in achieving its goals and objectives and once are trained to protect the school property from theft,
hired assist in providing necessary security to the work vandals, handling campus riots and detecting the use
force while carrying out their functions. of intoxicated drugs and alcohol by the students.

3. Document and Information Security- this involves 6. Supermarket or Mall Security - a type of security
the protection of documents and classified papers which is concern with the protection of the stores,
from loss, access by unauthorized persons, damage, warehouses, storage, its immediate premises and
theft and compromise through disclosure. Classified properties as well as the supermarket personnel and
documents need special handling. Lack of customers. Security personnel are trained to detect
indoctrination and orientation among the personal “shoplifter”, robbery, and bomb detection and
handling them can result in the leakage, loss, theft and customer relation.
unauthorized disclosure of the documents.
7. Other Types – this include all other security matters
4. Cyber Security - This involve the protection of not covered in the above enumeration.
computer systems from theft of or damage to their
hardware, software or electronic data, as well as from PHYSICAL SECURITY - Physical security measures are being
disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. used to define, protect, and monitor property rights and assets.
These measures consist of barriers and devices that would
PROTECTIVE SECURITY SYSTEMS - can be defined as detect, impede, and prevent unauthorized access to equipment,
those measures taken by an installation or unit to protect itself facilities, material and document and to safeguard them against
against sabotage, espionage or subversion and at the same espionage, sabotage, damage and theft.
time provide freedom of action in order to provide the
installation of the unit with the necessary flexibility to Barrier - any structure or physical device capable of restricting,
accomplish its mission. deterring, delaying, illegal access to an installation.

1. Industrial Security – a type of security applied to 1. Natural barriers - it includes bodies of waters,
business groups engaged in industries like mountains, marshes, ravines, deserts or other terrain
manufacturing, assembling, research and that are difficult to traverse.
development, processing, warehousing and even 2. Structural barriers - these are features constructed
agriculture. It may also mean the business of by man regardless of their original intent that tends to
providing security. delay the intruder. Examples are walls, doors,
windows, locks, fences, safe, cabinets or containers
2. Hotel Security - a type of security applied to hotels etc.
where its properties are protected from pilferage, loss, 3. Human barriers - persons being used in providing a
damage and the function in the hotel restaurants are guarding system or by the nature of their employment
not disturbed and troubled by outsiders or the guest

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 and location, fulfill security functions. Examples are a. Solid Fence - constructed in such a way that visual
guards, office personnel, shop workers, etc. access through the fence is denied. Its advantage is
4. Animal barriers - animals are used in partially that it denies the opportunity for the intruder to become
providing a guarding system. Dogs are usually trained familiar with the personnel, activities and the time
and utilized to serve as guard dogs. German scheduled of the movements of the guards in the
shepherds are best suited for security functions. installation. On the other hand, it prevents the guards
Goose and turkeys could also be included. from observing the area around the installation and it
5. Energy barriers - it is the employment of mechanical, creates shadow that may be used by the intruder for
electrical, electronic energy imposes a deterrent to cover and concealment.
entry by the potential intruder or to provide warning to
guard personnel. These are protective lighting, alarm b. Full-View Fence - it is constructed in such a way that
system and any electronic devices used as barriers. visual access is permitted through the fence. Its
advantages are that it allows the roving patrols and
Line of Physical Defense stationary guard to keep the surrounding are of the
installation under observation. On the other hand, it
1. First line of Defense- perimeter fences/ barriers allows the intruder to become familiar with the
2. Second line of defense- doors, floors, windows, walls, movements and time schedule of the guard patrols
roofs and grills and other entries to the buildings thereby allowing him to pick the time that is
3. Third line of defense- storage system like steel advantageous on his part.
cabinets, safes, vaults and interior files.
✓ Chain link fence
RESTRICTED AREA - any area in which personnel or vehicles ✓ Barbed wire fence
are controlled for reasons of security. Restricted area is ✓ Concertina wire fence
established to provide security for installation or facilities and to
promote efficiency of security operations and economy in the PERIMETER BARRIER OPENING
use of security personnel.
a. Gates and Doors - when not in use and controlled by
a. Interior Area Control - Interior area control is guards, gates and doors in the perimeter should be
generally affected in two ways. The first method is the locked and frequently inspected by guards.
system which is initiated and terminated at the outer
limits of the area to determine the movements of a b. Side-walk-elevators - these provide access to areas
visitor within the area. A second somewhat less within the perimeter barrier and should be locked and
means of accomplishing the same thing is time travel. guarded.
This system provides for checking the actual time c. Utilities Opening - sewers, air intakes, exhaust
used by the visitor against known time requirements tunnels and other utility openings which penetrate the
for what the visitor is to accomplish. barrier and which have cross sectional areas of 96
b. Visitor Identification and Movements Control - square inches or more should be protected by bars,
Processing and control of movements of visitor shall grills, water filled traps or other structural means
be included in the PASS SYSTEM. The control of providing equivalent protection to that portion of the
movements of visitor will depend on the installation. A perimeter barriers.
visitor register shall be maintained to include the name d. Clear Zones - an obstructed area or a “clear zone”
of the visitor, date of visit, purpose of visit, which may should be maintained on both sides of the perimeter
be filed for the future reference. barrier. A clear zone of 20 feet or more is desirable
c. Key Control- A system of controlling keys shall be between the barriers and exterior structures and
advised and regulations covering the disposal, storage natural covers that may provide concealment for
or withdrawals, shall be issued and imposed. assistance to a person seeking unauthorized entry.

PERIMETER SECURITY - the protection of the installation’s Additional Protective Measures

inner and the immediate vicinity. The main purpose of perimeter
barrier is to deny or impede access or exit of unauthorized a. Top Guard - additional overhang of barbed wire
person. Basically, it is the first line of defense of an installation. placed on vertical perimeter fences upward and
This is maybe in the form of fences, building walls or even outward with a 45-degree angle with 3 to 4 strands of
bodies of water. barbed wires spaced 6 inches apart. This increases
the protective height and prevents easy access.
b. Guard Control stations - this is normally provided at
main perimeter entrances to secure areas located out-

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 of-doors, and manned by guards on full-time basis. Types of Lighting Sources
Sentry station should be near a perimeter for
surveillance at the entrance. 1. Incandescent lamp - it is the least expensive in terms
c. Tower Guard - this is a house-like structure above the of energy consumed and has the advantage of
perimeter barriers. The higher the tower, the more providing instant illumination when the switch is on.
visibility it provides. It gives a psychological 2. Mercury vapor lamp - it is considered more efficient
unswerving effect to violators. By and large guard that the incandescent and used widespread in exterior
towers, whether permanent or temporary, must have lighting. This emits a purplish-white color, caused by
a corresponding support force in the event of need. an electric current passing through a tube of
Towers as well as guard control stations should have conducting and luminous gas.
telephones, intercoms, and if possible, two-way radios 3. Metal halide - it has similar physical appearance to
connected to security headquarters or office to call for mercury vapor but provides a light source of higher
reserves in the event of need. luminous efficiency and better color rendition.
d. Barrier Maintenance - fencing barriers and protective 4. Fluorescent - this provides good color rendition, high
walls should always be regularly inspected by security. lamp efficiency as well as long life. However, it cannot
Any sign or attempts to break in should be reported for project light over long distance and thus are not
investigation. Destruction of fence or sections thereof desirable as flood type lights.
should be repaired immediately and guard vigilance 5. High-pressure sodium vapor - this has gained
should be increased. acceptance for exterior lighting of parking areas,
e. Protection in Depth - in large open areas or ground roadways, buildings and commercial interior
where fencing or walling is impractical and expensive, installations. Constructed on the same principle as
warning signs should be conspicuously placed. The mercury vapor lamps, they emit a golden white to light
depth itself is protection reduction of access roads, pink color and this provide high lumen efficiency and
and sufficient notices to warn intruders should be relatively good color rendition.
done. Use of animals, as guards and intrusion device,
can also be good as barriers. Lighting Equipment
f. Signs and notices - “Control signs” should be erected
where necessary in the management of unauthorized 1. Floodlights - These can be used to accommodate
ingress to preclude accidental entry. Signs should be most outdoor security lighting needs, including the
plainly visible and legible from any approach and in an illumination of boundaries, fences and buildings and
understood language or dialect. for the emphasis of vital areas or particular buildings.
2. Street lights - This lighting equipment received the
PROTECTIVE LIGHTING - is the single most cost-effective most widespread notoriety for its value in reducing
deterrent to crime because it creates a psychological deterrent crime.
to the intruders. 3. Search lights - These are highly focused
incandescent lamp and are designed to pinpoint
1. Continuous lighting - the most familiar type of potential trouble spots.
outdoor security lighting, this is designed to provide 4. Fresnel lights - These are wide beam units, primary
two specific results: glare projection or controlled used to extend the illumination in long, horizontal
lighting. It consists of a series of fixed luminaries at strips to protect the approaches to the perimeter
range to flood a given area continuously during the barrier. Fresnel projects a narrow, horizontal beam
hours of darkness. that is approximately 180 degrees in the horizontal
and from 15 to 30 degrees in the vertical plane.
2. Standby lighting - it is designed for reserve or
standby use or to supplement continuous systems. A PROTECTIVE ALARMS - is one of the important barriers in
standby system can be most useful to selectively light security. It assists the security in detecting, impeding or
a particular area in an occasional basis. deterring potential security threat in the installation. Basically,
3. Movable or Portable lighting - this system is its function is to alert the security personnel for any attempt of
manually operated and is usually made up of movable intrusion into a protected area, building or compound. Once an
search or floodlights that can be located in selected or intruder tampers the circuitry, the beam or radiated waves of
special locations which will require lighting only for the alarm system, it will activate an alarm signal. On the other
short period of time. hand, the use of communication equipment in the installation
4. Emergency lighting - this system is used in times of helps security in upgrading its operational efficiency and
power failure or other emergencies when other effectiveness.
systems are inoperative.

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Basic Parts of Alarm System PROTECTIVE LOCK - Lock is one of the most widely used
physical security devices in the asset protection program of an
1. Sensor or trigger device - it emits the aural or visual installation. It complements other physical safeguards of the
signals or both. installation against any possible surreptitious entry.
2. Transmission line - a circuit which transmit the
message to the signaling apparatus. LOCK - is defined as a mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or
3. Enunciator - it is the signaling system that activates electronic device designed to prevent entry into a building,
the alarm. room, container or hiding place.

Types of Protective Alarm System 1. Key-operated mechanical lock - it uses some sort of
arrangement of internal physical barriers (wards
1. Central Station System - a type of alarm where the tumblers) which prevent the lock from operating
control station is located outside the plant or unless they are properly aligned. The key is the device
installation. When the alarm is sounded or actuated by used to align these internal barriers so that the lock
subscriber, the central station notifies the police and may be operated.
other public safety agencies. 2. Padlock - a portable and detachable lock having a
2. Proprietary system - centralized monitor of the sliding hasp which passes through a staple ring and is
proprietary alarm system is located in the industrial then made fasten or secured.
firm itself with a duty operator. In case of alarm, the 3. Combination lock - instead of using the key to align
duty operator calls whatever is the primary need; the tumblers, the combination mechanism uses
firefighters, police, an ambulance or a bomb disposal numbers, letters or other symbols as reference point
unit. which enables an operator to align them manually.
3. Local Alarm – This system consists of ringing up a 4. Code-operated lock - a type of lock that can be
visual or audible alarm near the object to be protected. opened by pressing a series of numbered button in the
When an intruder tries to pry a window, the alarm proper sequence.
thereat goes off. 5. Electrical lock - a type of lock that can be opened and
4. Auxiliary alarm - company-owned alarm systems closed remotely by electrical means.
with a unit in the nearest police station so that in case 6. Card-operated lock - a type of lock operated by a
of need, direct call is possible. The company maintains coded card.
the equipment and lines both for the company and
those in the police, fire and other emergency agencies Types of Keys
by special arrangement. Radio, landlines, or cell
phones can avail of the auxiliary system. 1. Change key - a specific key, which operates the lock
and has a particular combination of cuts which match
Kinds of Alarms the arrangement of the tumblers in the lock.
2. Sub-master key - a key that will open all the lock
1. Audio Detection Device - it will detect any sound within a particular area or grouping in a given facility.
caused by attempted force entry. A supersonic 3. Master key - a special key capable of opening a series
microphone speaker sensor is installed in walls, of lock.
ceilings and floors of the protected area. 4. Grand Master key - a key that will open everything in
2. Vibration Detection Device - it will detect any a system involving two or more master key groups.
vibration caused by attempted force entry. A vibration
sensitive sensor is attached to walls, ceilings or floors KEY CONTROL - Once an effective key control has been
of the protected area. installed, positive control of all keys must be gained and
3. Metallic foil or wire - it will detect any action that maintained. This can be accomplished only if it is established in
moves the foil or wire. An electrically charge strips of conjunction with the installation of new locking devices. The
tinfoil or wire is used in the doors, windows or glass following methods can be used to maintain effective key control;
surfaces of the protected area.
4. Laser Beam Alarm - a laser emitter floods a wall or 1. Key cabinet- a well-constructed cabinet will have to
fencing with a beam so that when this beam is be procured. The cabinet will have to be of sufficient
disturbed by a physical object, an alarm is activated. size to hold the original key to every lock in the system.
5. Photoelectric or Electric Eye Device - an It should be secured at all times.
invisible/visible beam is emitted and when this is 2. Key record- some administrative means must be set
disturbed or when an intruder breaks contact with the up to record code numbers and indicates to whom
beam; it will activate the alarm. keys to specific locks have been issued.

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 3. Inventories- periodic inventories will have to be made 3. Multiple pass system - this provides an extra
of all duplicate and original keys in the hands of the measure of security by requiring that an exchange
employees whom they have been issued. take place at the entrance of each restricted area.
4. Audits- in addition to periodic inventory, an
unannounced audit should be made of all key control VISITORS MOVEMENT CONTROL - Security should establish
records and procedures by a member of management. proper methods of establishing the authority for admission of
5. Daily report- a daily report should be made to the visitors as well as the limitation thereat. This security measure
person responsible for key control from the personnel would depend on the sensibility of the installation, but could
department indicating all persons who have left or will include the following:
be leaving the company. In the event that a key has
been issued, steps should be initiated to ensure that 1. Visitor’s logbook – All visitors to any facility should
the key is recovered. be required to identify themselves and should be given
a visitor’s ID by the security. Visitor’s logbook should
SECURITY CABINET - The final line of defense at any facility be filled up with the named of visitors, nature and
is in the high security storage where papers, records, plans or duration of visit.
cashable instrument, precious metals or other especially 2. Photograph - taking of photographs should also be
valuable assets are protected. These security containers will be considered. Extreme caution must be exercised in
of a size and quantity, which the nature of the business dictates. areas where classified information is displayed to
preclude unauthorized taking of pictures of the
Types of Security Cabinet installation. If a visitor has camera and it is prohibited
to take picture, said camera should be left in the care
1. Safe - a metallic container used for the safekeeping of of security with corresponding receipt.
documents or small items in an office or installation. 3. Escort - If possible, visitors should be escorted by the
Safe can be classified as either robbery or burglary security to monitor their activity within the
resistance depending upon the use and need. establishment and guide them where to go.
4. Visitor entrances - separate access for visitors and
2. Vault - heavily constructed fire and burglar resistance employees of the establishment should be provided.
container usually a part of the building structure used 5. Time- traveled - If there is a long delay or time lapse
to keep and protect cash, documents and negotiable between the departure and arrival, the visitors may be
instruments. Vaults are bigger than safe but smaller required to show cause for the delay.
than a file room.
PACKAGE MOVEMENT CONTROL - Every facility must
3. File room - a cubicle in a building constructed a little establish a system for the control of package entering or leaving
lighter than a vault but of bigger size to accommodate the premises. However, desirable it might seem it is simply
limited people to work on the records inside. unrealistic to suppose that a blanket rule forbidding packages
either in or out would be workable. Such a rule would be
PERSONNEL CONTROL IN THE PHYSICAL FACILITY damaging to the employee morale and, in many cases, would
actually work against the efficient operation in the facility.
A control point must be established for positive Therefore, since the transporting of packages through the
personnel identification and check system. This is to ensure portals is a fact of life, they must be dealt with in order to prevent
that only those persons who have the right and authority will be theft and misappropriation of company properties.
given the necessary access to the area. The most practical and
generally accepted system of personnel identification is the use CONTROL OF VEHICLE - Vehicular traffic within the
of identification cards badges or passes. boundaries of any facility must be carefully controlled for safety
as well as to control the transporting of pilfered goods from the
Pass System premises.

1. Single pass system - the badge or pass coded for

authorization to enter specific areas is issued to an
employee who keeps it in his possession until his
authorization is terminates.
2. Pass exchange system - an exchange takes place at
the entrance of each controlled area. Upon leaving the
personnel surrenders his badge or passes and
retrieve back his basic identification.

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BUILDING ACCESS CONTROL - A security system must 2. Partial Background Investigation – Consist of the
possess the ability to distinguish among authorized persons, investigation of the background of an individual but
unauthorized visitors, and other unauthorized persons. This is limited only to some of the circumstances of his
to assist the security personnel protects sensitive are and personal life which are deemed pertinent to the
information within the installation. Appropriate warning signs investigation. Normally, the request for the
should be posted at the building perimeter. Special restricted investigation will indicate the specific personal
entry facilities to public access should be provided. This will be circumstances to be covered. This type of BI is also
dependent on the degree of security needed for the protection used to further develop questionable information
of property, activity and other processes within the building. A contained in another investigation report.
clear-cut policy on the access control should be disseminated
to all personnel of the installation. Factors considered in Background Investigation.

PERSONNEL SECURITY 1. Loyalty – faithful allegiance to the country,

government and its duly constituted authority.
Personnel Security includes all the security measures 2. Integrity- uprightness in character, soundness of
designed to prevent unsuitable individuals or persons of moral principles, freedom from moral delinquencies,
doubtful loyalty to the government, from gaining access to ore more simply stated-honesty.
classified matter or to any security facility, and to prevent 3. Discretion- the ability of tendency to act or decide
appointment, or retention as employees of such individuals. with prudence; the habit of wise judgment or simply
stated- good judgment
ACCESS TO “RESTRICTED AREAS” - can be partially 4. Moral- distinctive identifying qualities which serve as
controlled by fences, gates and other physical means, but the an index to the essential or intrinsic nature of a person;
individual working in the area is the key to the bringing out of his outward manifestation, personal traits or moral
classified matter to unauthorized personnel. Written information habits.
does not have the power of speech. Only the individual has 5. Character- the sum of the traits that serves as an
knowledge of this written information can pass it to index of the essential intrinsic nature of a person. It is
unauthorized personnel if he unguardedly talks about the aggregate of distinctive mental and moral qualities
information. that have been impressed by nature, education and
habit upon the individual.
PERSONNEL SECURITY INVESTIGATION - an inquiry into 6. Reputation- opinion or estimation in which one is
the character, reputation, discretion and loyalty of individual in generally held. It is what one reported to be, whereas
order to determine a person’s suitability to be given security character is what a person is.
clearance.
Motives that cause people to be disloyal
Types of Personnel Security Investigation (PSI)
1. Revenge- a real or fancied wrong can create a hatred
National Agency Check (NAC). – This is an which will stop at nothing to obtain revenge of the
investigation of an individual made upon the basis of written offender. Hatred wraps the sense of moral values until
information supplied by him in response to official inquiry, and the hater will go to any lengths, even betrayal of his
by reference to appropriate national agencies. It is simply a country, to avenge himself on the person or class of
check of the files and record of national agencies. people hated.
2. Material Gain- some people are so avid for material
Local Agency Check (LAC) – This type of gain that they will stop at nothing to achieve this end.
investigation consists of the first type plus written inquiries sent 3. Personal Prestige- this motivation applies to those
to appropriate local government agencies, former employees, whose main desire is for power-power over others-to
references and schools listed by the person under investigation. prove to the world what leaders they are. However,
their desire for power makes them especially
BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION (BI) - This is more vulnerable to subversion.
comprehensive investigation than NAC and LAC. It covers a 4. Friendship –through close attachment to another
thorough and complete investigation of all or some of the person, many people, otherwise of high integrity, will
circumstances or aspects of a person’s life is conducted. do things inimical to their country’s interest.
5. Ideological Beliefs- If a person holds inimical to their
1. Complete Background Investigation – Consist of country, they are of course vulnerable to approach by
the investigation of the background of a person, subversive groups of agents.
particularly all the circumstances of his personal life.
THE GUARD FORCE AND GUARD SYSTEM

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 THE SECURITY GUARD’S CREED
Security Guard - Sometimes called private security guard or
watchman shall include any person who offers or renders As a Security Guard, my fundamental duty is to protect lives
personal service to watch or secure either a residence or and properties and maintained order within the vicinity or place
business establishment or both for hire or compensation, and of duty, protect the interest of my employer and our clients and
with a license to exercise profession. the security and stability of our government and country without
compromise and prejudice, honest in my action, words and
Security Guard Force - It is a group of force selected men, thought, and do my best to uphold the principle: MAKADIOS,
trained or grouped into functional unit for the purpose of MAKABAYAN AT MAKATAO.
protecting operational processes from those disruption which
would impede efficiency or halt operation at a particular plant, THE ETHICAL STANDARD
facility, installation or special activity
1. He shall be honest in thoughts and deeds both in his
Types of Security Guard Forces official actuation, obeying the laws of the land and the
regulations prescribed by his agency and those establish
1. Private Security Agency - any person, association, by the company he is supposed to serve.
partnership, firm or private corporation, who contracts, 2. He shall not reveal any confidential matter committed to
recruits, trains, furnishes or post any security guard, to him as a security guard and such other matters imposed
do its functions or solicit individual s, business firms, upon him by law.
or private, public or government-owned or controlled 3. He shall act all times with decorum and shall not permit
corporations to engage his/its service or those of personal feelings, prejudices and undue friendship to
his/its security guards, for hire commission or influence his actuation in the performance of his official
compensation. functions.
2. Company Security Force - A security force 4. He shall not compromise with criminal and other lawless
maintained and operated any private company/ elements to the prejudice of the customers or clients and
corporation for its own security requirements only. shall assist government relentless drive against
3. Government Security Unit - a security unit lawlessness and other forms of criminality.
maintained and operated by any government entity 5. He shall carry out his assigned duties as required by law
other than military and/a police, which is established to the best of his ability and shall safeguard life and
and maintained for the purpose of securing the office property of the establishment he is assigned to.
or compound and/or extension such government 6. He shall wear his uniform, badge, patches and insignia
entity. properly as a symbol of public trust and confidence as
an honest and trustworthy security guard, watchman and
Typical Structure of a Security Organization private detective.
7. He shall keep his allegiance first to the government he is
▪ Office of the General Manager/Security Director assigned to serve with loyalty and utmost dedication.
▪ Office of the Executive secretary of the General 8. He shall diligently and progressively familiarize himself
Manager with the rules and regulations lay down by his agency
▪ Office of the Assistant General Manager/Security and those of the customers or clients.
Executive Director 9. He shall at all times be courteous, respectful and salute
▪ Office of the Human Resources and Administrative his superior officers, government officials and officials of
Manager/Staff Director for Personnel and the establishment where he is assigned and the
Administration company he is supposed to serve.
▪ Office of the Operations Manager/Staff Director for 10. He shall report for duty always in proper uniform and
Operations neat in his appearance
▪ Office of the Finance 11. He shall learn at heart and strictly observe the laws and
▪ Office of the Logistic Manager regulations governing the use of firearm.
▪ Office of the Inspectorate and Special Projects
▪ Office of the Communications Officer THE CODE OF CONDUCT
▪ Detachment Commander/Officer-in-Charge
▪ Assistant Detachment Commander 1. He shall carry with him at all times during his tour of duty
▪ Shift-in-Charge his license identification card and duty detail order with
▪ Security Guard on Duty/Post an authority to carry firearms.
▪ Security Guard’s Professional Conduct and Ethics 2. He shall not use his license and privileges to the
prejudice of the public, the client or customer and his
agency.

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 3. He shall not engage in any unnecessary conversation 10. To salute all company officials, superiors in the agency,
with anybody except in the discharge of his work and ranking public officials and commission officer of the
shall at all times keep himself alert during his tour of duty. AFP and officers of the PNP.
4. He shall not read newspapers, magazines, books, etc., 11. To be especially watchful at night and during the time of
while actually performing his duties. challenging to challenge all persons on or near my post
5. He shall not drink any intoxicating liquor immediately and to allow no one to pass or loiter without proper
before and during his tour of duty. authority.
6. He shall know the location of the alarm box near his post
and sound the alarm in case of fire or disorder. PERTINENT PROVISIONS OF RA 5487
7. He shall know how to operate any fire extinguishers at
his post. General Requisites in the Security Profession
8. He shall know the location of the telephone and/or 1. Filipino Citizen
telephone number of the police precincts as well as the 2. Physically and mentally fit
telephone number of the fire stations in the locality. 3. Good moral character
9. He shall immediately notify the police in case of any sign 4. Must not possess any disqualification
of disorder, strike, riot or any serious violations of the
law. General Disqualification
10. He or his group or guards shall not participate or 1. Dishonorably discharge from the service in the
integrate any disorder, strike, riot or any serious PNP/AFP or any private government entities.
violations of the law. 2. Physically or mentally unfit
11. He shall assist the police in the preservation and 3. Conviction of a crime
maintenance of peace and order and in the protection of 4. Addicted to drugs or alcohol dummy of a foreigner
life, property/having in mind that the nature of his 5. Elective or appointive government official
responsibilities is similar to that of the latter.
12. He shall familiarize himself with the Private Security Basic Qualifications of an Agency Operator/Manager
Agency Law (RA5487) as amended, and the PNP 1. At least 25 years of age
SAGSD implementing rules and regulations. 2. Commissioned officer, inactive or retired from AFP or
13. When issued a pass he should not lend his pass to PNP or a graduate of Industrial Security Management
anybody. with adequate training and experience in the security
14. He shall always in proper uniform and shall always carry business.
with him his basic requirements, and equipment such as
writing notebook, ball pen, nightstick (baton) and/or Basic Qualification of a Security Consultant
radio. He shall endeavor at all times to merit and be 1. Holder of Master Degree in Criminology, MPA, MNSA,
worthy of the trust and confidence of the agency he Industrial Management or LL.B.
represents and the client he serves. 2. Must have at least ten (10) years’ experience in the
operation and management of security business.
THE 11 GENERAL ORDERS (GO’S)
Basic Qualifications of a Security Officer:
1. To take charge of this post and all companies property 1. At least graduated from Security Officers Training
in view and protect/preserve the same with utmost Course
diligence. 2. Retired personnel from the PNP/AFP
2. To walk during tour of duty in military manner, keeping 3. Must not possess any of the disqualification.
always in the alert and observing everything that takes
place within sight or hearing. Basic Qualifications of a Private Detective
3. To report all violations of orders I am instructed to 1. BS Criminology Graduate
enforce. 2. LL.B. holder
4. To repeat all calls from post more distant from the 3. Graduate of a Criminal Investigation Course
guardhouse where I am station. 4. Advance ROTC graduate
5. To quit my post only when properly relieved.
6. To receive, obey and pass out to the relieving guard all Basic Qualification of a Security Guard
order from company officers or officials, supervisors post 1. Be at least high school graduate
in charge or shift leaders. 2. Be at least 18 years of age but not more than 50 years
7. To talk to no one except in the line of duty old
8. To sound or call the alarm in case of fire or disorder 3. Undergone pre-licensing training course
9. To call the superior officer in any case not covered by 4. Passed a neuropsychiatry examination.
instructions. 5. Be locally cleared with PNP or NBI

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 Firearms and Weapons Authorized for Used of the Security
Desirable Qualities of Security Guards Guard While on Duty
1. Alertness- A good guard must be alert in spotting 1. Handguns/Low-powered (cal. 22 and cal.38) not
violators. This can be attained by being watchful, exceeding one FA for every two guards employed.
dedicated and diligence. 2. Shotguns (not bigger than 12 gauge)
2. Judgment- sound and good judgment is more than 3. High-powered- when the agency is operating in areas
the use of common sense. It is the arriving at wise and where there is upsurge of lawlessness and criminality
timely decision. as determined by the Chief PNP.
3. Confidence- it is the state of being sure; a state of the
mind free from doubt or misgivings. This attribute Guard’s Uniforms, Equipment and Paraphernalia
includes faith in oneself and in his abilities, which is 1. Set of Uniforms for Security Personnel - Headgear-
attained by job knowledge. Thorough and proper pershing cap for men and 2-ply cap for women,
training plus good supervision instills confidence. Service Bush Jacket- intended for Directorial and Staff
4. Physical fitness- security work is strenuous and officers, Service shirt, Service trouser, Service belt,
demanding. Physical conditioning is essential if he is Footwear
to be a dependable guard. 2. Color of Uniforms - Private Security Agency- navy blue
5. Tactfulness- ability of the guard to deal with others (upper and lower), Company Security Forces- light
successfully without offending. In short, he can be firm blue/light gray for upper and navy blue for lower,
but pleasant. Government Security Forces- white for upper and
6. Self-control- ability to take hold of oneself regardless navy blue for lower
of a provoking situation. With self-control, the guard 3. Ornaments and Patches - National badge, Cap
will do his work without being angry and the situation device, Regulation buckle, Collar device, Name cloth,
will be on hand. Agency/unit name cloth
7. Interest, loyalty, responsible and trustworthy, is 4. Equipment and Paraphernalia - Leather pistol belt with
also important attributes of a reliable guard. regulation buckle, Holster, black leather for pistol,
Night stick with horizontal handle, Whistle with
LICENSES IN THE SECURITY PROFESSION lanyard, Handheld radio, Pocket notebook and ball
pens
1. LICENSE TO OPERATE- before a Private Security
Agency (PSA) can operate; it has to secure a License DOCUMENT AND INFORMATION SECURTY
to Operate (LTO) categorized as either temporary or
regular. A temporary license is issued by the PNP thru The leakage of document and information cost
Civil Security Group Directorate after the applicant government, business and industry alike, billions of pesos. A
/licensee should have complied with all the rival company or an enemy agent might use an illegally obtain
requirements while it has less than two hundred document and information for their own advantage. For this
guards. A Regular license to operate is issued to the reason, a comprehensive and information security program is
PSA once it is qualified of having two hundred (200) or very essential to the installation in order to focus freely on the
more license security guard in its employ duly posted. attainment of its goals and objectives.
Regular license is renewable every two (2) years.
Basis of Document, Information, and Communication
2. SECURITY GUARD LICENSE- before a security Security
guard can practice his profession; he shall possess
valid security license. The use of expired license is not Security of documents and information is based on the
allowed. In case of doubt, licenses may be verified at premise that the government has the right and duty to protect
the PNP SAGSD whether valid or fake. official papers from unwarranted and indiscriminate disclosure.
In answer to this problem, Malacañang, Manila dated August
3. FIREARM’S LICENSE- all firearms of the security 14, 1964 entitled “Promulgating rules governing security of
agency should be covered with firearms license issued classified matters in Government Officers” was promulgated in
by the PNP through its Firearms Explosive Division order to safeguard our secrets as secrets.
under the Civil Security Group, renewable every two
years. No duplication of two or more firearms with the There are various laws likewise effecting security of
same make and serial number shall be covered by one officials’ papers of the government, namely, appropriate articles
license. of the Revised Penal Code as amended and commonwealth
Act 616 as amended. Any violations of the provisions of
Memorandum Circular No. 78 shall be dealt administrative
proceedings without prejudice to offense under provisions soft

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the cited penal statutes. The unauthorized publication of any CERTIFICATE OF DESTRUCTION - is the certification by a
classified information shall be deemed a violation of witnessing officer that the classified matters describe therein
Memorandum Circular No. 78 by the parties responsible has been disposed of in his presence, approved destruction
thereof. methods.

STANDARD RULES CLASSIFIED - refers to assign information by one of the four

classification categories.
The authority and responsibility for the preparation
and classification of classified matter rest exclusively with the SECURITY CLEARANCE - refers to the administrative
originating office. Classified matter should be classified determination that an individual is eligible for access to
according to their content and not to the file in which they are classified matter.
held or of another document to which they refer, except
radiograms or telegrams referring to previously classified COMPROMISE - means loss of security, which results from an
radiograms or telegram. Classification should be made as soon authorized person obtaining knowledge of classified matter.
as possible by placing the appropriate marks of the matter to be
classified. Each individual whose duties allow access to COMPARTMENTATION - is the grant of access to classified
classified matter, or each individual who possesses knowledge matter only to properly cleaved persons in the performance of
of classified matter while it is in his possession and shall insure their official duties.
that dissemination of such classified matter is on the “need-to-
know” basis and to property cleared persons only. DECLASSIFY - is the removal of security classification from
classified matter. Reclassify / Re grading is the act of
DOCUMENT SECURITY SYSTEMS - Documents Security is changing the assigned classification of matter. Up- grading is
that aspect of security which involves the application of security the act of assigning to a matter of higher classification to a
measures for the proper protection and safeguarding of classified document.
classified information.
TOP SECRET MATTERS - These are information and material
Classification Categories - Official matter which requires (matter), the unauthorized disclosure of which would cause
protection in the interest of national security shall be limited to exceptionally grave damage to the nation, politically,
four categories of classification which in descending order of economically or from a security aspect. This category is reserve
importance shall carry one of the following designations: for the nation’s closest secrets and is to be used with great
reserve.
TOP SECRET – SECRET
CONFIDENTIAL - RESTRICTED SECRET MATTERS - These Information and material (matter),
the unauthorized disclosure of which would endanger national
MATTER - includes everything, regardless of its physical security, cause serious injury to the interest or prestige of the
character, or in which information is recorded or embodied. nation or of any governmental activity or would be of great
Documents, equipment, projects, books, reports, articles, advantage to a foreign nation.
notes, letters, drawings, drawings, sketches, plans,
photographs, recordings, machinery, models, apparatus, CONFIDENTIAL MATTERS - These are information and
devices, and all other products or substances fall within the material (matter) the unauthorized disclosure of which, while
general term “matter”. Information, which is transmitted orally, not endangering the national security, would be prejudicial to
is considered “matter” for purposes of security. the interest or prestige of the nation or any governmental
activity, or would cause administrative embarrassment or
SECURITY CLEARANCE - is the certification by a responsible unwarranted injury to an individual or would be of advantage to
authority that the person described is cleared for access to a foreign nation.
classified matter the appropriate level.
RESTRICTED MATTERS - These are information and material
NEED-TO-KNOW - is the principle whereby access to classified (matter), which requires special protection other than that
matter may only be only given to those persons to whom it is determined to be TOP SECRET, SECRET, or CONFIDENTIAL.
necessary for the fulfillment of their duties. Persons are not Authority to classify shall be the same as for CONFIDENTIAL
entitled to have access to classified matter solely by virtue of matter. Reproduction is authorized. Transmission shall be
their status or office. It is a requirement that the dissemination through the normal dissemination system.
of classified matters be limited strictly to persons whose official
duty requires knowledge or possession thereof.

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CONTROL OF CLASSIFIED MATTERS which is deemed and adequate response to an inquiry provided
that it is required in the performance of official functions.
Custody and Accounting of classified matter – Heads of
departments handling classified matter shall issue orders Disclosure to Foreign Government or Nationals
designating their respective custodians of classified matter. 1. Its use shall be solely for the purpose for which the
Custodian shall: classified matter is requested.
2. It shall be treated or handled in accordance with the
1. Store all classified matter. classified categories of the originating office.
2. Maintain a registry of classified matter showing all 3. Handling shall be made by security-cleared personnel.
classified matter received and to whom transmitted. 4. Reproduction and dissemination shall not be made
3. Maintain current roster of persons authorized access without the consent of the department head.
to classified matter for each classification in the office.
4. Ensure physical security for classified matter. Disclosure of classified matter for publication - Classified
5. Conduct an inventory of all TOP SECRET matter as matter shall be released for public consumption only upon the
specified in paragraph 7 (Memo Cir Nr 78/196). consent of the department head or his authorized
6. Upon his relief, account for all TOP SECRET and representative. However, in instances where there is a demand
SECRET matter by inventory and transmit the same or need for releasing classified information, extreme caution
to his successor. must be exercised to analyze in detail contents of the classified
matter before release. Normally all information is released
Unauthorized keeping of Private Records – All government through Public Information Officers. Public Information Officers
personnel are prohibited from keeping private records, diaries, should be assisted in the analysis of classified information by
or papers containing statement of facts or opinions, either the Security Officer.
official or personal, concerning matters which are related to or
which affects national interest or security. Also prohibited are Purpose of Protecting Classified Materials
the collecting of souvenirs or obtaining for personal use 1. Deter and impede potential spy
whatsoever any matter classified in the interest of national 2. Assist in security investigations by keeping accurate
security. records of the moments of classified materials.
3. Enforce the use of “Need to Know” principle
Dissemination – Dissemination of classified matter shall be
restricted to properly cleared persons whose official duties Rules for Classification of Documents
required knowledge or possession thereof. Responsibility for
the determination of “need-to-know” rests upon both each 1. Documents shall be classified according to their
individual, who has possession, knowledge or command control content.
of the information involve, and the recipient. 2. The overall classification of a file or of a group of
physically connected therein. Pages, paragraphs,
Disclosures to other departments of classified information sections or components thereof may bear different
originating from another department - Classified matter classifications. Documents separated from file or
originating from another department shall not be disseminated group shall be handled in accordance with their
to other departments without the consent of the originating individual classification.
department. 3. Transmittal of documents or endorsements which do
not contain classified information or which contain
Release of classified matter outside a department – The information classified lower than that of the preceding
General Policy is No person in the government shall convey element or enclosure shall include a notation for
orally, visually or by written communication any classified automatic downgrading.
matter outside his own department unless such disclosures has 4. Correspondence, Indexes, receipts, reports of
been processed and cleared by the department head or his possession transfer or destruction, catalogs, or
authorized representative. accession list shall not be classified if any reference to
classified matter does not disclosed classified
Release of classified matter to Congress - Government information.
personnel, when giving oral testimony before Congressional 5. Classified matter obtained from other department shall
Committee involving classified matter, shall advice the retain the same original classification.
committee of the classification thereof. Government personnel
called upon to testify shall obtain necessary and prior Protection of Sensitive Information - Proprietary information
instruction from his department head concerning disclosure. is information that in some special way relates to the status or
When Congressional members visit government offices, activities of the possessor and over which the possessor
department heads are authorized to release classified matter asserts ownership. In the business community, proprietary

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information relates to the structure, products or business RISK ANALYSIS AND SECURITY HAZARD
methods of the organization. It is usually protected in some way
against causal or general disclosure. RISK - is the potential damage or loss of an asset. The level of
risk is a combination of two factors: The value placed on that
All proprietary information is confidential, but not all asset by its owner and the consequence, impact adverse effect
confidential information is proprietary. For example, confidential of the loss or damage to that asset and; the likelihood that a
personnel data in employee files is not considered as specific vulnerability will be exploited by a particular threat.
proprietary although the company treats it as confidential.
RISK MANAGEMENT - is a process of selecting and
Types of Proprietary Information implementing security countermeasures to achieve an
acceptable level of risk at an acceptable cost.
1. Trade Secrets- this consist of any formula, pattern,
device or compilation of information which is used in RISK ANALYSIS - is the examinations of the vulnerability,
one’s business and which gives him an opportunity to probability and criticality of potential threats and include natural
gain an advantage over competitors who do not know and man-made risk.
or us e it. It may be a formula for a chemical compound
a process of manufacturing, treating or preserving ADVERSARY - An individual, group, organization, or
materials, a pattern for machine or device, or a list of government that conducts activities or has the intention and
customers. It differs from other secret information as capability to conduct activities detrimental to the individual,
to single or ephemeral events. A trade secret is a private or government entity.
process or device for continuous use in the protection
of the business. ASSET - Any information, facility, material, information, or
activity which has a positive value to its owner whether it is an
2. Patents- this is a grant made by the government to an individual, private or government entity.
inventor, conveying or securing to him the exclusive
right to make, use, or sell his invention for term of COUNTERMEASURES - An action taken or a physical entity
years. used to reduce or eliminate one or more vulnerabilities. The
cost of possible countermeasures may be monetary, but may
Distinction Between Patents and Trade Secrets also include non-monetary cost such as reduced operational
efficiency, adverse publicity unfavorable working conditions,
1. Requirements for obtaining a patent are specific. To and political consequences.
qualify for a patent the invention must be more than
novel and useful. It must represent a positive PROBABILITY - the chance or likelihood that a loss will take
contribution beyond the skill of the average person. place. Indicated by a mathematical statement concerning the
2. A much lower of novelty is required of a trade secret. possibility of an event occurring
3. A trade secret remains secret as long as it continues
to meet trade secret tests while the exclusive right to CRITICALITY - the impact of a loss as measured in financial
patent protection expires after 17 years. terms. How important it is in terms of the survival or existence
of the organization.
COMMUNICATION SECURITY - Communication Security is
the protection resulting from the application of various RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
measures which prevent or delay the enemy or unauthorized
persons in gaining information through our communications. It 1. Risk Avoidance- eliminating or removing the risk
includes Transmission, Cryptographic and Physical security. totally from the business, government, or industrial
environment for which the risk manager has
TRANSMISSION SECURITY - Transmission Security is that responsibility
component of communication security which results from all 2. Risk Reduction- decreasing the risk by minimizing
measures designed to protect transmission from interception, the probability of the potential loss. The reduction of
traffic analysis and imitative deception. criminal opportunity is often accomplished by
situational crime [prevention strategies to discourage,
CRYPTOGRAPHIC SECURITY - Cryptographic Security is that deter, or deny criminal incidents.
component of communication security which results from the 3. Risk Spreading- spreading the risk through
provisions of technically sound crypto-system and their proper compartmentation or decentralization to limit the
use. impact (criticality) of the potential loss
4. Risk Transfer- moving the financial impact of the
potential loss-over to an insurance company.

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 5. Risk Self-assumption- planned assumption and
acceptance of the potential risk by making a deliberate ESPIONAGE AS A SECURITY HAZARD
managerial decision of doing nothing about the threat,
or setting aside resources for use in case of a specific Spy - very dangerous adversary and his skills in deception and
loss incident. his cunning should never be under estimated. He is usually a
person of extensive training and will be highly effective in
SECURITY HAZARDS - Any act or condition which may result gaining the confidence of people and of extracting information
in the compromise of information, loss of life, loss or destruction of value to be relayed to his employer or handler.
of property or disruption of the objective of the installation.
Countermeasures against Industrial Espionage
Types of Hazards
a. Careful and complete pre-employment measures
1. Natural Hazard- these are hazards which arise from designed to control threats of industrial espionage.
natural phenomena. The following are types of natural b. Continuing personnel check on employees and
hazards or disasters: Floods caused by typhoons, particularly personnel on sensitive positions even
Earthquakes, Fire (not caused by human action), already employed.
Storms (typhoons, cyclones, tornado and hurricane), c. Prevention of unauthorized entry to the plant or
Lighting storms, Extreme temperature and humidity industrial installation.
d. Restricting of movement of personnel in the premises
2. Human-Man made Hazards- These are hazards of the plant.
which are the result of a state of mind, attitude, e. Controlled disposal of waste papers including carbons
weaknesses or character traits of one or more in classified work.
persons. They can be acts of commission or omission, f. Only properly cleared personnel should handle
both overt and covert, which can disrupt operation of classified document.
a plant or installation. The following are types of
human or man-made hazards: Carelessness- SUBVERSION AS A SECURITY HAZARD
accidents and dissatisfaction, Disloyalty-subversion
and sabotage, Espionage, pilferage and theft, Subversive Activity - It can be local or national in nature and
Vandalism, etc. their mission is to undermine the authority weaken the
organization, and eventually take over. This can be in business
SABOTAGE AS A SECURITY HAZARD or any activity. This can be in the form of rumor mongering,
propaganda, undermining morale, and injecting defeatist
Saboteur - the most dangerous foe whom security will have to attitudes, and other emotional approaches.
deal with while planning and implementing security measures
and techniques. He is an ordinary looking as the next guy but, Countermeasures to Subversive Activity
in his mind, he has the training in deception, knowledgeable in
incendiaries, explosives, chemistry, bacteriology, mechanics a. The spreading of rumors, written materials, slogans or
and psychology. any other devices to confuse the work population and
discredit the government should be immediately
Countermeasures Against Sabotage reported.
b. Labor and other company unions can be infiltrated so
a. Use of an efficient, alert and trained guard force. that strikes and “slowdowns” can be called to disrupt
b. Use of Physical security aids like barriers, personnel the normal operation of a plant or installation.
and vehicular control, intrusion devices, c. Security force should be alerted for person trying to
communication systems, and electric aids. recruit others in organizing movements for peace, anti-
c. Proper screening of personnel. colonials, anti-trade and anti-imperialism.
d. Identification and movement control system. d. Employees or outside personnel seeking
e. Searches on incoming vehicles. memberships in “paper organizations” should report
f. Safeguarding of classified information. this activity to security.
g. Designation of restricted areas. e. Other methods of subversion like united fronts, mob
h. Investigation of breaches of security. action, terrorism and sabotage will be done to gain the
i. Security education and indoctrination. subversive ends.
j. Good housekeeping methods.
k. Effective and compatible emergency planning.
l. Regular audit.
m. Continuing background checks.

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PILFERAGE AS A SECURITY HAZARD the use of a single barrier, security must be built upon
accumulated time or a system of “Defense-in-Depth.
Pilferer - is legally called theft. Pilferage activities when
uncontrolled can become financial drain if not a menace to CONTINGENCY PLANNING - Security planning should be
smooth and orderly operation of an organization flexible. Weather conditions, mechanical failures and failure of
lighting systems are three-ever-present potential hazards. The
1. Casual Pilferer- one who steals due to his inability to unexpected arrival of large numbers visitors, audience is
resist the unexpected opportunity and has little fear of another situation frequently encountered. Last-minute changes
detection is no plan or premeditation and he is usually in the security plan or schedule of events occur routinely. The
a “loner” on the job. The temptation to pick up the security plan therefore must be sufficiently fluid to cover these
article is basically due to poor security measure. The and other eventualities, all of which present hazards.
implication of causal pilfering is the big cumulative cost
if it remains unchecked. MISSION ORIENTATION - An orientation/briefing must be
conducted by the officer in charge or the protection plan, during
2. Systematic Pilferer- one who steals with which he explains fully the contents of the plan. Some topics to
preconceived plans and takes away any or all types of be emphasized are:
items or supplies for economic gain. Pilferers of this
kind can be employees or outsiders of the CONDUCT OF SECURITY PERSONNEL - Security personnel
establishment. assigned to these duties are selected to the basis of the
appearance, alertness, and intelligence, as well as their ability
SECURITY SURVEY AND INSPECTION to act quickly and correctly in unforeseen circumstances.

SECURITY SURVEY - is an estimate of the security standards USE OF WEAPONS - There is always the danger of accidental
of a unit, and is conducted to enable the responsible officer to discharge and injury of innocent persons when weapons are
recognize and evaluate security hazards and determine carried. All protective personnel must be qualified to fire the
protective measures necessary to the prevention of sabotage, weapons with which they are armed.
espionage, subversive activities and other criminal acts inimical
towards the interest and/or mission of the unit and/or command. CROWD CONTROL - Protective personnel should understand
the principles of crowd control. They should not show not show
SECURITY INSPECTION - is a check of how well existing prejudice or sympathy, or become involved in any grievances
security measures and regulations are being carried out within expressed by the crowd.
a command. A security inspection may also include an
investigation of alleged or suspected security violations. ADVANCE PREPARATIONS - Advance preparation refers to
Physical security is concerned with forces, entrances and exits, the activities of arranging timetable/ itinerary and coordinating
guards, traffic control, lighting, fire control, and with such other with those concerned with visit local or foreign law enforcement
physical measures, which, if properly established and security men. Conduct security survey and inspection of routes,
maintained, will deny access to, unauthorized persons. quarters, conference, luncheon and or inaugural site. Arrange
for security measures for motorcade routes, quarters,
EXECUTIVE/VIP PROTECTION conference site, etc.

EXECUTIVE/VIP SECURITY - Are those measures taken by Security in Inaugural/Conference/Luncheon sites

Agents, Security Officers, Law Enforcement officers or an 1. Control access to the building/sites
Agency /officers to protect heads of state, foreign, national or 2. Closing off and policing areas around it,
local dignitaries, civilian or military against any personal injury, 3. Securing rooftops and adjoining buildings.
assassination, sabotage, and espionage. These may include 4. Ensure the presence of numerous police officers
the protection of any government or civilian officials and inside and around the building/site.
individual utilized as government witnesses.
Security in VIP Office/Quarters/Residence
DEFENSE-IN-DEPTH THEORY - There is no impenetrable 1. “Defense-in-Depths” Barriers – Concentric Patterns
barrier. If an unfriendly individual, organization or government (any attack will have to penetrate layer after layer of
can devote time, money, personnel, material or imagination to defenders, the heaviest layer of defense, being
passing a barrier, he can succeed. To achieve the ultimate closest, being closest to the Executive/VIP.)
results from a physical security system, it is necessary to add 2. Outer ring- sidewalks, stationed in front of
barrier to barrier, delay time, until sufficient delay time has been quarters/residence/office, covering all entrances,
accumulated to allow control of any foreseeable penetration. front, center, side and rear
Therefore, rather than attempting to achieve exclusion through

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 3. Middle ring- inside quarters, office/residence, covering COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM
all stairways and elevators.
4. Inner ring- immediately outside executive/VIP’S door, COMPARATIVE - Denotes the degree or grade by which a
or close to Executive/VIP if outside person, thing, or other entity has a property or quality greater
or less in extent than that of another.
SECURITY FORMATIONS assist in allowing the VIP to have
the best possible protection and defensible position even for the SYSTEM - Combination of parts in a whole; orderly
limited amount of manpower while protectee is mobile/in transit, arrangement according to some common law; collection of
or static. rules and principles in science or art; method of transacting
business (Webster)
THREAT EVALUATION - ascertain at varying times and
function which will give the best formation sequence or set. COMPARATIVE POLICE SYSTEM – is the process of
Other considerations are threat levels and type and advance outlining the similarities and differences of one police system
planning for staff levels. to another in order to discover insights in the field of
international policing.
Threat Analysis and Reaction
GLOBALIZATION - refers to the integration of economics and
1. Concentrate - concentration do not get loss or be left societies all over the world. Globalization involves
behind, it takes only a second or two {to get killed} technological, economic, political, and cultural exchanges
2. Anticipation - anticipate your fellow officer/Escort’s made possible largely by advances in communication,
moves, you can keep the protective formation together transportation, and infrastructure.
nice and well-coordinated.
3. Observation- observation should be done in a relaxed THE INTERPOL - the world’s largest international police
manner. Be very attentive but looking relaxed. organization, with 200 member countries. Created in 1923, it
4. Common sense- common sense comes from using facilitates cross-border police co-operation, and supports and
your brain, foresight, experience, and good training. assists all organizations, authorities and services whose
5. Participation within the Team- the team must train mission is to prevent or combat international crime.
together and understand completely what their job is
and their responsibilities. There will be big gaps in the It aims to facilitate international police co-operation even where
defenses if we do not have participation within the diplomatic relations do not exist between particular countries.
team. Action is taken within the limits of existing laws in different
countries and in the spirit of the Universal Declaration of
Human Rights. Interpol’s constitution prohibits ‘any
intervention or activities of a political, military, religious or racial
character.’

INTERPOL’S FOUR CORE FUNCTIONS

1. Secure global police communication services -

INTERPOL’s global police communications system,
known as I-24/7, enables police in all member
countries to request, submit and access vital data
instantly in a secure environment.

2. Operational data services and databases for

police - Member countries have direct and immediate
access to a wide range of databases including
information on known criminals, fingerprints, DNA
profiles and stolen or lost travel documents.
INTERPOL also disseminates critical crime-related
data through a system of international notices.

3. Operational police support services - provides law

enforcement officials in the field with emergency
support and operational activities, especially in its
priority crime areas. A Command and Coordination

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 Center operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week members are elected by the General Assembly and should
and can deploy an Incident Response Team to the belong to different countries; in addition, the president and the
scene of a serious crime or disaster. 3 vice-presidents must come from different regions.

4. Police training and development - provides focused The President is elected for 4 years, and vice-presidents for 3.
police training initiatives with the aim of enhancing the They are not immediately eligible for re-election either to the
capacity of member countries to effectively combat same posts, or as delegates to the Executive Committee.
transnational crime and terrorism. This includes
sharing knowledge, skills and best practices in Voting is by secret ballot. A two-thirds majority is required for
policing and establishing global standards. the election of the president. If this majority is not obtained after
the second ballot, a simple majority is then sufficient. Vice-
INTERPOL’S LEADERSHIP AND GOVERNANCE - The Presidents and delegates are elected on a simple majority.
President of INTERPOL and the Secretary General work Each member state has one vote; those member states
closely together in providing strong leadership and direction to attending the General Assembly are eligible to take part in the
the Organization. election, providing they are not prevented from doing so under
Article 52 of the General Regulations.
INTERPOL’S STRUCTURE - As defined in Article 5 of its
Constitution, INTERPOL (whose correct full name is 'The The composition of the Executive Committee: President,
International Criminal Police Organization – INTERPOL’) Vice Presidents, Delegates
comprises the following:
**The former Filipino President of INTERPOL in 1980 – 1984 -
▪ General Assembly Jolly R. Bugarin (Philippines)
▪ Executive Committee
▪ General Secretariat GENERAL SECRETARIAT - Located in Lyon, France, the
▪ National Central Bureaus General Secretariat operates 24 hours a day, 365 days a year
▪ Advisers and is run by the Secretary General. Officials from more than
▪ The Commission for the Control of Interpol’s Files 80 countries work side-by-side in any of the Organization’s four
official languages: (SAFE) Spanish, Arabic, French, and
GENERAL ASSEMBLY - Compose of delegates appointed by English.
the governments of Member Countries. As Interpol’s supreme
governing body, it meets once a year and takes all the major The Secretariat has seven regional offices across the world; in
decisions affecting general policy, the resources needed for Argentina, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, El Salvador, Kenya,
international co-operation, working methods, finances and Thailand and Zimbabwe, along with Special Representatives
program of activities. It also elects the Organization's Executive at the United Nations in New York and at the European Union
Committee. Generally speaking, the Assembly takes decisions in Brussels.
by a simple majority in the form of resolutions. Each Member
State represented has one vote. SECRETARY GENERAL - The Secretary General of the
Organization is appointed by the General Assembly for a
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE - The Executive Committee is period of 5 years. He may be re-elected.
Interpol’s select deliberative organ which meets three times a
year, usually in March, July and immediately before the The Secretary General is effectively the Organization’s chief
General Assembly. Its role, in accordance with Article 22 of the full-time official. He is responsible for seeing that the day-to-
Constitution, is to: day work of international police co-operation is carried out, and
the implementation of the decisions of the General Assembly
1. supervise the execution of the decisions of the and Executive Committee.
General Assembly
2. prepare the agenda for sessions of the General THE NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAUS (NCB)
Assembly
3. submit to the General Assembly any program of work Each INTERPOL member country maintains a National Central
or project which it considers useful Bureau staffed by national law enforcement officers. The NCB
4. Supervise the administration and work of the is the designated contact point for the General Secretariat,
Secretary General. regional offices and other member countries requiring
assistance with overseas investigations and the location and
In accordance with Article 15 of the Constitution, the Executive apprehension of fugitives.
Committee has 13 members comprising the president of the
organization, 3 vice-presidents and 9 delegates. These

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ADVISERS – these are experts in a purely advisory capacity, ▪ Commissioner, Bureau of Customs – Member
who may be appointed by the Executive Committee and ▪ Commissioner, Bureau of Internal Revenue – Member
confirmed by the General Assembly. ▪ Commissioner, Bureau of Immigration – Member
▪ Governor, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas – Member
COMMISSION FOR THE CONTROL OF INTERPOL’S FILES ▪ Executive Director, Dangerous Drug Board – Member
(CCF) – this is an independent body whose mandate is ▪ Commissioner, EIIB – Member
threefold:
Note: Philippine Center for Transnational Crimes (PCTC)
1. to ensure that the processing of personal information
by INTERPOL complies with the Organization's TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIMES – are crimes
regulations, perpetuated by organized criminal groups with the aim of
2. to advise INTERPOL on any project, operation, set of committing one or more serious crimes or offenses in order to
rules or other matter involving the processing of obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit.
personal information and In order to be considered as transnational, a crime must involve
3. To process requests concerning the information the crossing of borders or jurisdictions.
contained in Interpol’s files.
CRIMINAL ORGANIZATIONS - are typically involved in many
INTERPOL’S DISTINCTIVE SIGNS different types of criminal activity spanning several countries.
These activities may include trafficking in humans, weapons
▪ O.I.P.C - Stands for Organization Internationale de and drugs, armed robbery, counterfeiting and money
Police Criminelle' laundering.

▪ ICPO - Stands for International Criminal Police INTERPOL acts as a central repository for professional and
Organization'. technical expertise on transnational organized crime and as a
clearinghouse for the collection, collation, analysis and
▪ The official name is 'ICPO-INTERPOL' dissemination of information relating to organized crime and
criminal organizations. It also monitors the organized crime
▪ The word 'INTERPOL' is a contraction of 'international situation on a global basis and co-ordinates international
police', and was chosen in 1946 as the telegraphic investigations.
address. In 1956, the International Criminal Police
Commission changed its name to become the EXAMPLES OF TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES
International Criminal Police Organization -
INTERPOL. ▪ Pharmaceutical crime
▪ Trafficking in Persons
THE EMBLEM - The emblem, in use since 1950, comprises ▪ Environmental Crime
the following elements: ▪ Economic Crime
a. The GLOBE represents the worldwide activities of the ▪ Cyber Crimes
INTERPOL ▪ Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships
b. The olive branches on either side of the globe ▪ Intellectual Property Theft
symbolize PEACE ▪ Cultural Property Theft
c. the name 'INTERPOL' below the globe in the center ▪ Illegal Trafficking of Small Arms
of the olive branches ▪ Money Laundering
d. The Vertical Sword behind the globe, representing ▪ Terrorism
police action ▪ Drug trafficking
e. The Scales below the olive branches symbolize
JUSTICE

THE FLAG - The flag has been in use since 1950, it has a light-
blue background the emblem is in the center the four lightning
flashes arranged symmetrically around the emblem represent
telecommunications and speed in police action.

THE INTERPOL NATIONAL CENTRAL BUREAU – MANILA

▪ Director General Philippine National Police – Chairman

▪ Director, National Bureau of Investigation – Member

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INTERPOL NOTICE SYSTEM

▪ RED NOTICE - To seek the location and Arrest / of a

person wanted by a judicial jurisdiction or an
international tribunal with a view to his/her extradition

▪ BLUE NOTICE - To locate, identify or obtain

information on a person of interest in a criminal
investigation

▪ GREEN NOTICE - To warn about a person's criminal

activities if that person is considered to be a possible
threat to public safety

▪ YELLOW NOTICE - To locate a missing person or to

identify a person unable to identify himself/herself

▪ BLACK NOTICE - To seek information on unidentified

bodies

▪ ORANGE NOTICE - To warn of an event, a person,

an object or a process representing an imminent threat
and danger to persons or property

▪ PURPLE NOTICE - To provide information on modi

operandi, procedures, objects, devices, or hiding
places used by criminals

▪ INTERPOL-UNITED NATIONS SECURITY

COUNCIL SPECIAL NOTICE - To inform Interpol's
members that an individual or an entity is subject to
UN sanctions

ASEANAPOL - ASEAN CHIEFS OF POLICE (1998)

MEMBERS: Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines; Singapore;

Thailand; Brunei Darussalam; Vietnam; Laos PDR; Myanmar;
Cambodia

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