Signal and Systems

Control & Instrumentation Department.

CIE315-241
Nezar M. Alyazidi

Topic 3: FOURIER SERIES REPRESENTATION OF PERIODIC SIGNALS

KFUPM-CIE Deprtment-CIE315
Introduction
• In the last part of the course, we decomposed signals into sums of scaled
and time-shifted impulse functions. For LTI systems, we could then write
the output as a sum of scaled and time-shifted impulse responses (using
the convolution: superposition property).
• In this part of the course, we will consider alternate (and very useful)
decompositions of signals as sums of scaled complex exponential functions
(or sinewave, cosinewave). As we will see, such functions exhibit some nice
behavior when applied to LTI systems. This particular chapter will focus on
decomposing periodic signals into complex exponentials (leading to the
Fourier Series), and subsequent chapters will deal with the decomposition
of more general signals. Where we will extend the analysis to the Fourier
transform representation of broad classes of aperiodic (nonperiodic)
functions.
Introduction
• Fourier series and Fourier transform represent the first steps in the
development of frequency domain techniques for analyzing continuous
time, time-invariant, linear dynamic systems.

• Signals can be represented using complex exponentials( or sinusoidal) –

continuous-time and discrete-time Fourier series and transform.
• If the input to an LTI system is expressed as a linear combination of
periodic complex exponentials or sinusoids, the output can also be
expressed in this form.
•
“Fourier Series” allows us to write “virtually any” real-world PERIODIC
signal as a sum of sinusoids with appropriate amplitudes and phases
PERIODIC FUNCTIONS
FOURIER SERIES
Interesting/Motivation
What we need to do for this design
Trigonometric- form-single sided spectrum
Example
The same period
All sinewaves are centered vertically at 0
USEFUL INTEGRALS
The following integrals are useful in Fourier Series.
Useful Integrals
Three Forms of Fourier Series
Compact Trigonometric
Form

Amplitude-Phase Form

Trigonometric Form
Trigonometric form
Even or Odd signals
Example
Example
Example
Example: Not Even neither Odd
Exponential (complex)
Fourier Series
Example
 Example 3
f(t)

1 f (t ) = a0 +  an cos(2nt ) + bn sin (2nt )
e-t/2 n =1

1 p −
t
2  − p2 
Not even or
neither odd −p 0 p a0 =
p 
0
e dt = −  e − 1  0.504
2
p 
function
• Fundamental period
 2 
t
p −
e cos(2nt ) dt = 0.504 
2
T0 = p
• Fundamental frequency
an =
p 
0
2
2 
 1 + 16n 
f0 = 1/T0 = 1/p Hz p −
t
 8n 
bn =  e sin (2nt ) dt = 0.504 
2
w0 = 2p/T0 = 2 rad/s 2 
2
p 0
 1 + 16n 
an and bn decrease in amplitude as n → .

 

f (t ) = 0.504 1 +  (cos(2nt ) + 4n sin (2nt ))
2
 n =1 1 + 16n
2

 Compact Trigonometric Form
• Using single sinusoid,

x(t ) = C0 +  Cn cos(2pnf0t +  n )
 n =1
 
dc component nth harmonic

C0 = a0
• Cn , and  n are related to the trigonometric coefficients an and
bn as:

 bn 
Cn = an + bn
2 2
and  n = − tan  
−1

 an 
Compact Trigonometric

f(t) f (t ) = C0 +  Cn cos(2nt −  n )
1 n =1
e-t/2 a0  0.504
 2 
−p 0 p an = 0.504  2 
 1 + 16n 
• Fundamental period
 8n 
T0 = p bn = 0.504  2 
 1 + 16n 
• Fundamental frequency
C0 = ao = 0.504
f0 = 1/T0 = 1/p Hz
w0 = 2p/T0 = 2 rad/s  2 
Cn = a + b = 0.504
2 2
 
n n 
 1 + 16n 
2

−1  − bn 
 n = tan   = − tan −1 4n
 an 
( )

f (t ) = 0.504 + 0.504
2
cos 2nt − tan −1 4n
n =1 1 + 16n 2
 Convert to Complex Exponential Form

Where ck are complex

Convert to Sine-Cosine Form
Three (Equivalent) Forms of FS and Their Relationships
The Response of LTI Systems to Complex
Exponentials
• It is advantageous in the study of LTI systems to represent signals as linear
combinations of basic signals that possess the following two properties:
· The set of basic signals can be used to construct a broad and
useful class of signals

• The response of an LTI system to each signal should be simple

enough in structure to provide us with a convenient representation
for the response of the system to any signals constructed as linear
combination of basic signals
 The Response of LTI Systems to Complex
Exponentials
• The importance of complex exponentials in the study of LTI systems is
that the response of an LTI system to a complex exponential input is
the same complex exponential with only a change in amplitude; that
is

• where the complex amplitude factor H(s) or H(z) will be in general a

function of the complex variable s or z.
A signal for which the system output is a (possible complex) constant times
the input is referred to as an eigenfunction of the system, and the
amplitude factor is referred to as the system’s eigenvalue. Complex
exponentials are eigenfunctions.
 System response to complex exponential
input

convolution

eigenfunctions

Eigenvalue:
Complex constant
Recompositing input x(t) a sum of complex
exponential
Recompositing input x(t) a sum of complex
exponential
 Example 1
• Given a LTI systems with the following model

So,

We get
From model

Sifting property
 Example 2 Given a system

If input

So, output
Properties of the Continuous-Time Fourier
Series
Linearity
Time Shifting
Time Reversal
Time Scaling
I hope you enjoyed this lecture.

Thank you for attending and see you

again in the next class!

KFUPM-CIE Deprtment-CIE315