Flow Analysis Using Control Volume

1
Main Topics
 Conservation of Mass
 Newton’s Second Law – The Linear Momentum Equations
 The Moment-of-Momentum Equations

2
3
Conservation of Mass – The Continuity Equation
 Basic Law for Conservation of Mass

M ( system) V ( system)
dM 
 =0 M system = dm = dV
dt  system

 For the system and a fixed, non-deforming control volume that

are coincident at an instant of time, the Reynolds Transport
Theorem leads to
D   
B = M and b = 1
Dt sys 
dV 
t CV 
dV + V  n dA
CS 
Time rate of change Time rate of change of the Net rate of flow of
of the mass of the = mass of the content of the + mass through the
coincident system coincident control volume control surface
4
Conservation of Mass – The Continuity Equation

System and control volume at three different instances of time.

(a) System and control volume at time t – δt. (b) System and
control volume at time t, coincident condition. (c) System and
control volume at time t + δt.

5
Conservation of Mass – The Continuity Equation
 For a fixed, non-deforming control volume, the control volume
formulation of the conservation of mass: The continuity equation
 m out − m in
dM    
 
dt  system t 
CV
dV + 
CS
V  n dA = 0

Rate of increase Net influx of

Of mass in CV mass

  
t CV dV = −CS V  n dA

6
Conservation of Mass – The Continuity Equation
 Incompressible Fluids
     
  
dV +  V  n dA = 0 →
t CV CS  
dV + V  n dA = 0
t CV CS

 For Steady flow

 m
out − m in

 
CS V  ndA =  m out − m in = 0 The mass flow rate into a control volume
must be equal to the mass flow rate out of
the control volume.

7
Other Definition
 Mass flowrate through a section of control surface
 

m = Q = V  n dA =
A
 
m out − m in

 The average velocity

 

V = A
V  n dA
A

8
Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume
 When the flow is steady

t CV dV = 0  m out =  m in
 When the flow is steady and incompressible

 Q out =  Q in

 When the flow is not steady


t CV dV  0 “+” : the mass of the contents of the control volume is increasing
“-” : the mass of the contents of the control volume is decreasing.

9
Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume
 When the flow is uniformly distributed over the opening in the
control surface (one dimensional flow)

m = AV

 When the flow is non-uniformly distributed over the opening in

the control surface

m = AV

10
Example 5.1 Conservation of Mass – Steady,
Incompressible Flow
 Seawater flows steadily through a simple conical-shaped nozzle at the end of
a fire hose as illustrated in the figure. If the nozzle exit velocity must be at
least 20 m/s, determine the minimum pumping capacity required in m3/s.

11
Example 5.1 Conservation of Mass – Steady,
Incompressible Flow
The continuity equation

Steady flow

  
t CV dV + CS V  n dA = 0

 
CS V  n dA = m 2 − m 1 = 0 or m 2 = m 1
1Q1 =  2Q 2
With incompressible condition
 (0.04) 2
1 =  2  Q1 = Q 2 = V2 A 2 = (20) = 0.0251m 3 / s
4
12
Example 5.2 Conservation of Mass – Steady,
Compressible Flow
 Air flows steadily between two sections in a long straight portion of a 0.1 m
inside diameter pipe as indicated in the figure. The uniformly distributed
temperature and pressure at each section are given. The average air velocity
(non-uniform velocity distribution) at section (2) is 305 m/s

13
Example 5.2 Conservation of Mass – Steady,
Compressible Flow
The continuity equation
Steady flow

  
t CV dV + CS V  n dA = 0
 

CS
V  n dA = m 2 − m 1 = 0 or m 2 = m 1
1Q1 =  2 Q 2
1A1V1 =  2 A 2 V2
A1 = A 2
2
V1 = V2
1
P
=
RT
P2 T1V2 (127 103 )(27 + 273)(305)
V1 = = = 66.83m / s
P1T2 (690 10 )(−21 + 273)
3
14
Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume
 When a moving control volume is used, the fluid velocity relative to
the moving control is an important variable.
 W is the relative fluid velocity seen by an observer moving with the
control volume.
 Vcv is the control volume velocity as seen from a fixed coordinate
system.
 V is the absolute fluid velocity seen by a stationary observer in a
fixed coordinate system.

   DM sys   
V = W + VCV =  
CV dV + C .S . W  n dA
Dt t

  
t  
CV dV + C .S . W  n dA = 0
15
Example 5.4 Conservation of Mass – Compressible
Flow with a Moving Control Volume
 An airplane moves forward at speed of 971 km/hr as shown in the figure.
The frontal intake area of the jet engine is 0.80 m2 and the entering air
density is 0.736 kg/m3. A stationary observer determines that relative to the
earth, the jet engine exhaust gases move away from the engine with a speed
of 1050 km/hr. The engine exhaust area is 0.558 m2, and the exhaust gas
density is 0.515 kg/m3. Estimate the mass flowrate of fuel into the engine in
kg/hr.

16
Example 5.4 Conservation of Mass – Compressible
Flow with a Moving Control Volume
The continuity equation
The intake velocity, W1, relative to the moving
Steady flow
  control volume as being equal in magnitude to

t  
CV dV + C .S . W  n dA = 0
the speed of the airplane.

The exhaust velocity, W2, also needs to be

Assuming one-dimensional flow measured relative to the moving control volume.

− m fuel in − 1 A1W1 +  2 A2W2 = 0

m fuel in =  2 A2W2 − 1 A1W1
V2 = W2 + V plane
W2 = V2 − V plane = 1050 − (−971) = 2,021km / hr
m fuel in = (0.515)(0.558)(2,021)(1,000) − (0.736)(0.80)(971)(1,000)
= 9,049.97 kg / hr

17
Example 5.5 Conservation of Mass – Relative Velocity
 Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the steady rate of
1000 ml/s as sketched in figure. If the exit area of each of the two nozzle is
30 mm2 , determine the average speed of the water leaving each nozzle,
relative to the nozzle.

18
Example 5.5 Conservation of Mass – Relative Velocity
The continuity equation
Steady flow

  
t 
CV 
dV + V  n dA = 0
CS
 
 W  ndA = 0
CS

 out AoutWout −  in AinWin = 0

 2 A2W2 +  3 A3W3 − 1 A1W1 = 0

for incompressible flow, 1 =  2 =  3 ,

A2W2 + A3W3 − A1W1 = 0
Q = A1W1 , A2 = A3 and W2 = W3 ,
Q (1,000ml / s )(0.001m 3 / l )(106 mm 2 / m 2 )
W2 = = 2
= 16.67 m / s
2 A2 (1,000ml / l )(2)(30mm )
19
The Linear Momentum Equations
 Newton’s second law for a system moving relative to an inertial
coordinate system.

Time rate of change of the

linear momentum of the system
= Sum of external forces
acting on the system


   D  DP 
 F
sys
=  F +
S  F =
B 
V dV =
Dt sys

Dt  system

  
Psystem = M ( system) Vdm = V ( system) VdV

20
The Linear Momentum Equations
 For the system and a fixed, nondeforming control volume that are coincident
at an instant of time, the Reynolds Transport Theorem leads to

 D      
B = P and b = V
Dt 
sys
VdV 
t CV VdV + CS VV  n dA

D      
Dt 
sys
VdV 
t CV VdV + CS VV  n dA

Time rate of change Time rate of change of the Net rate of flow of
of the linear linear momentum of the linear momentum
momentum of the
= content of the coincident
+ through the control
coincident system control volume surface

21
The Linear Momentum Equations
 When a control volume is coincident with a system at an instant of time, the
force acting on the system and the force acting on the contents of the
coincident control volume are instantaneously identical.
 
 Fsys =  Fcontents of the coincident control volume

External forces acting on system and

coincident control volume

22
The Linear Momentum Equations
 For a fixed and non-deforming, control volume the control volume
formulation of Newton’s second law.

Linear momentum equation

     
t CV VdV + CS VV  n dA =  F Contents of the coincident
control volume

23
Example 5.6 Linear Momentum – Change in Flow Direction

 A horizontal jet of water exits a nozzle with a uniform speed of V1 = 3 m/s,

strikes a vane, and is turned through an angle at 20o. Determine the
anchoring force needed to hold the vane stationary if gravity and viscous
effects are negligible.

24
Example 5.6 Linear Momentum – Change in Flow Direction

The continuity equation

Steady flow
 
 udV +  uV  n dA =  Fx
t cv cs

and
 
 wdV +  wV  n dA =  Fz
t cv cs

u2  2 A2V2 − u1 1 A1V1 =  Fx
and
w2  2 A2V2 − w1 1 A1V1 =  Fz

25
Example 5.6 Linear Momentum – Change in Flow Direction
 p1 = p2, constant speed, V1 = V2 = 3 m/s,
 Section (1), u1 = V1, w1 = 0, Section (2), u2 = V1cos20, w2 = V1sin20
(V1 cos 20) A2V1 − V1 A1V1 =  Fx
and
(V1 sin 20) A2V1 − (0) A1V1 =  Fz

 x
F = − A V
1 1
2
+ A 2
2 1 cos 20
V
= − A1V12 (1 − cos 20)
= −(1,000)(0.006)(3) 2 (1 − cos 20)
= −3.26 N
and
 z
F = A V
1 1
2
sin 20
= (1,000)(0.006)(3) 2 sin 20
= 18.47 N 26
Example 5.7 Linear Momentum – Pressure and Change in
Flow Direction
 Water flows through a horizontal, 180o pipe bend as shown in the figure. The
flow cross-sectional area is constant at a value of 0.01 m2 through the bend.
The magnitude of the flow velocity everywhere in the bend is axial and 15
m/s. The absolute pressures at the entrance and exit of the bend are 207 kPa
and 165 kPa, respectively. Calculate the horizontal components of the
anchoring force required to hold the bend in place.

27
Example 5.7 Linear Momentum – Pressure and Change in
Flow Direction
The continuity equation
Steady flow
 
 udV +  uV  n dA =  Fx
t cv cs

and
 
 wdV +  wV  n dA =  Fy
t cv cs

 The flow is in y direction and there are no x direction momentum.

F = 0
x

 wV  ndA = F
cs
y + P1 A1 + P2 A2

28
Example 5.7 Linear Momentum – Pressure and Change in
Flow Direction
(+v1 )(−m 1 ) + (−v2 )(+ m 2 ) = Fy + p1 A1 + p2 A2
m = m 1 = m 2
− m 1 (v1 + v2 ) = Fy + p1 A1 + p2 A2
Fy = −m 1 (v1 + v2 ) − p1 A1 − p2 A2
m = 1 A1V1 = (1,000)(0.01)(15) = 150kg / s
Fy = −(150)(15 + 15) − (0.01)(207 − 101) 103 − (0.01)(165 − 101) 103
= −6,200 N
The negative sign is interpreted as the y component of the anchoring
force is actually in the negative y direction.

29
Example 5.8 Linear Momentum – Change in Speed and
Friction
 The air flows steadily between two cross sections in a long straight portion
of 10 cm inside diameter pipe as indicated in figure, where the uniformly
distributed temperature and pressure at each cross section are given. If the
average air velocity at section (2) is 305 m/s, the average air velocity at
section (1) determined as 67 m/s. Assume uniform velocity distribution at
sections (1) and (2). Determine the frictional force exerted by the pipe wall
on the airflow between section (1) and (2).

30
Example 5.8 Linear Momentum – Change in Speed and
Friction
The continuity equation
Steady flow
 
 udV +  uV  n dA =  Fx
t cv cs

 uV  ndA = − Rx + P1 A1 − P2 A2
cs

(+u1 )(−m 1 ) + (+u2 )(+ m 2 ) = − Rx + P1 A1 − P2 A2

m = m 1 = m 2 and A1 = A2
m (u2 − u1 ) = − Rx + P1 A1 − P2 A2
Rx = A2 ( P1 − P2 ) − m (u2 − u1 )
P2 D22
2 = and A2 =
RT2 4
 P2  D  2
 127 10 
3  0.12

(305) = 4.21kg / s
m =   u2 = 
2

 RT2  4   286.9 252  4  31
Example 5.8 Linear Momentum – Change in Speed and
Friction

Rx = A2 ( p1 − p2 ) − m (u2 − u1 )
 (0.1) 2
= (690 − 127) 103 − (4.21)(305 − 67)
4
= 3,420 N

32
Example 5.9 Linear Momentum – Thrust
 A static thrust as sketched in the figure is to be designed for testing a jet
engine. The following conditions are known for a typical test: Intake air
velocity = 200 m/s; exhaust gas velocity = 500 m/s; intake cross-section area
= 1m2; intake static pressure = -22.5 kPa =78.5 kPa (abs); intake static
temperature = 268 K; exhaust static pressure = 0 kPa =101 kPa (abs).
Estimate the normal trust for which to design.

33
Example 5.9 Linear Momentum – Thrust
The x direction component of linear moment equation
  
t CV
udV +  uV  n dA = P1 A1 + Fth − P2 A2 − Patm ( A1 − A2 )
CS

 (+u1 )(−m 1 ) + (+u2 )(+ m 2 ) = ( P1 − Patm ) A1 − ( P2 − Patm ) A2 + Fth

m = m 1 = 1 A1u1 = m 2 =  2 A2u2
 m (u2 − u1 ) = P1 A1 − P2 A2 + Fth
Fth = − P1 A1 + P2 A2 + m (u2 − u1 ) = −(1)(−22.5 103 ) + (204)(500 − 200) = 83,700 N

P1 m = p1 A1u1
1 =
RT1 = (1.02)(1)(200)
78.5 103 = 204kg / s
1 =
(286.9)(268)
= 1.02kg / m 3
34
Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume
DBsys   
Dt
=
t  
CV bdV + CS bW  n dA

D      
Dt 
sys
VdV 
t CV VdV + CS VW  n dA

     
t CV VdV + CS VW  n dA =  F Contents of the coincident
control volume
  
V = W + VCV

       
CV CS 
Contents of the
(W + VCV ) dV + (W + VCV ) W  n dA = F coincident
t control volume

35
Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume
For a constant control volume velocity, Vcv, and steady flow in the control
volume reference frame

CV ( )
  
W + VCV dV = 0
t
=0

 ( )
         
CS
W + VCV W  n dA = CS
WW  n dA + VCV 
CS
W  n dA

For steady flow, continuity equation  

DM sys     C .S . W  n dA = 0

Dt
=
t  
CV dV + C .S . W  n dA = 0

36
Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume

For an inertial, moving, nondeforming control volume, the

linear momentum equation of steady flow

   
CS
WW  n dA =  F Contents of the coincident
control volume

37
Vector Form of Momentum Equation
The sum of all forces (surface and body forces) acting on a Non-
accelerating control volume is equal to the sum of the rate of change of
momentum inside the control volume and the net rate of flux of
momentum out through the control surface.
  
 Fcontents of the coincident control volume =  F +
S  F
B
    
=
t 
CV
VdV + CS
VV  n dA

  

FB = Bdm = CV BdV
Where the velocities are measured
 
A
Relative to the control volume.
FS = - pdA

38
Moment of Momentum Equation
 Applying Newton’s second law of motion to a particle of fluid

D  
(VV ) = Fparticle The velocity measured in an inertial reference system
Dt
 Taking moment of each side with respect to the origin of an inertial
coordinate system

 D    Dr   
r (VV ) = r  Fparticle =V V V = 0
Dt Dt

 
D 
Dt
 
(r  V ) V = 
Dr
Dt
 D 
 VV + r 
Dt
(VV )

Dt

D  
 
(r  V ) V = r  Fparticle
39
Application
 Consider the rotating sprinkler.   
 The flows are one-dimensional. t CV (r  V ) dV = 0

 The flows are steady or steady-in-the-mean.

 Using the axial component of the moment-of-momentum equation to
analyze this flow

Using the fixed and non-deforming

control volume which contains within
its boundaries the spinning or stationary
sprinkler head and the portion of the
water flowing through the sprinkler
contained in the control volume.

40
Application

U is the velocity of the moving nozzle as measured relative to the

   fixed control surface.
V = W +U W is relative velocity of exit flow as viewed from the nozzle
V is the absolute velocity of exit flow relative to a fixed control
surface.
41
Application
 
The torque term  (r  F )
content of the control volume

 
 (r  F )
content of the CV
axial
= Tshaft = −r2V 2 m

•Interpreting Tshaft being a negative quantity to mean that the shaft torque
actually oppose to the rotation of the sprinkler arms.

•The shaft torque Tshaft, oppose rotation in all turbine devices.

•Shaft power?

W shaft=T shaft = −r2V 2 m  w shaft = W shaftm = −U 2V 2

Sprinkler speed U = r2

Negative shaft work is work out of the control volume, that is, work done by the fluid on the
rotor and thus its shaft. 42