Notes of every cha

Science NoteBook

//श्री हरिदास//
//श्रीमननित्यनिकुंगबिहारिने नमः//

Abhinav Chaturvedi
Chapter – 1 Nutrition in plants

Why food is necessary?

Energy, Growth and development,
Repairment
Nutrients:-
Components like carbs, fats, proteins,
vitamins and minerals.
How they help?
1. To build our bodies.
2. To grow.
3. To repair damaged parts of the
body.
4. To provide energy to carry out lifr
processes.
Nutrients

Minor
Major

Vitamins
Carbs,fats,
 protiens

1) Carbohydrates :- They are the body’s

main source of energy.
Sources – Pasta, Breads, Cereals, and
sweets.
2 forms- Starches or complex carbs,
Sugars
2) Proteins :- It provides energy and help
build, maintain body.
Sources :- Dairy products, nuts and
seeds.
They are made up of amino acids.
3) Fats:- They provide substances
needed for growth and healthy skin.
They provide energy double to carbs.
Required to carry fat soluble vitmains
throughout the body.
Sources:- Butter, vegetables and cream
4) Vitamins:- They are required in very
small quantity.
 They help in keeping eyes, bones, gums
and teeth healthy. They protect us from
diseases. Their deficiency causes
deficiency diseases. They are of six
types – A, D, E, K, B-group and C
5) Iron:- They help in making
haemoglobin in RBC. Its deficiency leads
to anameia.
Sources- Dry fruits and nuts.
Nutrition:-
The mode of taking food and its utilization
in the body is called nutrition.
They are of 2 types –
i.) Autotrophic:- In this type of
nutrition organisms can prepare
their own food. Such organisms are
called auto-trophs.
ii.) Hetrotrophs:- In this type of
nutrition organisms get their food
from plants. Such organisms are
called heterotrophs.
Hetrotrophic mode of nutrition :-
 Most of the plants have reen
pigment called chlorophyll and make
their food.
 Some plants don’t have chlorophyll
and cant synthesize.
They are of 3 types-
Herbivores:- They feed on green
plants or their products. Foe ex. Cow
and deer.
Canivores :- They feed on flesh of
other animals. For ex. Tigers and
lions.
Omnivores :- Feed on both plants
and flesh. For ex. Brown bear and
chimpanzes.

Photosynthesis :-
The process by which plants make
their own food is called
photosynthesis. They prepare food
with the help of sunlight, Co2
 present in air, water, minerals and
chlorophyll present in leaves.
Conditions necessary for
photosynthesis :-
 Sunlight trapped by chlorophyll
 Carbon-di-oxide taken in through
stomata
 Water absorbed by roots
andtransported through vessels-
Xylem
 Minerals absorbed by roots along
with water
 Phloem transports food from leaves
through whole body
Small opening present on the leaves
for gaseous exchange are called
stomata.
Desert Plants:-
 Sunken Stomata.
 Scales or spines like leaves to reduce
water loss due to transpiration.
 Green Stems for photosynthesis.
 Significance of photosynthesis:-
i-) Photosynthesis by plants provide
food to animals.
ii-) Photosynthesis puts o2 in air.

Other modes of nutrition:- 1-) Parasitic

mode of nutrition :- Plants that live on
other plants are called parasites. For ex.
Cuscuta. Plants on which these parasites
live are called host plants.
2-) Insectivorous mode of nutrition :-They
carry out photosynthesis. But, as they
grow on nitrogen deficient soil so, they
feed on insects to get nitrogen. Their
parts are modified to attract and catch
insects. For ex. Venus-Flytrap, Pitcher
Plant.
3-) Saprophytic mode of nutrition :-Some
organisms survive on dead and decaying
organisms. Such organisms are called
saprophytes. They secrete digestive
jucies on dead and decaying matter
because of which the matter is converted
in a solution and absorb nutrients from
them. For ex. Mushrooms.
4-) Symbiotic mode of nutrition :-
Sometimes organisms live together to
share shelter and food with each other.
These are called symbiotic relationships.
For ex. Fungi.

Chapter 2 – Nutrition in Animals

Nutrients In Animals :-
1. Organisms need food to obitain
energy, to obitain materials for growth
and to repair damaged parts.
 2. The procces of taking and utilizing food
by an organism is called nutrition. Plants
can make their own food but animals can
not.
Modes of nutrition :-
1.) Autotrophic mode of nutrition :
Organisms that can make their own food
from substances like co2 and water are
called autotrophs. All green plants are
autotrophs. The green plants have green
pigment called chloropyll necessary to
absorb energy from sunlight to make
food.
2.) Hetrotrophic mode of nutrition :
organisms that can’t make their own
food and depend on other organisms are
called heterotrophs. All non-green plants
and animals are heterotrophs.

Steps of nutition:-
1.) Ingestion – the process of intake of food
is called ingestion. Various organisms
have different organs for ingestion.
 Amoeba a unicellular organism, captures
food with help of pseudopodia which
engulf the prey.
2.) Digestion- The food Is broken down into
smaller compounds by the process of
digestion.the food is further absorbed by
blood.
3.) Absorption- When the digested food is
absorbed by the blood and transported
to different parts of body to obitan
nutrients is called absorption.
4.) Assimilation – process of utiliozing
absorbed nutients for energy, growth
and development is called assimilation.
5.) Egestion- ecreting the indigested food
from the body along with water in form
of faeces is called egestion.

Human digestive system :-

1.) The human digestive system has
alimentary canal and its associated
glands.
 2.) Mouth(buccal cavity), oesophagus,
stomach, large intestine, rectum and
anus.
3.) Glands of alimentary canal are salivary
GLANDS, LIVER AND PANCREAS.
4.) DIGESTION IS OF 2 TYPES – physical
(chewing) and Chemical
(secretions/digestive juices).
5.) The food maves through alimentary
canal by the process of peristalsis.
Digestion :-
Breaking down large insoluble matter into
small water soluble matter is called digestion.
We use both physical and chemical digestion.

Digestive organs :-
1.) Mouth(buccal cavity) - the digestion
starts when we put food in our mouth. It
contains teeth, tounge, salivary
glands.teeths are of four types.
# incisors – they bite and cut food they
are 8 in no. #
 canine – They tear food. They are 4 in
no.
#Premolar – They grind and chew food.
They are 8 in no.
#molars – they are 12 in no. they
grow only in permanent teeth. They
chew and grind food. Tounge has taste
buds can recognize various types of
tastes like bitter, sour, salty, sweet. They
have different regions for each taste.
The tongue helps in mixing saliva with
food and push the food in food pipe. It
helps in getting taste of food and
talking. Saliva is the juice which
digest the starch of food partially with
the help of salivary amylaze. The slightly
digested food goes down in oesophagus.
2.) Oesophagus – oesophagus connects
mouth to stomach. Food maves down
through oesophagus through peristalsis.
No digestion is done in it.
3.) Stomach – it’s a thick wall bag present
on the left side of the abdomen and it’s
the widest part of alimentary canal.
 Oesophagus brings food downin
stomach and The food is further
digested in stomach. The food is
churned for 3 hrs. in the stomach and
converted into semi-solid paste. The
inner lining of stomach secretes mucus,
hydrochloric acid and digestive juices.
Mucus protects inner lining from acids.
Hcl kills any bacteria that comes with
food. Gastric juice has an enzyme called
pepsin that digest proteins.
4.) Small intestine – the complete digestion
of food and absorption of digested food
is done in small intestine. Pancreas
secrete pancreatic juice which acts upon
partially digested fats n proteins. The
walls of small intestine secrete a
digestive juice called intestinal juice
which absorb rest of the partially
digested food.
Carbs ----- gucose
CARBS ---
Proteins GLUCOSE
---- amino
PROTEINS --- AMINO ACIDS
ACIDS
FATS ---- FATLY ACID +
GLYCEROL
FATS ------ FATLY ACID+
glycerol

DISSOLVE
IN BLOOD

fingerlike progections present in

small intestine are villi. They have
blood vessels in them. The
completely digested minerals passes
through villi and gets dissolve into
blood just like salt in water. They
also increase surface area of
absorption.
5.) Large intestine – its about 1.5 m long
and its called large intestine cuz it’s
a quiet wider. The undigested and
unabsorbed food enters into large
intestine from small intestine. Large
intestine absorb water and salts from
undigested food. Beacause of which
 the undigested food becomes semi-
solid. The semi-solid waste passes
from our body through anus. This
process is clled egestion.

Food dissolved in blood passes to

specific organs which is further
broken down to obitain energy for
growth and repair.
Diegestion in grass eating animals :-
Herbivourous animal such as cows eat
grass amd other plant leaves which are
mainly rich in carbs called cellulose which
act as a source of energy.this cellulose
can be digested by the action with the
help of bacteria present in the stomach of
ruminants. Ruminants are animals which
have rumen. The stomach of a cow is
very big and divided into 4 chambers. The
biggest and first compartment of a cow is
‘rumen’. The partially digested food in the
rumen is called cud. The process of
sending back the curd and chewing it is
called rumination. Horses don’t have
rumen they have caecum. In cows
caecum is present in rumen and help in
digestion. Caecum help in proper
digestion of cellulose.
amoeba :-
Amoba is a microscopic organism which
has only one cell.it’s shape isn’t fixed.
Amoeba is the simplest animal that lives
in pond water. Cytoplasm is the jelly like
liquid present in amoeba. It also has
vacuoles present in it which are spherical
structres that have food or liquid inside it.
Vacuoles are of 2 types :
i-) Food vacuoles :- A food vacule consists
of a bubble of water which has food
particle captured by amoeba.
ii-) Contractile vacuole :- It’s a bubble of
liquid that controls the amount of water
present in the body of amoeba.
It also consist of nucleus. It has figerlike
projections called pseudopodia. It
usespseudopodia to catch food particles
from the surroundings. It eats tiny plants
and animals present in pond water.
Enzymes act upon the ingested food and
then the food difusses out. After that
amoeba grows and the undigested food
comes out of amoeba.

Chapter 3 – Heat
Heat is a form of energy which helps us to
sense hotness and coldness. When hot
body is near a cold body, the hot one
becomes less hot and cold becomes less
cold. Heat moves from hot body to cold
body.
Temprature :- Temprature is the
degree of hotness or coldness. Het will
from from hot to cold body until both of
them have the same temp. unit- Celcius.
Thermometer is used to measure
temperature of a body. The liquid used in
it is mercury. Normal human body
temperature is 36 degree celcius n 98.6
degree F.
Laboratory Thermometer :- It’s used to
measure temperature of an object. Its
range is -10 to -110 degree c.
Conduction :- Transfer of heat because of
vibration of particles. One particle
transfer heat to another.
Conductors:- Objects which allow the
heat to pass rapidly are coductors or
good conductors of heat. For ex. Gold
Insulator:- Objects which allow the heat to
transfer of heat slowly are insulators or
bad conductors of heat. For ex. Plastic.
Convection :- Transfer of heat by the
movement of particles is convection.
Radiation :- Bodies radiate heat in all
directions.
Clothes we wear :- White color reflects
heat and black color absorb heat.
AIR IS AN INSULATOR.