single-subject experiments

Question: What is the primary characteristic of a single-subject experiment?

A) Large sample size

B) Repetitive measurements on a single participant
C) Random assignment
D) Cross-sectional analysis
Answer: B) Repetitive measurements on a single participant

Question: In a single-subject experiment, what is the term for the baseline measurement
phase?

A) Control phase
B) Treatment phase
C) Withdrawal phase
D) Reversal phase
Answer: A) Control phase

Question: What is the primary purpose of the control phase in a single-subject experiment?

A) To establish a stable measurement

B) To observe the effects of treatment
C) To provide a comparison for statistical analysis
D) To determine random assignment
Answer: A) To establish a stable measurement

Question: In a single-subject A-B-A design, what does the "B" phase typically represent?

A) Treatment phase
B) Baseline phase
C) Control condition
D) Random assignment
Answer: A) Treatment phase

Question: What is the term for a single-subject design that involves withdrawing the
treatment to observe if the effect persists?

A) Baseline design
B) Reversal design
C) Follow-up design
D) Cross-sectional design
Answer: C) Follow-up design
Question: What is the term for the consistent, repeated measurement of behavior in a single-
subject experiment?

A) Observational analysis
B) Replication
C) Time-series design
D) Within-subject analysis
Answer: B) Replication

Question: In single-subject experiments, what is the primary advantage of using replication?

A) Increased statistical power

B) Ethical considerations
C) Improved internal validity
D) Greater control over variables
Answer: A) Increased statistical power

Question: In a multiple-baseline design, what is the rationale behind introducing the

treatment at different times for different behaviors or settings?

A) To increase the complexity of the study

B) To control for extraneous variables
C) To enhance external validity
D) To establish a functional relationship
Answer: D) To establish a functional relationship

Question: What is a potential limitation of single-subject experiments?

A) Lack of internal validity

B) Inability to establish causation
C) Difficulty in defining variables
D) Reduced external validity
Answer: D) Reduced external validity

Question: What is the primary focus of single-subject experiments?

A) Generalization to populations
B) The study of group dynamics
C) Individual behavior change
D) Longitudinal analysis
Answer: C) Individual behavior change

Question: What is the purpose of descriptive statistics in research?

A) To make inferences about the population
B) To summarize and describe data
C) To test hypotheses
D) To establish causation
Answer: B) To summarize and describe data

Question: In inferential statistics, what does a p-value indicate?

A) Effect size
B) Probability of obtaining observed results by chance
C) Confidence interval
D) Sample size
Answer: B) Probability of obtaining observed results by chance

Question: What statistical measure provides a central location of a distribution?

A) Standard deviation
B) Median
C) Variance
D) Range
Answer: B) Median

Question: What is the purpose of a correlation coefficient in data analysis?

A) To measure the strength and direction of a linear relationship

B) To establish causation
C) To describe the variability of a dataset
D) To compare means of different groups
Answer: A) To measure the strength and direction of a linear relationship

Question: What does a confidence interval represent?

A) A range of values within which the true population parameter is likely to fall
B) The mean of a distribution
C) The standard error of the mean
D) The range of data values
Answer: A) A range of values within which the true population parameter is likely to fall

Question: In a t-test, what is the null hypothesis typically stating?

A) There is no correlation between variables

B) The means of two groups are equal
C) There is no difference within a group over time
D) The population variance is equal to the sample variance
Answer: B) The means of two groups are equal

Question: What is the primary purpose of analysis of variance (ANOVA)?

A) To compare means of more than two groups

B) To calculate effect size
C) To assess correlation
D) To estimate population parameters
Answer: A) To compare means of more than two groups

Question: What does the term "statistical power" refer to in hypothesis testing?

A) The probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis

B) The probability of making a Type I error
C) The significance level (alpha)
D) The size of the sample
Answer: A) The probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis

Question: What type of analysis is appropriate for exploring relationships between two
categorical variables?

A) T-test
B) Pearson correlation
C) Chi-square test
D) Analysis of variance (ANOVA)
Answer: C) Chi-square test

Question: What does a coefficient of determination (R-squared) represent in regression

analysis?

A) The slope of the regression line

B) The proportion of variance in the dependent variable explained by the independent
variable
C) The p-value for the regression equation
D) The standard error of the estimate
Answer: B) The proportion of variance in the dependent variable explained by the
independent variable

Question: In non-parametric statistics, which test is used to compare two related samples?

A) Mann-Whitney U test
B) Wilcoxon signed-rank test
C) Kruskal-Wallis test
D) Friedman test
Answer: B) Wilcoxon signed-rank test

Question: What is the primary purpose of coding variables in quantitative data analysis?

A) To increase the sample size

B) To create categories for qualitative analysis
C) To facilitate data entry and analysis
D) To calculate effect size
Answer: C) To facilitate data entry and analysis

Question: What statistical test is appropriate for comparing the means of three or more
independent groups?

A) T-test
B) ANOVA
C) Mann-Whitney U test
D) Paired t-test
Answer: B) ANOVA

Question: In a normal distribution, what percentage of data falls within one standard
deviation of the mean?

A) 34%
B) 50%
C) 68%
D) 95%
Answer: C) 68%

Question: What is the purpose of a frequency distribution in data analysis?

A) To identify outliers
B) To determine the range of data
C) To present the number of observations in each category or interval
D) To calculate the mean
Answer: C) To present the number of observations in each category or interval

ANOVA:

Question: In analysis of variance (ANOVA), what does "ANOVA" stand for?

A) Analysis of Variability
B) Analysis of Variance
C) Assessment of Variables
D) Appraisal of Means
Answer: B) Analysis of Variance

Question: What is the purpose of ANOVA?

A) To compare means of two independent groups

B) To compare means of two related groups
C) To compare means of three or more independent groups
D) To assess correlation between two variables
Answer: C) To compare means of three or more independent groups

Question: In a one-way ANOVA, what is the independent variable?

A) The variable being measured

B) The variable used for grouping
C) The dependent variable
D) The error term
Answer: B) The variable used for grouping

Question: What is the main assumption of ANOVA regarding the populations being
compared?

A) Equal variances
B) Equal sample sizes
C) Equal means
D) Equal standard deviations
Answer: C) Equal means

Question: In a two-way ANOVA, how many independent variables are there?

A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Four
Answer: B) Two

Parametric and Non-Parametric Tests:

Question: What distinguishes parametric tests from non-parametric tests?

A) Parametric tests assume a normal distribution, while non-parametric tests do not

B) Non-parametric tests are always more powerful
C) Parametric tests are used for categorical data
D) Non-parametric tests require larger sample sizes
Answer: A) Parametric tests assume a normal distribution, while non-parametric tests do not

Question: Which of the following is a parametric test?

A) Mann-Whitney U test
B) Chi-square test
C) Independent samples t-test
D) Wilcoxon signed-rank test
Answer: C) Independent samples t-test

Question: When is it appropriate to use non-parametric tests?

A) When assumptions of normality and equal variances are met

B) When the data are categorical
C) When the sample size is large
D) When assumptions of parametric tests cannot be met
Answer: D) When assumptions of parametric tests cannot be met

Question: Which non-parametric test is used to compare two independent groups?

A) Mann-Whitney U test
B) Kruskal-Wallis test
C) Wilcoxon signed-rank test
D) Chi-square test
Answer: A) Mann-Whitney U test

Question: In which situation would you prefer to use a non-parametric test instead of a t-test?

A) When the data are normally distributed

B) When comparing means of two independent groups
C) When the sample size is small
D) When the data are measured on an ordinal scale
Answer: D) When the data are measured on an ordinal scale

T-Test:

Question: What is the purpose of a t-test?

A) To compare means of two independent groups

B) To compare means of two related groups
C) To compare means of three or more groups
D) To assess correlation between two variables
Answer: A) To compare means of two independent groups
Question: Which type of t-test is used when comparing means of two independent groups?

A) Paired samples t-test

B) One-sample t-test
C) Independent samples t-test
D) Dependent samples t-test
Answer: C) Independent samples t-test

Question: In a paired samples t-test, what is being compared?

A) Means of two independent groups

B) Means of two related groups
C) Variances of two groups
D) Medians of two groups
Answer: B) Means of two related groups

Question: What assumption is crucial for the validity of the t-test?

A) Equal sample sizes

B) Equal variances
C) Normal distribution of data
D) Large sample size
Answer: C) Normal distribution of data

Question: When conducting a t-test, what does the p-value indicate?

A) Effect size
B) Probability of obtaining observed results by chance
C) Confidence interval
D) Sample mean
Answer: B) Probability of obtaining observed results by chance

ANOVA:

Question: What does the F-statistic represent in ANOVA?

A) Standard deviation
B) Variance between groups
C) Mean difference
D) Slope of the regression line
Answer: B) Variance between groups

Question: In a repeated measures ANOVA, what is being compared?

A) Means of two independent groups
B) Means of two related groups
C) Variances of two groups
D) Medians of two groups
Answer: B) Means of two related groups

Question: What does the term "post hoc" refer to in the context of ANOVA?

A) Analysis conducted before data collection

B) Comparisons made between specific groups after finding a significant result
C) A type of within-subjects design
D) A method for calculating effect size
Answer: B) Comparisons made between specific groups after finding a significant result

Question: In a two-way ANOVA, what does the interaction effect between factors indicate?

A) The main effect of one factor

B) The combined effect of both factors on the dependent variable
C) The presence of outliers
D) The correlation between factors
Answer: B) The combined effect of both factors on the dependent variable

Question: What is the primary disadvantage of using ANOVA when comparing more than
two groups?

A) Increased likelihood of Type II error

B) Inability to handle multiple independent variables
C) Increased complexity and reduced power
D) Limited generalizability to populations
Answer: C) Increased complexity and reduced power

Parametric and Non-Parametric Tests:

Question: When comparing two independent groups with unequal variances and non-
normally distributed data, which test is appropriate?

A) Independent samples t-test

B) Mann-Whitney U test
C) Paired samples t-test
D) Kruskal-Wallis test
Answer: B) Mann-Whitney U test

Question: Which of the following is a parametric test for comparing means of three or more
independent groups?
A) Mann-Whitney U test
B) Kruskal-Wallis test
C) Friedman test
D) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Answer: D) Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Question: In a non-parametric test, what does the term "rank" refer to?

A) The p-value
B) The position of a data point in the distribution
C) The mean of the data
D) The standard deviation
Answer: B) The position of a data point in the distribution

Question: Which non-parametric test is used for comparing more than two related groups?

A) Mann-Whitney U test
B) Wilcoxon signed-rank test
C) Kruskal-Wallis test
D) Friedman test
Answer: D) Friedman test

Question: In a chi-square test, what is the null hypothesis typically stating?

A) There is no difference between groups

B) There is no correlation between variables
C) The means of two groups are equal
D) The observed distribution does not differ from the expected distribution
Answer: D) The observed distribution does not differ from the expected distribution

T-Test:

Question: What is the primary assumption of the paired samples t-test?

A) Equal variances
B) Normal distribution of data
C) Independence of observations
D) Related groups
Answer: D) Related groups

Question: What does a negative t-value indicate in a t-test?

A) The groups are significantly different

B) The means are significantly different
C) The variance is significantly different
D) The direction of difference between groups
Answer: D) The direction of difference between groups

Question: In a one-sample t-test, what is being compared?

A) Means of two independent groups

B) Means of two related groups
C) The mean of a sample to a known population value
D) The median of a sample to a known population value
Answer: C) The mean of a sample to a known population value

Question: What is the purpose of a Welch's t-test?

A) To compare means of two independent groups with unequal variances

B) To compare means of two related groups
C) To assess correlation between two variables
D) To compare means of three or more groups
Answer: A) To compare means of two independent groups with unequal variances

Question: In a t-test, what does the term "degrees of freedom" represent?

A) The number of participants in the study

B) The number of groups being compared
C) The number of observations in each group
D) The variability within the data
Answer: C) The number of observations in each group