Pago No

Data

Real Numbexs
Intxoductioni

Nmbexs which can be repreSented on the

humbexline axe called xeal num bers-
Cig. - J373, O,-3,etc
1) Natuxa) numbexs 1, 2,3
i
2) whole numbeXs O,1,2
3) Tntegels i-3,-2
4) Rotional numbe :2,3148i, etç

5)Ixxational num ber: N3 J2, etc.

FundameD tal Theoxem of Axithe metic:

Evexy composite numbex can

can be expressed ox
factoxised as pxoduct of _pXines aDd this
foctoxisation Unigue_apart from the ordex
in whic h the pximefoctox's

Composite num bex- nunbe Xs which are diyisible b

Any thex num bex Xathez than 1 or itsef
Pxime numbex- numbeZs which axe ealy divisile hy

1 oxtself

Eg- 48= 2X2X2X2 X 3

LC M(Lwe st common myltiplei

It the
is t fMbe commoA multip le be tween two
numbex lowest
 |Page No.

Dato

Steps to find :
OPexfoX m pxime factoxisation of the given
numbets
fuctosiset
Take Hiqhest poWex of the HeA numbets
multiply them

E'q- Find LCM of 64 and 48

2 64
2 32 224
2
16 2 |2
2 26
2
2 2
6 4 =2X2X 2.X2X2X2= 2
L4 8- 2X2 x 2 X 2X3 2 X 3

LCM 6y 4&)=2'x3
- 64X3
92

Steps o find:
fexfoXm prime fac to Yisation of theqlven
numbe
Multiply lewest powe of oply common humbes.
 Page No.
Date

Eq- Eind HCF of 64 and 48

642x2X 2X2 X 2X2 -2

2X 2 X2X2 327X3
48= 2x x3 2tx3
X

HCE C64 48) = 24

Impoxtanti

LMXHF = axb
Here, a and b axp the qiven numbexs

Ixatianal numbex;

Numbex which axe in the fožm Nn IWhere n>0

Ond n is ne-petfect Squoxe

PROFETN TRRAIIONAL NU MAERS :

1) Foy Vn

Auwe hexe Pand 2 axe

Assume Nn Yationa numbe

Jh= P whee P and 2 ave Co-pIme
Integexs and g to
This is bczYa tional numbezs
Con be wrrtten in form
Here, we are 4sing Contradictery

)SquaYe both
both sided sdes
 Pege No.

Dalo

Exst write p² (as from gd step) in teims

q andn.
Then Qss u me P as m i5 a notuxal
ny mbey:
()Then 2
wYite jn tems o f and m

cont sadict the yesult foom step y4 an

ar d s.

Eg Pyove2 as iryotiong |
Ans > Let uS a$sumeto the contxaxy that v2
isa Yationa numbex

; Whexe
and
Pand2
g#0
are co-prne Integers

both sides
By squazing

2- P 2

.2
25 2is
is

also
a factos of
a fact
g

.(2)
Let Q = 2nwhee n is Q natuzal nvm bex

l20) 2p2
4n22p2

2 5 a
facto of p
factos of
2is
2 also a
 Page No.

Date

From (1)) and 2) qet

2 is COmmon factor of both P_and2e

But this contro dicts the fact that P and 2

hove no thes
o Co mmon nfac
tox than 1

This contxa dic tion hos axisen due to our wrong

a55umptionthat 2 is Xationg):

J2 iYYationa)

Hence, po Ved

2) Fos

Step to solve
Take o Jm in
: LHs
2 Toke othex things io RHs.
This cYeates cOn tgdiction

Thexe fore pzoved

Eq:- Prove 3 +N5 Qs ixYationgL

Ans - Let us Qssume to the centažy that

34NSis Yationg).
whexe P and

NE=P-3
 Pogo No.

|Daie

S5 - P- 32

p- 32 s Xa tiona )

But is ixYotìonal)

This Ceates con tradict jon

Hence 43tN5 is jrratio na).

 Page No.

Date

Paix of ineat E gual ion in two variabe Dan|.

Intro duction i

Heye we wil be provided with paix ot linear

equa
VOXI bles
tion lie: degtee
>Like a.x
a, =(is
wil)l

+ b,9
be 1) ith two
any
uoknoug
Constant

Graphica) me thod fox soling these eguation si -

As we ploted lineay polynomjal in pevious

chaptex lwe have to plot Same heYe too th the
Sa

A Take
me

You
sondom
wil
ya les of x (about 4-5 vales)
obtain yesults of y
Plot the axaph of both cgua t'on.
# You will Xeceive eithes of the thteecasSes
of
qxaph
1) cúts each othes ot
at a unigue poiht
2) They ase parale) to each other
3)
They Caincide eachother

Table fox *

Fox,

Case Compared ratiosxaphial xepesento Alge 6yaic

LALepžC abi
1
Latexsecting |unig ue
b2 line s one) S oluti
bl CL Coin cide nt Solutio
be C2
lines

fornlle)ines No Solu tions

b
 |PageNo.
Date

Alge bxaic me thods fox soving aa paix af Lin ear

equa tioni

1) Substitution method
Tn
In this me tho d We Substite Volue of any
an y
Vaxible fxomfisst eguation to
te secon d

eguatian
Steps :
wYite wOxble io term 0f
ng o ther yanable

a- c-by

)Put the value the vari b lp in Secon d

e9uo tion and find the original volye of se cond

Vatiabe:

The n put the oxiginal value of Secon d

vasiabie
in the value of firs varible

2x +9y =lo (i)

5x -3y =9
5x = 9 +34

5
Put the
 Page No.

Date

|2t y t 4 5 y =D
5)y+R
5 -lo

sly 32
y= 32

Put Valve in eg'

3 x32

5
5
2) Elimination method

In this AMedt me thod, we elimjna te ot cancel

of the vaxjable.
 Page No.

Date

Steps
O Find the lowest LCM between Coe fficienk
and
Multiply a5uitahle numbe to aet the lcM
thechoosen
choosen vaxable.
)Add if the Sian of toe fficient of Choosen
feret
vax iable dif
difAet theh
Aftex step 3 ou will get va lueof
ot non~chooSeh
Vaxiable Substitute If in an y egaticn and Find
othex

9x- 3 =9.(i)
Multiplyingegn ) by 3

Eq> DC+y=5 Qnd

-(ii)
2x-3y=4

Multiply eg"
3xt3 55 y ii)

Add egn i) and (ii)

4+15

Put jn

5
 Page No.

Date

Tip tor woxd po ble ms

Assume andy Somethihg else to the ting

we have to find
 Page No.
Date
Quadyatic Eguations

Intzoductio ni

An cguation Whoes deg Yee i-c: highest

power isS
eeuotion
2is called gutdt guadsalic

Í!
It S in the fo Xm - axtbtc
Solution 0f a Quadxatic eguatton by factoriatia,

HcIc we split the middle texm into i two

texms je bx
This do ne
Splitting
0s :
FiYst multiply
( The obtained xe sult should matth to muttipliation

of the
splitted teYDS tems
Alsonddition ox Subtygction (Whotevex app lied)
st of the splitted term should ma tch the
oYigina bx
Take commons in be' two teyms
Also, take theix Common too
6 Then the factors formed should be cguated
to zeYo
O Like this you willget
will get two va lues
whizh the Solu tionS.

6--2
x4r +32-2o
6
so

22x(3X-2) +1(3x-2) co
>

20
(3x-2) (22t1)co
3-
= 2 1
 |PageNo.
Date

Solu tions by Quadratic formulai~

1)0iscximinan t

This foxmua tells about the atute of

Xoots.
Discximin ant is denated by-D
D>0 Then
distinct j:e differen t Yeal Xoot

If D=0 Then
Tus eual xeal oots

040Then
No xeal Yoot

Now O = b-4ac
2) Main Fo mula;

2a Quadxatic fornula

*Questions will not be as ked bot

a Qua dra tic fotmula
 Page No.

Axithmetic ProgXe55jns. Dalo

Tntroduction'

Tt AP) 's a Seouence of num bexs in which

Lhe dfexence bet we en Qny two Consec u ti ve
texms js
Constan!
Thi'sconstan t canbe cithex positive, ok
negativeo zeso

Fixst derm = Q

(o mmonditEeseNce d

Fizst tesm = Q

2nd tesm atd

3d teXp
teym = atd td=Qt2d
yth tem = at2d d Qt3d

nta teXm of any AP

As fm As tssm ),we can say. that

To confime a APwe con find dby

d2

If di dz d

Thenit is
is a Ap
 Page No.

Date

of an APi
Sum of ntexm
of the
If we have to Sum all texm of

A P as5 - 3,6, 3, 12,

is-Sn= 2D(2a tlo-)d)

The fosmula

OR

Snzn (atan)

ps fox wosd problems

make patteto in Qustian

to find oX
ox a

Wyite unit of the an Slwex too if possible

p05S)ble

Grenexal Things i

Sumo na tuxa number:

Sn = n
2ot)
 Page No.
Date

Iiangles.
Concept and Inttoduction

In class 9 we have eatnabout congruency_

similar ty is vexy similax to canguency
In cengqžuency. two polygons wete exact
of each othes
Copies
But io similaity peJuqons are egual
Sides:O wp Con s04 size
tiffe changes propot tiona lly
Simple bha sha me- Any be! actox in TU and
TV
theatre are Same but thexe is diffex

A Citex ia fo similarity'

LCorXesponding dn4les
angles should
Should be eeual.

(i) Lengtá o cartspandi'ng sides shauld

pžapa7 tiana
be

ie
Eond FF are sjdes of tuo triangks
 Page No.
Date

poly qons can be said Similor

Congruent
but no vice - ve5Q

similaxity of Tria ngle si

Theoxe m1: Tf a line Is drownpata)le) to one

on side

to intese inteysect the othe

triangle
too S;desin distinct points, the other te
Sides diyided ih the Xalio

Proove vexy inpox tant)i A

We have to pove:AD -A AE
DB

Jo inBE and C9 an d daw

DM Ac and ENLA
Area (AADE) 1xADXEN
2
Similoxly
Area (BDE) = 1y DBX EN
NowAYe alADE
Area(A8 DE)
=XADXEN Dg

Now Axea 08 D F) AvealA DEC

2
'Axea (AADE) SXAE XDM
ATea (AD EC) xECxOM Ec
 Pago No.

Xom ) and Ciii, we qel

AD AE Basic Propož ionaly

EC Theoxem

Hence, pro Ved

Taem 2: (onverse of basicpropoxtio nglity Theožem

A
To

Let E not I
B,
Bc TAen let

As pex

DB
=AF
FC
AD

From 6)Gi)we qet

FC
AF =AE
EC
Fc Ec
AF+FC A E +E
E?
AC
FC EC
 Page NO.
Date

Ths is onlypo5sibe
BC= DE
nE andF
B
Con

DE

CYiteria of similoyity f Triangei

1) AA Cang)e Ang le)

two angles of any two tig ngles

two ate
egual. Both are sinilax (~)
2) S55 in pzopoxtion (side Side sidel:

A - D
Then tx iang les are S imi la r

3) 5ASssin _pxopox tio(5ide Angle side):

two coYxesponding SideS of t wo triang

epual Qnd angle be twe en
to
eguol (orTesponding angle of other
tiangle,

Theotoiang les ate s im ilax.

A
B
 Page No.
|Dato

Tips for
dox Word pxoblem

TYy to findout the simi brily of triag le

friangk
Vse allqiven infoxMnation and Anolyse them
pxeper y
 |PageNo.

Date

(ccrdinate Geonetey

Intoduct io ni
Hexe we plot,9) in (artesian
plane (-yplone)
D -co0rdin0te is known a5 0bscisso
y-coosdina te is khow n a5 Oxdinate

Qis tance Formu la :

This formyla is usedto find d istance
between any two point ploted on
araph
an d B

A6= ce-)2 +(92-Y)

Wses and use of distance foYmula i

sed to
to prove o find Coordinate
point of apolygon

Section foxmula :
a point divide s a line In to twd
pazt D ith Some
specific Yatio m:nthe
that peint will be

mn
m =:)then for
2
that pont
 Page No.

Date

Tips fox word problem o Situation -b0sedi~

Tyy. to find the cons tant thing decide
frst what qou have to pro Ve
yo find.
DYaw Tough qYaph fos t
fox theproblem
 Page No.
Date

Trigone metxy

Introduction:

In thi s topic we find e la tionship be

angles and sidesof a xight trangle

Tzigoro metric (T) Ra tios ;

1) sinA=Pexpendicabr (P)
Hy po tenuse (H)

2) Cos A= Base (82

(B
Hy potenuse (H)
3) Tan A Perpend iceulosP) - Sin A
Base B)

4)S+A (oseA=
5jn A

5) ScA Cos A

6) Co t A -
tan A
is the front
tront Side
Side of the angle

6 i5 the adja cent Side (exCept hugstens

of the agle
 Page No.
Date

H 15 the Same fex any AA (angle )

Tick time :
Pan dit Badi LOSadHar
Psosad Hay How
Hax Bol 5ong
Chan dhi Taul

Wite fixs t Jette of fixstpart

write fizst le tter of Scond pat
be low Step 2. And droy )divide between
them
write first etter of thixd payt abo ve

Step - 1.

B
-H/ B

P- Pependiculo B- Basr H- Hypo tepuse

5- SinC os T - tan

T- Ration foy A *0° to g6°standerd angles

30°
Sjn
2Nz N3/2
2/2
Cos NB2L/21/2
tan
COsec
SeC
2
2J3
2/Ns
22
Co t
 Page No.
Date

Iuck time

wtte all tondard

O Make the table and
andT-xatios (sin,Cos, write 1
5L) 30 1_ike
In Sin o°_wYie O,in
this wYte Sin 20 as 4 (ie-o,3
nun be's by 4(i*e- lhe last
a
Divide these
numbey wYitten fos Sjn)
of obtained Xe sult. L
9 The n take Square root
for sin A. Fyon this
this yo4 get Volues
Sin AA We con find o thers too
the atthe otder fo CosA
5) Now iust re ve tse

i'e Sin o = co5 o Sin 6o=c05 30Sin s°

Cos 4S
Now for tan A, iust divide a5 SinA you
(o5 A

Will qet tanA Ae o 3o co hee).

) Now you shauld know the xelotion that cosecA
tan A e_1
S In A CosA cotA

4stptoett theatues
the
Now justecipyecal of value u sinq relate

T- Ident ities :
( SinA
tonA + 1=secA
+ osAs1
 Page No.
Cete

IxCk time :
Just leayn fizst iden tity
2 Fos Second iden tity. s: divide both sides of
fixst iden titu by sin'A
Fex third identitu di ide both sides otf first
jden tity by
hy cos4

Tis for proving ques tion i

Just tYy to dr ye the qiven prob lem

foYm of iden tity
Prac tice NCERT Questions foy thise wise ly
Ju st Proctice, Prac tice, Practice -
 Page No.

Agplicoticn,cf Trgen
Iotroduc tion i

Hexe uWe are qoing case - to 6ove bosed o

are only
appication based. problem, and
use loqic andand I- xatios

Angle of clevation and depxession

/of elevation - It means angle made il

Lpward fxom a horizonlgreund o te riace

eto in this chap tex)

qngleof elevtian

Depxession It Means angle made

Lil down - waxd troma hoiz on

angle of depres Sion

Tips fox Sohing question i

yisulize the pxoblem and deow
dzaw figue
fisst
Lesrn 1 ton 45:L and tan o

it is used mostly
 Page No.

Cixcles Date

Int Yoduction dnd Basics:

In previous classes We have Jearnt many

Many thing
about ciYC le Iike- chotd, segment sanset
in his
Hexe chap tex,we are qoing to learn ahoul
tange nt and
nd just introduc tion o Secand.

Concept ef fanqe nt and secahti

Ts
Linetòa circle that
a

iateXs ects theCixle at only one point

ONly Ao &

Bo oYe tonge nt
A
not AD
)Secan t- It i5 line t6
to citcl ee khat
i tex se c ts the ciscle
cjscle at two points.

Theorem 1 The tan aent at any point of a cixle

pczpendrcu lar to Ydius thyugh the point of
centact.

Irokn 2:The the two tangents fxom an

lenqths of
exteonal poinit to e ciscle are cgual
 Page No.
pate T
Related to ele
Axeas

duction
IntYo

totind aten
In
of
this chante,
Specifrc part
we
ofcitcle
xe
. qoin
gaing

Axea of cicle and perineteti

1)Axea of cixcle -Tr2

2)Perimeter of citcle = 2 TI

Sector and segment end Axci

1)
2) Sec tox-IA is the Area Swept lor madel
by Xadius

2) Seament - It is the AXea

chotd made by
Chord can make top Segmente - major and
minoy I# s just the divisio) of aYea ofcircle

mjor
 ("mgn No

isjust 5omepart of perim erhk

Formu as in this chaperi

1) AXea o f 5ectox
36o

Anglc sWept ot made.

2) A rea of 5eqmen t AXea ot crcle - Area of
nqax mìnox segnett
OR.

AYea of seame
Se nt Area of sector- Axea of
txiang le

3)
Lengih X 21}

Angle swept os made

 Page No.

Date

SuxlaceAreas and Volumes

SuxfaceAxea i

2
D Cube ta) Sux fa
To ce Axea(TS9)E 62
Lateral Sux face AYealLSA) = 4o'

2) Cuboid > TSA= 2Ub +bh th1)

lene LSA = 2(lb tb)
|- length
b- bxea d th
h-height

3) ylinder =) TSA = 27 (sth)

2(urve d Suface Atealc SA)= 27h
4)Cone >ISA= 7xC + L)

L= slort heigh t
X- Yadì us h= height
L=2+h2
5) Sphexe ) TSA= 47y2
6) Hemi- Sphexe) TSA 37y2
CSA = 271
 Page No.
Date

Volumes:

I'sthe space tn occupird by the solid in

LY 3-D wexld Also this volumei5 nly the
Qmount it can Stoxe of anything
Note- If a Solld in convex ted to ano thet
Solid its volu me will be fixed

EoXmu lasi

1) Cuhe =o3
2) cuboid = lbh
a) cylindex

4)(one= 1

5) Sphexe= 4rh.
6] Hemisph ete > 27h
The se allate volumes.

Tips fox solving problenm i

TYyto Vi'sualise and make 3-D mod el of guesten

Try.
think t visualise it) from evty
yeur mid and
angle
 |Page No.
Date

Statistics
IntXoductions: -

IH isa metho d o8 ool wsedin teYms of

mathe mtics to calcute ond Anadyseqiven
data at mac Yo (la Xqer) leve).

Me Convex ting. dis continus date in continous

y+- Z

btl

Hexe We can See that the interval s as

x,44llowex limit}i:e: lowex in't of a class
(inteval and uppe xlimitof preVious cclass 3not
Same (discoun tinous)
So we need to con Vedt this into countinaus
onalyse data može accurately For this
5e the formula':

next
Lowpx Limit of pžeeedlg. cless - Uppex limi
2 of pseVious clas

Jhen the qiven Dumbes should be substact

from oe
|Owe
imit and added to
to uppct lioit o
loss
 Pago No.
Dstg

Meon means noth ing hut just aveage

we know tha t
Mean (avexage) = x tytz

(oerage)
Mean Lavetage)e
no.

ft
of teym

foxt EnYa

In po mathe matics, we wxite

Mean = 2fixi

Hexe S Siamal> sumpation From statti:

til nd
fixi > multiplication of fi and i

fi >clossmo) k i its data

lower
Now c lass mazk= Vppex clnss
2
imit +

is Dixect method
-This

2Assymed
2) mean me thod (dil:
fxom actual data any)
tere
Hexe De assyme a mean
Use the center
byt tos easy calcu lation we

Most data
Steps for the me thodi
mean just chek
Aftey te-se
te-selecting an assu Med
data is_Moe o ess
how nuch actual
 |PageNo.
Date

Fox this we do xi-a).

We |:eAfidi of
The n find Sfidi
all intex val
Then the fotmb
We apply

Lmran)= at fidi

3)Step de viation method i

we have to
done e Ver ything Same
as stp 2ust
add ano the coulomb
the tablee. uj which s d
h-clo55 width
h Dppex imit - lowes limit

2 Then we have to find s fiui and

use the foxmula

at s£iui xh

Exanpk Nymbey of plants Numbez oi f

2 3
5
5 35
6 54
&- lo
|o-]2 2 22
39
 Page No.

Dato

Noy 2fi-1+3t +{ 3=20

2 fixi
1465+ 439= l62

Y=fixi

l62

X 8-)
Mean numbex of house plantspa house

Slep
No 0f No of di=uizdi Fib fiui
Plants. houses (fi) Xi-a h

-2 1 - -3 -6 -3
2-4 2 3 -4 -2 -8
5 -2 -1
6
8-lo 2
|olN
|2
So -2 2 2
2-
h22 14

-et a5umedmeon a)=7

|3

4 fidi= 20
sonty 3ong

a t <idi 20
 Page No.

Date

Step3 Sume
Me thod 3: 5ame table as method 2

h 2 -o2
2fiuiz 12

7t |2X 20
2

+ |2
1+ |2
7

me thod
Note: In all 3 afdeds ans axe diFferent
ans. f me tho d 22 and 3 axe appxex
but a ns. of me tho d 1 jg Qcuzate

&Mode -

It is the most Xe peate

xe peatedd data of s the
qiven da to

formula is -
-fo
T2f,-fo-fz

L- lower limit pf modol closs

h= Si2c ofcla ss in tezvo)

f= frequency of modal clo s5

to frequency of khe pieced inq class af de

medo class

Le fequençy of Succec ding closs

 "r
Medal class class bauing highest fxcpuency fi)

Familu Si2e
FxampleEamilySi2e Numher
Numher ot families
1-3 7
3-5
5-7 2
7-9 2

ModalLass )3-5
L= 3

fo = Z
fe= 2
h= 2

Mod e= l+f1- fo
2f2- fo -fe

3+
2x-7-2

=3+
3 t
1

3+ 2
7
- 3 t 0 2&6
3.2&6
 Page No.
Date

Mediani

It js the centemo5t data

IH for mula -l+-cf

n
xh

median closs - n=2

2 fi

2 ie which class

median class Ihe closs s hould be

Same or slightly gre aler then esult

L= lower linit of median class

cE=Cem-mtta cumylative f
Cuyrent regueny
interval. of preceding class
h osç wdth

Exørplkclass intesvals Fzeguency

|
Below J40
o -|45

|45-l50 29
50 - 155
46
|60-65 5)
25.5
2
Me dian lo55l45J50
 Peço No.

L=l4 5

h= 5
f

Median =

49o3C M

median heihtof the qils i's 14903cm

for so)ying

Don't do calulation m is take and focus

Mostly eA calcu la tioo aDly
DXaw the toble (not neessaty fot mode)
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Date

Pro babilty

Iatroduct ioni

It Îs the the ma the matical method fot

fioding chance ot thpro bable of any e vent.

Some eas fožmulasi ~

PE) Pxobability of an eventJ

of all possible 0utcomes

Total nym be of outcomes

PEmin=0
PE is the of all _notpossible
outco mes

P= -PE)
Cards wale guestioA

Thexe Qse total 52 cat ds :

52

Spade
24 Pclub -heak
26
Dianod
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Date

No of kings =
=> 4 22 Yed 2 hlack Ceach efah
s hape)

Same fo gueen and jack

for Ace coxd
Ne fare caxds => Jack
No. o f numbes (ard) from foo
all s hap es

Combinat io n wale guestions

Just think of al probahi lities n calm

Remembex honae in crder wi| be counted

diffeent pessib ility and y
axe diffexept