PRAJAPATI SCIENCE CLASSES

Std.: 11th (Science) Chemistry. Marks: 154

Date: 14-Nov-2024 Term Test Time: hr

Chapter: 1, 2, 4, 6, 7

Q.1 Answer the following very short questions: 25

1 Calculate the oxidation number of underlined atom. NaH₂PO₄

Ans NaH₂PO₄ is a neutral molecule.

∴ Sum of oxidation number of all atoms of NaH₂PO₄ = 0
∴ Oxidation number of Na + 2(oxidation number of H) + oxidation number of P + 4 (oxidation number of O) = 0
∴ (+, 1) + 2(+ 1) + x + 4 (-2) = 0
∴x=+5
∴ Oxidation number of P = + 5

2 What would be the expected outermost electronic configuration, the group, the block and period for element
with Z = 114, 116, 118?

Ans Z = 114 Electronic configuration = [Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s² 7p² Period = 7th, Block = p, Group = 14
Z = 116 Electronic configuration = [Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰7s²7p⁴ Period = 7th, Block = p, Group = 16
Z = 118 Electronic configuration = [Rn] 5f¹⁴ 6d¹⁰ 7s²2 7p⁶ Period = 7th, Block = p, Group = 18

3 What is electrode potential? Name the types of electrode potential.

Ans When an electrode is dipped in an electrolytic solution, a potential difference is developed between the
electrode and solution. This potential difference is called as electrode potential. There are two types of
electrode potential which are:
I. Oxidation potential: It occurs when electrode is negatively charged with respect to solution, i.e., it acts as
anode. In this, oxidation takes place. M → Mn+ + ne-
II. Reduction potential: It occurs when electrode is positively charged with respect to solution, i.e., it acts as
cathode. In this, reduction takes place.Mn+ + ne- → M

4 If an element ‘X’ has mass number 11 and it has 6 neutrons, then write its representation.

11
Ans The representation of the given element is 5X.

5 X and Y are two elements having similar properties and obey Newland’s law of octaves. How many elements
are there in between X and Y?

Ans Six elements.

6 How many grams does an atom of hydrogen weigh ?

Ans The mass of a hydrogen atom is 1.6736 × 10-24 g.

7 Name the element that shows simplest emission spectrum.

Ans The element that shows simplest emission spectrum is hydrogen.

8 One dozen means how many items ?

Ans One dozen means 12 items.

9 Homogeneous mixture
Ans Homogeneous mixture: Solution (An aqueous solution of sugar)

10 Define : Least count

Ans The smallest quantity that can be measured by the measuring equipment is called least count.

11 What is a limiting reagent?

Ans The limiting reagent is the reactant that gets used up first during the reaction and also determines how much
product can be made. We can find the limiting reagent using the stoichiometric ratios from the balanced
chemical reaction.

12 What is the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the d – sub shell?

Ans 10 is the maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the d – sub shell.

13 How many elements are discovered until now?

Ans Including manmade elements, total 118 elements are discovered until now.

14 Name two pairs of elements showing diagonal relationship.

Ans Li & Mg, Be & Al.

15 Which energy level does not have a p- orbital?

Ans 1st energy level (K shell) does not have a p- orbital.

16 Find the volume of 0.5g of oxygen in liter at standard temperature and pressure?

Ans The volume of one mole of a gas at standard temperature and pressure is 22.4L, and here half mole of oxygen
will occupy 11.2 liter.

17 What do you mean by molecular mass of a substance?

Ans Molecular mass of a substance is the mass of one molecule of that substance relative to the mass of one
carbon-12 atom. OR Molecular mass of a substance is the sum of average atomic masses of the atoms of an
element which constitute the molecule.

18 How many horizontal rows and vertical columns are present in modern periodic table?

Ans The modern periodic table consists of seven horizontal rows called periods numbered from 1 to 7 and
eighteen vertical columns called groups numbered from 1 to 18.

19 Fluorine is a stronger oxidizing agent than chlorine, despite of its lower electron affinity value. Why?

Ans Due to two factors:

1. The atomization energy of fluorine is abnormally low which reflects the low bond enthalpy of fluorine.
2. Hydration enthalpy of the fluoride ion is very high.

20 Write values of n and l for 4f orbital.

Ans For 4f orbital, n = 4 and l = 3.

21 Define standard electrode potential.

Ans When the concentration of each species involved in the electrode reaction is unity (concentration is 1M) and
the temperature is 298 K then the observed electrode potential is known as standard electrode potential. It is
denoted by E⁰.
 22 What is the subshell in which the last election of the first element in the 6th period enters ?

Ans The 6th period begins by filling the last electron on the shell with n=6.
The lowest energy subshell of any shell is ‘s .
Therefore last electron of the first element in the 6th period enters the subshell ‘6s’.

23 Which group of elements tends to have high electron gain enthalpy?

Ans Group Number – 17 (Halogen family).

24 Define mole fraction?

Ans Mole fraction is another way of expressing the concentration of a solution or mixture. It is equal to the moles
of one component divided by the total moles in the solution or mixture.Mole fraction = No. of moles / No. of
moles of solution

25 Why molality is independent of temperature?

Ans Molality is the moles of solute present in 1 Kg of solvent. Molality is independent of temperature because
mass remains unaffected with temperature.

Q.2 Answer the following Questions: 40

1 Point out the difference between 12 g of carbon and 12 u of carbon.

Ans 12 g of carbon is the molar mass of carbon while 12 u of carbon is the mass of one carbon atom.

2 Why the second ionization enthalpy is greater than the first ionization enthalpy ?

Ans The second ionization enthalpy (ΔiH2) is greater than the first ionization enthalpy (ΔiH1) as it involves removal
of electron from the positively charged species.

3 What does the principal quantum number ‘n’ and azimuthal quantum number ‘l’ of an electron belonging to an
atom represent?

Ans The principal quantum number ‘n’ represents the outermost or valence shell of an element (which corresponds
to period number) while azimuthal quantum number ‘l’ constitutes a subshell belonging to the shell for the
given ‘n’.

4 Classify the following unbalanced half equations as oxidation and reduction.

Ans

5 How many significant figures are in each of the following quantities ?

 a. 45.26 ft
b. 0.109 in
c. 0.00025 kg
d. 2.3659 × 10-8 cm
e. 52.0 cm3
f. 0.00020 kg
g. 8.50 × 104 mm
h. 300.0 cg

Ans a. 4
b. 3
c. 2
d. 5
e. 3
f. 2
g. 3
h. 4

6 Round off each of the following quantities to two significant figures :

a. 25.55 mL
b. 0.00254 m
c. 1.491 × 105 mg
d. 199 g

Ans a. 26 mL
b. 0.0025 m
c. 1.5 × 105 mg
d. 2.0 × 102 g

7 What is meant by molar volume of a gas ?

Ans The volume occupied by one mole of a gas at standard temperature (0 °C) and pressure (1 atm) (STP) is
called as molar volume of a gas. The molar volume of a gas at STP is 22.4 dm3.

8 Express the following quantities in exponential terms.

a. 0.0003498
b. 235.4678
c. 70000.0
d. 1569.00

Ans a. 0.0003498 = 3.498 × 10-4

b. 235.4678 = 2.354678 × 102
c. 70000.0 = 7.00000 × 104
d. 1569.00 = 1.56900 × 103

9 Calculate the oxidation number of underlined atoms..(a) H₂SO₄ (b) HNO₃

Ans (a) H₂SO₄ is a neutral molecule.∴ Sum of oxidation number of all atoms of H₂SO₄ = 0∴ 2 (oxidation number of
H) + oxidation number of S + 4 (oxidation number of O = 0∴ 2(+1) + x + 4(-2) = 0∴ x = + 6
(b) HNO₃ is a neutral molecule.∴ Sum of oxidation number of all atoms of HNO₃ = 0∴ Oxidation number of H +
oxidation number of N + 3 (oxidation number of O) = 0∴ (+1) + x + 3 (-2) = 0∴ x = + 5∴ Oxidation number of N =
+5

10 What is an atom and molecule? What is the order of magnitude of mass of one atom? What are isotopes?
Ans The smallest indivisible particle of an element is called an atom.
A molecule is an aggregate of two or more atoms of definite composition which are held together by
chemical bonds.
Every atom of an element has definite mass. The order of magnitude of mass of one atom is 10-27 kg.
Isotopes are the atoms of the same element having same atomic number but different mass number.

11 The electron gain enthalpy of helium is positive while carbon and oxygen have substantial negative electron
gain enthalpies. Why?

Ans Helium is a noble gas i.e. it is most stable. It exhibit high positive values for electron gain enthalpy because
the added electron has to enters the next higher shell with larger principle quantum number, this is very
unstable electronic configuration due to very low effective nuclear charge and high shielding from the core
electrons. In case of carbon and oxygen, they tend to attain stable noble gas electronic configuration on
addition of electrons. Hence, they have negative value of electron gain enthalpy.

12 State the law of multiple proportions.

Ans The law states that, “When two elements A and B form more than one compounds, the masses of element B
that combine with a given mass of A are always in the ratio of small whole numbers”.

13 Define : a. Ionic radius

b. Electronegativity

Ans a. Ionic radius: Ionic radius is defined as the distance of valence shell of electrons from the centre of the
nucleus in an ion.

b. Electronegativity: The ability of a covalently bonded atom to attract the shared electrons toward itself is
called electronegativity (EN).

14 Give the names of quantum numbers.

Ans The four quantum numbers are: principal quantum number (n), azimuthal or subsidiary quantum number (l),
magnetic quantum number (ml) and electron spin quantum number (ms).

15 Cu forms coloured salts while Zn forms colourless salts.

Ans Electronic configuration of 29CU is [Ar] 3d104s1 while that of Zn is [Ar] 3d104s2.
Electronic configuration of Cu in its +1 oxidation state is [Ar] 3d10 while that in +2 oxidation state is [Ar]
3d9.
Therefore, Cu contains partially filled d orbitals in +2 oxidation state and thus, Cu2+ salts are coloured.
However, Zn has completely filled d orbital which is highly stable and hence, it does not form coloured
ions.

Hence, Cu forms coloured salts while Zn forms colourless salts.

16 Explain: The need of the term average atomic mass

Ans 1. The average atomic mass for an element is calculated by summing the masses of element isotopes, each
multiplied by its natural abundance on earth.
2. It is needed in order to take the average mass of an element that exist in different isotopic forms .

17 Write note on Principal Quantum number.

Ans Principal quantum number:

1. It is represented as ‘n’.
2. It was given by Bohr.
3. It represents the orbit where electron is going to be present.
 Uses:
i. It gives number of electron in orbit by formula 2 n².
ii. It gives angular momentum of electron.
iii. It gives energy of electron.
iv. It gives radius of orbit.

18 Calculate the oxidation number of underlined atoms.

H₂S₄O₆ (b) CrO₇²ˉ

Ans (a) H₂S₄O₆ is a neutral molecule.∴ Sum of oxidation number of all atoms of H₂S₄O₆ = 0∴ 2 (oxidation number
of H) + 4(oxidation number of S) + 6 (oxidation number of O) = 0∴2 (+1) + 4(x) + 6(-2) = 0∴ x = + 2.5∴ Oxidation
number of S = + 2.5
(b) Cr₂O₇²ˉ is an ionic species carrying net charge – 2;∴ Sum of oxidation number of all atoms of Cr₂O₇² ˉ = -2∴
2 (oxidation number of Cr) + 7 (oxidation number of O) = -2∴ 2x + 7 (-2) = -2∴ x = + 6∴ Oxidation number of Cr =
+6

19 For each of the following pairs, indicate which of the two species is of large size :
a. Fe2+ or Fe3+
b. Mg2+ or Ca2+

Ans a. Fe2+ has a larger size than Fe3+.

b. Ca2+ has a larger size than Mg2+.

20 Ionization enthalpy of Li is 520 kJ mol⁻¹ while that of F is 1681 kJ mol⁻¹. Explain.

Ans i. The E.C.:1s22s1

Lithium has only one electron in its valence shell ,which it can donate easily to attain stable noble gas
configuration. Hence, it has low ionisation enthalpy F
i. The E.C. is 1s22s22p5 .
ii. Fluorine needs to either donate 7 electrons or accept one electron.
iii. But removal of one electron from the valence shell becomes difficult due to high nuclear charge. Hence, F
has high ionisation enthalpy

Q.3 Answer the following Questions: 45

1 Which of the following redox couple is stronger oxidizing agent ?

a. Cl2 (E0 = 1.36 V) and Br2 (E0 = 1.09 V)
b. MnOΘ4 (E0 = 1.51 V) and Cr2O2Θ7 (E0 = 1.33 V)

Ans

a. Cl2 has a larger positive value of E0 than Br2. Thus, Cl2 is a stronger oxidizing agent than Br2.
b. MnOΘ4 has larger positive value of E0 than Cr2O2Θ7. Thus, MnOΘ4 is stronger oxidizing agent than Cr2O2Θ7

2 Differentiate between Isotopes and Isobars.

Ans

3 What does the negative sign of electron energy convey?

Ans Negative sign for the energy of an electron in any orbit in a hydrogen atom indicates that the energy of the
electron in the atom is lower than the energy of a free electron at rest. A free electron at rest is an electron
that is infinitely far away from the nucleus and is assigned the energy value of zero.
 As the electron gets close to the nucleus, value of ‘n’ decreases and En becomes large in absolute value and
more negative. The negative sign corresponds to attractive forces between electron and nucleus.

4 Mention demerits of Bohr’s Atomic model.

Ans Demerits of Bohr’s atomic model:

Bohr’s atomic model (theory) failed to account for finer details of the atomic spectrum of hydrogen as
observed in sophisticated spectroscopic experiments.
Bohr’s atomic model (theory) was unable to explain the spectrum of atoms other than hydrogen.
Bohr’s atomic model (theory) could not explain the splitting of spectral lines in the presence of a
magnetic field (Zeeman effect) or electric field (Stark effect).
Bohr’s atomic model (theory) failed to explain the ability of atoms to form molecules by chemical
bonds.

5 How can a period, group and block of the element be determined?

Ans (a) For finding period:

(i) First write the electronic configuration of the element.
(ii) The highest value of the principal quantum number is the period number of that element (the numerical
value written before the block denotes the principal quantum number).
For example: The atomic number of an element is 16.
Its electronic configuration will be 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁴.

The highest value of principal quantum number is equal to 3.

Hence, the element belongs to the third period.

(b) For finding block:

(i) First write the electronic configuration of the element.
(ii) See the block in which the last electron enters. The element will belong to that block.
For example; the atomic number of the element is 20.
The electronic configuration of the element will be 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s².
The last electron enters in the s block.
Hence the element belongs to the “s” block.

(c) For finding group:

(i) First write the electronic configuration of the element.
(ii) For s block- it is equal to the number of electrons in the outermost shell.
(iii) For p block- it is equal to the number of electrons in the outermost shell + 10.
(iv) For d block- it is equal to the number of electrons in the outermost shell + number of electrons in the
penultimate shell.
For example; the atomic numbers of the elements are 12 and 7.The electronic configuration of them is as
follows:Atomic number (12): 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² and atomic number (7): 1s² 2s² 2p³Since the last electron of the
element having atomic number 12 enters in the s-block. Therefore its group number is 2.
For the second element, the electrons enter in the p-block. Therefore its group number will be 5 + 10 = 15.

6 Define Analytical chemistry. Why is accurate measurement crucial in science?

Ans The branch of chemistry which deals with the study of separation, identification, qualitative and quantitative
determination of the compositions of different substances, is called analytical chemistry.
 1. The accuracy of measurement is of great concern in analytical chemistry. This is because faulty equipment,
poor data processing, or human error can lead to inaccurate measurements. Also, there can be intrinsic errors
in analytical measurement.
2. When measurements are not accurate, this provides incorrect data that can lead to wrong conclusions. For
example, if a laboratory experiment requires a specific amount of a chemical, then measuring the wrong
amount may result in an unsafe or unexpected outcome.
3. Hence, the numerical data obtained experimentally are treated mathematically to reach some quantitative
conclusion.
4. Also, an analytical chemist has to know how to report the quantitative analytical data, indicating the extent
of the accuracy of measurement, perform the mathematical operation, and properly express the quantitative
error in the result.

7 If n = 3, what are the quantum number l and m ?

Ans

8 The need of the term average atomic mass.

Ans Several naturally occurring elements exist as a mixture of two or more isotopes.
Isotopes have different atomic masses.
The atomic mass of such an element is the average of atomic masses of its isotopes.
For this purpose, the atomic masses of isotopes and their relative percentage abundances are
considered.

Hence, the term average atomic mass is needed to express atomic mass of elements containing mixture of
two or more isotopes.

9 What are the valence electrons ? For s-block and p-block elements show that number of valence electrons is
equal to its group number.

Ans Electrons present in the outermost shell of the atom of an element are called valence electrons.
3Li is an s-block element and its electronic configuration is 1s22s1. Since it has one valence electron, it
is placed in group 1.
Therefore, for s-block elements, group number = number of valence electrons.
However, for p-block elements, group number = 18 – number of electrons required to attain complete
octet.
7N is a p-block element and its electronic configuration is 1s22s22p3. Since it has five electrons in its
valence shell, it is short of three electrons to complete its octet.
Therefore, its group number = 18 – 3 = 15.

10 An atom has two electrons in its 4s orbital. Write the values of the four quantum for each of them.
Ans

11 What is a limiting reagent ? Explain.

Ans Limiting reagent:

The reactant which gets consumed and limits the amount of product formed is called the limiting
reagent.
When a chemist carries out a reaction, the reactants are not usually present in exact stoichiometric
amounts, that is, in the proportions indicated by the balanced equation.
This is because the goal of a reaction is to produce the maximum quantity of a useful compound from
the starting materials. Frequently, a large excess of one reactant is supplied to ensure that the more
expensive reactant is completely converted into the desired product.
The reactant which is present in lesser amount gets consumed after some time and subsequently, no
further reaction takes place, whatever be the amount left of the other reactant present.

Hence, limiting reagent is the reactant that gets consumed entirely and limits the reaction.

12 Draw shapes of 2s and 2p orbitals.

Ans

13 Write electronic configurations of Fe, Fe2+, Fe3+

Ans
 14 Write condensed orbital notation of electonic configuration of the following elements:
a. Lithium (Z = 3)
b. Carbon (Z=6)
c. Oxygen (Z = 8)
d. Silicon (Z = 14)
e. Chlorine (Z = 17)
f. Calcium (Z = 20)

Ans

15 Balance the following redox equation by half reaction method.Bi (OH)₃(s) +SnO₂²⁻(aq) → SnO₃²⁻(aq) + Bi(s)
(basic)

Ans Bi (OH)₃(s) +SnO₂²⁻(aq) → SnO₃²⁻(aq) + Bi(s) (basic)

Step 1 : write skeletal equation
Bi (OH)₃(s) +SnO₂²⁻(aq) → SnO₃²⁻(aq) + Bi(s) (basic)
Step 2 : write their oxidation numbers +3 +2
Bi (OH)₃(s) +SnO₂²⁻(aq)
+4 0
→ SnO₃²⁻(aq) + Bi(s) (basic)
Step 3 : identify the species getting oxidized and reduced
3 +2
Bi (OH)₃(s) +SnO₂²⁻(aq)
+4 0
→ SnO₃²⁻(aq) + Bi(s) (basic)
Species getting oxidized =Sn
(increase per atom =2)
Species getting reduced =Bi
(decrease per atom =2)
Step 4 : equalize the increase and decrease
Bi (OH)₃(s) +SnO₂²⁻(aq)
→ SnO₃²⁻(aq) + Bi(s) (basic)
Step 5 : Balance all except H and O
Bi (OH)₃(s) +SnO₂²⁻(aq) +H+
→ SnO₃²⁻(aq) + Bi(s) + 2 OH-
Hence balance

Q.4 Answer the following Questions: 40

1 How the atomic size vary in a group and across a period? Explain with suitable example.
Ans i. Variation in atomic size down the group:
a. As we move down the group from top to bottom in the periodic table, the atomic size increases with the
increase in atomic number.
b. This is because, as the atomic number increases, nuclear charge increases but simultaneously the number
of shells in the atoms also increases.
c. Asa result, the effective nuclear charge decreases due to increase in the size of the atom and shielding
effect increases down the group. Thus, the valence electrons experience less attractive force from nucleus
and are held less tightly.
d. Hence, the atomic size increases in a group from top to bottom.

e. g.

In group 1, as we move from top to bottom i.e., from Li to Cs, a new shell gets added in the atom of the
elements and the electrons are added in this new shell.
As a result of this, the effective nuclear charge goes on decreasing and screening effect goes on
increasing down a group.
Therefore, the atomic size is the largest for Cs and is the smallest for Li in group 1.

[Note: Atomic radii of Li and Cs are 152 pm and 262 pm respectively.]

ii. Variation in atomic size across a period:

a. As we move across a period from left to right in the periodic table, the atomic size of an element decreases
with the increase in atomic number.
b. This is because, as the atomic number increases, nuclear charge increases gradually but addition of
electrons takes place in the same shell.
c. Therefore, as we move across a period, the effective nuclear charge increases but screening effect caused
by the core electrons remains the same.
d. As a result of this, attraction between the nucleus and the valence electrons increases. Therefore, valence
electrons are more tightly bound and hence, the atomic radius goes on decreasing along a period resulting in
decrease in atomic size.

e. g.

In the second period, as we move from left towards right i.e., from Li to F, the electrons are added in the
second shell of all the elements in second period (except noble gas Ne).
As a result of this, the effective nuclear charge goes on increasing from Li to F, however, screening
effect remains the same.
Therefore, the atomic size is the largest for Li (alkali metal) and is the smallest for F (halogen).

[Note: Atomic radii of Li and F are 152 pm and 64 pm respectively.]

2 Justify the following reaction as redox reaction.

2 Na2(s) + S(s) → Na2S(s)
Find out the oxidizing and reducing agents.

Ans i. Redox reaction can be described as electron transfer as shown below:

2Na(s) + S(s) → 2Na+ + S2-
ii. Charge development suggests that each sodium atom loses one electron to form Na+ and sulphur atom
gains two electrons to form S2-. This can be represented as follows:

iii. When Na is oxidised to Na2S, the neutral Na atom loses electrons to form Na+ in Na2S while the elemental
sulphur gains electrons and forms S2- in Na2S.
iv. Each of the above steps represents a half reaction which involves electron transfer (loss or gain).
 v. Sum of these two half reactions or the overall reaction is a redox reaction.
vi. Oxidising agent is an electron acceptor and hence, S is an oxidising agent. Reducing agent is an electron
donor and hence, Na is a reducing agent.

3 Assign oxidation number to each atom in the following species.

a. Cr(OH)4–
b. Na2S2O3
c. H3BO3

Ans i. Cr(OH)4–
Oxidation number of O = -2
Oxidation number of H = +1
Cr(OH)4– is an ionic species.
∴ Sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms = – 1
∴ Oxidation number of Cr + 4 × (Oxidation number of O) + 4 × (Oxidation number of H) = – 1
∴ Oxidation number of Cr + 4 × (-2) + 4 × (+1) = – 1
∴ Oxidation number of Cr – 8 + 4 = – 1
∴ Oxidation number of Cr – 4 = – 1 –
∴ Oxidation number of Cr = – 1 + 4
∴ Oxidation number of Cr in Cr(OH)4– = +3
ii. Na2S2O3
Oxidation number of Na = +1
Oxidation number of O = -2
Na2S2O3 is a neutral molecule.
∴ Sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms = 0
∴ 2 × (Oxidation number of Na) + 2 × (Oxidation number of S) + 3 × (Oxidation number of O) = 0
∴ 2 × (+1) + 2 × (Oxidation number of S) + 3 × (-2) = 0
∴ 2 × (Oxidation number of S) + 2 – 6 = 0
∴ 2 × (Oxidation number of S) = + 4
∴ Oxidation number of S = +
4

∴ Oxidation number of S in Na2S2O3 = +2

iii. H3BO3
Oxidation number of H = +1
Oxidation number of O = -2
H3BO3 is a neutral molecule.
∴ Sum of the oxidation numbers of all atoms = 0
∴ 3 × (Oxidation number of H) + (Oxidation number of B) + 3 × (Oxidation number of O) = 0
∴ 3 × (+1) + (Oxidation number of B) + 3 × (-2) = 0
∴ Oxidation number of B + 3 – 6 = 0
∴ Oxidation number of B in H3BO3 = +3

4 Write postulates of Bohr’s Theory of hydrogen atom.

Ans Postulates of Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom:

i. The electron in the hydrogen atom can move around the nucleus in one of the many possible circular paths
of fixed radius and energy. These paths are called orbits, stationary states or allowed energy states. These
orbits are arranged concentrically around the nucleus in an increasing order of energy.

ii. The energy of an electron in the orbit does not change with time. However, the electron will move from a
lower stationary state to a higher stationary state if and when the required amount of energy is absorbed by
the electron. Energy is emitted when electron moves from a higher stationary state to a lower stationary state.
The energy change does not take place in a continuous manner.
 iii. The frequency of radiation absorbed or emitted when transition occurs between two stationary states that
differ in energy by ΔE is given by the following expression:
ΔE E2 − E1
ν= = ………….(1)
h h

Where E1 and E2 are the energies of the lower and higher allowed energy states respectively. This expression
is commonly known as Bohr’s frequency rule.

iv. The angular momeñtum of an electron in a given stationary state can be expressed as mvr = n × h/2π
where, n 1,2, 3
Thus, an electron can move only in those orbits for which its angular momentum is integral multiple of h/2π.
Thus, only certain fixed orbits are allowed.

5 Justify that the following reactions are redox reaction; identify the species oxidized/reduced, which acts as an
oxidant and which act as a reductant.
a. 2Cu2O(s) + Cu2S(s) → 6Cu(s) + SO2(g)
b. HF(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l) + F–(aq)
c. I2(aq) + 2 S2O32-(aq) → S4O62-(aq) + 2I–(aq)

Ans i. 2Cu2O(s) + Cu2S(s) → 6Cu(s) + SO2(g)

a. Write oxidation number of all the atoms of reactants and products.

2C u2 O(S) + C u2 S(S) → 6C u(s) + S O2(g)

↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑↑

+1 − 2 + 1 − 2 0 + 4 − 2

b. Identify the species that undergoes change in oxidation number.

c. The oxidation number of S increases from -2 to +4 and that of Cu decreases from +1 to 0. Because
oxidation number of one species increases and that of the other decreases, the reaction is a redox reaction.
d. The oxidation number of S increases by loss of electrons and therefore, S is a reducing agent and it itself is
oxidised. On the other hand, the oxidation number of Cu decreases by gain of electrons and therefore, Cu is an
oxidising agent and itself is reduced.

Result:

1. The given reaction is a redox reaction.

2. Oxidant/oxidising agents (Reduced species): Cu2O/ Cu2S
3. Reductant/reducing agent (Oxidised species): Cu2S

[Note: Cu in both Cu2O and Cu2S undergoes reduction. Hence, both Cu2O and Cu2S can be termed as oxidising
agents in the given reaction.]

ii. HF(aq) + OH–(aq) → H2O(l) + F–(aq)

a. Write oxidation number of all the atoms of reactants and products.
− −
H F (aq) + OH (aq) → H2 O(I ) + F (aq)

↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ⏐

b. Since,
+1
the oxidation numbers
− 1 − 2 + 1 + 1
of all the species−remain
− 2 1
same, this is NOT a redox reaction. Result:
The given reaction is NOT a redox reaction.
 iii. I2(aq) + 2 S2O32-(aq) → S4O62-(aq) + 2I–(aq)
a. Write oxidation number of all the atoms of reactants and products.
2− 2− −
I2(aq) + 2S2 O 3(aq)
→ S4 O 6(aq)
+ 2I (aq)

↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ⏐
⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ⏐ ⏐

b. Identify
0
the species that
+ 2 − 2
undergoes change−in1oxidation number.
+ 2. 5 − 2

c. The oxidation number of S increases from +2 to +2.5 and that of I decreases from 0 to -1. Because
oxidation number of one species increases and that of the other decreases, the reaction is a redox reaction.
d. The oxidation number of S increases by loss of electrons and therefore, S is a reducing agent and itself is
oxidised. On the other hand, the oxidation number of I decreases by gain of electrons and therefore, I is an
oxidising agent and itself is reduced.

Result:

1. The given reaction is a redox reaction.

2. Oxidant/oxidising agent (Reduced species): I2
3. Reductant/reducing agent (Oxidised species): S2O32-

6 Types of matter (on the basis of chemical composition).

Ans Matter on the basis of chemical composition can be classified as follows:

i. Pure substances: They always have a definite chemical composition. They always have the same properties
regardless of their origin.
e.g. Pure metal, distilled water, etc.

They are of two types:

a. Elements: They are pure substances, which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary
chemical changes.
Elements are further classified into three types:
1. Metals:

They have a lustre (a shiny appearance).

They conduct heat and electricity.
They can be drawn into wire (ductile).
They can be hammered into thin sheets (malleable).
e.g. Gold, silver, copper, iron. Mercury is a liquid metal at room temperature.

2. Nonmetals:

They have no lustre, (except diamond, iodine)

They are poor conductors of heat and electricity, (except graphite)
They cannot be hammered into sheets or drawn into wire, because they are brittle. e.g. Iodine

3. Metalloids: Some elements have properties that are intermediate between metals and nonmetals and are
called metalloids or semimetals.
e.g. Arsenic, silicon and germanium.
b. Compounds: They are the pure substances which are made up of two or more elements in fixed proportion.
e.g. Water, ammonia, methane, etc.

ii. Mixtures: They have no definite chemical composition and hence no definite properties. They can be
separated by physical methods.
e.g. Paint (mixture of oils, pigment, additive), concrete (a mixture of sand, cement, water), etc.
 Mixtures are of two types:

Homogeneous mixture: In homogeneous mixture, constituents remain uniformly mixed throughout its
bulk.
e.g. Solution, in which solute and solvent molecules are uniformly mixed throughout its bulk.
Heterogeneous mixture: In heterogeneous mixture, constituents are not uniformly mixed throughout its
bulk.
e.g. Suspension, which contains insoluble solid in a liquid.

7 Outer electronic configurations of a few elements are given below. Explain them and identify the period, group
and block in the periodic table to which they belong. ₂He : Is², ₅₄Xe : 5s²5p⁶, ₁₆S : 3s²3p⁴, ₇₉Au : 6s¹5d¹⁰

Ans ₂He : 1s²

Here n=1. Therefore, ₂He belongs to the 1st period. The shell n=1 has only one subshell, namely 1s. The outer
electronic configuration 1s² of ‘He’ corresponds to the maximum capacity of 1s, the complete duplet.
Therefore, He is placed at the end of the 1st period in the group 18 of inert gases, so ‘He’ belongs to p-block.
₅₄Xe : 5s²5p⁶
Here n=5. Therefore, ₅₄Xe belongs to the 5th period. The outer electronic configuration 5s²5p⁶ corresponds to
complete octet. Therefore ₅₄Xe is placed in group 18 and belongs to p-block.
₁₆S : 3s²3p⁴
Here n=3. Therefore, ₁₆S belongs to the 3rd period. The 3p subshell in ‘S is partially filled and short of
completion of octet by two electrons. Therefore ‘S’ belongs to (18-2) = 16th group and p-block.) =16th group
and p-block.
₇₉Au : 6s¹5d¹⁰
Here n=6. Therefore, ‘Au’ belongs to the 6th period. The sixth period begins with filling of electron into 6s and
then into 5d orbital. The outer configuration of ‘Au’: 6s¹ 5d¹⁰ implies that (1+10) = 11 electrons are filled in the
outer orbitals to give ‘Au’ belongs to the group 11. As the last electron has entered ‘d’ orbital ‘Au’ belongs to
the d-block.

8 Explain the anomalous behaviour of copper and chromium.

Ans The anomalous behaviour is :

EXCEPTIONAL ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF CHROMIUM AND COPPER
For Copper (Cu)= [Ar] ¹⁸,4s²3d⁹
But actually, it has : [Ar] ¹⁸,4s¹3d¹⁰
Similarly, for Chromium it should be: [Ar] ¹⁸,4s²3d⁴
But in actual it is:=[Ar] ¹⁸,4s¹3d⁵
The reason behind is:
1. All half-filled and fully filled orbital are more stable
If configuration is 4s² 3d⁹, then the d orbital is not fully filled. If configuration is 4s¹ 3d¹⁰, then the d orbital is
completely filled. That means it becomes more stable.
2. The more is the exchange energy more stable is the orbital as shown below:
If configuration was 4s²3d⁴ the exchange energy is:

9 Indicate the number of unpaired electrons in :

 a. Si (Z = 14)
b. Cr (Z = 24)

Ans i. . Si (Z = 14): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2

Orbital diagram:

Number of unpaired electrons = 2

ii. Cr (Z = 24): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5

Orbital diagram:

Number of unpaired electrons = 6

10 Using concept of quantum numbers, calculate the maximum numbers of electrons present in the ‘M’ shell.
Give their distribution in shells, subshells and orbitals.

Ans i. Each main shell contains a maximum of 2n2 electrons.

For ‘M’ shell, n = 3.
Therefore, the maximum numbers of electrons present in the ‘M’ shell = 2 × (3)2 = 18.
 ii. The distribution of these electrons in shells, subshells and orbitals can be given as follows:

Note: Orbital distribution in the first four shells:

Q.5 Answer the following 4

1 1. Mention demerits of Bohr's Atomic model.

2. How many orbitals make the N shell? What is the subshell wise distribution of orbitals in the N shell?

Ans 1. Bohr’s atomic model failed to:

1. To account for finer details of the hydrogen atom spectrum observed in sophisticated spectroscopy
experiments.
2. Bohr model was unable to explain the spectrum of atoms other than hydrogen.
3. Bohr theory could not explain the splitting of spectral lines in the presence of a magnetic field (Zeeman
effect) or electric field (Stark effect)
4. Bohr theory failed to explain the ability of atoms to form molecules by chemical bonds.
2.