Introduction to Logic Gate ICs:

 Building Blocks of Digital Circuits: Logic Gate ICs are the fundamental components used to
construct digital circuits and systems. They are like the "brains" that allow electronic devices to
perform logical operations.

 Integrated Circuits: The "IC" in "Logic Gate IC" stands for "Integrated Circuit." This means that
multiple logic gates are built onto a single tiny chip of semiconductor material, typically silicon. This
makes them compact and efficient.

 Logic Gate ICs are designed to perform basic logical operations on binary inputs (0s and 1s).

o AND: The output is 1 only if all inputs are 1.

o OR: The output is 1 if at least one input is 1.

o NOT (inverter): The output is the opposite of the input (0 becomes 1, 1 becomes 0).

o XOR: The output is 1 only if the inputs are different.

o NAND: The output is 0 only if all inputs are 1 (opposite of AND).

o NOR: The output is 0 if at least one input is 1 (opposite of OR).

 Versatility: By combining different logic gates, you can create complex digital circuits that perform a
wide range of functions.

 Efficiency: Logic Gate ICs are highly efficient, consuming minimal power and operating at high
speeds.

 Miniaturization: Their compact size allows for the creation of smaller and more portable electronic
devices.

 Reliability: Modern Logic Gate ICs are highly reliable, ensuring the smooth operation of digital
systems.

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 Fig:-01:74XX IC structure

AND Gate IC:

The 7408 IC is a quad 2-input AND gate, meaning it contains four independent AND gates within a single
integrated circuit (IC) package. Each AND gate have two inputs and one output.
 Quad 2-input AND gates: Four identical AND gates in one IC.
 Logic function: Implements the logical AND operation.
 Output: The output is HIGH (logic 1) only when both inputs are HIGH.
 Power supply: Typically operates on a 5V DC power supply.
 Package: Commonly available in a 14-pin dual-in-line package (DIP).
 Power Supply: Connect the 7408 IC to a 5V DC power supply. Connect the power supply's positive
terminal to pin 14 (Vcc) and the negative terminal to pin 7 (GND).
 Inputs: Connect the desired inputs to the appropriate input pins of the AND gates.
 Output: The output of each AND gate will appear on the corresponding output pin.
 It's important to consult the datasheet for specific electrical characteristics and timing parameters.
 Pins 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12 & 13 serve as inputs for the AND gates, with pin 3, 6, 8 & 11 as its outputs.

Applications:
 Digital logic circuits
 Combinational logic design
 Arithmetic logic units (ALUs)
 Decoders and encoders
 Microcontrollers and microprocessors
Pin Diagram for 7408:

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 Fig:-02: IC 7408 Pin Diagram

OR Gate IC:
The 7432 IC is a quad 2-input OR gate, meaning it contains four independent OR gates within a
singleintegrated circuit (IC) package. Each OR gate has two inputs and one output.
 Quad 2-input OR gates: Four identical OR gates in one IC.
 Logic function: Implements the logical OR operation.
 Output: The output is HIGH (logic 1) when at least one of the inputs is HIGH.
 Power supply: Typically operates on a 5V DC power supply.
 Package: Commonly available in a 14-pin dual-in-line package (DIP).
 Pins 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12 & 13 serve as inputs for the OR gates, with pin 3, 6, 8 & 11 as its outputs.
 Power Supply: Connect the 7432 IC to a 5V DC power supply. Connect the power supply's positive
terminal to pin 14 (Vcc) and the negative terminal to pin 7 (GND).
 Inputs: Connect the desired inputs to the appropriate input pins of the OR gates.
 Output: The output of each OR gate will appear on the corresponding output pin.
Applications:
 Digital logic circuits
 Combinational logic design
 Arithmetic logic units (ALUs)
 Decoders and encoders
 Microcontrollers and microprocessors

Pin Diagram for 7432:

Fig:-03: IC 7432 Pin Diagram

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NOT Gate IC:
The 7404 IC is a hex inverter, which means it contains six independent inverters within a single integrated
circuit (IC) package. Each inverter has one input and one output.
 Hex inverter: Six independent inverters in one IC.
 Logic function: Implements the logical NOT operation.
 Output: The output is the inverse of the input (0 becomes 1, 1 becomes 0).
 Power supply: Typically operates on a 5V DC power supply.
 Package: Commonly available in a 14-pin dual-in-line package (DIP).
 Pins 1, 3, 5, 9, 11 & 13 serve as inputs for the NOR gates, with pin 2, 4, 6, 8,10 & 12 as its outputs.
 Power Supply: Connect the 7404 IC to a 5V DC power supply. Connect the power supply's positive
terminal to pin 14 (Vcc) and the negative terminal to pin 7 (GND).
 Input: Connect the desired input to the input pin of the inverter.
 Output: The inverted output will appear on the output pin.

Applications:
 Digital logic circuits
 Combinational logic design
 Arithmetic logic units (ALUs)
 Decoders and encoders
 Microcontrollers and microprocessors
Pin Diagram for 7404:

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 Fig:-04: IC 7404 Pin Diagram

NAND Gate IC:

The 7400 IC is a quad 2-input NAND gate, meaning it contains four independent NAND gates within a
single integrated circuit (IC) package. Each NAND gate has two inputs and one output.
 Quad 2-input NAND gates: Four identical NAND gates in one IC.
 Logic function: Implements the logical NAND operation.
 Output: The output is LOW (logic 0) only when both inputs are HIGH.
 Power supply: Typically operates on a 5V DC power supply.
 Package: Commonly available in a 14-pin dual-in-line package (DIP).
 Pins 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12 & 13 serve as inputs for the NAND gates, with pin 3, 6, 8 & 11 as its
outputs.
 Power Supply: Connect the 7400 IC to a 5V DC power supply. Connect the power supply's positive
terminal to pin 14 (Vcc) and the negative terminal to pin 7 (GND).
 Inputs: Connect the desired inputs to the appropriate input pins of the NAND gates.
 Output: The output of each NAND gate will appear on the corresponding output pin.
Applications:
 Digital logic circuits
 Combinational logic design
 Arithmetic logic units (ALUs)
 Decoders and encoders
 Microcontrollers and microprocessors
Pin Diagram for 7400:

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 Fig:-05: IC 7400 Pin Diagram

NOR Gate IC:

The 7402 IC is a quad 2-input NOR gate, meaning it contains four independent NOR gates within a single
integrated circuit (IC) package. Each NOR gate has two inputs and one output.
 Quad 2-input NOR gates: Four identical NOR gates in one IC.
 Logic function: Implements the logical NOR operation.
 Output: The output is LOW (logic 0) only when both inputs are HIGH.
 Power supply: Typically operates on a 5V DC power supply.
 Package: Commonly available in a 14-pin dual-in-line package (DIP).
 Pins 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, 11 & 12 serve as inputs for the NOR gates, with pin 1, 4, 10 & 13 as its
outputs.
 Power Supply: Connect the 7402 IC to a 5V DC power supply. Connect the power supply's
positive terminal to pin 14 (Vcc) and the negative terminal to pin 7 (GND).
 Inputs: Connect the desired inputs to the appropriate input pins of the NOR gates.
 Output: The output of each NOR gate will appear on the corresponding output pin.

Applications:
 Digital logic circuits
 Combinational logic design
 Arithmetic logic units (ALUs)
 Decoders and encoders
 Microcontrollers and microprocessors
Pin Diagram for 7402:

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 Fig:-06: IC 7402 Pin Diagram

XOR Gate IC:

The 7486 IC is a quad 2-input exclusive-OR (XOR) gate, meaning it contains four independent XOR gates
within a single integrated circuit (IC) package. Each XOR gate has two inputs and one output.
 Quad 2-input XOR gates: Four identical XOR gates in one IC.
 Logic function: Implements the logical XOR operation.
 Output: The output is HIGH (logic 1) only when the two inputs are different.
 Power supply: Typically operates on a 5V DC power supply.
 Package: Commonly available in a 14-pin dual-in-line package (DIP).
 Pins 1, 2, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12 & 13 serve as inputs for XOR gates, with pin 3, 6, 8 & 11 as its
outputs.
 Power Supply: Connect the 7486 IC to a 5V DC power supply. Connect the power supply's positive
terminal to pin 14 (Vcc) and the negative terminal to pin 7 (GND).
 Inputs: Connect the desired inputs to the appropriate input pins of the XOR gates.
 Output: The output of each XOR gate will appear on the corresponding output pin.
Applications:
 Digital logic circuits
 Combinational logic design
 Arithmetic logic units (ALUs)
 Decoders and encoders
 Microcontrollers and microprocessors
 Parity generators and checkers
 Data comparison circuits
Pin Diagram for 7486:

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 Fig:-07: IC 7486 Pin Diagram

XNOR Gate IC:

The 74266 IC is a quad 2-input exclusive-NOR (XNOR) gate, meaning it contains four independent XNOR
gates within a single integrated circuit (IC) package. Each XNOR gate has two inputs and one output.
 Quad 2-input XNOR gates: Four identical XNOR gates in one IC.
 Logic function: Implements the logical XNOR operation.
 Output: The output is HIGH (logic 1) only when both inputs are the same (either both 0 or both 1).
 Power supply: Typically operates on a 5V DC power supply.
 Package: Commonly available in a 14-pin dual-in-line package (DIP).
 Pins 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12 & 13 serve as inputs for XNOR gates, with pin 3, 4, 10& 11 as its
outputs.
 Power Supply: Connect the 74266 IC to a 5V DC power supply. Connect the power supply's positive
terminal to pin 14 (Vcc) and the negative terminal to pin 7 (GND).
 Inputs: Connect the desired inputs to the appropriate input pins of the XNOR gates.
 Output: The output of each XNOR gate will appear on the corresponding output pin.
Applications:
 Digital logic circuits
 Combinational logic design
 Arithmetic logic units (ALUs)
 Decoders and encoders
 Microcontrollers and microprocessors
 Parity generators and checkers
 Data comparison circuits
Pin Diagram For 74266:

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 Fig:-08: IC 7466 Pin Diagram

Multiplexer IC:
The 74157 IC is a quad 2-to-1 line data selector/multiplexer. It contains four independent 2-to-1 multiplexers
within a single integrated circuit (IC) package.
 Quad 2-to-1 multiplexers: Four identical 2-to-1 multiplexers in one IC.
 Logic function: Selects one of two input lines and routes it to the output based on a select input.
 Power supply: Typically operates on a 5V DC power supply.
 Package: Commonly available in a 16-pin dual-in-line package (DIP).
 Power Supply: Connect the 74157 IC to a 5V DC power supply. Connect the power supply's positive
terminal to pin 16 (Vcc) and the negative terminal to pin 8 (GND).
 Inputs: Connect the two input lines (A and B) to the appropriate input pins of each multiplexer.
 Select Input: Connect the select input (S) to the common select input pin.
 Output: The selected input will appear on the output pin (Y).
Applications:
 Digital logic circuits
 Data selection and routing
 Address decoding
 Microprocessor systems
 Data acquisition systems
 Communication systems
Pin diagram for 74157:

Fig:-09: IC 74157 Pin Diagram

How it Works:
1. Enable Input (E): When E is low, the multiplexer is enabled. When E is high, all outputs are
forced low.
2. Select Input (S): The S input determines which of the two input signals (A or B) is selected.
3. Input Signals (A and B): These are the two input signals to be selected.
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 4. Output (Y): The selected input signal is routed to the output.

DE-Multiplexer IC:
The 74154 IC is a 4-to-16-line decoder/demultiplexer. It can decode a 4-bit binary input into one of
16 mutually exclusive outputs or demultiplex a single input line to one of 16 output lines.
 4-to-16-line decoding: Decodes a 4-bit binary input (A, B, C, D) into one of 16 active-low
outputs.
 1-to-16-line demultiplexing: Selects one of 16 input lines (G1A, G1B, ..., G1P) and routes it
to the output based on the 4-bit address input.
 Power supply: Typically operates on a 5V DC power supply.
 Package: Commonly available in a 24-pin dual-in-line package (DIP).
 Power Supply: Connect the 74154 IC to a 5V DC power supply. Connect the power supply's
positive terminal to pin 24 (Vcc) and the negative terminal to pin 12 (GND).
 Input: Connect the 4-bit binary input (A, B, C, D) to the appropriate input pins.
 Enable Inputs: Connect the enable inputs (G1 and G2) to the appropriate pins. If both G1 and
G2 are low, the decoder/demultiplexer is enabled.
 Output: The selected output will be active-low (logic 0).
Applications:
 Memory address decoding
 Data selection and routing
 Microprocessor systems
 Data acquisition systems
Pin diagram for 74154:

Fig:-10: IC 74154 Pin Diagram

How it Works:
1. Enable Inputs (G1 and G2): Both G1 and G2 must be low for the decoder to function.
2. Select Inputs (A, B, C, D): These 4 inputs determine which of the 16 output lines will be
activated.

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 3. Output Lines (Y0-Y15): The selected output line will go low, while all other outputs remain
high.

SR Flip-Flop IC:
The 74279 IC is a Quadruple S-R Latch. It consists of four independent S-R latches, each with a set (S)
input, a reset (R) input, and an output (Q). The S-R latch is a fundamental building block in digital circuits,
used for storing binary information.
 Quadruple S-R Latch: Contains four independent S-R latches.
 High-Speed CMOS: Offers high-speed performance with low power consumption.
 Input Protection: Protects against static discharge and transient voltage spikes.
 Wide Supply Voltage Range: Operates over a wide range of supply voltages.
 Fast Propagation Delay: Ensures quick response times.
 Low-level output voltage: 0.2V
 High-level output current: -0.8mA
 Low-level output current: 16mA
 Input clamp voltage: -1.5V
 Propagation delay time max: 27ns
 Supply voltage range: 4.75 to 5.25V
Applications:
 Data storage and buffering
 Pulse shaping and timing circuits
 Digital counters and dividers
 Microprocessor-based systems

Pin diagram for IC 74279:

Fig:-11: IC 74279 Pin Diagram

How it Works:
1. S and R Inputs: The S and R inputs control the state of the latch. When S is high and R is low, the Q
output is set to high. When R is high and S is low, the Q output is reset to low. If both S and R are
high simultaneously, the output is indeterminate.
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 2. Q and Q' Outputs: The Q output provides the present state of the latch, while the Q' output
provides the complement of the current state.

JK Flip-Flop IC:
The 7476 IC is a Dual J-K Flip-Flop, meaning it contains two independent J-K flip-flops within a single
integrated circuit package.
 Dual J-K Flip-Flops: Two independent flip-flops for versatile applications.
 Positive-Edge Triggered: The flip-flops change state on the rising edge of the clock pulse.
 Separate J-K Inputs: Individual J and K inputs for each flip-flop.
 Preset and Clear Inputs: Allows for direct setting or resetting of the flip-flop outputs.
 Complementary Outputs: Both Q and Q' outputs are available for each flip-flop.
 Wide Operating Voltage Range: Compatible with various power supply voltages.
 Two J-K Master-Slave Flip-Flops with Preset and Clear Inputs
 Outputs Directly Interface to CMOS, NMOS and TTL
 Wide Operating Conditions
 Not Recommended for New Designs Use 74LS76
 Supply voltage max 4.75v & mini 5.25
Applications:
 Frequency dividers and counters
 Shift registers
 Sequential logic circuits
 Digital counters
 Pulse generators

Pin diagram for 7476:

Fig:-12: IC 7476 Pin Diagram

How it Works:
1. Clock Input: The clock input triggers the flip-flop on the rising edge.
2. Preset and Clear Inputs: The preset and clear inputs can be used to asynchronously set or reset the flip-
flop.
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 3. Q and Q' Outputs: The Q output provides the present state of the flip-flop, while the Q' output provides
the complement of the current state

D Flip-Flop ICs:
The 7474 IC is a Dual D-type Flip-Flop, meaning it contains two independent D-type flip-flops within a
single integrated circuit package.
 Dual D-type Flip-Flops: Two independent flip-flops for versatile applications.
 Positive-Edge Triggered: The flip-flops change state on the rising edge of the clock pulse.
 Separate D Inputs: Individual D inputs for each flip-flop.
 Preset and Clear Inputs: Allows for direct setting or resetting of the flip-flop outputs.
 Complementary Outputs: Both Q and Q' outputs are available for each flip-flop.
 Wide Operating Voltage Range: Compatible with various power supply voltages.
Applications:
 Data storage and buffering
 Shift registers
 Counters
 Sequential logic circuits
 Digital counters
 Pulse generators
Pin diagram for 7474:

Fig:-13: IC 7474 Pin Diagram

How it Works:
1. Clock Input: The clock input triggers the flip-flop on the rising edge.
2. D Input: The D input determines the next state of the flip-flop. On the rising edge of the clock,
the value on the D input is latched into the flip-flop.
3. Preset and Clear Inputs: The preset & clear inputs can be used to asynchronously set or reset
the flip-flop.

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 4. Q and Q' Outputs: The Q output provides the current state of the flip-flop, while the Q' output
provides the complement of the current state.

T Flip-Flop ICs:
The 7476 IC is a dual J-K flip-flop with set and reset, not specifically a T flip-flop. However, it can be used
to implement a T flip-flop with the right configuration.
Typically operates within a supply voltage range of 4.75V to 5.25V.
The 7476 IC is a dual J-K flip-flop, meaning it contains two independent flip-flops inside one package. Each
flip-flop has:
 J (input)
 K (input)
 Clock (input)
 Set (S) and Reset (R) inputs for asynchronous operation
 Q and Q’ (outputs)
The IC can work in different modes based on the logic applied to the J and K inputs.
Applications of T Flip-Flops:
 Frequency Dividers: By cascading multiple T flip-flops, we can divide a clock signal's frequency by
powers of 2.
 Ring Counters: A ring counter is a sequential circuit that cycles through a sequence of states, and T
flip-flops are commonly used to implement them.
 Pulse Generators: T flip-flops can be used to generate pulse trains with specific duty cycles and
frequencies.
Pin diagram for 7473:

Fig:-14: IC 7473 Pin Diagram

How it Works:
 Tie J and K together: Connect the J and K inputs of each flip-flop in the 7476 IC to a common T
(Toggle) input signal.
 Clock the flip-flop: Apply the clock signal to the CLK pin of the flip-flop.

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  Set and Reset pins: You can optionally use the set and reset pins to asynchronously set or reset the
flip-flop.
 Output: The output (Q) will toggle with each clock pulse as long as T is high (1)

4-bit binary counter IC:

The 74161 IC is a versatile 4-bit synchronous binary counter with several features that make it a popular
choice for various digital design applications.
 Synchronous Operation: All flip-flops are clocked simultaneously, ensuring glitch-free operation and
high-speed performance.
 Presettable: The counter can be preloaded with any 4-bit binary value, allowing for flexible
initialization.
 Asynchronous Clear: The counter can be reset asynchronously, independent of the clock signal.
 Carry Output (RCO): The RCO output generates a pulse when the counter reaches its maximum
count (15), enabling cascading multiple counters for larger counting capacities.
 Count Enable Inputs (ENP and ENT): These inputs control the counting operation, allowing for
selective enabling or disabling of the counter.
Applications:
 Frequency Dividers: By cascading multiple 74161 ICs, you can create frequency dividers with
various division ratios.
 Digital Clocks and Timers: The counter can be used to implement timekeeping functions in digital
clocks and timers.
 Pulse Generators: By controlling the input signals, you can generate pulse trains with specific
frequencies and duty cycles.
 Address Counters: The counter can be used to generate memory addresses in digital systems.
 State Machines: By combining multiple 74161 ICs, you can create complex state machines to control
various digital systems.
Pin diagram for 74161:

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 Fig:-15: IC 74161 Pin Diagram
How it Works:
1. Clock Input (CLK): The clock input triggers the counter on the rising edge.
2. Preset Inputs (P0-P3): The preset inputs allow you to load a 4-bit binary value into the counter.
3. Load Input (LOAD): When the load input is low, the preset value is loaded into the counter on the next
rising edge of the clock.
4. Enable Inputs (ENP and ENT): Both enable inputs must be high for the counter to count.
5. Clear Input (CLR): When the clear input is low, the counter is asynchronously cleared to 0.
6. Q Outputs (QA, QB, QC, QD): These outputs represent the current count value.
7. RCO Output (Ripple Carry Output): This output goes high when the counter overflows (reaches 15).

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Shift register IC:
The 74164 IC is an 8-bit serial-in, parallel-out shift register. This means it takes data in serially, one bit at a
time, and outputs the 8-bit data in parallel.
 8-bit Shift Register: It can store and shift 8 bits of data.
 Serial Input: Data is input bit by bit.
 Parallel Output: All 8 bits of data are available on separate output pins.
 Asynchronous Clear: The register can be reset to zero independently of the clock signal.
 Gated Serial Input: The serial input is controlled by two enable inputs, allowing for selective data
entry.
Applications:
 Data Serialization and Deserialization: Converting serial data to parallel and vice versa.
 Delay Lines: Creating time delays in digital systems.
 Pattern Generators: Generating various data patterns for testing and debugging.
 Address Counters: Used in memory addressing and other sequential applications.
 Data Multiplexing and Demultiplexing: Combining and separating multiple data streams.
Pin Diagram for 74164:

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 Fig:-16: IC 74164 Pin Diagram
How it Works:
1. Serial Input (SER): Data is shifted into the first flip-flop on the rising edge of the clock.
2. Clock Input (CLK): The clock input triggers the shift operation.
3. Clear Input (CLR): A low level on the clear input asynchronously resets all flip-flops to 0.
4. Gated Serial Input Control (A and B): These inputs control the enabling of the serial input.
5. Parallel Outputs (Q0-Q7): These outputs provide the current state of the 8-bit register.

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