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S3.1 Chemistry Periodic Table Notes

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96 views5 pages

S3.1 Chemistry Periodic Table Notes

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vansshvardhana
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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S3.

1 – The Periodic Table

 Groups are the vertical columns – every element in each group have
similar properties.
 Periods are horizontal rows – every element in same period have the
same number of electron shells.
 S block elements are always ready to lend an electron
 P block is a mix of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
 D block is where the transition metals are.
 F block contains lanthanides and actinides.
 The group number often tells us the number of outer shell electrons.
 Metals are shiny and good conductors of heat and electricity. They are
usually solid at room temperature (except mercury). They are
malleable and ductile.
 Nonmetals are poor conductors of heat and electricity. They can be
solid, liquid or gas at room temperature. They are brittle so they are
not malleable or ductile.
 Metalloids have properties of both metals and nonmetals. They are
often used in semiconductors.
 Alkali metals (group 1) are super reactive and soft enough to cut
through by a knife. It increases while going down a group.
 Halogens (group 17) are highly reactive nonmetals. They often form
salts when they react with metals.
 Noble gases (group 18) they rarely react with others. They are used in
lights and signs as they glow.
 Atomic Radius – atoms get smaller as you move right across a period,
and they get larger when going down a group.
 Ionization Energy – it is the energy required to remove an electron
from an atom. It increases as you move right across a period, and it
decreases as you move down a group.
 Electronegativity – it is the ability of an atom to attract electrons in a
bond. Increases as you move right and decreases as you go down. This
is because smaller atoms with nearly complete valence shell will
attract electrons more easily than larger atoms with fewer valence
electrons.
 To form a cation, an atom loses one or more of its valence electrons.
So, there are more protons than electrons. So, the ionic radius is
smaller than the atomic radius. Groups 1,2 and 13 usually form
cations.
 To form an anion, an atom gains an electron. So, there are more
electrons than protons. So, the ionic radius is bigger than the atomic
radius. Group 15, 16 and 17 like to form an anion.
 However, going down a group ionic radius increases for both cations
and anions.
 Electron Affinity is the energy released when an additional electron is
attached to an atom.

 Elements having a lower ionization energy are more likely to be


metallic.

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 Group 1 metals have thus lower ionization energy while going down,
so they are more metallic properties while going down.
 Group 17 elements have nonmetallic qualities. The nonmetallic
characteristics go down as you go down a group.
 The general formula for reaction of a group 1 metal with water is –
Metal + Water = 0.5 H2 + MetalOH
 Ionization energy decreases and the metallic character of group 1
elements increases as you go down a group.
 0.5F2 + Cl- = F- + 0.5Cl2 ----- equation showing reaction of halide ions
with halogens
 Many metal oxides are Lewis Bases. They can react with water to form
hydroxides, also bases, by donating an electron pair to hydrogen in
water.
 Group 2 oxides are Lewis bases.
 Nonmetallic oxides are Lewis acids. They react with water to form
other acids by accepting an electron pair from oxygen in water.
 Going rightwards across a period, the oxides of elements become less
basic and more acidic.
 A chemical species that behaves as both a Lewis acid and a Lewis base
is termed amphoteric.
 Rainwater is naturally acidic as it has dissolved carbon dioxide.

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 A transition element is defined as an element that has a partially filled
d sublevel.
 Transition elements have high melting points as the attraction
between delocalized electrons and the metal ions is strong.
 Most transition elements have unpaired d electrons, so they are
paramagnetic.
 Zinc is not considered a transition element despite being in the D block
as it does not form actions with an incomplete d sublevel.
 A heterogeneous catalyst is a type of catalyst that exist in a separate
phase to the reactants. Transition metals are used as these.
 Transition elements are also able to form complex ions, which have
their own distinct colors when bonded by ligands.
 Another property of transition elements is their ability to form a
variety of stable ions in different oxidation states.
 Ligands are molecules or ions with a lone pair of electrons that can be
donated to a transition element cation.

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