SECTION - A : SINE LAW

SOLVED EXAMPLE
SINE LAW
In any triangle the sides are proportional to the sines of the EXAMPLE 1
opposite angles i.e.
 2 4
a b c If the angles of a ABC are , and and R is the
= = 7 7 7
sin A sin B sin C radius of the circumcircle then a2 + b2 + c2 has the value
1. Let the triangle ABC be acute-angled. equal to
From A draw AD perpendicular to the opposite side;
SOLUTION
then
AD = AB sin (ABD) = c sin B and AD = a2 + b2 + c2 = 4R2 (sin2A + sin2B + sin2C)
ACsin(ACD) = b sin C
 2 4 8 
b c = 2R2 1  cos 7  1  cos 7  1  cos 7 
 
 b sin C = c sin B i.e. =
sin B sin C = 2R2 [3 – (cos + cos2 + cos4)]
where  = 2/7
A
now let S = cos + cos 2 + cos 3
(cos4 = cos 3)
c  3  5 3
b 2 sin S = sin – sin + sin – sin
2 2 2 2 2
7 5
+ sin – sin
2 2
C D a B
7 
2. Let the triangle ABC have an obtuse angle at B = sin – sin
2 2
Draw AD perpendicular to CB produced; then
AD = AC sin ACD = b sin C and  
= sin – sin = – sin ,
AD = AB sin ABD 2 2
= c sin (180º – B) = c sin B; 1
S=–
b c 2
 b sin C = c sin B i.e. =  a2 + b2 + c2 = 2R2 (3 + 1/2) = 7R2
sin B sin C

EXAMPLE 2
In a triangle ABC, A is twice that of B. Show that
a2 = b(b + c).
SOLUTION

In a similar manner it may be proved that either of First assume that in the triangle ABC, A = 2B.
Produce CA to D such that AD = AB, join BD.
a
these ratios is equal to By construction, it is clear that ABD is an isosceles
sin A
triangle and so
a b c ADB = ABD.
Thus = = .
sin A sin B sin C But ADB + ABD = BAC (the external angle)

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6.2 Theory and Exercise Book

A Using sine rule we get

Hence ADB = ABD = = B. 2 sin A cos A + 2 sin B cos B + 2 sin C cos C
2
In triangles ABC and BDC we have = sin A + sin B + sin C
 sin 2A + sin 2B + sin 2C
ABC = BDC and C is
= sin A + sin B + sin C
D  4 sinA sin B sin C
A B C
= 4 cos cos cos
2 2 2
A A B C
 8 sin sin sin =1
b 2 2 2
c
 AB A  B C
 4 cos  cos sin =1
C  2 2  2
a
B C AB C
 4 sin2 – 4 cos sin –1 = 0.
2 2 2
common. So ABC is similar to BDC. Therefore
C
AC BC This is a quadratic equation in sin which must have real
= 2
BC DC
roots.
If follows that a2 = b(b + c)
Now we will prove the converse. Assume that AB
Hence 16 cos2  16
a2 = b(b + c). 2
We refer to the same figure. As before, in the AB
isosceles triangle ABD, we have  cos2 1
2
ABD = ADB.
So each of these angles is equal to half of their sum AB
But cos2 1
2
A
which is A. Thus, in particular, ADB = AB
2  cos2 =1 A = B
....(1) 2
On the other hand, in triangles ACB and BCD, Similarly it can be prove that B = C  A = B = C
we have, as a consequence of the assumption
AC BC SECTION - B : COSINE LAW
a2 = b(b + c), = ,
BC DC COSINE LAW
and C is common. So the two triangles are similar and To find an expression for one side (c) of a triangle in terms
CDB = CBA = B. ....(2) of other to sides and the included angle (C).
From (1) and (2), it follows that B = A/2, as desired. 1. Let C be an acute angle.
Aliter : We may use the Sine rule for a triangle to dispose of Draw BD perpendicular to AC ;
both the implications simultaneously. AB2 = BC2 + CA2 – 2AC . CD;
A = 2B  A – B = B  sin (A – B)  c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ba cos C
= sin B  sin (A – B) sin (A + B) = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C.
= sin B sin C  sin2A – sin2B
B
= sin B sin C  (2R sinA)2 – (2R sin B)2
= (2R sin B) (2R sinC)
 a2 – b2 = bc  a2 a
c
= b(b + c)

EXAMPLE 3 A D b C
In a triangle ABC, a cos A + b cos B + c cos C = s. Prove
that the triangle is equilateral. 2. Let C be an obtuse angle.
SOLUTION Draw BD perpendicular to AC
The given result can be written as produced ;
2a cos A + 2b cos B + 2c cos C = a + b + c
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 Solution Of Triangle 6.3

AB 2 = BC2 + CA2 + 2AC . CD ; from cosine rule we know that

 c2 = a2 + b2 + 2ba cos BCD a 2  b2  c2 a 2  c2  b2
= a2 + b2 + 2ab cos (180º – C) cos C = & cos B =
2ab 2ac
= a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C
Hence in each case, c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C   a 2 + b 2 - c 2   a 2 + c 2 - b 2  
Similarly it may be shown that L.H.S.= a  b  2ab
-

c
 2ac


     
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A and
b2 = c2 + a2 – 2ac cos B a 2  b2  c2 (a 2  c 2  b 2 )
= –
From the above formulae we obtain 2 2
= (b2 – c2) = R.H.S.
b c a
2 2 2
c a b
2 2 2

cos A = ; cos B =
2bc 2ca
EXAMPLE 7
a b c
2 2 2
 a b
; cos C = If in ABC, A = 60º then find the value of 1   
2ab c c  
These results enable us to find the cosines of the angles when
 c a
the numerical values of the sides are given. 1 + b - b  .
 
SOLUTION
EXAMPLE 4  A = 60º
If the sides a, b, c of a ABC satisfy the relation, a4 + b4 + c4
 a b  c a
= 2c2 (a2 + b2), find the possible values of the angle C.  1     1 + b - b 
 c c  
SOLUTION
ca b  bca 
=    
Solving as a quadratic equation in c we get,  c   b 
c2 = a 2 + b 2 ± 2 ab (b  c) 2  a 2 (b 2  c 2  a 2 )  2bc
= =
or a2 + b2 – c2 = ± 2 ab bc bc

a 2  b 2  c2 1 b2  c2  a 2  b 2  c2  a 2 
= =± = + 2 = 2 2bc
 +2
2ab 2 bc  
 3 = 2 cos A + 2 = 3
 C= or
4 4 1
( A = 60º  cos A = )
2
EXAMPLE 5  a b  c a
Let a, b, c be the sides of a triangle and  is its area. Prove  1    1    = 3
 c c  b b
that a2 + b2 + c2  4 3 . When does the equality hold ?
SECTION - C
SOLUTION
PROJECTION FORMULA
1
a2 + b2 + (a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C)  4 3 2 PROJECTION FORMULA
To express one side of a triangle in terms of the adjacent
a b
sin C or +  3 sin C + cos C angles and the other two sides.
b a
1. Let ABC be an acute-angled triangle
2
 a b Draw AD perpendicular to BC;
    
  b a  + 2  2sin  C  6  . then BC = BD + CD
 
Min. value 2 Min. value 2 = AB cos ABD + AC cos ACD;
Equality occurs when a = b and C = /3

EXAMPLE 6
In a ABC, prove that a (b cos C – c cos B) = b2 – c2
SOLUTION
 We have to prove a (b cos C – c cos B) = b2 – c2
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6.4 Theory and Exercise Book

A A

c b
c b

B D a C c cos N b cos
B B  C C
i.e. a = c cos B + cos C
2. Let the triangle ABC have an obtuse angle C. D
Draw AD perpendicular to BC produced; then
BC = BD – CD a sin A sin(B  C)
= AB cos ABD – AC cos ACD ; = =
 cos B cos C cos Bcos C
 a = cos B – b cos (180º – C) = c cos B + b cos C
sin B cos C  cos Bsin C
Thus in each each case a = b cos C + c cos B. =
cos Bcos C
Similarly it may be shown that
b = c cos A + a cos C, and c = a cos B + b cos A a
= tan B + tanC ....(1)

EXAMPLE 8 b
similarly = tan C + tan A ....(2)
In a ABC prove that (b + c) cos A + (c + a) cos B + (a + 
b) cos C = a + b + c
c
and = tan A + tan B ....(3)
SOLUTION 

L.H.S. = (b + c) cos A + (c + a) cos B + (a + b) cosC a

= b cos A + c cos A+ c cos B + a cos B + a cos C + b cos C adding  = 2  tan A = 2  tan A

= (b cosA+ a cos B) + (c cosA+ a cos C) + (c cos B + b cos
C) EXAMPLE 10
= a + b + c = R.H.S.
C C
In any triangle ABC, (a + b)2 sin2 + (a – b)2 cos2 =
2 2
EXAMPLE 9
In a ABC perpendiculars are drawn from angles A, B, C of SOLUTION
an acute angled triangle on the opposite sides and produced
 C C  C C
a2  sin  cos  + b2  sin  cos  –
2 2 2 2
to meet the circumscribing circle. If these produced points
 2 2  2 2
a b c
be , ,  respectively, show that + + = 2  tan A,  C C
   2 2
2ab  cos 2 - sin 2 
where  denotes the continued product.  
SOLUTION = a2 +b2 – 2ab cos C = c2
Using the property of cyclic quadrilateral,
c sin B .  = bc cos B . cos C SECTION - D
 b cos B.cos C FORMULAE FOR HALF ANGLES
=
a a sin B
FORMULAE FOR HALF ANGLES
sin B cos B.cos C cosB .co sC
= . =
sin A sin B sinA
A (s  b)(s  c)
1. sin = ;
2 bc

B (s  c)(s  a) C (s  a)(s  b)
sin = ; sin =
2 ca 2 ab

A s(s  a)
2. cos = ;
2 bc

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 Solution Of Triangle 6.5

B s(s  b) C s(s  c) 3 1
cos = ; cos =  sin105º =
2 ca 2 ab 2 2

A (s  b)(s  c)  c= 6
3. tan =
2 s(s  a)
 c= 6 , A = 105º, B = 15º
 abc
= where s = &
s(s  a) 2 EXAMPLE 12
= area of triangle If a, b, c are in A.P., then the numerical value of
A C
NAPIER’S ANALOGY - TANGENT RULE tan
2
tan
2
is

B  C bc A SOLUTION
1. tan = cot
2 bc 2
Given 2b = a + c  3b = 2s = a + b + c
C  A ca B  
2. tan = cot A C s- b
2 ca 2 tan tan = s (s - a ) . s(s  c) .
2 2 s- b
AB a b C
3. tan = cot 2s  2b b 1
2 ab 2 = = =
2s 3b 3
EXAMPLE 11
Find the unknown elements of the ABC in which A

a= 3 + 1, b = 3 – 1, C = 60º
f
SOLUTION
A
 a = 3 + 1, b = 3 – 1, C = 60º B a/2 C
 A + B + C = 180º  A + B = 120º ....(1)
AB
 From law of tangent, we know that tan   EXAMPLE 13
 2 
ab ( 3  1)  ( 3  1) C A
C In a ABC, if cos A + cos B = 4 sin2 , prove that tan
= cot = cot 30º 2 2
ab 2 ( 3  1)  ( 3  1)
2 B 1
= cot 30º . tan = . Hence deduce that the sides of the triangle are
2 3
2 3
in A.P.
AB
 tan   =1 SOLUTION
 2 
AB  AB AB C AB
 = = 45º 2 cos cos = 4 sin2 or cos
2 4 2 2 2 2
 A – B = 90º ....(2) AB
C  C
From equation (1) and (2); we get A = 105º and B = 15º. = 2 sin  sin  cos 
2  2 2 
Now,
 From sine-rule, we know that AB AB AB
= 2 cos or cos – cos
2 2 2
a b c
= = AB
sin A sin B sin C = cos
2
( 3  1)sin 60º ( 3  1)sin 60º A B A B A B
 c= e= 2 sin . sin = cos . cos – sin . sin
sin105º sin105º 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 A B A B A B 1
( 3  1) 3sin . sin = cos . cos or tan . tan =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
= 3 1   1
2 2 Now s(s  a) . s(s  b) = 3
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6.6 Theory and Exercise Book

sc 1 abc 4R
 =  R=  abc = 4R  LHS =
s 3 4 
 2s = 3c *Area of triangle = s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)
 a + b + c = 3c a + b = 2c
 a, c, b are in A.P.
EXAMPLE 15
EXAMPLE 14 Find the area of a triangle with angles ,  and  knowing
With usual notions, prove that in a triangle ABC, that the distances from an arbitrary point M taken inside the
triangle to its sides are equal to m,nand k. (fig.)
A B C s
cot + cot + cot = .
2 2 2 r SOLUTION
SOLUTION The area S of the triangle ABC can be found by the formula
A s(s  a) 1
Using cot = etc. S= AC. BC. sin , for which purpose we have to find AC
2  2
and BC. Let BC = x. Then, by the law of sines, we have
s(s  a)  s(s  b)  s(s  c)
LHS = AC BC AB

= = ,
3s  s(a  b  c)
2
3s  2s s2
s 2 2 sin  sin  sin 
= = = =
   r x sin  x sin 
hence we find that AC = and AB = .
SECTION - E sin  sin 
M-N RULE
B
M-N RULE
(i) (m + n) cot = m cot – n cot
k n
(ii) (m + n) cot = n cotB– m cotC
mM
A
A C

Thus, the problem is reduced to finding x. To set up

x an equation, we are going to apply the method of areas,taking
B C the area S of the triangle ABC as a reference element.
m D n
We have :
SECTION - F 1 1 x sin 
AREA OF TRIANGLE S= AC . BC . sin  = . x sin 
2 2 sin 
AREA OF TRIANGLE x 2 sin  sin 
To find the area of a triangle. Let  denote the area of the = . On the other hand,
2sin 
triangle ABC.Draw AD perpendicular to BC.
1 1 1
The area of a triangle is half the area of a rectangle on the S = SAMB + SBMC + SAMC = AB . k + BC . n + AC . m
2 2 2
same base and of the same altitude
1 x sin  1 1 x sin 
1 = . . k + xn + . .m
 = (base × altitude) 2 sin  2 2 sin 
2
x(k sin   n sin   msin )
1 1 1 =
= BC . AD = BC .AB sin B = ca sin B 2sin 
2 2 2
x 2 sin  sin  x(k sin   n sin   msin )
A Hence, = ,
2sin  2sin 
k sin   n sin   msin 
hence we get : x = sin  sin 
.
Substituting this value of x into the first of the above formulas
for the area of the triangle ABC, we obtain :

B D C x 2 sin  sin  (k sin   n sin   msin )2

S= = .
2sin  2sin  sin  sin 
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 Solution Of Triangle 6.7

SECTION - G
SOLVED EXAMPLE
FORMULAE FOR R & r
RADIUS OF THE CIRCUMCIRCLE (R) EXAMPLE 16
To find the radius of the circle circumscribing a triangle. Show that 2R2 sin A sin B sin C = .
Let S be the centre of the circle circumscribing the triangle
ABC, and R its radius. Bisect BSC by SD, which will also SOLUTION
bisect BC at right angles. BSC at centre = 1 1
a
The first side = . 2R sin A. 2R sin B. sin C = ab sin C = 
2 2
2BAC = 2A and = BD = BS sin BSD = R sin
2
a EXAMPLE 17
A  R=
2sin A With usual notation in a triangle ABC,
a b c prove that r2 + s2 + 4Rr = ab + bc + ca.
Thus = = = 2R
sin A sin B sin C
SOLUTION
or a = 2R sinA, b = 2R sin B, c = 2R sin C
A r2 + s2 + 4Rr
2 abc    abc 
= 2
2 + s + .  r  , R  
s  s  s 4 
S
s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c) abc
A = + s2 +
B C s.s s
D
(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)  s3  abc
The circum-radius may be expressed in a form not =
involving the angles, as s
a abc abc 2s 3  (a  b  c)s 2  (ab  bc  ca)s  abc  abc
R= = = =
2sin A 2bcsin A 4 s
= ab + bc + ca (proved)
RADIUS OF THE INCIRCLE (r)
To find the radius of the circle inscribed in a triangle. Let  EXAMPLE 18
be the circle inscribed in the triangle ABC, and D, E, F the
points of contact; then ID, IE, IF are perpendicular to the Find the area of a right triangle if it is known that the radius
sides. of the circle inscribed in the triangle is r and that of the
Now  = sum of the areas of the triangles BIC, CIA, AIB circumscribed circle is R.
1 1 1 1 SOLUTION
= ar + br + cr = (a + b + c)r = sr
2 2 2 2
 2 2 2
 r= r= = =
s 2S abc a  b  2R
r (a + b) = 2 – 2Rr
r2 (a + b)2 = 4( – Rr)2
r2 [a2 + b2+2ab] = 4(2+R2r2–2Rr)
r2(4R2+2(2)) = 4 (2+R2r2–2Rr)
4R2r2+4r2 = 42+4R2r2–8Rr
r2 = 2–2Rr  r2 = –2Rr
 abc
1. r = where s = = r(r+2R)
s 2
A B C
2. r = (s – a) tan = (s – b) tan = (s – c) tan A
2 2 2
B C
a sin sin c  a2  b2  2R
2 2
3. r = A & so on b
cos
2
A B C
4. r = 4R sin sin sin C
2 2 2 a B
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6.8 Theory and Exercise Book

EXAMPLE 19
If , ,  be the distances of the angular points of a triangle O
from the points of contact of the incircle with the sides of I
 r
the triangle, then show that r =
  
B M C
SOLUTION
x x x
  s  a cos  sin 2cos
4 4 2
  s  b   x x = x
 ++=s cos  sin sin
  s  c  4 4 2

A
x 2
 sin =
2 3
a
s–

x 1
 cos x = 1 – 2 sin2 =
2 9

EXAMPLE 21
B C
s–b s–c
Consider an acute angled triangle ABC. Let AD, BE and
CF be the altitudes drawn from the vertices to the opposite
2 s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c) EF FD DE Rr
Now r2 = = sides. Prove that, + + = .
s2 s2 a b c R
(s  a)(s  b)(s  c)  SOLUTION
= =    .
s

 BD = AB cos B = c cos B also BHD = –
Hence r = 2

  
EBC = –  2  C = C
2  
EXAMPLE 20
In an isosceles ABC if the altitudes intersect on the inscribed BD ccos B
 BH = = = 2R cos B
circle then the cosine of the vertical angle 'A' is sin C sin C

SOLUTION A
 x
A = x  BOI = – and
2 2
 x  x a x F E
BIM = + ; tan  2  2  = = cot
4 2   2r 2
H
x
1  tan
  x  a 4 B D C
and tan  4  4  = = x
  r 1  tan
4 Now the points H, D, B and F are concyclic and
BH is the diameter of the circle passing through these four
points. In fact this circle is also the circumcircle of triangle
BFD
FD
 = BH = 2R cos B
sin B
 FD = 2R sin B cos B = b cos B

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 Solution Of Triangle 6.9

With the notation of previous articles, since tangents

FD EF
 = cos B. Similarly to a circle from the same point are equal.
b a
we have, AF = AE, BD = BF, CD = CE;
DE  AF + (BD + CD) = half the sum of the sides ;
= cos A and = cos C  AF + a = s  AF = s – a = AE
c
Similarly, BD = BF = s – b, CD = CE = s – c.
EF FD DE
Thus + + = cos A + cos B + cos C A A
a b c Also r = AF tan =(s – a) tan
2 2
A B C r Rr
= 1 + 4 sin sin sin =1+ = .
2 2 2 R R A
SECTION - H
FORMULAE FOR EX-RADII
F
RADIUS OF THE EX-CIRCLES (r1,r2,r3) l E
A circle which touches one side of a triangle and the other B C
F1 D1 D
two sides produced is said to be an escribed circle of the
triangle. Thus the triangle ABC has three escribed circles,
E1
one touching BC, and AB, AC produced, a second touching
CA, and BC, AB produced ; a third touching AB, and CA,
CB produced.

To find the radius of an escribed circle of a triangle. B C

Similarly, r= (s – b) tan , r = (s – c) tan .
Let I1 be the centre of the circle touching the side BC and the 2 2
two sides AB and AC produced. Let D1, E1, F1 be the points Again, AF1 = AE1, BF1 = BD1, CE1 = CD1
of contact; then the lines joining I1 to these points are  2AF1 = AF1 + AE1 = (AB + BD1) + (AC + CD1)
= sum of the sides
perependicular to the sides.
 AF1 = s = AE1
Let r1 be the radius ; then
 BD1 = BF1 = s – c, CD1
 = area ABC = area ABl1C – area Bl1C = CE1 = s – b
= area Bl1A + area Cl1A – area Bl1C
A A
Also r1 = AF1 tan = s tan
2 2
A B C
Similarly, r2 = s tan , r = s tan .
2 3 2

D1 B C
B C a cos cos
E1 2 2
NOTE : r1 = A
F1 cos
2
l1
A B C
= 4R sin . cos . cos & so on
2 2 2

1 1 1 1 EXAMPLE 22
= cr + br – ar = (c + b – a) r1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 The radii r1, r2, r3 of escribed circles of a triangle ABC are in
 harmonic progression. If its area is 24 sq. cm and its perimeter
= (s – a) r1  r1 = is 24 cm, find the lengths of its sides.
sa
Similarly, if r2, r3 be the radii of the escribed circles SOLUTION
opposite to the angles
  sa sb sc
B and C respectively r2 = ,r = . , , are in A.P..
sb 3 sc   
Many important relations connecting a triangle and its circles a, b, c are in A.P. 2b = a + c
may be established by elementary geometry.
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6.10 Theory and Exercise Book

 2s = 24  s = 12 SECTION - I
 2s = a+b+c LENGTH OF ANGLE BISECTOR/
 2s = b+2b MEDIANS & ALTITUDE
 24 = 3b
1. Length of an angle bisector from the angle A = a
 b=8
 12(12  a)4(12  16  a) = 24 A
2bccos
= 2 .
 12 × 4(12 – a) (a – 4) = 24 × 24 b+c
 –a2 + 16a – 48 = 12
 a2 – 16a + 60 = 0 2. Length of median from the angle A = ma
 (a – 10) (a – 6) = 0
1
 a = 10, a = 6 =
2 2b2  2c 2  a 2
a = 10, b = 8, c = 6
EXAMPLE 23 A
ABC is a triangle with l as its incentre. The radii of the
incircles of the triangles BIC, AIB andAIC are
ma Aa
a(r  r1 ) a
r1, r2, and r3 respectively. Prove that Al + Bl + Cl = 2r1
b(r  r2 ) c(r  r3 )
+ 2r2 + 2r3 . B D E F C
SOLUTION
The area of the triangle BIC = 1 2
3. Length of altitude from the angle A = Aa = .
1 Blr1 Clr1 a
1 = ar + +
2 1 2 2 3 2
NOTE: ma2 + mb2 + mc2 = (a + b2 + c2)
1 1 4
 ar = (a + Bl + Cl) r1
2 2
a(r  r1 ) EXAMPLE 24
 r1 = Bl + Cl ....(1)
The medians of a triangle ABC are 9 cm, 12 cm and 15 cm
b(r  r2 ) respectively.
Similarly r2 = Al + Bl and Then the area of the triangle is
c(r  r3 ) SOLUTION
r3 = Al + Cl ....(2)
Produce the median AM to D such that GM = MD. Join D
A to B and C.
Now GBDC is a parallelogram. Note that the sides of the
GDC are 6, 8, 10
 GDC = 90º
l
1
r1 r1 Area of ADC   12  8  48
r1 2
1
B C Area of MDC   3  8  12
2
From (1) and (2), we get Al + Bl + Cl
 Area of AMC = 36
a(r  r1 ) b(r  r2 ) c(r  r3 )
= 2r + 2r + 2r .  Area of ABC = 72 cm2
1 2 3 Alternate Solution :-
4
Area of triangle = s  s  m1   s  m2   s  m3 
3
where m1,m2,m3 are medians of the and
m1  m2  m3 36
s   18
2 2
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 Solution Of Triangle 6.11

4
Circumscribe a circle above
= 18 18  9  18  12  18  15 = 72cm2 the triangle ABC with the angle
3
bisector BD (fig.). The vertices
of all the rest of triangles with
a given base and a given vertex
angle lie on the arc ABC. Let us take an isosceles triangle
AB1C, draw the angle bisector B1D1 in it, and prove that
BD < B1D1 in it, and prove that BD < B1D1.
Extend both angle bisectors BD and B1D1 to intersect the
circle. Both of them will intersect the circle. Both of them
will intersect the circle at one and the same point M which is
the midpoint of the arc AC. Since B1M is a diameter of the
circle, we have : BM < B1M. From the triangle DD1M. From
these inequalities it follows that BM – DM < B1M – D1M,
that is BD < B1D1.

EXAMPLE 25 EXAMPLE 27
1 In a ABC, the bisector of the angle A meets the side BC in
In ABC, in the usual notation, the area is bc sq. units D and the circumscribed circle in E.
2
AD is the median to BC.
A
a 2 sec
1 2 .
Prove that ABC = ADC. Show that, DE =
2 2(b  c)
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
 sin A = 1  A = 90º ck + bk = a
a
Since AD is the median and A = 90º, D, the midpoint of  k= also xy = bck2
BC is the centre of the circumcircle of ABC. bc
A
A 2bcos bca 2
 x. 2 =  x
bc (b  c) 2

b A
c a 2 sec
= 2 = DE
2(b  c)
B C
aD
A
1
So AD = BD = DC  ABC = ADC
c
2
y b
1
(angle subtended by AC at the circumference = angle
2 ck bk
subtended by AC at the centre). B C
x D
EXAMPLE 26 E
Prove that of all the triangles with a given base and a given
vertex angle, an isosceles triangle has the greatest bisector
of the vertex angle. EXAMPLE 28
SOLUTION In a ABC internal angle bisector Al, Bl and Cl are produced
B1 to meet opposite sides in A', B' and C' respectively. Prove
Let us give a geometrical proof B
which is considerably briefer AlBlCl 8
and more elegant than the first that the maximum value of is .
AA '.BB'.CC' 27
method.
SOLUTION
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1

M
6.12 Theory and Exercise Book

points on the opposite sides of the triangle ABC, then GHK

Since angle bisector divides opposite side in ratio of sides
is called the Pedal triangle of ABC. The three perpendiculars
containing the angle
AG, BH, CK meet in a point O which is called
ac ab the orthocentre of the triangle ABC.
 BA' =  CA' =
bc a c
Now Bl is also angle bisector of B for triangle ABA' A
A

K
C' B' H

| O

B A' C
B G C
AI b+ c AI b+ c
 =  = To find the sides and angles of the pedal triangle.
AI' a AA' a+ b + c
In the figure, the points K, O, G, B are concyclic :
Bl a+ c Cl a+ b
Similarly = and =  OGK = OBK = 90º – A
Bl' a+ b + c CC' a+ b + c Also the points H, O, G, C are concyclic :
Al . Bl . Cl (a+ b)(b + c)(c+ a)  OGH = OCH = 90º – A
 =  KGH = 180º – 2A
AA'.BB'.CC' (a+ b + c) 3
Thus the angles of the pedal triangle are 180º – 2A,
Using A.M.  G.M. we get
180º – 2B, 180º – 2C
1/3 Again, the triangles AKH, ABC are similar :
2(a+ b+ c)  (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 
  
 HK AK
3(a+ b+ c)  (a + b + c) 3   = = cos A  HK = a cos A
BC AC
(a+ b)(b+ c)(c+ a) 8 Thus the sides of the pedal triangle are a cos A, b
  .
(a+ b + c) 2 27 cos B, c cos C.
In terms of R, the equivalent forms become R sin
SECTION - J 2A, R sin 2B, R sin 2C.
If the angle ACB of the given triangle is obtuse, the
DISTANCE OF SPECIAL POINTS FROM expression 180º – 2C, and c cos C are both negative, and
VERTICES AND SIDES OF A TRIANGLE the values we have obtained required some modification.
We have to show that in this case the angles are 2A, 2B, 2C
– 180º, and the sides a cos A, b cos B, – c cos C.
Vertices Sides
1. Distance of OA = R Oa=RCosA Remarks :
Circumcentre ( O) From :
1. The distances of the orthocentre from the angular
2. Distance Of Incentre IA= rcosec A/2 Ia=r points of the ABC are 2 R cos A, 2R cos B and
( I) From :
I1A= r1cosec A/2 I1a=r1
2R cos C.
3. Distance of Excentre
(I1) From : 2. The distances of P from sides are 2R cos B cos C,
3. Distance of HA = 2RcosA Ha = 2RcosBcosC 2R cos C cos A & 2R cos B cos C.
Orthocentre (H) From :
3. Circumradii of the triangles PBC, PCA, PAB are
4. Distance Of Centroid
GA
1
u 2b 2 2c 2 a2 Ga =
2
3a
equal.
(G) From : 3
To find the area and circum-radius of the pedal triangle.

SECTION - K 1
Area = (product of two sides) × (sine of included angle)
PEDAL TRIANGLE 2

ORTHOCENTRE AND PEDAL TRIANGLE 1

= R sin 2B . R sin 2C . sin (180º – 2A)
Let G, H, K be the feet of the perpendiculars from the angular 2

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 Solution Of Triangle 6.13

SOLUTION
1
= R2 sin 2A sin 2B sin 2C. The circum-radius  b2 - c2 
2 Sides are a cos A, b cos B, c cos C. Hence LHS  a 
 
HK acosA acosA R
= = 2.sin(  - 2A)  2.sin(2A) = .  c2 - a 2   a 2 - b2 
2sinHGK 2
cos A +  b  cos B +   cos C
   c 
EXAMPLE 29 b 2

 c2  a2 b2  c2   a 2
 c 2  b2  c 2
 a2 
The point H is the orthocentre of the triangle ABC. A point 2abc 2abc
K is taken on the straight line CH such that ABK is a right
triangle. Prove that the area of the triangle ABK is the +
a 2
 b2  c2  a
2
 b2  =0
geometric mean between the area of the triangles ABC 2abc
and ABH.
SOLUTION EXAMPLE 31
Vertex A of a variable triangle ABC, inscribed in a circle of
We introduce the following notation : radius R, is a fixed point. If the angles subtended by the side
SABK = S, SABC = S1, SABH = S2. BC at orthocentre (H), circumcentre (O) and incentre (I)
are equal than identify the locus of orthocentre of triangle
1 1 1 ABC.
Then S= AB . KD , S1 = AB . CD, and S2 = AB . HD.
2 2 2
SOLUTION
C The angles subtended by the side BC at points H, O and I
 B+ C 
are B + C, 2A and  –   respectively..
 2 
K
E  B+ C 
H  B + C = 2A = 180 –  
 2 
p 2p
 A= and B + C = . Also in triangle ABC, HA
B D A 3 3
= 2R cos A = R
 HA is contant.
We have to prove that S = S1S2 ,
 locus of orthocentre is a circle having centre at the
....(1) vertex A.
1 1 1
i.e.
2
AB . KD =
2
AB.CD . ABHD
2
EXCENTRAL TRIANGLE
Let ABC be a triangle l1, l2, l3 its ex-centres ; then l1l2l3 is
or KD2 = CD . HD.
called the Ex-central triangle of ABC. Let l be the in-centre
....(2)
; then from the construction for finding the positions of the
But ABK is a right angled triangle, and therefore, KD2 =
in-centre and ex-centres, it follows that :
BD. AD. Thus, equality (2) will be ascertained if we prove
1. The points l, l1 lie on the line bisecting the angle
BD DH BAC; the points l, l2 lie on the line bisecting the
that BD . AD = CD . DH, or that = . The last
CD AD angle ABC; the points l, l3 lie on the line bisecting
equality obviously follows from and HDA (in these triangles the angle ACB.
the angles BCD and HAD are equal as angles with mutually
perpendicular sides since AE is the altitude of the triangle). 2. The points l2, l3 lie on the line bisecting the angle
Hence, Equality (2) as well as equality (1) have been proved. BAC externally; the points l3,l1 lie on the line
bisecting the angle ABC externally ; the points l1, l2
EXAMPLE 30 lie on the line bisecting the angle ABC externally.
If f, g, h denote sides, the pedal triangle of a ABC, then
3. The line Al1 is perpendicular to l2l3; the line Bl2 is
(b 2 - c 2 ) (c 2 - a 2 ) (a 2 - b 2 ) h perpendicular to l3l1 ; the line Cl3 is perpendicular
show that + + =0
a2 b2 c2 to l1l2. Thus the triangle ABC is the Pedal triangle
of its ex-central triangle l1l2l3.

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6.14 Theory and Exercise Book

4. The angles IBl1 and ICl1 are right angles; hence To find the distances between the in-centre and ex-centres.
t h e The  lBl1,  lCl1 are right angles
points B, l, C, l1 are concyclic . Similarly, the points
 II1 is the diameter of the circum-circle of the triangle
C, l, A, l2, and the points A, l, B, l3 are concyclic.
BCl1
5. The lines AI1, BI2, CI3 meet at the in-centre l, which
is therefore the orthocentre of the ex-central BC a A
 II1 = sinBI C = A = 4R sin 2 .
triangle l1l2l3. 1 cos
2
6. The lines Al1, Bl2, Cl3 meet at the in-centre l, which
is therefore the orthocentre of the ex-central triangle
A B C
l1l2l3. Thus the distances are 4R sin , 4R sin , 4R sin
2 2 2
7. Each of the four points l, l1,l2,l3 is the orthocentre
of the triangle formed by joining the other three We have proved that OG, OH, OK bisect the angles HGK,
points. KHG, GHK respectively, so that O is the
To find the sides and angles of the ex-central triangle. in-centre of the triangle GHK. Thus the orthocentre of a
With the figure of the-last article. triangle is the in-centre of the pedal triangle.
Bl1C = Bl1l + Cl1l = BCl + CBl Again, the line CGB which is at right angles to OG bisect
C B A HGK externally. Similarly the lines AHC and BKA bisect
= + = 90º – . Thus the angles are KHG and GKH externally, so that ABC is the ex-central
2 2 2
triangle of its pedal triangle GHK.
A B C
90º – 90º – , 90º – .
2 2 2
EXAMPLE 32
Again, the points B, l3, l2, C are concyclic.
If l is the incentre and l1, l2, l3 are the centre of escribed
 l1l2l3 = l3BC = l1BC
 the triangles l1l2l3 = supplement of l1BC are similar circles of the ABC, Prove that
1. II1. II2. II3 = 16R2r
I 2 I3 I 3 I1  A A
 = I C = sec  90º  = cosec 2. II12 + I2I32 = II22 + I3I12 = I1I22 + II32
BC 1  2 2
SOLUTION
A A
 l2l3 = a cosec = 4R cos A
2 2 1. We know that II1 = a sec ,
2
A B C
Thus the sides are 4R cos , 4R cos , 4R cos
2 2 2 B C
II2 = b sec and II3 = c sec
2 2
To find the area and circum-radius of the ex-central
triangle. C A
 I1I2 = c cosec , I2I3 = a cosec and I3I1
1 2 2
The area = (product of two sides) × (sine of included
2
angle) B
= b cosec
2
1 B C  A
= × 4R cos × 4R cos × sin  90º  
2 2 2  2 A B C
 II1.II2.II3 = abc sec sec sec
A B C 2 2 2
= 8R2 cos cos cos
2 2 2 ....(1)
I 2 I3  a = 2R sin A, b = 2R sin B and c = 2R sin C
The circum-radius = 2 sin I I I
2 1 3  equation (i) becomes  II1.II2.II3

A A B C
4 Rcos = (2R sin A) (2R sin B) (2R sin C) sec sec sec
2 2 2 2
= = 2R
 A
2 sin  90º - 
 2

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 Solution Of Triangle 6.15

the circumference in L, and join CL. Then

 A A  B B  C C
 2 sin cos   2 sin cos   2 sin cos  A C
 2 2  2 2  2 2
= 8R3 . A B C HIC = IAC + ICA = + ;
cos .cos .cos 2 2
2 2 2
C C A
HCl = ICB + BCH = + BAH = + ;
2 2 2
A B C
= 64R3 sin sin sin
2 2 2 L
A
A B C M A
 r = 4R sin sin sin 2
2 2 2
Sl E
 II1.II2.II3 = 16R2r r
N
B C
2. II12 +I2I32 = II22 I3I12 = II32 + I1I22
H
A A
 II12 + I2I32 = a2 sec2 + a2 . cosec2 A
2 2  HCI = HIC ;  HI = HC = 2R sin .
2

a2 A A
Also Al = lE cosec = r cosec
2 2
= sin 2 A cos 2 A
2 2  Al . lH = 2Rr
Produce Sl to meet the circumference in M and N.
A A Since MIN, AIH are chords of the circle.
 a =2 R sin A = 4R sin cos
2 2 AI.IH = MI. IN = (R + SI) (R – SI);
 2Rr = R2 – SI2; SI2 = R2 – 2Rr
A A
16R 2 sin 2 .cos 2
2 2 To find the distance of the orthocentre from the
 II12 + I2I32 = 2 A 2 A = 16R2
sin .cos circum-centre.
2 2
With the usual notation, we have SO2 = SA2 + AO2 – 2SA
Hence II12 +I2I32 = II22 + I3I12 = II32 + I1I22 . AO cos SAO.
Now AS = R; AO = AH cosec C = c cos A cosec C

SECTION -L B
MIXED PROBLEM
DISTANCES BETWEEN SPECIAL POINTS
1. The distance between circumcentre and orthocentre
is =R. 1 - 8 cosAcosBcosC S
2. The distance between circumcentre and incentre B G
O
A B C
is = R 2 - 2 Rr = R 1 - 8 sin sin sin
2 2 2 A H C
3. Distance between circumcentre and centroid = 2R sin C cos A cosec C = 2R cos A;
SAO = SAC – OAC = (90º – B) – (90º – C) = C – B
1 2  SO2 = R2 + 4R2 cos2A – 4R2 cos A cos (C – B)
OG = R 2- (a + b 2 + c 2 )
9 = R2 – 4R2 cosA {cos (B + C) + cos (C – B)}
4. The distance between incentre and orthocentre is = R2 – 8R2 cos A cos B cos C
2 r 2 - 4 R 2 cosAcosBcosC EXAMPLE 33
To find the distance between the in-centre and circum- If r and R are radii of the incircle and circumcircle of ABC,
centre. prove that
Let S be the circum-centre and I the in-centre.Produce Al to  2 A 2 B 2 C
meet the circum-circle in H; join CH and Cl. 8rR  cos 2 + cos 2 + cos 2  =2bc+2 ca + 2ab –a2 –b2 –c2
 
Draw IE perpendicular to AC. Produce HS to meet
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6.16 Theory and Exercise Book

SOLUTION  a2 + d2 – b2 – c2 = 2(ad – bc)

8 abc A abc  A ad- bc
LHS =  cos2 =  2 cos 2   cos A =
s 4 2 s  2 ad+ bc

ab c A 1 - cosA bc
= [(1 + cos A) + (1 + cos B) + (1 + cos C)]  tan2 = =
s 2 1 + cosB ad

ab c  (b+ c) - a + (c+ a) - b + (a+ b) - c 

2 2 2 2 2 2 INSCRIBED AND CRICUMSCRIBED
=   POLYGONS
s  2 bc 2ca 2 ab 
To find the perimeter and area of a regular polygon of
abc (2 s) n sides inscribed a circle.
= [a(b + c – a) + b (c + a – b) + c(a + b – c)]
s 2 abc
Let r be the radius of the circle, and AB a side of the polygon.
Join OA, OB, and draw OD bisecting AOB; then AB is
EXAMPLE 34 bisected at right angles in D.
 1 2
If the angle A of triangle ABC is , then prove that the And AOB = (four right angles) =
3 n n
vertices B, C orthocentre, circumcentre and incentre are
concylic.
SOLUTION
O
The angle subtended by the side BC at the orthocentre, the
A
circumcentre and the incentre are B + C, 2A and 90 + D
2
A B
A
respectively. If A = 60º, then B + C = 2A = 90 + = 120º Perimeter of polygon = nAB = 2nAD = 2nOA sin AOD
2

A = 2nr sin
n
Area of polygon = n (area of triangle AOB)
1 2 2p
= nr sin .
2 n
B C
To find the perimeter and area of a regular polygon of n
 Angle subtended by BC at orthocentre,
sides circumscribed about a given circle.
circumcentre and incentre are equal
 B, C, orthocentre, circumcentre and incentre are Let r be the radius of the circle, and AB a side of the polygon.
Let AB touch the circle at D. Join OA, OB, OD; then OD
concyclic .
bisects AB at right angles, and also bisects AOB.

EXAMPLE 35 =nAB = 2nAD = 2nOD tan AOD = 2nr tan .
n
A quadrilateral ABCD is such that one circle can be inscribed
Area of polygon = n (area of triangle AOB)
in it and another circle circumscribed about it ; show that
A bc
tan2 = .
2 ad
SOLUTION O
If a circle can be inscribed in a quadrilateral, the sum of one
pair of the opposite sides is equal to that of the other pair : a
+ c = b + d. Since the quadrilateral is cyclic,
A D B
2 2 2 2
a +d -b -c
cos A = . 
2 (ad + b c) = nOD . AD = nr2 tan
n
But a – d = b – c, so that a2 –2ad + d2 = b2 – 2bc + c2 ;

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 Solution Of Triangle 6.17

EXAMPLE 36 We have (see figure) PQ. QR > BQ . QC, QR . RS > CR

If a, b, c denote the sides of a ABC, show that the value of . RD, etc.
the expression, Therefore, (PQ + QR + RS + SP)2
a3 (p – q) (p – r) + b2 (q – r) + b2 (q – r) (q – p) + c2 (r – p) (r – = PQ2 + ... + 2PQ . QR + ....
q) cannot be negative where p, q, r  R. > (PB2 + BQ2) + 2BQ . QC +.....
= (PA + PB)2 + (BQ + QC)2 + (CR + RD)2 + (DS +
SOLUTION 2
SA)
p- q = y > 0 
Let p > q > r and q - r = z > 0  D R C

 p–r=y+z>0
Consider E = a2y (y + z) – b2zy + c2z (y + z) Q
= a2y2 + c2z2 + yz (a2 + c2 – b2) S
Now b<a+c
 bmax = a + c A P B
Eleast = a2y2 + c2z2 + yz [a2 + c2 – (a + c)2] = AB2 + BC2 + CD2 + DA2 = AC2 + BD2 = 2AC2
= a2y2 + c2z2 – 2acyz = (ay – cz)2  0
Hence PQ + QR + RS + SP > 2 AC.

EXAMPLE 37
EXAMPLE 39
B C 1  b+ c  A In a triangle ABC the angle A is twice the angle C, the side
In a triangle ABC If 2 cos cos = +   sin
2 2 2  a  2 BC is 2 cm longer than the side AB, and
then find the measure of angle A. AC = 5 cm. Find AB and BC.
SOLUTION SOLUTION
B C 1  b+ c  A Drawing the bisector AD of the angle A, we get :
Given 2 cos cos = +  sin
2 2 2  a  2 BAD = DAC = ACB,
 B+ C   B- C  In a triangles ADC, the base angles are equal to
 cos   + cos   each other, and hence, this is an isosceles triangles :
 2   2 
AD = DC. Setting AB = x and AD = DC = y,
1  sinB+ sinC  A we find the BC = x + 2 and BD = x + 2 – y.
= +  sin
2  sinA  2 The triangles ABD and CBA are similar, since
A  B- C  BAD = BCA and B is a common angle. From the
 sin + cos   similarity of these triangles we conclude that
2  2 
 B+ C   B- C  A AB BD AD x x  2  y y
2 sin   cos   sin = = , i.e., = = .
1  2   2  2 BC AB AC x2 x 5
= + A A For finding x & y we have system of two equation
2 2 sin cos
2 2
 x y
A  B- C   x  2  5 ,
cos cos  
A  B- C  1 2  2  in two variables :  ,
 sin
2
+ cos 
 2 
 =
2
+ A x  2  y  y
cos  x 5
2
A  B- C  1  B- C  5x  xy  2y,
 sin + cos  = + cos   hence 5x  10  5y  xy
2  2  2  2  
A 1
 sin =  A/2 = 30º B
2 2
 A = 60º

EXAMPLE 38 D
X
Suppose ABCD is a rectangle and P,Q,R,S are points on the
y y
sides AB, BC, CD, DA respectively.
Show that PQ + QR + RS + SP  2 AC.
SOLUTION A C

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6.18 Theory and Exercise Book

Subtracting the second equation from the first,

we get : 5y – 10 = 2y
10 x 2
and y= . Hence, = , i.e. x = 4
3 x 2 3
EXAMPLE 40
3R
In triangle ABC, cos A . cos B + cos B. cos C + cos C. cos Q 2
A = 1 – 2cos A . cos B . cos C. Prove that it is possible if and
only if ABC is equilateral. R

SOLUTION R/8 C 


 cosA . cos B = 1 – 2 cos A. cos B. cos C S P
Q
= 1 – cos C (cos (A + B) + cos (A – B))
= 1 + cos2 A – sin2B + cos2C
= cos2A + cos2B + cos2C =  cos2A
Thus we have, 2 cos2A – 2 cos A . cos B = 0
 (cos A– cos B)2 + (cos B – cos C)2 + (cos C – cos A)2 = 0 49 169
1+ -
64 64 56 1
 cos A = cos B = cos C = =– =–
7 112 2
 A = B = C. Thus triangle ABC is equilateral.
4
   = 120º  = 120º  PS = (CP) 
Now if  is equilateral A = B = C =
3
7R 2  7 R
3 = . =
 cos A cos B = and 1 – 2 cos A cos B cos C 8 3 12
4

2 3 EXAMPLE 42
= 1– = .
8 4 Three circles whose radii are a, b and c and c touch one
Hence the given expression is true if and only if other externally and the tangents at their points of contact
ABC is equilateral. meet in a point. Prove that the distance of this point from
1/ 2
EXAMPLE 41  ab c 
either of their points of contact is   .
A point 'O' is situated on a circle of radius R and with centre  a+ b + c 

3R SOLUTION
O, another circle of radius is described inside the crescent
2
B  A  C 
shaped area intercepted between these circles, a circle of tan = ; tan = and tan = .
2 b 2 a a c
radius R/8 is placed. If the same circle moves in centroid
with the original circle of radius R, the length of the arc
described by its centre in moving from one extreme position
to the other is A
a
b
SOLUTION  B
c 2
R 7R
CP = CQ – PQ = R – = and
8 8 c
3R R 13 R C
OP = OT + TQ = + =
2 8 8
2 2
 7 R   13 
R2+   -  R
2
 8   8 
Now cos =
2.R .
7R A B 2
Now  tan tan = (a + b + c)
8 2 2 abc

ab c
 2 =
a+ b + c

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 Solution Of Triangle 6.19

bsinA
EXAMPLE 43 B may be found from sin B = .
a
An isosceles triangle ABC is inscribed in a circle whose
base AC = b and the base angle is . A second circle touches These values are supplementary, so that one angle
the first circle and the base of the triangle at its midpoint D, is acute, the other obtuse.
and is situated outside the triangle. Find the radius of the 1. If a < b, then A < B, and therefore B may either be
second circle. acute obtuse, so that both values are admissible.
SOLUTION This is known as the ambiguous case.
Let us take advantage of the fact that AD.DC = BD.DK 2. If a = b, then A = B; and if a > b, then A > B ; in

b b
either case B cannot be obtuse, and therefore only
Since AD = DC = ; BD = tan , the smaller value of B is admissible. When B is
2 2
f o u n d ,
B C is determined from C = 180º – A – B.
Finally, c may be found from the equation

asin C
c= .
sin A
D
A C
From the foregoing investigation it appears that the
K only case in which an ambiguous solution, can arise is when
the smaller of the two given sides is opposite to the given
b2 b angle.
and DK = 2r, we get : = tan  . 2r,,
4 2 To discuss the Ambiguous case geometrically.
b Let a, b, A be the given parts. Take a line AX unlimited towards
hence r = cot .
4 X; XAC equal to A, and AC equal to b.
Draw CD perpendicular to AX, then CD = b sin A. With
AMBIGUOUS CASE OF SOLUTION OF centre C and radius equal to describe a circle.
TRIANGLE
(a) If a < b sin A, the circle will not meet AX; thus no
To solve a triangle having given two sides and an angle triangle can be constructed with the given parts.
opposite to one of them.
(b) If a = b sin A, the circle will touch AX at D; thus
Let a, b, A be given ; then B is to found from
there is right-angled triangle with the given parts.
b
the equation sin B = sin A.
a
c c

bsinA
(a) If a < b sin A, then > 1, so that sin B > 1, b a b a
a

which is impossible. Thus there is no solution. B

A D X A D X
bsinA
(b) If a = b sin A, then = 1, so that sin B = 1
a
(c) If a > b sin A, the circle will cut AX in two points
and B has only the value 90º.
B1, B2.
bsinA 1. These points will be
(c) If a > b sin A, then < 1, and two values for
a both on the same side
of A,when a < b, in

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 C
6.20 Theory and Exercise Book
b a
which case there are a
2 2
two solutions namely 3 -1
the triangles AB1C, A = 1 . = 2 ( 3 – 1)
B1 D B1 2 2
2
AB2C This the
Ambiguous case. Thus the complete solution is

2. The points B1, B2, will be on opposite sides of A C = 60º , or 120


when a >b.In this  A = 75º , or 15º
C 
case there is only one a = 6 + 2 , or 6 - 2

solution, for the angle a The ambiguous case may also be discussed by first
b finding the third side.
CAB 2 is the
B2 B1
As before, let a, b, A be given, then
supplement of the A D

given angle, and thus b 2 + c2 - a 2

cos A =
2bc
the triangle AB2C does
 c2 – 2b cos A . c + b2 – a2 = 0
not satisfy the data.
By solving this quadratic equation in c, we obtain

c = b cosA ± b 2 cos 2 A+ a 2 - b 2
3. If a = b, the point B2 coincides with A, so that there is
only one solution. = b cosA ± a 2 - b 2 sin 2 A

EXAMPLE 44 (a) When a < b sin A, the quantity under the radical is
negative, and the values of c are impossible, so that
Given B = 45º, c = 12 , b = 8 , solve the triangle. there is no solution.
SOLUTION (b) When a = b sin A, the quantity under the radical is
1 zero, and c= b cos A. Since sin A < 1, it follows that
csinB 2 3 3
We have sin C = = . = a < b, and therefore A < B. Hence the triangle is
b 2 2 2 2
 C = 60º or 120º impossible unless the angle A is acute,m in which
A case c is positive and there is one solution.
(c) When a < b sin A, there are three cases to consider.
15º 120º 1. Suppose a < b, then A < B, and as before the triangle
is impossible unless A is acute.
120º
60º
In this case b cos A is positive. Also
45º
B C2 C1
and since b < c, both these values are admissible. a 2 - b 2 sin 2 A is real and < b 2 - b 2 sin 2 A
The two triangles which satisfy the data are shown i.e. a 2 - b 2 sin 2 A < b cos A
in the figure.
Hence both values of c are real and positive,
Denote the sides BC1, BC2 by a1, a2 and the angles BAC1,
so that there are two solutions.
BAC2 by A1, A2 respectively
2. Suppose a > b, then a 2 - b 2 sin 2 A >
bsinA 1
(a) In the ABC1, A1 = 75º. Hence a1 = =
sinB
b 2 - b 2 sin 2 A i.e. a 2 - b 2 sin 2 A > b cos A
3 +1 Hence one value of c is positive and one
2 2
. = 2 ( 3 + 1) value is negative, whether A is acute or obtuse, and
1 2 2
in each case there is only one solution.
bsinA 2 3. Suppose a = b, then a 2 - b 2 sin 2 A = b cos A
(b) In the ABC2, A2 = 15º. Hence a2 =
sin B i.e. c = 2b cos A or 0;

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 Solution Of Triangle 6.21
Hence there is only one solution when A is
acute, and when A is obtuse the triangle is
impossible.

EXAMPLE 45
If b, c, B are given, and if b < c, show that (a1 – a2)2 + (a1 +
a2)2 tan2 B = 4b2,
where a1, a2 are the two values of the third side.
SOLUTION

c2 + a 2 - b2
From the formula cos B = .
2 ca
we have a2 – 2c cos B . a + c2 – b2 = 0
But the roots of this equation are a1and a2; hence by
the theory of quadratic equations
a1 + a2 = 2c cos B and a1a2 = c2 – b2.
 (a1 – a2)2 = (a1 + a2)2 – 4a1a2
= 4c2 cos2 B – 4(c2 – b2)
 (a1 – a2)2 + (a1 + a2)2 tan2B
= 4c2 cos2 B – 4(c2 – b2) + 4c2 cos2 B tan2 B
= 4c2 (cos2 B + sin2B) – 4c2 + 4b2 = 4b2

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