FIITJEE

MATHS
FIITJEE
PINNACLE
For – JEE (Main/Advanced)
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PINNACLE-CBSE

SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES
CONTENTS SYLLABUS
 Basic Formulae 1
 Exercise 1 3 CBSE: Solution of triangles.
 Solution of Triangle 4
 Exercise 2 6
 Circle connected with triangle 6
 Exercise 3 8 IITJEE: Relations between sides and angles of a
 Miscellaneous Exercise 8 triangle, sine rule, cosine rule, projection rule,
 Assignment problem level 0 9 Napier’s rule, half-angle formula and the area of a
 Solved Problems triangle.
 Subjective 11
 Objective 16
 Assignment Problems
 Subjective 21
 Objective 23
 Answers to Assignment
Problems 27
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In a triangle ABC, the angles are denoted by capital letters A

A, B, and C and the lengths of the sides opposite these
angles are denoted by a, b, c respectively. Semi-perimeter
abc c b
of the triangle is written as s  , and its area by S
2
or .

B a C
Let R be the radius of the circumcircle of triangle ABC.

Basic Formulae
(i) Sine rule:
sin A sinB sinC 1
   .
a b c 2R

Proof: Let D be the foot of the perpendicular A

from A to BC and E be the foot of the
perpendicular from B to CA. From E
triangle ABD, we have c
b L
AD
sin B = or AD = c sin B. O
AB 
From triangle ACD, we have
AD B a C
sin C = or AD = b sin C. D
AC
Hence c sin B = b sin C
sinB sinC
or  .
b c
Similarly from BEC and BEA, we get
sinC sin A
 .
c a
sin A sinB sinC
Hence   .
a b c
Let O be the centre of the circumcircle of ABC. Join BO and produce it to meet the
circle at L so that BL = 2R,
BCL = 900 and BLC = A (angles in the same segment).
From BCL, we have
BC a sin A 1
sin BLC = sin A =    .
BL 2R a 2R
sin A sinB sinC 1
Hence    .
a b c 2R

(ii) Cosine rule:

b2  c 2  a2 a2  c 2  b2 a2  b2  c 2
cos A  , cosB= , cosC= .
2bc 2ac 2ab

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Proof: From ADC, we have

DC
cos C = or DC = b cos C.
AC
Also, from ADB, we have
AB2 = BD2 + AD2
= (BC  CD)2 + AD2
2 2 2
= BC  2BC. CD + (CD + AD )
2 2
= BC  2BC. CD + AC  c2 = a2  2ab cos C + b2
a2  b2  c 2
 cos C = .
2ab

(iii) Projection rule:

a = b cosC + c cosB,
b = c cosA + a cosC,
c = a cosB + b cosA.

Proof: In triangle ADC, DC = b cos C

and in triangle ADB, BD = c cos B so that
a = BC = BD + DC = c cos B + b cos C.

(iv) Napier's analogy:

BC bc A C A c a B A B ab C
tan  cot , tan  cot , tan  .cot .
2 bc 2 2 ca 2 2 ab 2

Proof: From the sine rule, we have

BC BC
2 sin
cos
b  c 2R(sinB  sin C) 2 2
 
b  c 2R(sinB  sin C) BC BC
2 sin cos
2 2
BC  B  C A A 
= tan cot    
2  2 2 2
BC  A B C A
= tan cot    = tan tan
2  2 2  2 2
B C bc A
 tan = cot .
2 bc 2

(v) Trigonometric ratios of half - angles:

A  s  b  s  c  B  s  c  s  a  C  s  a  s  b 
sin  , sin  , sin  ,
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab
A s s  a B ss  b C s s  c 
cos  , cos  , cos  ,
2 bc 2 ca 2 ab
A  s  b  s  c  B  s  c  s  a  C  s  a  s  b 
tan  , tan  , tan  .
2 s s  a 2 s  s  b 2 ss  c 

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Proof: From cosine rule, we have

b2  c 2  a2 A b2  c 2  a2
cos A =  1  2 sin2 
2bc 2 2bc
A 2bc  b2  c 2  a2 a2  (b  c)2
or 2 sin2  
2 2bc 2bc
(a  b  c)(a  b  c) (2s  2b)(2s  2c)
= 
2bc 2bc
A (s  b)(s  c)
 sin  . … (1)
2 bc
A A a2  (b  c)2
2  1  sin2  1 
Also cos 2 2 4bc

4bc  (b  c)2  a2 (b  c)2  a2 (b  c  a)(b  c  a) 2s(2s  2a)

=   =
4bc 4bc 4bc 4bc
A s(s  a)
 cos  … (2)
2 bc
From (1) and (2), we get
A (s  b)(s  c)
tan  .
2 s(s  a)
Since, every angle of a triangle is less than 1800, half of each angle will be less than 900,
and thus, all the trigonometric ratios of half the angles are positive.

(vi) Area of a triangle:

1 1 1 abc
 bc sin A = ca sinB = ab sin C = s  s-a  s  b  s  c  
2 2 2 4R

Proof: From triangle ABC, we have

1 1 1
 = AD. BC = b sin C. a = ab sin C
2 2 2
1 1
= bc sin A = ca sin B (Similarly)
2 2
1 A A (s  b)(s  c) s(s  a)
= bc 2 sin cos = bc
2 2 2 bc bc
= s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c) .
1 1 a abc
Also  = bc sin A = bc. = .
2 2 2R 4R

Exercise 1.
In any triangle ABC, prove the following:
i) (b + c) cosA + (c + a) cos B + (a + b) cosC = a + b + c
ii) a2 cos2B + b2 cos2A + 2ab cos(A – B) = c2
cos B cosC
iii) The triangle is isosceles if  .
b c
b c A bc A
iv) cot  tan = 2 cosec (B  C).
bc 2 b c 2

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Solution of Triangles:
The three sides a, b, c and the three angles A, B, C are called the elements of the triangle ABC.
When any three of these six elements (except all the three angles) of a triangle are given, the
triangle is known completely; that is the other three elements can be expressed in terms of the
given elements and can be evaluated. This process is called the solution of triangles.
A  s  b  s  c 
(i) If the three sides a, b, c are given, angle A is obtained from tan  or
2 s  s  a
b2  c 2  a2
cos A  . B and C can be obtained in the similar way.
2bc
BC bc A
(ii) If two sides b and c and the included angle A are given, then tan  cot
2 bc 2
B C BC A
gives . Also  90  , so that B and C can be evaluated. The third side is
2 2 2
b sin A
or a = b + c2 – 2bc cosA.
2 2
given by a =
sinB
c
(iii) If two sides b and c and the angle B (opposite to side b) are given, then sinC  sinB ,
b
b sin A
A = 180° – (B + C) and b  give the remaining elements. If b < c sinB, there is no
sinB
triangle possible (fig1). If b = c sinB and B is an acute angle, then only one triangle is
possible (fig 2). If c sinB < b < c and B is an acute angle, then there are two value of
angle C (fig 3). If c < b and B is an acute angle, then there is only one triangle (fig 4).
A A

c c
b c sinB b c sinB

B B
fig. 1 D fig. 2 D

A A
b b c sinB
c c
b b c sinB
C2 B C1
B D
fig. 3 C2 C1 Fig. 4

This is, sometimes, called an ambiguous case.

Alternative Method:
a2  c 2  b2
By applying cosine rule, we have cosB =
2ac
2
2 2 2
 a – (2c cosB)a + (c – b ) = 0  a = c cosB  c 
cosB   c 2  b2 
2
 a = c cosB  b2   c sinB  .
This equation leads to the following cases:

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Case –I If b < c sinB, no triangle is possible.

Case –II Let b = c sinB. There are further the following cases:
(a) B is an obtuse angle
 cosB is negative. There exists no such triangle.
(b) B is an acute angle
 cosB is positive. There exists only one triangle.

Case – III Let b > c sin B. There are further following cases:
(a) B is an acute angle  cosB is positive. In this case two values of a will exists if
2
and only if c cosB > b2   c sinB  or c > b  Two triangles are possible. If c < b,
only one triangle is possible.
(b) B is an obtuse angle  cos B is negative. In this case triangle will exist if and only
2
if b2   c sinB  > |c cosB|  b > c. So, in this case only one triangle is possible.
If
b < c there exists no triangle.
 If one side a and angles B and C are given, then A = 180° – (B + C), and
a sinB a sinC
b , c .
sin A sin A
 If the three angles A, B, C are given, we can only find the ratios of the sides
a, b, c by using the sine rule (since there are infinite number of similar triangles).

Illustration 1. In a triangle ABC, the sides are 6 cm, 10 cm and 14 cm. Show that the triangle is
obtuse-angled with the obtuse angle equal to 120°.

Solution: Let a = 14, b = 10, c = 6

 s = 15. The largest angle is opposite the largest side.
A  s  b  s  c  59
Hence tan    3
2 s s  a 15
 A/2 = 60°  A = 120°.

b2  c 2  a2 100  36  196 1
Alternative: cosA =     A = 120°.
2bc 120 2

Illustration 2. Two sides of a triangle are 3 – 1 and 3 + 1 units and their included angle is
60°. Solve the triangle.

Solution: Let A = 60°  B + C = 120°.

B C bc A 3  1 3  1
Also tan = cot  cot30° = 1
2 bc 2 3  1 3  1
B C
 = 45°  B – C = 90°  B = 105°, C = 15°.
2

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Also a =
b sin A

 3 1 sin60
sinB sin105


 3 1  sin 60

 
3 1 sin60
=
2  
3 1 . 3
 6.
sin  60  45  sin60 cos 45  cos60 sin 45 3 1
Alternative:
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cosA = (3 + 1)2 + (3 – 1)2 – 2(3 + 1)(3 – 1) cos60°
1
= 8 – 4. = 6  a = 6.
2

Illustration 3. If a, b and A are given in a triangle and c1, c2 are the possible values of the third
side, prove that c12 + c22 – 2c1c2 cos2A = 4a2cos2A.

b2  c 2  a2
Solution: cosA =  c2 – 2bc cosA + b2 – a2 = 0.
2bc
c1 + c2 = 2bcosA and c1c2 = b2 – a2.
 c12 + c22 – 2c1c2cos2A = (c1 + c2)2 – 2c1c2 (1 + cos2A)
= 4b2cos2A – 2(b2 – a2) 2cos2A = 4a2cos2A.

Illustration 4. Solve the triangle if B = 30°, C = 60°, a = 6 cm.

Solution: A = 180 – (B + C) = 90°.
a b c
Also  
sin A sinB sinC
1
 b = a sinB = 6  = 3, c = a sinC = 33.
2

Illustration 5. Find the ratio of the sides of a triangle whose interior angles are 30°, 60°, 90°.

Solution: a : b : c = sinA : sinB : sinC

= sin30° : sin60° : sin90° = 1/2 : 3/2 : 1= 1 : 3 : 2.

Exercise 2.
i) If A = 300, a = 7, b= 8 in  ABC, then prove that B has two solutions
ii) In the ambiguous case, if b and A are given and c1, c2 are two possible values of
the third side, prove that (c1 – c2)2 + (c1 + c2)2 tan2A = 4a2.
iii). If in a triangle ABC, a4 + b4 + c4 = 2c2 (a2 + b2), prove that C = 45 or 135°.

Circles Connected with Triangle

(i) Circum-circle:

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The circle passing through the vertices of the A

triangle ABC is called the circum-circle. Its
radius R is called the circum-radius. In the
triangle ABC,
O
a b c abc
R    . R
2sin A 2sinB 2sinC 4
B C

(ii) In-Circle:
The circle touching the three sides of the A
triangle internally is called the inscribed or
the in-circle of the triangle. Its radius r is
O
called the in-radius of the circle. In the
triangle ABC, r
B C
 A B C A B C
r   s  a tan   s  b  tan   s  c  tan  4R sin sin sin .
s 2 2 2 2 2 2

Remark:
A B C 1
From r = 4R sin sin sin , we find that r  4R.
2 2 2 8
 2r  R. Here equality holds for the equilateral triangle.

(iii) Escribed circles:

The circle touching BC and the two sides AB and
AC produced of ABC externally is called the B

escribed circle opposite A. Its radius is denoted by

r1. Similarly r2, and r3 denote the radii of the O1
r1
escribed circles opposite angles B and C
respectively.
A C
r1, r2, r3 are called the ex-radii of ABC. Here
 A A B C
r1   s tan  4R sin cos cos ,
sa 2 2 2 2
 B B C A
r2   s tan  4R sin cos cos ,
s b 2 2 2 2
 C C A B
r3   s tan  4R sin cos cos ,
sc 2 2 2 2
r1 + r2 + r3 = 4R + r,
rr r
r1r2  r2 r3  r3 r1  s2  1 2 3 .
r

Illustration 6. In a right-angled triangle, prove that r + 2R = s.

Solution: In a right-angled triangle, the circum-centre lies on the hypotenuse.

a
 R = , where A = 90°.
2

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A
Also r = (s – a) tan = (s – a) tan45° = (s – a) = s – 2R
2
 r + 2R = s.

Illustration 7. The ex-radii r1, r2, r3 of  ABC are in H. P. Show that its sides a, b, c are in A.P.

2 1 1
Solution: r1, r2, r3 are in H.P.   
r2 r1 r3
2 s  b
sa sc
   where  is the area of  ABC
  
 2s  2b=2s  a  c
 2b=a+c . Hence a, b, c are in A.P.

Exercise 3.
For the triangle ABC, Prove that
B C A
i) r1 = r cot cot ii) rr1 cot=
2 2 2
A B C A
iii) r1 cot = r2 cot = r3 cot = s iv) r2r3 =  cot
2 2 2 2

Miscellaneous Exercise:

In a triangle ABC, prove that

A B ( b  a )s
i) cot  cot 
2 2 
A B C s2
ii) cot  cot  cot 
2 2 2 
A B C
iii) bc cos 2  c a cos 2  ab cos 2  s2 .
2 2 2
cos A a cos B b cos C c
iv)     
a bc b ca c ab
tan A c 2  a 2  b 2
v)  .
tan B c 2  b 2  a 2
B C BC
cos 2 sin 2
vi) 2  2  1
2
(b  c) ( b  c )2 a2
C C
vii) (a  b)2 cos 2  ( a  b )2 sin 2  c2
2 2
82
viii) a cos A + b cos B + c cos C = 2 a sin B sin C =
abc
 A 
ix) a  cos B  cot sin B   b  c
 2 
AB AB
x) ( a  b ) cos  c cos .
2 2

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ASSIGNMENT

Subjective:

Level  0

1. In a triangle ABC, prove that

(i) a(sinB – sinC) + b(sinC – sinA) + c(sinA – sinB) = 0,
(ii) asin(B – C) + bsin(C – A) + csin(A – B) = 0.

2. In a triangle ABC, if
sin A
(i) cosB  , prove that the triangle is isosceles.
2sinC
BC
(ii) b tanB  c tanC  (b  c) tan   , prove that the triangle is isosceles.
 2 

a 2  b2 sin(A  B)
3. In a triangle ABC,  . Prove that it is either a right angled triangle or
a2  b2 sin(A  B)
an isosceles triangle.

c  a cosB cos A
4. In a triangle ABC, prove that  .
a  c cosB cosC

A bc
5. In a triangle ABC, with B = 90 , prove that tan  .
2 bc

A C
6. If the sides a, b, c of a triangle ABC are in A.P. prove that cot cot  3 .
2 2

7. If a circle is inscribed in a right angled triangle ABC with the right angle at B, prove that
the diameter of the circle is AB + BC – AC.

8. In a triangle ABC, prove that

C
(i) c(cos A  cosB)  2(b  a)cos2 ,
2
b sec B  c sec C c sec C  a sec A
(ii)  ,
tanB  tanC tanC  tan A
(iii) (b2  c2) sin (B + C) = a2 sin (B  C),
(iv)  a  b 1  cosC   c(cosB  cos A) ,
(v) a cotA + b cotB + c cotC = 2(r + R),
3
(vi) a sinBsinC  b sinC sin A  c sin A sinB  ,
R
r
(vii)  a cos A  b cosB  c cos C   a  b  c  .
R

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9. In a triangle ABC, a, b, A are given and c1, c2 are two values of the third side c. Prove
1
that the sum of the areas of two triangles with sides a, b, c1 and a, b, c2 is b2 sin2A
2

10. If P is a point on the altitude AD of the triangle ABC such that CBP = B/3, then prove
B
that AP is equal to 2c sin .
3

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SOLVED PROBLEMS

Subjective:

Problem 1. If in a triangle ABC, a = (1 + 3) cm, b = 2 cm and C = 60°, then find the other
two angles and the third side

Solution: From cos C =

a2  b2  c 2 1
, we have 
1 3  4  c2  
2ab 2 2 1  3 .2  
 2 + 23 = 1 + 3 + 23 + 4 – c2  c2 = 6  c = 6.
sin A sinB sinC
Also  
a b c
sin A sinB 3 /2 1
    sinB 
1 3 6 2 2
 B = 45°  A = 180 – (60 + 45) = 75°.

Problem 2. If the angles of a triangle are 30° and 45°, and the included side is (3 + 1) cm,
1
prove that the area of the triangle is
2
3 1 .  
sin A sinB sinC B
Solution: We have  
a b c 30°
3+1
  
sin105 sin30 sin 45
  
3 1 b c
105°
45°
( 3  1) 3 1
 b , c . A C
2 sin105 2 sin105
1 1 1 ( 3  1)2
Area of  ABC = bc sin A = bc sin 105° =
2 2 2 2 2 sin 60  45  
( 3  1)2 ( 3  1)2 1
    3 1 . 
 3 1
4 2 . 
1 1
. 
2  3 1 2
 2 2 2 2 

bc c a ab
Problem 3. With usual notations, if in a triangle ABC,   , then prove that
11 12 13
cos A cos B cosC
  .
7 19 25

bc c a ab 2 a  b  c  a  b  c
Solution: Let   k 
11 12 13 36 18
 b+c=11k, c+a=12k, a+b=13k, a+b+c=18k
 a=7k, b=6k, c=5k.
c 2  a2  b2 25k 2  49k 2  36k 2 38 19
cosB     ,
2ac 70k 2 70 35

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b2  c 2  a2 36k 2  25k 2  49k 2 12 1 7

Hence cosA=     ,
2bc 60k 2 60 5 35
a2  b2  c 2 49k 2  36k 2  25k 2 60 5 25
cosC     
2ab 84k 2 84 7 35
cos A cosB cosC
   .
7 19 25

Problem 4. ABC is a triangle and D is the middle point of BC. If AD is perpendicular to AC,

prove that cosA cosC =


2 c 2  a2 
3ac

Solution: D is the mid-point of BC B

 BD = DC = a/2 a/2

Draw BE perpendicular to CA D
c
(extended). DAC=BEC = 90°.
Hence in triangles ADC and EBC, a/2

BEC=DAC=90° and angle C is 90° 90°

common. Hence CDA=CBE -A
C
= 90 – C. Hence the triangles ADC E b A b

DC DA CA
and EBC are similar.    EA  b
BC BE CE
and if AD=y, then BE = 2y.
b 2b b
Now cos C=  andcos    A  
a/2 a c
b 2b2
 cosA=-  cos A cosC   . ….(1)
c ac
In  ADC, y2 + b2 = a2/4  4y2 + 4b2 = a2.
In  BAE, 4y2 + b2 = c2
c 2  a2
 c2 + 3b2 = a2  -b2 = .
3

Hence (1) gives cosA cosC =


2 c 2  a2 .
3ac

Problem 5. The sides of a triangle are three consecutive natural numbers and its largest
angle is twice the smallest one. Determine the sides of the triangle.

Solution: Let the sides be n, n + 1, n + 2 cms. i.e. AC = n, AB = n + 1, BC = n + 2.

Smallest angle is B and the largest one is A

A  A = 2B. Also A + B + C = 180°

n
 3B + C = 180° n+1
 C = 180° – 3B.
We have
C
sinA sinB sinC sin 180  3B 
   n+2
n+2 n n1 n 1 B

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sin2B sinB sin3B

  
n+2 n n 1
n+2 sin2B 3 sinB  4 sin3 B
 cosB= and 
2n n2 n1
2
n  2  1
2cosB 4cos2 B  1 1 n2
     n = 4.
n2 n1 n n1
Hence the sides are 4, 5, 6.

Problem 6. Let O be a point inside a triangle ABC, such that OAB =OBC = OCA = w.
Then show that
(i) cot w = cot A + cot B + cot C,
(ii) 3 sin w  sin (A – w) + sin (B – w) + sin (C – w).

Solution: In triangle OAC, we have A

A–w
sin  A  w  sin 180  A  sin A
  ...(1)
OC b b w
b
c
Also in  OBC
180 – A
sin w sin 180  C) sinC
  ....(2) O w
OC a a
w
Dividing 1 and  2  , we get B C
a
sin  A  w  a sin A sin A sin A sin A sin(180  B  C)
  
sinw b sinC sinB sinC sinB sinC
sinAcosw-sinwcosA  sinB cosC  cosB sinC 
  sin A
sinw sinB sinC
 sinA(cot w) – cosA = sinA(cot C + cotB)  cot w = cot A + cot B + cot C.
From (1) and (2), we get
sin  A  w  a sin A
 .
sinw b sinC
sin  B  w  b sinB sin  C  w  c sinC
Similarly  ,  .
sinw c sin A sinw a sinB
Multiplying these three equations, we get
sin (A – w) sin (B – w) sin (C – w) = sin3 w
or sin w = [sin (A – w) sin (B – w) sin (C – w)]1/3
sin(A  w)  sin(B  w)  sin(C  w)

3
or 3 sin w  sin (A – w) + sin (B – w) + sin (C – w).

Problem 7. If in a triangle ABC, cos A cos B + sin A sin B sin C = 1,

show that a : b : c = 1 : 1 : 2.

1  cos A cosB
Solution: The given relation yields sin C = 1
sin A sinB
1  cos A cosB
 1  0  1  cos A cosB  sinAsinB  0
sin A sinB

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 1 – cos(A – B)  0  cos (A – B)  1.
But cos (A – B) 1  cos (A – B) = 1  A – B = 0  A = B
1  cos A sin2 A
2
 sinC  2
 2
 1  C=90  A  B  45 .
sin A sin A
sinA sinB sinC 1 1 1
Now     
a b c 2a 2b c
 a:b:c 1 : 1 : 2.

Problem 8. In a triangle of base a, the ratio of the other sides is r (< 1). Show that the
ar
altitude of the triangle is less than or equal to .
1 r 2

Solution: Let D be the foot of the altitude from A, and A

BC = a, AB = c, AC = cr, AD = L = c sinB
c b=cr
ar ac 2r abc L
Now 2
 2 2 2
 2
1 r c r c c  b2
a sinB sinC a sinB sinC B D C
= 
sin2 C  sin2 B sin  C  B  sin  C  B 
a sinB sinC c sinB L
= = 
sin A sin  C  B  sin  C  B  sin  C  B 
ar
L .
1 r2

Problem 9. Consider the following statements concerning a triangle ABC.

(i) The sides a, b, c and area  are rational,
(ii) a, tan B/2, tan C/2 are rational,
(iii) a, sinA, sinB, sinC are rational. Prove that (i)  (ii)  (iii)  (i).

Solution: a, b, c,  are rational (given)  s, s - a, s - b, s - c are rational.

B  s  c  s  a  s  s  a  s  b  s  c  
Now tan    = rational.
2 s  s  b s s  b  ss  b
C
Similarly tan is rational. Hence (i)  (ii).
2
B
2tan
Now sinB= 2 is rational by ii . Similarly sinC is also rational.
2B
1+tan
2
B C
1  tan tan
A BC 2 2  rational by ii  sinA is rational.
tan  cot 
B C

2 2
tan  tan
2 2
Hence  ii  iii  .
a b c
Now    k, which is rational since a and sinA are rational.
sin A sinB sinC

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b c
 and are rational. But sin B and sin C are rational by (iii).
sinB sinC
1
Hence b and c and hence  = bc sinA are also rational.
2
Hence (iii)  (i).

Problem 10. Three circles touch one-another externally. The tangents at their points of
contact meet at a point whose distance from a point of contact is 4. Find the ratio
of the product of the radii to the sum of the radii of circles.

Solution: Let r1, r2, and r3 be the radii of the three circles
with centres at C1, C2 and C3. Let the circles
touch at P, Q, and R. R
C1
Also C1C2 = r1 + r2, C2C3 = r2 + r3, C3C1 = r3 + r1.
Let O be the point whose distance from the O
Q
C2
points of contact is 4. Then O is the in - centre of
the  C1 C2 C3 with OP = OQ = OR = 4 being the P C3
radius of the in - circle.
C1C2C3 S
Hence 4=  , ….(1)
1
C C  C2C3  C3C1  s
2 1 2
where s = r1 + r2 + r3, S2 = s(s - C1C2) (s - C2C3) (s - C3C1).
S 2 s  r  r  r  rr r
1 gives 16= 2  3 21 2  1 2 3 .
s s r1  r2  r3
Hence the ratio of the product of radii to the sum of the radii = 16 : 1.

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Objective:

Problem 1. If the data given to construct a triangle ABC is a = 5, b = 7, sinA = 3/4, then it
is possible to construct
(A) only one triangle (B) two triangles
(C) infinitely many triangles (D) no triangle

sin A sinB 3 / 4 sinB

Solution: We have   
a b 5 7
21
 sinB = > 1, which is impossible .
20
Hence no triangle is possible.
Hence (D) is the correct answer.

Problem 2. In ABC, a = 5, b = 4, and cos(A – B) = 31/32. Then side c is

(A) 6 (B) 7
(C) 9 (D) none of these

A B 1  cos  A  B  1  31/ 32 1
Solution: W e have tan  = = .
2 1  cos  A  B  1  31/ 32 63
ab C 1  A B a b C

ab
cot 
2  tan 2  a  b cot 2 
63  
1 C 1 C 7
 cot   tan 
9 2 63 2 3
C
1  tan2
cosC = 2  1 7 / 9  1 .
C 1 7 / 9 8
1  tan2
2
1
Since c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cosC, c2 = 25 +16 – 40  = 36  c = 6.
8
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

Problem 3. The sides of a triangle are 3x + 4y, 4x + 3y and 5x + 5y units, where x, y > 0.
The triangle is
(A) right angled (B) equilateral
(C) obtuse angled (D) none of these
Solution: Let a = 3x + 4y, b = 4x + 3y and C = 5x + 5y.
Clearly c is the largest side and then the largest angle C is given by
a2  b2  c 2 2xy
cosC = = 0.
2ab 
2 12x  25xy  12y 2
2

 C is an obtuse angle.
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

Problem 4. In a ABC, a, c, A are given and b1, b2 are two values of the third side b such
that b2 = 2b1. Then sinA is equal to

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9a2  c 2 9a2  c 2
(A) (B)
8a2 8c 2
9a2  c 2
(C) (D) none of these.
8a2
b2  c 2  a2
Solution: We have cosA =
2bc
 b2 – 2bc cosA + (c2 – a2) = 0.
it is given that b1 and b2 are roots of this equation.
2 2
Therefore b1 + b2 = 2ccosA and b1b2 = c –a
 3b1 = 2c cos A and 2b12 = c2 – a2 (since b2 = 2b1 given)
2
 2c 
 2  cos A   c 2  a2
 3 
 8c2(1 – sin2A) = 9c2 – 9a2
9a2  c 2
 sinA = .
8c 2
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

Problem 5. If in ABC, A = 900 and c, sinB, cosB are rational numbers, then
(A) a is rational and b is irrational (B) a is irrational and b is rational
(C) a and b both are rational (D) none of these .

Solution: Here C = 900 – B and sin C = cos B.

b c c
Also a =  
sinB sinC cosB
 a, b are rational.
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

Problem 6. If in a ABC, CD is the angle bisector of the angle ACB, then CD is equal to
ab C ab C
(A) cos (B) cos
2ab 2 2ab 2
2ab C
(C) cos (D) none of these
ab 2
Solution: CAB = CAD + CDB
1 1 1
 ab sinC = b .CD. sin(C/2) + a .CD sin(C/2)
2 2 2
 CD (a + b) sin(C/2) = ab(2sin(C/2) cos(C/2))
2abcos  C / 2 
 CD = .
a  b 
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

 sin 2 A  sin A  1 
Problem 7. In any  ABC, the least value of   is
 sin A 
(A) 3 (B) 3
(C) 9 (D) none of these

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sin2 A  sin A  1 1
Solution:  sin A  1
sin A sin A
 2 
1 

=  sin A    3  3 .
 sin A  
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

Problem 8. If A is the area and 2s the sum of the sides of a triangle, then
s2 s2
(A) A  (B) A 
5 3 3 3
s2
(C) A > (D) none of these
3

Solution: We have 2s = a + b + c, A2 = s(s – a) (s – b) (s – c).

Now A.M.  G.M.
s  s  a   s  b   s  c 
  [s(s – a) (s – b) (s – c)]1/4
4
4s  2s s s2
  [A2]1/4   A1/2  A  .
4 2 4
 s  a  
 s  b  
 s  c 
Also  [(s – a) (s – b) (s – c)]1/3
3
1/ 3
s  A2  A 2 s3 s2
or   or   A .
3  s  s 27 3 3
Hence (B) is the correct answer.

Problem 9. In a triangle if r1 > r2 > r3 , then

(A) a > b > c (B) a < b < c
(C) a > b and b < c (D) a < b and b > c

Solution: We have r1 > r2 > r3

   sa sb sc
     
sa sb sc   
 s–a<s–b<s–c
 –a<–b<–c  a > b > c.
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

 A
Problem 10. If in a triangle ABC, B = 900 then tan2   is
2
bc bc
(A) (B)
bc bc
2bc
(C) (D) none of these
bc

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A
1  tan2
c 2 c
Solution: cosA = 
b A b
1  tan2
2
 2 A  2 A
 1  tan    1  tan 
2 2  b  c 
     (by componendo and dividendo rule)

1  tan2 A 
 1  tan2 A b  c 
   
 2  2
A
bc
Hence tan2 2 = .
bc
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

2 cos A cos B 2 cosC a b

Problem 11. If in a ABC,     , then angle A equals to
a b c bc ac
(A) 900 (B) 450
(C) 1350 (D) none of these

2cos A cosB 2cosC a b

Solution: We have    
a b c bc ac
Multiplying both sides by abc
 2bc cosA + ac cosB + 2ab cosC = a2 + b2
c 2
 a2  b2 
2 2
(b + c – a )
2
+
2
a 
2

 (c2 + a2 – b2) = 2a2 – 2b2

 b2 + c2 = a2  A = 900.
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

Problem 12. If A, B, and C are the angles of a triangle such that angle A is obtuse, then tanB
tanC will be less than
1 3
(A) (B)
3 2
(C) 1 (D) none of these

Solution: Since A is obtuse angle,

900 < A < 1800
0 0
 90 < 180 – (B + C)  180
0 0 0
 – 90 > B + C – 180 > – 180
 900 > B + C > 0
0 0
 B + C < 90  B < 90 – C
0
 tanB < tan (90 – C)  tanB < cotC  tanB tanC < 1.
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

Problem 13. If the sides of a triangle ABC are in A.P. and a is the smallest side, then cosA
equals
3c  4b 3c  4b
(A) (B)
2c 2b

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4c  3b
(C) (D) none of these.
2c

Solution: Since the sides of the triangle are in A.P.

i.e. a, b, c are in A. P. and let a < b < c,
2b = a + c.
2
b2  c 2  a2 b2  c 2   2b  c 
Now cosA = =
2bc 2bc
b2  c 2  4b2  c 2  4bc 4bc  3b2 4c  3b
=  =
2bc 2bc 2c
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

a2  b2  c 2
Problem 14. If a, b, c and d are the sides of a quadrilateral, then the value of is
d2
always greater than
(A) 1 (B) 1/2
(C) 1/3 (D) 1/4

Solution: Since (a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2  0

 2(a2 + b2 + c2)  2ab + 2bc + 2ca
 3 (a2 + b2 + c2)  a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
 3 (a2 + b2 + c2)  (a + b + c)2 > d2
a2  b2  c 2 1
 3 (a2 + b2 + c2) > d2  2
> .
d 3
Hence (C) is the correct answer.

Problem 15. Given b = 2, c = 3 , A = 300 , then the in-radius of ABC is

3 1 3 1
(A) (B)
2 2
3 1
(C) (D) none of these.
4

0
Solution: b = 2, c = 3 , A = 30
3
a= b2  c 2  2bc cos A = 4  3  2.2 3. = 1 =1
2
3 3
s= .
2
1 3 1 3 1
Also,  = bc sin A r=  .
2 2 3 1 2
Hence (A) is the correct answer.

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ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

Subjective:

Level  I

In any triangle ABC, prove the following (question 1- 4):

B-C A
1. a cos  b  c  sin
2 2

2. a cosA+b cosB+c cosC=2 a sinB sinC.

A  A
3. a sin   B   b  c  sin
 2  2

A B
4. 1  tan tan  2c /  a  b  c 
2 2

5. If the bisector of the angle A of triangle ABC meets BC in D, prove that

1
 AD2  2
a = (b + c) 1   .
 bc 

6. In a triangle r1 = r2 + r3 + r. Prove that the triangle is right angled.

7. If two angles of a triangle are 300 and 450 and the length of the inclined side is
1
( 3  1) cms, prove that the area of the triangle is ( 3  1) sq. cms.
2

A B C
8. In a ABC, prove that r1r2r3  r 3 cot 2 cot 2 cot 2 .
2 2 2

9. Prove that   Rr  sin A  sinB  sinC  .

10. If A, A1, A2, and A3 are the areas of the inscribed and escribed circles of a triangle, prove
1 1 1 1
that    .
A A1 A2 A3

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Level – II

2 A
1. In a ABC, prove that a2   b  c   4bc sin2   ,and hence show that a= b-c  sec  ,
2
2 bc A
where tan= .sin .
b-c 2

2. In a ABC, prove that cos A  cosB  cos C  1  r / R.

3. The sides of a triangle are x2 + 3x + 3, 2x + 3, x2 + 2x. Prove that the greatest angle of
the triangle is 120°.

4. Prove that the sum of the radii of the circles which are respectively inscribed and
a 
circumscribed about a regular polygon of n sides is cot , where a is the side of the
2 2n
polygon.

B C
5. In a triangle ABC, if b + c = 3a, prove that cot cot  2.
2 2

a2  b2 sin  A  B 
6. If in a triangle 2 2
 , prove that it is either a right-angled or an isosceles
a b sin  A  B 
triangle.

A C 2 B
7. If the sides a, b, c are in A.P., prove that tan  tan  cot .
2 2 3 2

8. In a triangle ABC, the angles A, B, C are in A.P. Show that

AC ac
2cos  .
2

a2  ac  c 2 
9. In a triangle ABC, prove that the ratio of the area of the incircle to that of the triangle is
A B C
 : cot cot cot .
2 2 2

10. If p1, p2, p3 are the altitudes of a triangle from the vertices A, B, C and , the area of
the triangle, prove that
1 1 1 2ab C
 i    cos2 .
p1 p2 p3  a  b  c   2
 ii p -21p 22 p 2
3  cot A  cot B  cot C  / 

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MA-ST-24

Objective:

Level  I

(a  b  c)(b  c  a)(c  a  b)(a  b  c)

1. The expression is equal to
4b2c 2
(A) cos2A (B) sin2A
(C) cosA cosB cosC (D) None of these

2. If the bisector of angle A of ABC makes an angle  with BC, then sin is equal to
B C B C
(A) cos (B) sin
2 2
 A  A
(C) sin  B   (D) sin  C  
 2  2

3. The perimeter of a triangle ABC is 6 times the arithmetic mean of the sines of its angles.
If the side a is 1, then the angle A is
(A) /6 (B) /3
(C) /2 (D) 

4. If the radius of the circumcircle of an isosceles triangle ABC is equal to

AB = AC, then the angle A is
(A) /6 (B) /3
(C) /2 (D) 2/3

5. If a2, b2,c2 are in A.P , then cotA, cotB, cotC are in

(A) A.P (B) G.P
(C) H.P (D) None of these

6. The area of the circle and the regular polygon of n sides and of equal perimeter are in
the ratio of
(A) tan(/n) : /n (B) cos (/n) : /n
(C) sin(/n) : /n (D) cot(/n) : /n

7. In a triangle ABC, (a + b + c) (b + c – a) = bc if

(A)  < 0 (B)  > 0
(C) 0 < < 4 (D)  > 4

8. In a triangle ABC, 2ac sin

 A  B  C is equal to
2
(A) a2 + b2 – c2 (B) c2 – a2 – b2
(C) b2 – c2 – a2 (D) c2 + a2 – b2

9. If A = 450, B =750, then a + c 2 is equal to

(A) 2b (B) 3b
(C) 2 b (D) b

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10. A regular polygon of nine sides, each of length 2, is inscribed in a circle. The radius of
the circle is
 
(A) sec (B) sin
9 9
 
(C) cosec (D) tan
9 9

11. In an acute angled triangle ABC, the least value of secA + secB + secC is
(A) 6 (B)3
(C) 9 (D) 4

12. A circle is inscribed in an equilateral triangle of side a. The area of any square inscribed
in the circle is
(A) a2/4 (B) a2/6
(C) a2/9 (D) 2a2/3

13. There exists a triangle ABC satisfying the conditions

(A) bsinA = a, A< /2 (B) bsinA > a, A>/2
(C) b sinA > a, A< /2, (D) b sinA < a, A< /2, b < a

14. In any triangle ABC b2sin2C + c2sin2B is equal to

(A)  (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) 4

15. If a, b, A be given in a triangle and c1 and c2 be two possible value of the third side such
that c12 + c1c2 + c22 = a2, then A is equal to
(A) 300 (B) 600
0
(C) 90 (D) 1450

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Level – II

0
1. If in a triangle ABC, B = 60 , then
(A) (a – b)2= c2 – ab (B) (b – c)2 = a2 – bc
(C) (c – a)2 = b2 – ac (D) a2 + b2 + c2 = 2b2 + ac2

cos A cosB cosC

2. In a triangle ABC, if   and the side a = 2, then area of triangle is
a b c
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 2 (D) 3

3. In a triangle ABC, a = 4, b = 3, A = 600 . Then c is the root of the equation

2 2
(A) c – 3c – 7 = 0 (B) c + 3c + 7 = 0
(C) c2 – 3c + 7 = 0 (D) c2 + 3c – 7 = 0

A bc
4. If cot = , then the triangle ABC is
2 a
(A) isosceles (B) equilateral
(C) right angled (D) None

A C 2
5. In a triangle ABC, tan = 5/6, tan = , then
2 2 5
(A) a, c, b are in AP (B) a, b, c are in AP
(C) b, a, c are in AP (D) a, b, c are in GP

6. In a triangle ABC, a = 13, b = 14, c = 15, then, in-radius r is equal to

(A) 4 (B) 8
(C) 2 (D) 6


7. In a triangle ABC, Let C = , if r is the inradius and R is the circumradius, then (2r + R)
2
is equal to
(A) a + b – c/2 (B) b + c
(C) c + a (D) a + b + c

8. If c2 = a2 + b2, 2s = a + b + c, then 4s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) is equal to

4 2 2
(A) s (B) b c
2 2 2 2
(C) c a (D) a b

9. If a cosA = b cos B, then triangle is

(A) equilateral (B) scalene
(C) isosceles (D) none of these

10. In an equilateral triangle the in-radius and the circum-radius are connected by
(A) r = 4R (B) r = R/2
(C) r = R/3 (D) None

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11. In a triangle ABC, a(bcos C – ccosB) equal to

(A) a2 (B) b2 – c2
(C) 0 (D) None

1 1 1
12. If r, r1, r2, r3 have their usual meaning, the value of   is
r1 r2 r3
(A) 1 (B) 0
(C) 1/r (D)None

13. In a triangle ABC, B = /3 and C = /4. Let D divide BC internally in the ratio
sin BAD
1 : 3. Then equals
sin CAD
1 1
(A) (B)
6 3
1 2
(C) (D)
3 3

14. If the angles A, B, and C of a triangle ABC are in AP and the sides a, b and c opposite to
these angles are in GP; then a2, b2 and c2 are related as
(A) b2 = a2 + c2 (B) b2 = a2 c2
2 2 2
(C) 2b = a + c (D) none of these

15. If the angles of a triangle are in the ratio 2 : 3 : 7, then the sides opposite to the angles
are in the ratio
(A) 2 : 2 : 3 +1 (B) 2 : 2 : 3 +1
1 2 1 1 3 1
(C) : 2 : (D) : :
2 3 1 2 2 2

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MA-ST-28

ANSWERS TO ASSIGNMENT PROBLEMS

Subjective:

Level  I

6. a = 7.5, b = 10, c = 12.5

-1  1   1 
A = 2tan   , B = 2tan-1   , C = .
3  2 2

Objective:

Level  I

1. B 2. A
3. A 4. D
5. A 6. A
7. C 8. D
9. A 10. C
11. A 12. B
13. A 14. D
15. B

Level  II

1. C 2. D
3. A 4. C
5. B 6 A
7. A 8. D
9. C 10. B
11. B 12. C
13. A 14. C
15. A

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