6 APPLICATIONS OF THE

INTEGRAL
6.1 Area Between Two Curves
Preliminary Questions
 b
 
1. What is the area interpretation of f (x) − g(x) dx if f (x) ≥ g(x)?
a

b
solution Because f (x) ≥ g(x), a ( f (x) − g(x)) dx represents the area of the region bounded between the graphs of
y = f (x) and y = g(x), bounded on the left by the vertical line x = a and on the right by the vertical line x = b.
 b
 
2. Is f (x) − g(x) dx still equal to the area between the graphs of f and g if f (x) ≥ 0 but g(x) ≤ 0?
a

solution Yes. Since f (x) ≥ 0 and g(x) ≤ 0, it follows that f (x) − g(x) ≥ 0.

3. Suppose that f (x) ≥ g(x) on [0, 3] and g(x) ≥ f (x) on [3, 5]. Express the area between the graphs over [0, 5] as a sum
of integrals.

solution Remember that to calculate an area between two curves, one must subtract the equation for the lower curve
from the equation for the upper curve. Over the interval [0, 3], y = f (x) is the upper curve. On the other hand, over the
interval [3, 5], y = g(x) is the upper curve. The area between the graphs over the interval [0, 5] is therefore given by

 3  5
( f (x) − g(x)) dx + (g(x) − f (x)) dx
0 3

 b
4. Suppose that the graph of x = f (y) lies to the left of the y-axis. Is f (y) dy positive or negative?
a

solution If the graph of x = f (y) lies to the left of the y-axis, then for each value of y, the corresponding value of x is
b
less than zero. Hence, the value of a
f (y) dy is negative.
 b
5. Explain what | f (x) − g(x)| dx represents.
a

 b
solution Because | f (x) − g(x)| ≥ 0 for all x ∈ [a, b], | f (x) − g(x)| dx represents the area of the region between the
a
graphs of y = f (x) and y = g(x), bounded on the left by the vertical line x = a and on the right by the vertical line x = b.

6. Draw a region that is both vertically simple and horizontally simple.

solution Answers will vary. One such region is shown below.

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

1
2 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

Exercises
1. Find the area of the region between y = 3x2 + 12 and y = 4x + 4 over [−3, 3] (Figure 12).

y
y = 3x 2 + 12
50

25

y = 4x + 4
x
−3 −1 1 2 3

FIGURE 12

solution As the graph of y = 3x2 + 12 lies above the graph of y = 4x + 4 over the interval [−3, 3], the area between the
graphs is
 3   3  3
(3x2 + 12) − (4x + 4) dx = (3x2 − 4x + 8) dx = x3 − 2x2 + 8x  = 102
−3 −3 −3

2. Find the area of the region between the graphs of f (x) = 3x + 8 and g(x) = x2 + 2x + 2 over [0, 2] (Figure 13).

20
f (x) = 3x + 8

10
g(x) = x2 + 2x + 2

x
1 2 3
FIGURE 13

solution From the figure, we see that the graph of f (x) = 3x + 8 lies above the graph of g(x) = x2 + 2x + 2 over the
interval [0, 2]. Thus, the area between the graphs is
 2  2 2
   1 1  34
(3x + 8) − x2 + 2x + 2 dx = −x2 + x + 6 dx = − x3 + x2 + 6x  =
0 0 3 2 0 3

3. Find the area of the region enclosed by the graphs of f (x) = x2 + 2 and g(x) = 2x + 5 (Figure 14).

g(x) = 2x + 5
10

f (x) = x 2 + 2

x
−1 1 2 3

FIGURE 14

solution From the figure, we see that the graph of g(x) = 2x + 5 lies above the graph of f (x) = x2 + 2 over the interval
[−1, 3]. Thus, the area between the graphs is
 3    3 
(2x + 5) − x2 + 2 dx = −x2 + 2x + 3 dx
−1 −1
3
1 
= − x3 + x2 + 3x 
3 −1

5 32
=9− − =
3 3
 S E C T I O N 6.1 Area Between Two Curves 3

4. Find the area of the region enclosed by the graphs of f (x) = x3 − 10x and g(x) = 6x (Figure 15).

y f(x) = x 3 − 10x

g(x) = 6x
20

x
−4 −2 2 4

−20

FIGURE 15

solution From the figure, we see that the graph of f (x) = x3 − 10x lies above the graph of g(x) = 6x over the interval
[−4, 0], while the graph of g(x) = 6x lies above the graph of f (x) = x3 − 10x over the interval [0, 4]. Thus, the area
enclosed by the two graphs is
 0   4 
A= x3 − 10x − 6x dx + 6x − (x3 − 10x) dx
−4 0
 0  4
= (x3 − 16x) dx + (16x − x3 ) dx
−4 0
0 4
1 4  1 4 
= x − 8x2  + 8x − x 
2
4 −4
4 0

= 64 + 64 = 128.

In Exercises 5 and 6, sketch the region between y = sin x and y = cos x over the interval and find its area.
π π
5. ,
4 2
solution Over the interval [ π4 , π2 ], the graph of y = cos x lies below that of y = sin x (see the sketch below). Hence, the
area between the two curves is
 π/2 π/2 ⎛ √ √ ⎞
 ⎜⎜⎜ 2 2 ⎟⎟⎟ √
(sin x − cos x) dx = (− cos x − sin x) = (0 − 1) − ⎜⎝− − ⎟⎠ = 2 − 1
π/4 π/4 2 2
y
y = sin x
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4 y = cos x
0.2
x
0.5 1.0 1.5

6. [0, π]
solution Over the interval [0, π4 ], the graph of y = sin x lies below that of y = cos x, while over the interval [ π4 , π], the
orientation of the graphs is reversed (see the sketch below). The area between the graphs over [0, π] is then
 π/4  π
(cos x − sin x) dx + (sin x − cos x) dx
0 π/4
π/4 π
= (sin x + cos x) + (− cos x − sin x)
0 π/4
√ √ ⎛ √ √ ⎞
2 2 ⎜⎜ 2 2 ⎟⎟⎟ √
= + − (0 + 1) + (1 − 0) − ⎜⎜⎝− − ⎟⎠ = 2 2
2 2 2 2
y
1.0
0.5
x
1 2 3
−0.5
−1.0
4 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

In Exercises 7 and 8, let f (x) = 20 + x − x2 and g(x) = x2 − 5x.

7. Sketch the region enclosed by the graphs of f and g, and compute its area.
solution Setting f (x) = g(x) gives 20 + x − x2 = x2 − 5x, which simplifies to

0 = 2x2 − 6x − 20 = 2(x − 5)(x + 2)

Thus, the curves intersect at x = −2 and x = 5. With y = 20 + x − x2 being the upper curve (see the sketch below), the
area between the two curves is
 5  5 5
  2  343
(20 + x − x2 ) − (x2 − 5x) dx = 20 + 6x − 2x2 dx = 20x + 3x2 − x3  =
−2 −2 3 −2 3
y

y = 20 + x − x 2
15
10
5
x
−2 2 4
−5
y = x 2 − 5x

8. Sketch the region between the graphs of f and g over [4, 8], and compute its area as a sum of two integrals.
solution Setting f (x) = g(x) gives 20 + x − x2 = x2 − 5x, which simplifies to

0 = 2x2 − 6x − 20 = 2(x − 5)(x + 2)

Thus, the curves intersect at x = −2 and x = 5. Over the interval [4, 5], y = 20 + x − x2 is the upper curve but over the
interval [5, 8], y = x2 − 5x is the upper curve (see the sketch below). The area between the two curves over the interval
[4, 8] is then
 5   8 
(20 + x − x2 ) − (x2 − 5x) dx + (x2 − 5x) − (20 + x − x2 ) dx
4 5
 5    8  
= −2x2 + 6x + 20 dx + 2x2 − 6x − 20 dx
4 5
5 8
2  2 3  19 262
= − x2 + 3x2 + 20x  + x − 3x2 − 20x  = + 81 =
3 4 3 5
3 3
y
y = x 2 − 5x
20
10
x
−10 2 6 8
−20
−30 y = 20 + x − x 2

9. Find the points of intersection of the graph of y = x(x2 − 1) and the graph of y = 1 − x2 . Sketch the region
enclosed by these curves over [−1, 1] and compute its area.
solution A sketch of the region bounded by y = x(x2 − 1) and y = 1 − x2 is shown below; the region extends from
x = −1 to x = 1.
y
3
x(x 2 − 1)
2

x
−2 0 1 2
−1

−2
1 − x2
−3

As the graph of y = 1 − x2 lies above the graph of y = x(x2 − 1), the area between the graphs is
 1   1  1
(1 − x2 ) − x(x2 − 1) dx =
1 1
−x3 − x2 + x + 1 dx = − x4 − x3 + x2 + x
1  = 4
4 3 2 −1 3
−1 −1
 S E C T I O N 6.1 Area Between Two Curves 5

10. Find the points of intersection of the graph of y = x(4 − x) and the graph of y = x2 (4 − x). Sketch the region
enclosed by these curves over [0, 4] and compute its area.

solution A sketch of the region bounded by y = x(4 − x) and y = x2 (4 − x) is shown below; the region extends from
x = 0 to x = 4.

y
10 x 2 (4 − x)

5
x(4 − x)
x
−1 1 2 3 5

−5

−10

From the figure, we see that between 0 and 1, x(4 − x) lies above x2 (4 − x); from 1 to 4, this is reversed. Thus the area
between the graphs is

 1    4  
x(4 − x) − x2 (4 − x) dx + x2 (4 − x) − x(4 − x) dx
0 1
 1    4  
= 4x − 5x2 + x3 dx + −x3 + 5x2 − 4x dx
0 1
1 4
= 2x2 − x3 + x4  + −2x2 + x3 − x4 
5 1 5 1
3 4 0 3 4 1

7 45 71
= + =
12 4 6

11. Sketch the region bounded by the line y = 2 and the graph of y = sec2 x for − π2 < x < π
2
and find its area.

solution A sketch of the region bounded by y = sec2 x and y = 2 is shown below. Note the region extends from x = − π4
on the left to x = π4 on the right. As the graph of y = 2 lies above the graph of y = sec2 x, the area between the graphs is

 π/4 π/4 π   π 
(2 − sec2 x) dx = (2x − tan x) = −1 − − +1 =π−2
−π/4 −π/4 2 2

2.0

1.5

1.0
y = sec2 x
0.5

–0.5 0.5

12. Sketch the region bounded by

√ √
y= 4 − x2 and y = − 4 − x2

for −2 ≤ x ≤ 2. Write a definite integral that gives its area, but then use geometry to find its area (and thereby determine
the integral).
√ √
solution A sketch of the region bounded by y = 4 − x2 and y = − 4 − x2 for −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 is shown below. As the
√ √
graph of y = 4 − x2 lies above the graph of y = − 4 − x2 , the area between the graphs is

 2 √  √   2 √
4 − x2 − − 4 − x2 dx = 2 4 − x2 dx
−2 −2
6 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

Because the region is a circle of radius 2, its area is π(2)2 = 4π. Thus,
 2 √
2 4 − x2 dx = 4π
−2

y
2 y 5 4 2 x2

x
22 2

22 y 5 2 4 2 x2

In Exercises 13–16, determine whether or not the region bounded by the curves is vertically simple and/or horizontally
simple.

13. x = y2 , x = 2 − y2

solution A sketch of the region √ is shown below. On the left side of√the region, the top of any vertical line segment that
intersects the region is along y = x and the bottom is along y = − √x; however, on the right side of the region, √ the top
of any vertical line segment that intersects the region is along y = 2 − x and the bottom is along y = − 2 − x. The
region is therefore not vertically simple. On the other hand, any horizontal line segment that intersects the region has its
right end along x = 2 − y2 and its left end along x = y2 . The region is therefore horizontally simple.

1.0
x = y2 x = 2 − y2
0.5

x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

−0.5

−1.0

14. y = x2 , x = y2

solution A sketch of the region is shown below. Any vertical line segment that intersects the region has its top along
x = y2 and its bottom along y = x2 . Moreover, any horizontal line segment that intersects the region has its right end
along y = x2 and its left end along x = y2 . The region is therefore both vertically and horizontally simple.

1.0

0.8
x = y2

0.6

0.4 y = x2

0.2

x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

15. y = x, y = 2x, y = 1
x

solution A sketch of the region is shown below. Any vertical line segment that intersects the region to the left of the
 √ 
point √12 , 2 has its top along y = 2x and its bottom along y = x, while any vertical line segment that intersects the
 √ 
region to the right of the point √12 , 2 has its top along y = 1x and its bottom along y = x. Moreover, any horizontal line
segment that intersects the region above the point (1, 1) has its right end along y = 1x and its left end along y = 2x, while
 S E C T I O N 6.1 Area Between Two Curves 7

any horizontal line segment that intersects the region below the point (1, 1) has its right end along y = x and its left end
along y = 2x. The region is therefore neither vertically nor horizontally simple.
y

1.4
( 12 , 2)
y = 1x
1.2

1.0 (1, 1)
y = 2x
0.8

0.6
y=x
0.4

0.2
x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
 
π
16. In the first quadrant, y = x, y = sin 2
x
solution A sketch of the region is shown below. Any vertical line segment that intersects the region has its top along
 
y = sin π2 x and its bottom along y = x. Moreover, any horizontal line segment that intersects the region has its right end
 
along y = x and its left end along y = sin π2 x . The region is therefore both vertically and horizontally simple.
y

1 y 5 sin (πx2 )

0.5 y5x

x
0.5 1

In Exercises 17–20, find the area of the shaded region in Figures 16–19.
y
17.

y = x 3 − 2x 2 + 10
−2
x
2
y = 3x 2 + 4x − 10

FIGURE 16

solution As the graph of y = x3 − 2x2 + 10 lies above the graph of y = 3x2 + 4x − 10, the area of the shaded region is
 2   2 
(x3 − 2x2 + 10) − (3x2 + 4x − 10) dx = x3 − 5x2 − 4x + 20 dx
−2 −2
2
1 4 5 3  160
= x − x − 2x2 + 20x  =
4 3 −2
3
y
18. 1
y= x
2
−1
x
1

y=x 1 − x2

FIGURE 17
√ √ √ √
solution Setting 12 x = x 1 − x2 yields x = 0 or 1
= 1 − x2 , so that x = ± 23 . Over the interval [− 23 , 0], y = 12 x is
√ √2
the upper curve but over the interval [0, 2
3
], y = x 1 − x2 is the upper curve. The area of the shaded region is then
 0 √  √
3/2 √
1 1
√ x − x 1 − x2 dx + x 1 − x2 − x dx
− 3/2 2 0 2
0  √3/2
1 2 1  1 1 2  5 5 5
= x + (1 − x2 )3/2  √ + − (1 − x ) − x 
2 3/2
= + =
4 3 − 3/2
3 4 0
48 48 24
8 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

y
19.
( 6, 2
3
)
( 3 , 12 )
y = cos x

6 3 2
FIGURE 18

√
solution The line on the top-left has equation y = 3 3
π
x, and the line on the bottom-right has equation y = 3
2π
x. Thus,
the area to the left of x = π6 is
 ⎛ √ ⎞ ⎛ √ ⎞π/6 √ √
π/6
⎜⎜⎜ 3 3 3 ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ 3 3 2 3 2 ⎟⎟⎟ 3 3 π2 3 π2 (2 3 − 1)π
⎝⎜ x− x⎟⎠ dx = ⎝⎜ x − x ⎟⎠ = − =
0 π 2π 2π 4π 0 2π 36 4π 36 48
π
The area to the right of x = 6
is
 π/3 √
π/3
3 3 2  8 3−8−π
cos x − x dx = sin x − x  =
π/6 2π 4π π/6 16

The entire area is then

√ √ √ √
(2 3 − 1)π 8 3 − 8 − π 12 3 − 12 + ( 3 − 2)π
+ =
48 16 24
y
20. y = cos 2x

x
5 3 2
6 6 2
y = sin x

FIGURE 19

solution Over the interval [0, π/6], the graph of y = cos 2x lies above the graph of y = sin x. The orientation of the two
graphs reverses over [π/6, 5π/6] and reverses again over [5π/6, 2π]. Thus, the area between the two graphs is given by
 π/6  5π/6  2π
A= (cos 2x − sin x) dx + (sin x − cos 2x) dx + (cos 2x − sin x) dx.
0 π/6 5π/6

Carrying out the integration and evaluation, we find

π/6 5π/6 2π
1  1  1 
A= sin 2x + cos x  + − cos x − sin 2x  + sin 2x + cos x 
2 0
2 π/6 2 5π/6
√ √ √ √ ⎛ √ √ ⎞ ⎛ √ √ ⎞
3 ⎜⎜⎜ 3 ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜ 3 ⎟⎟⎟
⎟⎠ + 1 − ⎜⎜⎜⎝−
3 3 3 3 3
= + −1+ + − ⎝⎜− − − ⎟⎠
4 2 2 4 2 4 4 2
√
=3 3

In Exercises 21 and 22, find the area between the graphs of x = sin y and x = 1 − cos y over the given interval (Figure
20).

y
x = sin y

x = 1 − cos y
2

−
2
FIGURE 20
 S E C T I O N 6.1 Area Between Two Curves 9

π
21. 0 ≤ y ≤
2
solution As shown in the figure, the graph on the right is x = sin y and the graph on the left is x = 1 − cos y. Therefore,
the area between the two curves is given by
 π/2 π/2  
π π
(sin y − (1 − cos y)) dy = (− cos y − y + sin y) = − + 1 − (−1) = 2 −
0 0 2 2
π π
22. − ≤y≤
2 2
solution The shaded region in the figure shows the area between the graphs from y = 0 to y = π2 . It is bounded on the
right by x = sin y and on the left by x = 1 − cos y. Therefore, the area between the graphs from y = 0 to y = π2 is
 π/2 π/2  
π π
(sin y − (1 − cos y)) dy = (− cos y − y + sin y) = − + 1 − (−1) = 2 −
0 0 2 2
The graphs cross at y = 0. Since x = 1 − cos y lies to the right of x = sin y on the interval [− π2 , 0] along the y-axis, the
area between the graphs from y = − π2 to y = 0 is
 0 0  π  π
((1 − cos y) − sin y) dy = (y − sin y + cos y) =1− − +1 =
−π/2 −π/2 2 2
The total area between the graphs from y = − π2 to y = π2 is the sum
 π/2  0
π π
(sin y − (1 − cos y)) dy + ((1 − cos y) − sin y) dy = 2 − + = 2
0 −π/2 2 2

23. Find the area of the region lying to the right of x = y2 + 4y − 22 and to the left of x = 3y + 8.
solution Setting y2 + 4y − 22 = 3y + 8 yields

0 = y2 + y − 30 = (y + 6)(y − 5)
so the two curves intersect at y = −6 and y = 5. The area in question is then given by
 5  5 5
  y3 y2  1331
(3y + 8) − (y2 + 4y − 22) dy = −y2 − y + 30 dy = − − + 30y  =
−6 −6 3 2 −6
6

24. Find the area of the region lying to the right of x = y2 − 5 and to the left of x = 3 − y2 .
solution Setting y2 + 5 = 3 − y2 yields 2y2 = 8 or y = ±2. The area of the region enclosed by the two graphs is then
 2  2 2
  2 3  64
(3 − y ) − (y + 5) dy =
2 2
8 − 2y dy = 8y − y  =
2
−2 −2 3 −2
3

25. Figure 21 shows the region enclosed by x = y3 − 26y + 10 and x = 40 − 6y2 − y3 . Match the equations with the
curves and compute the area of the region.
y

x
−1

−5

FIGURE 21
solution Substituting y = 0 into the equations for both curves indicates that the graph of x = y3 − 26y + 10 passes
through the point (10, 0) while the graph of x = 40 − 6y2 − y3 passes through the point (40, 0). Therefore, over the
y-interval [−1, 3], the graph of x = 40 − 6y2 − y3 lies to the right of the graph of x = y3 − 26y + 10. The orientation of
the two graphs is reversed over the y-interval [−5, −1]. Hence, the area of the shaded region is
 −1    3 
(y3 − 26y + 10) − (40 − 6y2 − y3 ) dy + (40 − 6y2 − y3 ) − (y3 − 26y + 10) dy
−5 −1
 −1    3  
= 2y3 + 6y2 − 26y − 30 dy + −2y3 − 6y2 + 26y + 30 dy
−5 −1
−1 3
1 4  1 
= y + 2y3 − 13y2 − 30y  + − y4 − 2y3 + 13y2 + 30y  = 256
2 −5 2 −1
10 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

26. Figure 22 shows the region enclosed by y = x3 − 6x and y = 8 − 3x2 . Match the equations with the curves and compute
the area of the region.
y

−3 2
x
−4 −1

−50

FIGURE 22 Region between y = x3 − 6x and y = 8 − 3x2 .

solution Setting x3 − 6x = 8 − 3x2 yields (x + 1)(x + 4)(x − 2) = 0, so the two curves intersect at x = −4, x = −1, and
x = 2. Over the interval [−4, −1], y = x3 − 6x is the upper curve, while y = 8 − 3x2 is the upper curve over the interval
[−1, 2]. The area of the region enclosed by the two curves is then
 −1    2 
(x3 − 6x) − (8 − 3x2 ) dx + (8 − 3x2 ) − (x3 − 6x) dx
−4 −1
−1 2
1 4 3  1  81 81 81
= x − 3x − 8x + x  + 8x − x3 − x4 + 3x2
2
 = + =
4 −4 4 −1
4 4 2

In Exercises 27 and 28, find the area enclosed by the graphs in two ways: by integrating along the x-axis and by
integrating along the y-axis.
27. x = 9 − y2 , x = 5
solution Along the y-axis, we have points of intersection at y = ±2. Therefore, the area enclosed by the two curves is
 2  2 2
  1 3  32
9 − y − 5 dy =
2
4 − y dy = 4y − y  =
2
−2 −2 3 −2
3
Along the x-axis, we have integration limits of x = 5 and x = 9. Therefore, the area enclosed by the two curves is
 9 √ 9
2 9 − x dx = − (9 − x)3/2  = 0 − −
4 32 32
=
5 3 5 3 3

28. The semicubical parabola y2 = x3 and the line x = 1

solution Since y2 = x3 , it follows that x ≥ 0 since y2 ≥ 0. Therefore, y = ±x3/2 , and the area of the region enclosed by
the semicubical parabola and x = 1 is
 1   1 1
2x3/2 dx = x5/2  =
4 4
x3/2 − (−x3/2 ) dx =
0 0 5 0 5
Along the y-axis, we have integration limits of y = ±1. Therefore, the area enclosed by the two curves is
 1 1
 3 5/3  3 3 4
1−y 2/3
dy = y − y  = 1 − − −1 + =
−1 5 −1
5 5 5

In Exercises 29 and 30, find the area of the region using the method (integration along either the x- or the y-axis) that
requires you to evaluate just one integral.
29. Region between y2 = x + 5 and y2 = 3 − x
solution From the figure below, we see that integration along the x-axis would require two integrals, but integration
along the y-axis requires only one integral. Setting y2 − 5 = 3 − y2 yields points of intersection at y = ±2. Thus, the area
is given by
 2  2 2
  2  64
(3 − y2 ) − (y2 + 5) dy = 8 − 2y2 dy = 8y − y3  =
−2 −2 3 −2
3
y
2
x = 3 − y2
1
x
−4 −2 2
−1
x = y2 − 5 −2
 S E C T I O N 6.1 Area Between Two Curves 11

30. Region between y = x and x + y = 8 over [2, 3]

solution From the figure below, we see that integration along the y-axis would require three integrals, but integration
along the x-axis requires only one integral. The area of the region is then
 3
3
 
(8 − x) − x dx = (8x − x2 ) = (24 − 9) − (16 − 4) = 3
2 2

As a check, the area of a trapezoid is given by

h 1
(b1 + b2 ) = (4 + 2) = 3
2 2

6 x+y=8
5
4
3
2 y=x
1
x
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

In Exercises 31–48, sketch the region enclosed by the curves and compute its area as an integral along the x- or y-axis.

31. y = 25 − x2 , y = x2 − 25

solution Setting 25 − x2 = x2 − 25 yields 2x2 = 50 or x2 = 25. Thus, the curves y = 25 − x2 and y = x2 − 25 intersect
at x = ±5. From the figure below, we see that y = 25 − x2 lies above y = x2 − 25 over the interval [−5, 5]; hence, the area
of the region enclosed by the curves is

  5
5   5
2  250 250 1000
(25 − x ) − (x − 25) dx =
2 2
(50 − 2x ) dx = 50x − x3 2
 = 250 − − −250 + =
−5 −5 3 −5
3 3 3

25 y 5 25 2 x 2

x
25 5

y 5 x 2 2 25
225

32. y = x2 − 6, y = 6 − x3 , x=0

solution Setting x2 − 6 = 6 − x3 yields

0 = x3 + x2 − 12 = (x − 2)(x2 + 3x + 6)

so the curves y = x2 − 6 and y = 6 − x3 intersect at x = 2. Using the graph shown below, we see that y = 6 − x3 lies above
y = x2 − 6 over the interval [0, 2]; hence, the area of the region enclosed by these curves and the y-axis is

  2 2
2   1 1  8 52
(6 − x3 ) − (x2 − 6) dx = (−x3 − x2 + 12) dx = − x4 − x3 + 12x  = −4 − + 24 − 0 =
0 0 4 3 0
3 3

6
4 y = 6 − x3
2
x
−2 0.5 1 1.5 2
−4
−6 y = x2 − 6
12 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

33. x + y = 4, x − y = 0, y + 3x = 4
solution From the graph below, we see that the top of the region enclosed by the three lines is always bounded by
x + y = 4. On the other hand, the bottom of the region is bounded by y + 3x = 4 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and by x − y = 0 for
1 ≤ x ≤ 2. The total area of the region is then
 1  2  1  2
((4 − x) − (4 − 3x)) dx + ((4 − x) − x) dx = 2x dx + (4 − 2x) dx
0 1 0 1
 2
x2 0 + (4x − x2 )1 = 1 + (8 − 4) − (4 − 1) = 2
1
=

4 x+y=4
3
2
y + 3x = 4
1 y=x
x
0.5 1 1.5 2

34. y = 8 − 3x, y = 6 − x, y=2

solution From the figure below, we see that the graph of y = 6 − x lies to the right of the graph of y = 8 − 3x, so
integration in y is most appropriate for this problem. Setting 8 − 3x = 6 − x yields x = 1, so the y-coordinate of the point
of intersection between y = 8 − 3x and y = 6 − x is 5. The area bounded by the three given curves is thus
 5  5
1 10 2
A= (6 − y) − (8 − y) dy = − y dy
2 3 2 3 3
5
10 1  50 25 20 4
= y − y2  = − − − =3
3 3 2 3 3 3 3
y

5
4 y=6−x
3 y = 8 − 3x
2
y=2
1
0 x
1 2 3 4

√ √
35. y = 15 − x, y = 2 x, x = 0
√ √ √ √
solution Setting
√ 15 − x = 2 x yields x = 5 or x = 25. Using the graph shown below, we see that y = 15 − x lies
above y = 2 x over the interval [0, 25]. The area of the region enclosed by these two curves and the y-axis is then
 25   25  25
√ √  √  
15 − x − 2 x dx = 15 − 3 x dx = 15x − 2x3/2  = (375 − 250) − 0 = 125
0 0 0

15 y 5 15 2 x

y52 x
x
25

36. y = |x2 − 4|, y = 5

solution Setting |x2 − 4| = 5 gives x = ±3. A sketch of the region is shown below.
y

x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
 S E C T I O N 6.1 Area Between Two Curves 13

The graph of y = 5 lies above the graph of y = |x2 − 4|. We split the computation into three separate integrals, over
[−3, −2], [−2, 2], and [2, 3]:
 −2    2   3 
A= 5 − (x2 − 4) dx + 5 − (4 − x2 ) dx + 5 − (x2 − 4) dx
−3 −2 2
−2 2 3
= 9x − x3  + x + x3  + 9x − x3 
1 1 1
3 −3 3 −2 3 2

8 28 8 44
= + + =
3 3 3 3
37. x = |y|, x = 1 − |y|
solution From the graph below, we see that the region enclosed by the curves x = |y| and x = 1 − |y| is symmetric
with respect to the x-axis. We can therefore determine the total area by doubling the area in the first quadrant. For y > 0,
setting y = 1 − y yields y = 12 as the point of intersection. Moreover, x = 1 − |y| = 1 − y lies to the right of x = |y| = y, so
the total area of the region is
 1/2 
   1/2
(1 − y) − y dy = 2 y − y2  = 2
1 1 1
2 − =
0 0 2 4 2
y

0.4
0.2
x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
−0.2
x = 1 −˙ y˙
−0.4 x = ˙ y˙

38. y = |x|, y = 2x + 3
solution For x < 0, |x| = 2x + 3 is equivalent to −x = 2x + 3, which yields x = −2; for x ≥ 0, |x| = 2x + 3 is equivalent
to x = 2x + 3, which yields x = 6. Using the graph shown below, we see that y = 2x + 3 lies above y = |x| over the interval
[−2, 6]. The area of the region enclosed by these two curves is then
 6   0   6   0   6 
x x x x x
+ 3 − |x| dx = + 3 − |x| dx + + 3 − |x| dx = + 3 − (−x) dx + + 3 − x dx
−2 2 −2 2 0 2 −2 2 0 2
 0  6 0 6
3 − x dx = x2 + 3x  + 3x − x2  = 3 + 9 = 12
3 1 3 1
= x + 3 dx +
−2 2 0 2 4 −2 4 0

y
x
6 y5 2
13

y 5 |x|

x
22 6

39. x = y3 − 18y, y + 2x = 0
solution Setting y3 − 18y = − 2y yields
35 35
0 = y3 − y = y y2 −
2 2
√
so the points of intersection occur at y = 0 and y = ± 270 . From the graph below, we see that both curves are symmetric
with respect to the origin. It follows that the portion of the region enclosed by the curves in the second quadrant is
identical to the region enclosed in the fourth quadrant. We can therefore determine the total area enclosed by the two
curves by doubling the area enclosed in the second quadrant. In the second quadrant, y + 2x = 0 lies to the right of
x = y3 − 18y, so the total area enclosed by the two curves is
 √70/2    √70/2
y 35 1  1225 1225 1225
2 − − (y3 − 18y) dy = 2 y2 − y4  =2 − =
0 2 4 4 0
8 16 8
y

y + 2x = 0
2
x
−20 −10 10 20
−2

x = y 3 − 18y
14 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

√ √
40. y = x x − 2, y = −x x − 2, x = 4
√ √
solution Note that y = x x − 2 and y = −x x − 2 are the upper and lower branches, respectively, of the curve
y2 = x2 (x − 2). The area enclosed by this curve and the vertical line x = 4 is
 4 √ √   4 √
x x − 2 − (−x x − 2) dx = 2x x − 2 dx
2 2

Substitute u = x − 2. Then du = dx, x = u + 2 and

 4 √  2  2 √
√ 2   4 5/2 8 3/2  128 2
2x x − 2 dx = 2(u + 2) u du = 2u3/2 + 4u1/2 du = u + u  =
2 0 0 5 3 0
15

4 y 2 = x 2 (x − 2)
2
x
1 2 3 4
−2
−4

41. x = 2y, x + 1 = (y − 1)2

solution Setting 2y = (y − 1)2 − 1 yields

0 = y2 − 4y = y(y − 4)

so the two curves intersect at y = 0 and at y = 4. From the graph below, we see that x = 2y lies to the right of
x + 1 = (y − 1)2 over the interval [0, 4] along the y-axis. Thus, the area of the region enclosed by the two curves is
 4  4 4
  1 3  32
2y − ((y − 1) − 1) dy =
2
4y − y dy = 2y − y  =
2 2
0 0 3 0
3

4 x + 1 = ( y − 1) 2

2 x = 2y

x
2 4 6 8

42. x + y = 1, x1/2 + y1/2 = 1

solution From the graph below, we see that the two curves intersect at x = 0 and at x = 1 and that x + y = 1 lies above
x1/2 + y1/2 = 1. The area of the region enclosed by the two curves is then
 1  1 1
√  √  4  1
(1 − x) − (1 − x)2 dx = −2x + 2 x dx = −x2 + x3/2  =
0 0 3 0 3

1.0
0.8
x+y=1
0.6
0.4
0.2
x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
x1/2 + y1/2 = 1

2π
43. y = cos x, y = cos 2x, x = 0, x=
3
solution From the graph below, we see that y = cos x lies above y = cos 2x over the interval [0, 2π
3
]. The area of the
region enclosed by the two curves is therefore
 2π/3 2π/3 √
1  3 3
(cos x − cos 2x) dx = sin x − sin 2x  =
0 2 0 4
 S E C T I O N 6.1 Area Between Two Curves 15

y
1.0
y = cos x
0.5

x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
−0.5
y = cos 2x
−1.0

π
44. y = sin(2x), y = sin(4x), x = 0, x=
6
solution Over the interval [0, π6 ], y = sin(4x) lies above y = sin(2x). The area of the region enclosed by the two curves
is then
 π/6  π/6
1 1  1 1 1 1 1
[sin(4x) − sin(2x)] dx = − cos(4x) + cos(2x)  = + − − + = .
0 4 2 0 8 4 4 2 8

1.0
y = sin(4x)
0.8

0.6
y = sin(2x)
0.4

0.2

x
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

π
45. y = sin x, y = csc2 x, x=
4
solution Over the interval [ π4 , π2 ], y = csc2 x lies above y = sin x. The area of the region enclosed by the two curves is
then
  ⎛ √ ⎞ √
π/2
   π/2 ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟⎟
csc2 x − sin x dx = − cot x + cos x  = (0 − 0) − ⎜⎜⎝−1 +
2
⎟⎠ = 1 −
π/4 π/4 2 2

y
2.0

1.5 y = csc2 x

1.0
y = sin x
0.5

x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

2
46. x = sin y, x= y
π
solution Here, integration along the y-axis will require less work than integration along the x-axis. The curves intersect
when 2yπ = sin y or when y = 0, ± π2 . From the graph below, we see that both curves are symmetric with respect to the
origin. It follows that the portion of the region enclosed by the curves in the first quadrant is identical to the region
enclosed in the third quadrant. We can therefore determine the total area enclosed by the two curves by doubling the area
enclosed in the first quadrant. In the first quadrant, x = sin y lies to the right of x = 2yπ , so the total area enclosed by the
two curves is
 π/2 π/2 
2 1  π  π
2 sin y − y dy = 2 − cos y − y2  = 2 0 − − (−1 − 0) = 2 −
0 π π 0
4 2

y
2
x= y
1
x = sin y
x
−1 1
−1
16 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

47. y = sin x, y = x sin(x2 ), 0 ≤ x ≤ 1

solution A sketch of the region is shown below:

y
0.8
0.7
0.6 sin(x)
0.5
0.4
0.3 x sin(x 2)
0.2
0.1
0 x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

The area of the region is then

 1    1  1
A= sin x − x sin(x2 ) dx = sin x dx − x sin(x2 ) dx
0 0 0
1  1  1
= − cos x − x sin(x2 ) dx = 1 − cos 1 − x sin(x2 ) dx
0 0 0

For the remaining integral, use the substitution u = x2 ; then du = 2x dx and the new bound of integration are u = 0 to
u = 1. Thus
 1  1
1 1
sin u du = 1 − cos 1 − (− cos x) = (1 − cos 1)
1 1
A = 1 − cos 1 − x sin(x2 ) dx = 1 − cos 1 −
0 2 0 2 0 2

√
sin( x)
48. y = √ , y = 0, π2 ≤ x ≤ 9π2
x
solution A sketch of the region is shown below:

y
0.1

x
0 2π 2 4π 2 6π 2 8π 2

−0.1

−0.2

We see that the function is negative for π2 ≤ x ≤ 4π2 and positive on the remaining range; thus, the area is
 4π2 √  9π2 √
sin x sin x
A=− √ dx + √ dx
π2 x 4π2 x

√ 1 1
To evaluate the integral, use the substitution u = x; then du = · √ , and the bounds of integration are x = π2 → u =
2 x
π, x = 4π2 → u = 2π, x = 9π2 → u = 3π. Then
 2π  3π 2π 3π
A = −2 sin u du + 2 sin u du = (2 cos u) + (−2 cos u) = 4 + 4 = 8
π 2π π 2π

49. Plot

x
y= √ and y = (x − 1)2
x2 +1
on the same set of axes. Use a computer algebra system to find the points of intersection numerically and compute the
area between the curves.
solution Using a computer algebra system, we find that the curves

x
y= √ and y = (x − 1)2
x2 + 1
 S E C T I O N 6.1 Area Between Two Curves 17

intersect at x = 0.3943285581 and at x = 1.942944418. From the graph below, we see that y = √ x lies above
x2 +1
y = (x − 1)2 , so the area of the region enclosed by the two curves is
 1.942944418
x
√ − (x − 1)2 dx = 0.7567130951
0.3943285581 x2 + 1
The value of the definite integral was also obtained using a computer algebra system.
y
1 x
y=
0.8 x2 + 1

0.6
0.4
0.2 y = (x − 1)2
x
0.5 1 1.5 2

50. Sketch a region whose area is represented by

 √
2/2
√ 
√ 1 − x2 − |x| dx
− 2/2

and determine the area using geometry.

√
solution Matching the integrand 1 − x2 − |x| with the yTOP − yBOT template for calculating area, we see that the region
√
in question is bounded along the top by the curve y = 1 − x2 (the upper half of the unit circle) and is bounded along the
bottom by the curve y = |x|. Hence, the region is 14 of the unit circle (see the figure below). The area of the region must
then be
1 π
π(1)2 =
4 4
y

0.8

0.4

x
−0.4 0.4

51. Beginning at the same time and location, Athletes 1 and 2 run for 30 seconds along a straight track with
velocities v1 (t) and v2 (t) (in meters per second) as shown in Figure 23.
(a) What is represented by the area of the shaded region over [0, 10]?
(b) Which of the following is represented by the area of the shaded region over [10, 30]?
i. How far Athlete 2 is ahead of Athlete 1 at t = 30.
ii. How much further Athlete 2 ran than Athlete 1 did over the last 20 seconds.
(c) Who is ahead at the end of each 5-second interval, t = 5, 10, . . . , 30?

(m/s) 1
7
6
5
2
4
3
2
1
t (s)
5 10 15 20 25 30
FIGURE 23

solution
(a) The area of the shaded region over [0, 10] represents how much further Athlete 1 ran than Athlete 2 over the first 10
seconds. We know that Athlete 1 ran further because the velocity of Athlete 1 is larger than the velocity of Athlete 2.
(b) The area of the shaded region over [10, 30] represents (ii): how much further Athlete 2 ran than Athlete 1 over the
last 20 seconds.
18 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

(c) Because the athletes start at the same location and the velocity of Athlete 1 is larger than the velocity of Athlete 2
over [0, 10], Athlete 1 is ahead at t = 5 and at t = 10. Although the velocity of Athlete 2 is larger than the velocity of
Athlete 1 over [10, 15], the area of the shaded region over [10, 15] is smaller than the area of the shaded region over
[0, 10], so Athlete 1 is still ahead at t = 15. Now, the area of the shaded region over [10, 20] is roughly the same as the
area of the shaded region over [0, 10], so the two athletes are at nearly the same location at t = 20. Finally, the area of
the shaded regions over [10, 25] and over [10, 30] is larger than the area of the shaded region over [0, 10], so Athlete 2 is
ahead at t = 25 and at t = 30.

52. Express the area (not signed) of the shaded region in Figure 24 as a sum of three integrals involving f (x) and g(x).

y = f(x)

x
3 5 9

y = g(x)

FIGURE 24

solution Because either the curve bounding the top of the region or the curve bounding the bottom of the region or
both change at x = 3 and at x = 5, the area is calculated using three integrals. Specifically, the area is
 3  5  9
( f (x) − g(x)) dx + ( f (x) − 0) dx + (0 − f (x)) dx
0 3 5
 3  5  9
= ( f (x) − g(x)) dx + f (x) dx − f (x) dx
0 3 5

53. Find the area enclosed by the curves y = c − x2 and y = x2 − c as a function of c. Find the value of c for which this
area is equal to 1.
√ √ √
solution The curves intersect at x = ± c, with y = c − x2 above y = x2 − c over the interval [− c, c]. The area of
the region enclosed by the two curves is then
 √  √  √c
c   c   2  8 3/2
√
c − x ) − (x − c) dx =
2 2
√
2c − 2x 2
dx = 2cx − x3  √ = c
− c − c 3 − c
3

In order for the area to equal 1, we must have 83 c3/2 = 1, which gives

91/3
c= ≈ 0.520021
4

54. Set up (but do not evaluate) an integral that expresses the area between the circles x2 + y2 = 2 and x2 + (y − 1)2 = 1.
solution Setting 2 − y2 = 1 − (y − 1)2 yields y = 1. The two circles therefore intersect at the points (1, 1) and (−1, 1).
From the graph below, we see that over the interval [−1, 1], the upper half of the circle x2 + y2 = 2 lies above the lower
half of the circle x2 + (y − 1)2 = 1. The area enclosed by the two circles is therefore given by the integral
 1 √ √ 
2 − x2 − (1 − 1 − x2 ) dx
−1

x2 + y2 = 2

x 2 + (y − 1)2 = 1
x
−1 1

55. Set up (but do not evaluate) an integral that expresses the area between the graphs of y = (1 + x2 )−1 and y = x2 .
solution Setting (1 + x2 )−1 = x2 yields x4 + x2 − 1 = 0. This is a quadratic equation in the variable x2 . By the quadratic
formula,
√ √
−1 ± 1 − 4(−1) −1 ± 5
x2 = =
2 2
 S E C T I O N 6.1 Area Between Two Curves 19

√  √
As x2 must be nonnegative, we discard −1−2 5 . Finally, we find the two curves intersect at x = ± −1+ 5
2
. From the graph
below, we see that y = (1 + x2 )−1 lies above y = x2 . The area enclosed by the two curves is then
 √
 −1+ 5
 
2
 √ (1 + x2 )−1 − x2 dx
−1+ 5
− 2

y
2 −1
1 y = (1 + x )

0.5
y = x2
x
−1 −0.5 0.5 1

56. Find a numerical approximation to the area above y = 1 − (x/π) and below y = sin x (find the points of
intersection numerically).
solution The region in question is shown in the figure below. Using a computer algebra system, we find that y = 1 − x/π
and y = sin x intersect on the left at x = 0.8278585215. Analytically, we determine the two curves intersect on the right
at x = π. The area above y = 1 − x/π and below y = sin x is then
 π   x 
sin x − 1 − dx = 0.8244398727
0.8278585215 π

where the definite integral was evaluated using a computer algebra system.

1
y = sin x

x
y=1−

x
0 1 2 3

57. Find a numerical approximation to the area above y = |x| and below y = cos x.
solution The region in question is shown in the figure below. We see that the region is symmetric with respect to the
y-axis, so we can determine the total area of the region by doubling the area of the portion in the first quadrant. Using
a computer algebra system, we find that y = cos x and y = |x| intersect at x = 0.7390851332. The area of the region
between the two curves is then
 0.7390851332
2 (cos x − x) dx = 0.8009772242
0

where the definite integral was evaluated using a computer algebra system.
y
1 y = cos x

0.5
y = |x|
x
−1 −0.5 0.5 1

 
58. Use a computer algebra system to find a numerical approximation to the number c (besides zero) in 0, π2 ,
where the curves y = sin x and y = tan2 x intersect. Then find the area enclosed by the graphs over [0, c].
solution The region in question is shown in the figure below. Using a computer algebra system, we find that y = sin x
and y = tan2 x intersect at x = 0.6662394325. The area of the region enclosed by the two curves is then
 0.6662394325  
sin x − tan2 x dx = 0.09393667698
0

where the definite integral was evaluated using a computer algebra system.
20 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

0.8

0.6
y = sin x
0.4
y = tan 2 x
0.2

x
0 0.2 0.4 0.6

59. Lauren and Harvey own a field that is bordered by Route 271, Rogadzo Road, and the Riemann River (Figure 25).
To estimate the area of the field, at 50-ft intervals along Route 271 they measured the distance from Route 271 to the
river, parallel to Rogadzo Road. Their measurements (in feet) are shown in the figure and in the following table.

Measurement
Location
Along
Route 271 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
(feet from
Rogadzo
Road):
Distance from
Route 271 to 260 265 215 205 250 305 295 240 150
Riemann
River:

Compute right-endpoint and left-endpoint Riemann sums to obtain approximations of the area of the field.

Riemann River
Rogadzo Road
260
265
215
205
250
305
295
240
150

Route 271
FIGURE 25

solution The right-endpoint Riemann sum approximation to the area of the field is

50(265 + 215 + 205 + 250 + 305 + 295 + 240 + 150) = 96, 250 ft2

the left-endpoint Riemann sum approximation is

50(260 + 265 + 215 + 205 + 250 + 305 + 295 + 240) = 101, 750 ft2

60. Referring to Figure 1 at the beginning of this section, estimate the projected number of additional joules produced
in the years 2009–2030 as a result of government stimulus spending in 2009–2010. Note: One watt (W) is equal to
1 joule/second (J/s), and 1 gigawatt (GW) is 109 watts.
solution We make some rough estimates of the areas depicted in Figure 1. From 2009 through 2012, the area between
the curves is roughly a right triangle with a base of 3 and a height of 40; from 2012 through 2020, the area is roughly an
8 by 40 rectangle. Finally, from 2020 through 2030, the area is roughly a trapezoid with height 10 and bases 40 and 27.
Thus, additional energy produced is approximately

1 1
(3)(40) + 8(40) + (10)(40 + 27) = 715 gigawatt-years
2 2
Because 1 gigawatt is equal to 109 joules per second and 1 year (assuming 365 days) is equal to 31536000 seconds,
the additional joules produced in the years 2009–2030 as a result of government stimulus spending in 2009–2010 is
approximately 2.25 × 1019 .
 S E C T I O N 6.1 Area Between Two Curves 21

Exercises 61 and 62 use the notation and results of Exercises 49–51 of Section 3.4. For a given country, F(r) is the
fraction of total income that goes to the bottom rth fraction of households. The graph of y = F(r) is called the Lorenz
curve.

61. Let A be the area between y = r and y = F(r) over the interval [0, 1] (Figure 26). The Gini index is the ratio
G = A/B, where B is the area under y = r over [0, 1].
(a) Show that
 1
G=2 (r − F(r)) dr
0
(b) Calculate G if
⎧1
⎪
⎪
⎨3r for 0 ≤ r ≤ 1
2
F(r) = ⎪
⎪
⎩5r − 2
for 1
≤r≤1
3 3 2

(c) The Gini index is a measure of income distribution, with a lower value indicating a more equal distribution. Calculate
G if F(r) = r (in this case, all households have the same income by Exercise 51(b) of Section 3.4).
(d) What is G if all of the income goes to one household? Hint: In this extreme case, F(r) = 0 for 0 ≤ r < 1.
solution
(a) Because the graph of y = r lies above the graph of y = F in Figure 26,
 1
A= (r − F(r)) dr
0
Moreover,
 
1
1 2 1 1
B= r dr = r  =
0 2 0 2
Thus,
 1
A
G= =2 (r − F(r)) dr
B 0
(b) With the given F(r),
 1/2  1
1 5 2
G=2 r − r dr + 2 r− r− dr
0 3 1/2 3 3
 
4 1/2 4 1
= r dr − (r − 1) dr
3 0 3 1/2
 1
2 1/2 4 1 2 
= r2  − r − r 
3 0 3 2 1/2

1 4 1 4 3 1
= − − + − =
6 3 2 3 8 3
(c) If F(r) = r, then
 1
G=2 (r − r) dr = 0
0
(d) If F(r) = 0 for 0 ≤ r < 1, then
 1
1
1 2  1
G=2 (r − 0) dr = 2 r  = 2 =1
0 2  0
2
62. Calculate the Gini index of the United States in the year 2010 from the Lorenz curve in Figure 26, which consists of
segments joining the data points in the following table:
r 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
F(r) 0 0.033 0.118 0.264 0.480 1
y
1.0

0.8
y=r y = F(r)
0.6

0.4

0.2

r
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
FIGURE 26 Lorenz curve for the United States in 2010.
22 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

solution From part (a) of the previous exercise,

 1  1
G=2 (r − F(r)) dr = 1 − 2 F(r) dr
0 0

Because F(r) consists of segments joining the data points in the given table, the area under the graph of y = F(r) consists
of a triangle and four trapezoids. The area is

1 1 1 1 1
(0.2)(0.033) + (0.2)(0.033 + 0.118) + (0.2)(0.118 + 0.264) + (0.2)(0.264 + 0.480) + (0.2)(0.480 + 1)
2 2 2 2 2
or 0.2790. Finally,

G = 1 − 2(0.2790) = 0.4420

Further Insights and Challenges

63. Find the line y = mx that divides the area under the curve y = x(1 − x) over [0, 1] into two regions of equal area.
solution First note that
  1
1 1   1 2 1 3  1
x(1 − x) dx = x−x 2
dx = x − x  =
0 0 2 3 0 6

Now, the line y = mx and the curve y = x(1 − x) intersect when mx = x(1 − x), or at x = 0 and at x = 1 − m. The area of
the region enclosed by the two curves is then
  1−m
1−m 1−m   x2 1  1
(x(1 − x) − mx) dx = (1 − m)x − x2 dx = (1 − m) − x3  = (1 − m)3
0 0 2 3 0
6

To have 16 (1 − m)3 = 1
2
· 1
6
requires
1/3
1
m=1− ≈ 0.206299
2

64. Let c be the number such that the area under y = sin x over [0, π] is divided in half by the line y = cx (Figure
27). Find an equation for c and solve this equation numerically using a computer algebra system.

y
y = sin x
1 y = cx

x
2
FIGURE 27

solution First note that

 π π
sin x dx = − cos x = 2
0 0

Now, let y = cx and y = sin x intersect at x = a. Then ca = sin a, which gives c = sin a
a
and y = cx = sin a
a
x. Then
 a
a
sin a sin a 2  a sin a
sin x − x dx = − cos x − x  = 1 − cos a −
0 a 2a 0 2

We need
a sin a 1
1 − cos a − = (2) = 1
2 2
which gives a = 2.458714176 and finally

sin a
c= = 0.2566498570
a
 S E C T I O N 6.2 Setting Up Integrals: Volume, Density, Average Value 23

6.2 Setting Up Integrals: Volume, Density, Average Value

Preliminary Questions
1. What is the average value of f on [0, 4] if the area between the graph of f and the x-axis is equal to 12?
solution Assuming that f (x) ≥ 0 over the interval [0, 4], the fact that the area between the graph of f and the x-axis is
4
equal to 12 indicates that
0
f (x) dx = 12. The average value of f over the interval [0, 4] is then
4
f (x) dx 12
0
= =3
4−0 4

2. Find the volume of a solid extending from y = 2 to y = 5 if every cross section has area A(y) = 5.
solution Because the cross-sectional area of the solid is constant, the volume is simply the cross-sectional area times
the length, or 5 × 3 = 15.
3. What is the definition of flow rate?
solution The flow rate of a fluid is the volume of fluid that passes through a cross-sectional area at a given point per
unit time.
4. Which assumption about fluid velocity did we use to compute the flow rate as an integral?
solution To express flow rate as an integral, we assumed that the fluid velocity depended only on the radial distance
from the center of the tube.
 4
5. The average value of f on [1, 4] is 5. Find f (x) dx.
1

solution
 4
f (x) dx = average value on [1, 4] × length of [1, 4]
1

= 5 × 3 = 15

Exercises
1. Let V be the volume of a pyramid of height 20 whose base is a square of side 8.
(a) Use similar triangles as in Example 1 to find the area of the horizontal cross section at a height y.
(b) Calculate V by integrating the cross-sectional area.
solution
(a) We can use similar triangles to determine the side length, s, of the square cross section at height y. Using the diagram
below, we find
8 s 2
= or s= (20 − y)
20 20 − y 5

The area of the cross section at height y is then given by 4

25
(20 − y)2 .

20 − y

20 s

(b) The volume of the pyramid is

 20 20
(20 − y)2 dy = − (20 − y)3  =
4 4 1280
0 25 75 0 3

2. Let V be the volume of a right circular cone of height 10 whose base is a circle of radius 4 [Figure 16(A)].
(a) Use similar triangles to find the area of a horizontal cross section at a height y.
24 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

(b) Calculate V by integrating the cross-sectional area.

10 h

y y

0 0
4 R

(A) (B)
FIGURE 16 Right circular cones.
solution
(a) If r is the radius at height y [see Figure 16(A)], then
10 10 − y
=
4 r
from similar triangles, which implies that r = 4 − 25 y. The area of the cross section at height y is then
2
2
A=π 4− y
5
(b) The volume of the cone is
 
3 10
2 
10 2
2 5π 160π
V= π 4− y dy = − 4 − y  =
0 5 6 5  3
0

3. Use the method of Exercise 2 to find the formula for the volume of a right circular cone of height h whose base is a
circle of radius R [Figure 16(B)].
solution
(a) From similar triangles [see Figure 16(B)],
h R
=
h − y r0

where r0 is the radius of the cone at a height of y. Thus, r0 = R − Ry

h
.
(b) The volume of the cone is

   h
Ry 3 
h  Ry 2 −hπ R − h  hπ R3 πR2 h
π R− dy =  = =
0 h R 3  R 3 3
0

4. Calculate the volume of the ramp in Figure 17 in three ways by integrating the area of the cross sections:
(a) Perpendicular to the x-axis (rectangles)
(b) Perpendicular to the y-axis (triangles)
(c) Perpendicular to the z-axis (rectangles)

4
y
2

6
x
FIGURE 17 Ramp of length 6, width 4, and height 2.
solution
(a) Cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are rectangles of width 4 and height 2 − 13 x. The volume of the ramp is
then
 6 6
4 − x + 2 dx = − x2 + 8x  = 24
1 2
0 3 3 0
 S E C T I O N 6.2 Setting Up Integrals: Volume, Density, Average Value 25

(b) Cross sections perpendicular to the y-axis are right triangles with legs of length 2 and 6. The volume of the ramp is
then
 4 4
· 2 · 6 dy = (6y)  = 24
1
0 2 0

(c) Cross sections perpendicular to the z-axis are rectangles of length 6 − 3z and width 4. The volume of the ramp is
then
 2 2
4 (−3(z − 2)) dz = (−6z2 + 24z) = 24
0 0

5. Find the volume of liquid needed to fill a sphere of radius R to height h (Figure 18).

FIGURE 18 Sphere filled with liquid to height h.


solution The radius r at any height y is given by r = R2 − (R − y)2 . Thus, the volume of the filled portion of the
sphere is
   h h
h h   y3  h3
π r2 dy = π R2 − (R − y)2 dy = π (2Ry − y2 ) dy = π Ry2 −  = π Rh −
2
0 0 0 3 0 3

6. Find the volume of the wedge in Figure 19(A) by integrating the area of vertical cross sections.

4 c

x x
8 6 a b

(A) (B)
FIGURE 19

solution Cross sections of the wedge taken perpendicular to the x-axis are right triangles. Using similar triangles, we
find the base and the height of the cross sections to be 34 (8 − x) and 12 (8 − x), respectively. The volume of the wedge is
then
 8  8 8
3 3  3 1 3 
(8 − x) dx =
2
64 − 16x + x dx =
2
64x − 8x + x  = 32
2
16 0 16 0 16 3 0

7. Derive a formula for the volume of the wedge in Figure 19(B) in terms of the constants a, b, and c.
solution The line from c to a is given by the equation (z/c) + (x/a) = 1 and the line from b to a is given by (y/b) +
(x/a) = 1. The cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are right triangles with height c(1 − x/a) and base b(1 − x/a).
Thus we have
 a  
1 1 x 3 a 1
bc (1 − x/a)2 dx = − abc 1 −  = abc
0 2 6 a 0 6

8. Let B be the solid whose base is the unit circle x2 + y2 = 1 and whose vertical cross
√ sections perpendicular to the x-
axis are equilateral triangles. Show that the vertical cross sections have area A(x) = 3(1 − x2 ) and compute the volume
of B.
26 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

solution At the arbitrary location x, the side of the equilateral triangle cross section that lies in the base of the solid
√ √
extends from the top half of the unit circle√(with y = 1 − x2 ) to the bottom half (with y = − 1 − x2 ). The equilateral
triangle therefore has sides of length s = 2 1 − x2 and an area of
√
s2 3 √
A(x) = = 3(1 − x2 )
4
Finally, the volume of the solid is
1 √
√  1   √ 1  4 3
3 1 − x2 dx = 3 x − x3  =
−1 3 −1 3

In Exercises 9–14, find the volume of the solid with the given base and cross sections.

9. The base is the unit circle x2 + y2 = 1, and the cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are triangles whose height
and base are equal.
solution At each location x, the side of the triangular cross section that lies in the base of the solid extends from the
√ √
√ circle (with y = 1 − x ) to the bottom half (with y = − 1 − x ). The triangle therefore has base and
top half of the unit 2 2

height equal to 2 1 − x2 and area 2(1 − x2 ). The volume of the solid is then
 1 1
1  8
2(1 − x2 ) dx = 2 x − x3  =
−1 3 −1 3

10. The base is the triangle enclosed by x + y = 1, the x-axis, and the y-axis. The cross sections perpendicular to the
y-axis are semicircles.
solution The diameter of the semicircle lies in the base of the solid and thus has length 1 − y for each y. The area of
the semicircle is then
2
1 1−y 1
π = π(1 − y)2
2 2 8

Finally, the volume of the solid is

  1
π 1
π 1
π 1  π
(1 − y)2 dy = (1 − 2y + y2 ) dy = y − y2 + y3  =
8 0 8 0 8 3 0
24

√
11. The base is the semicircle y = 9 − x2 , where −3 ≤ x ≤ 3. The cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are
squares.
√
solution For each x, the base of the square cross section extends from the semicircle y = 9 − x2 to the x-axis. The
√ √ 2
square therefore has a base with length 9 − x2 and an area of 9 − x2 = 9 − x2 . The volume of the solid is then
 3
3   1 
9 − x2 dx = 9x − x3  = 36
−3 3 −3

12. The base is a square, one of whose sides is the interval [0, ] along the x-axis. The cross sections perpendicular to
the x-axis are rectangles of height f (x) = x2 .
solution For each x, the rectangular cross section has base  and height x2 . The cross-sectional area is then x2 , and the
volume of the solid is
   
1 3  1
x dx =
2
x  = 4
0 3 0
3

13. The base is the region enclosed by y = x2 and y = 3. The cross sections perpendicular to the y-axis are squares.
√
solution At any location y, the distance to the parabola from the y-axis is y. Thus the base of the square will have
√
length 2 y. Therefore the volume is
  3
3
 √  √  3
2 y 2 y dy = 4y dy = 2y2 0 = 18
0 0

14. The base is the region enclosed by y = x2 and y = 3. The cross sections perpendicular to the y-axis are rectangles of
height y3 .
 S E C T I O N 6.2 Setting Up Integrals: Volume, Density, Average Value 27

√
solution As in previous exercise, for each y, the width of the rectangle will be 2 y. Because the height is y3 , the
volume of the solid is given by
 
3
4 9/2 3 √
2 y7/2 dy = y  = 36 3
0 9 0

15. Find the volume of the solid whose base is the region |x| + |y| ≤ 1 and whose vertical cross sections perpendicular to
the y-axis are semicircles (with diameter along the base).
solution The region R in question is a diamond shape connecting the points (1, 0), (0, −1), (−1, 0), and (0, 1). Thus, in
the lower half of the xy-plane, the radius of the circles is y + 1 and in the upper half, the radius is 1 − y. Therefore, the
volume is
 
π 0 π 1 π 1 1 π
(y + 1)2 dy + (1 − y)2 dy = + =
2 −1 2 0 2 3 3 3

√
3
16. Show that a pyramid of height h whose base is an equilateral triangle of side s has volume 12
hs2 .
solution Using similar triangles, the side length of the equilateral triangle at height x above the base is

s(h − x)
h
the area of the cross section is therefore given by
√ 2
3 s(h − x)
4 h

Thus, the volume of the pyramid is

√  ⎛ 2√ ⎞h √
s2 3 h ⎜⎜⎜ s 3 ⎟⎟
3⎟ 3 2
(h − x)2 dx = ⎜⎝− ⎟
(h − x) ⎠ = sh
4h2 0 12h2 0 12

17. The area of an ellipse is πab, where a and b are the lengths of the semimajor and semiminor axes (Figure 20).
Compute the volume of a cone of height 12 whose base is an ellipse with semimajor axis a = 6 and semiminor axis
b = 4.

12

b
a
4 6

FIGURE 20

solution At each height y, the elliptical cross section has major axis 12 (12 − y) and minor axis 13 (12 − y). The cross-
sectional area is then π6 (12 − y)2 , and the volume is
 12
12
π π
(12 − y)2 dy = − (12 − y)3  = 96π
0 6 18 0

18. Find the volume

√ V of a regular tetrahedron (Figure 21) whose face is an equilateral triangle of side s. The tetrahedron
has height h = 2/3s.

FIGURE 21 Regular tetrahedron.

28 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

solution Using similar triangles, the side length of the equilateral triangle at height z above the base is

h−z z
s = s− √
h 2/3
The volume of the tetrahedron is then given by
 √ √  √ √
3  s 2/3
√
s 2/3 2
3 z 2 z  s3 2
s− √ dz = − s− √  =
0 4 2/3 12 2/3 12
0

19. A frustum of a pyramid is a pyramid with its top cut off [Figure 22(A)]. Let V be the volume of a frustum of height
h whose base is a square of side a and whose top is a square of side b with a > b ≥ 0.
(a) Show that if the frustum were continued to a full pyramid, it would have height ha/(a − b) [Figure 22(B)].
(b) Show that the cross section at height x is a square of side (1/h)(a(h − x) + bx).
(c) Show that V = 13 h(a2 + ab + b2 ). A papyrus dating to the year 1850 bce indicates that Egyptian mathematicians had
discovered this formula almost 4000 years ago.

b
h

(A) (B)
FIGURE 22
solution
(a) Let H be the height of the full pyramid. Using similar triangles, we have the proportion
H H−h
=
a b
which gives
ha
H=
a−b
(b) Let s(x) denote the side length of the square cross section at height x. By similar triangles, we have
a s(x)
=
H H−x
Substituting the value for H from part (a) gives
a(h − x) + bx
s(x) =
h
(c) The volume of the frustrum is
 h 2  h 
1 1
(a(h − x) + bx) dx = 2 a2 (h − x)2 + 2ab(h − x)x + b2 x2 dx
0 h h 0
h
1 a2 2 1  h 2 
= 2 − (h − x)3 + abhx2 − abx3 + b2 x3  = a + ab + b2
h 3 3 3 0
3

20. A plane inclined at an angle of 45◦ passes through a diameter of the base of a cylinder of radius r. Find the volume
of the region within the cylinder and below the plane (Figure 23).

FIGURE 23
 S E C T I O N 6.2 Setting Up Integrals: Volume, Density, Average Value 29

solution Place the center of the base at the origin. Then, for each x, the vertical cross section taken perpendicular to
√
the x-axis is a rectangle of base 2 r2 − x2 and height x. The volume of the solid enclosed by the plane and the cylinder
is therefore
 r √  r2 r2
√ 2 3/2  2
2x r2 − x2 dx = u du = u  = r3
0 0 3 0 3

21. The solid S in Figure 24 is the intersection of two cylinders of radius r whose axes are perpendicular.
(a) The horizontal cross section of each cylinder at distance y from the central axis is a rectangular strip. Find the strip’s
width.
(b) Find the area of the horizontal cross section of S at distance y.
(c) Find the volume of S as a function of r.

S
y

FIGURE 24 Two cylinders intersecting at right angles.

solution
(a) The horizontal cross section at distance y from the central axis (for −r ≤ y ≤ r) is a square of width w = 2 r2 − y2 .
(b) The area of the horizontal cross section of S at distance y from the central axis is w2 = 4(r2 − y2 ).
(c) The volume of the solid S is then
 r r
 1  16 3
4 r2 − y2 dy = 4 r2 y − y3  = r
−r 3 −r 3

22. Let S be the intersection of two cylinders of radius r whose axes intersect at an angle θ. Find the volume of S as a
function of r and θ.
2 r2 − y2
solution Each cross section at distance y from the central axis (for −r ≤ y ≤ r) is a rhombus with side length .
sin θ
4(r2 − y2 )
The area of each rhombus is , and thus the volume of the solid will be
sin θ
 r 
4 16r3
r2 − y2 dy =
sin θ −r 3 sin θ

23. Calculate the volume of a cylinder inclined at an angle θ = 30◦ with height 10 and base of radius 4 (Figure 25).

10

30°

FIGURE 25 Cylinder inclined at an angle θ = 30◦ .

solution The area of each circular cross section is π(4)2 = 16π, hence the volume of the cylinder is
 10 10
16π dx = (16πx)  = 160π
0 0
30 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

24. The areas of cross sections of Lake Nogebow at 5-m intervals are given in the table below. Figure 26 shows a contour
map of the lake. Estimate the volume V of the lake by taking the average of the right- and left-endpoint approximations
to the integral of cross-sectional area.

Depth (m) 0 5 10 15 20
2
Area (million m ) 2.1 1.5 1.1 0.835 0.217

20
15
10
5
0

FIGURE 26 Depth contour map of Lake Nogebow.

solution The volume of the lake is

 20
A(z) dz
0

where A(z) denotes the cross-sectional area of the lake at depth z. The right- and left-endpoint approximations to this
integral, with Δz = 5, are

R = 5 (1.5 + 1.1 + 0.835 + 0.217) = 18.26

L = 5 (2.1 + 1.5 + 1.1 + 0.835) = 27.675

Thus
1
V≈ (18.26 + 27.675) = 22.97 million m3
2

25. Find the total mass of a 1-m rod whose linear density function is ρ(x) = 10(x + 1)−2 kg/m for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
solution The total mass of the rod is
 1  1     1
ρ(x) dx = 10(x + 1)−2 dx = −10(x + 1)−1  = 5 kg.
0 0 0

26. Find the total mass of a 3-m rod whose linear density function is ρ(x) = 3 + cos(πx) kg/m for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3.
solution The total mass of the rod is
 3  3 3
sin(πx)  = 9 + sin(3π) − (0 + 0) = 9 kg
1 1
ρ(x) dx = (3 + cos(πx)) dx = 3x +
0 0 π 0 π

27. A mineral deposit along a strip of length 6 cm has density s(x) = 0.01x(6 − x) g/cm for 0 ≤ x ≤ 6. Calculate the
total mass of the deposit.
solution The total mass of the deposit is
  6
6 6
0.01 3 
s(x) dx = 0.01x(6 − x) dx = 0.03x2 − x  = 0.36 g
0 0 3 0

28. Charge is distributed along a glass tube of length 10 cm with linear charge density ρ(x) = x(x2 + 1)−2 × 10−4
coulombs per centimeter (C/cm) for 0 ≤ x ≤ 10. Calculate the total charge.
solution The total charge along the tube is
  10
10 10
x 1  1
ρ(x) dx = 10−4 dx = 10−4 − (x2 + 1)−1 −5
 = 5 × 10 1 − = 4.95 × 10−5
0 0 (x2 + 1)2 2 0
101

coulombs.
29. Calculate the population within a 10-mile radius of the city center if the radial population density is ρ(r) = 4(1 + r2 )1/3
(in thousands per square mile).
 S E C T I O N 6.2 Setting Up Integrals: Volume, Density, Average Value 31

solution The total population is

 10  10 10
2π r · ρ(r) dr = 2π 4r(1 + r2 )1/3 dr = 3π(1 + r2 )4/3 
0 0 0

≈ 4423.59 thousand ≈ 4.4 million

30. Odzala National Park in the Republic of the Congo has a high density of gorillas. Suppose that the population density
is given by the radial density function ρ(r) = 52(1 + r2 )−2 gorillas/km2 , where r is the distance from a grassy clearing
with a source of water. Calculate the number of gorillas within a 5-km radius of the clearing.
solution The number of gorillas within a 5-km radius of the clearing is
  
5 5
104πr 52π 5
2π r · ρ(r) dr = = −  = 50π ≈ 157
0 0 (1 + r2 )2 1 + r2 0

31. Table 1 lists the population density (in people per square kilometer) as a function of distance r (in kilometers) from
the center of a rural town. Estimate the total population within a 1.2-km radius of the center by taking the average of the
left- and right-endpoint approximations.

TABLE 1 Population Density

r ρ(r) r ρ(r)

0.0 125.0 0.8 56.2

0.2 102.3 1.0 46.0
0.4 83.8 1.2 37.6
0.6 68.6

solution The total population is given by

 1.2
2π r · ρ(r) dr
0

With Δr = 0.2, the left- and right-endpoint approximations to the required definite integral are

L6 = 0.2(2π)[0(125) + (0.2)(102.3) + (0.4)(83.8) + (0.6)(68.6) + (0.8)(56.2) + (1)(46)]

= 233.86
R10 = 0.2(2π)[(0.2)(102.3) + (0.4)(83.8) + (0.6)(68.6) + (0.8)(56.2) + (1)(46) + (1.2)(37.6)]
= 290.56

This gives an average of 262.21. Thus, there are roughly 262 people within a 1.2-km radius of the town center.
32. Find the total mass of a circular plate of radius 20 cm whose mass density is the radial function ρ(r) = 0.03 +
0.01 cos(πr2 ) g/cm2 .
solution The total mass of the plate is
  20
20 20  0.01  
2π r · ρ(r) dr = 2π 0.03r + 0.01r cos(πr ) dr = 2π 0.015r + 2
sin(πr2 ) 2
 = 12π grams
0 0 2π 0

33. The density of deer in a forest is the radial function ρ(r) = 150(r2 + 2)−2 deer per square kilometer, where r is the
distance (in kilometers) to a small meadow. Calculate the number of deer in the region 2 ≤ r ≤ 5 km.
solution The number of deer in the region 2 ≤ r ≤ 5 km is
 5
5  −2 1  1 1
2π r (150) r2 + 2 dr = −150π  = −150π − ≈ 61 deer
2 r2 + 2 2
27 6

34. Show that a circular plate of radius 2 cm with radial mass density ρ(r) = 4
r
g/cm2 has finite total mass, even though
the density becomes infinite at the origin.
solution The total mass of the plate is
 2  2
4
2π r dr = 2π 4 dr = 16π g
0 r 0
32 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

35. Find the flow rate through a tube of radius 4 cm, assuming that the velocity of fluid particles at a distance r centimeters
from the center is v(r) = (16 − r2 ) cm/s.
solution The flow rate is
  4
R 4   1  cm3
2π rv(r) dr = 2π r 16 − r 2
dr = 2π 8r − r4 2
 = 128π
0 0 4 0
s

36. The velocity of fluid particles flowing through a tube of radius 5 cm is v(r) = (10 − 0.3r − 0.34r2 ) cm/s, where
r centimeters is the distance from the center. What quantity per second of fluid flows through the portion of the tube
where 0 ≤ r ≤ 2?
solution The flow rate through the portion of the tube where 0 ≤ r ≤ 2 is
  
2 2
  2
 
2π rv(r) dr = 2π r 10 − 0.3r − 0.34r2 dr = 2π 10r − 0.3r2 − 0.34r3 dr
0 0 0
 2
= 2π 5r − 0.1r −
2 3
0.085r4 0
cm3
= 112.09
s

37. A solid rod of radius 1 cm is placed in a pipe of radius 3 cm so that their axes are aligned. Water flows through the
pipe and around the rod. Find the flow rate if the velocity of the water is given by the radial function v(r) = 0.5(r − 1)(3 −
r) cm/s.
solution The flow rate is
  3
3 3   1 4 3  8π cm3
2π r(0.5)(r − 1)(3 − r) dr = π −r3 + 4r2 − 3r dr = π − r4 + r3 − r2  =
1 1 4 3 2 1
3 s

38. Let v(r) be the velocity of blood in an arterial capillary of radius R = 4 × 10−5 m. Use Poiseuille’s Law (Example 6)
with k = 106 (m-s)−1 to determine the velocity at the center of the capillary and the flow rate (use correct units).
solution According to Poiseuille’s Law, v(r) = k(R2 − r2 ). With R = 4 × 10−5 m and k = 106 (m-s)−1 ,

v(0) = 0.0016 m/s

The flow rate through the capillary is

 R
R
R2 r 2 r 4  R4 m3
2π kr(R2 − r2 ) dr = 2πk −  = 2πk ≈ 4.02 × 10−12
0 2 4 0
4 s

In Exercises 39–48, calculate the average over the given interval.

39. f (x) = x3 , [0, 4]

solution The average is
  
1 4
1 4
1 4 4
x3 dx = x3 dx = x  = 16
4−0 0 4 0 16 0

40. f (x) = x3 , [−1, 1]

solution The average is
  
1 1
1 1
1 4 1
x3 dx = x3 dx = x  = 0
1 − (−1) −1 2 −1 8 −1

41. f (x) = cos x, 0, π6

solution The average is

 π/6  π/6 π/6
sin x =
1 6 6 3
cos x dx = cos x dx =
π/6 − 0 0 π 0 π 0 π
 S E C T I O N 6.2 Setting Up Integrals: Volume, Density, Average Value 33

π π
42. f (x) = sec2 x, ,
6 3

solution The average is

  π/3 ⎛ √ ⎞ √
π/3 π/3
⎜⎜⎜ √ 3 ⎟⎟⎟ 4 3
sec x dx = tan x =
1 6 6 6
sec x dx =
2 2 ⎜⎝ 3 − ⎟⎠ =
π/3 − π/6 π/6 π π/6 π π/6 π 3 π

43. f (s) = s−2 , [2, 5]

solution The average is
 
5
1 5
s−2 ds = − s−1  =
1 1
5−2 2 3 2 10

sin(π/x)
44. f (x) = , [1, 2]
x2
solution The average is
 2  π π
sin u du = − cos u =
1 sin(π/x) 1 1 1
dx =
2−1 1 x2 π π/2 π π/2 π

45. f (x) = 2x3 − 6x2 , [−1, 3]

solution The average is
  3
1 3
1 3
1 1 4  1 27 5
(2x3 − 6x2 ) dx = (2x3 − 6x2 ) dx = x − 2x3  = − − = −4
3 − (−1) −1 4 −1 4 2 −1
4 2 2

x
46. f (x) = , [0, 3]
(x2 + 16)3/2
solution The average is (using the substitution u = x2 + 16)
   25
3 25
1
−2u−1/2  =
1 x 1 1
dx = u−3/2 du =
3−0 0 (x2 + 16)3/2 6 16 6 16 60

47. f (x) = n sin nx, 0, πn

solution The average value is
 π/n π/n
(− cos nx) =
1 n 2n
π n sin nx dx =
n
−0 0 π 0 π

48. f (x) = sin(nx), [0, π]

solution If n = 0, the function is f (x) = 0, so its average value is zero. If n  0, then the average is
 π π
1 − cos(nπ)
sin(nx) dx = − cos(nx) =
1 1
π−0 0 nπ 0 nπ
 
π
49. The temperature (in degrees Celsius) at time t (in hours) in an art museum varies according to T (t) = 20 + 5 cos 12
t .
Find the average over the time periods [0, 24] and [2, 6].
solution
• The average temperature over the 24-hour period is
   π  π  24
1 24
1 60  ◦
20 + 5 cos t dt = 20t + sin t  = 20 C
24 − 0 0 12 24 π 12 0

• The average temperature over the 4-hour period is

   π  π  6
1 6
1 60  ◦
20 + 5 cos t dt = 20t + sin t  = 22.4 C
6−2 2 12 4 π 12 2

50. A steel bar of length 3 m experiences extreme heat at its center, so that the temperature at coordinate x on the bar
is given by T (x) = 40 sin πx3
+ 50◦ C where the bar sits along the interval [0, 3] on the x-axis. Determine the average
temperature of the bar.
34 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

solution The average temperature of the bar is

  πx 
   πx  3
1 3
1 120  80
40 sin + 50 dx = − cos + 50x  = + 50 ≈ 75.5◦ C
3−0 0 3 3 π 3 0 π

 
51. The temperature in the town of Walla Walla during the month of July follows a pattern given by T (t) = 10 sin 31
tπ
+
 
◦
14 sin 2 + 73 F. Here, t is measured in days, and there are 31 days in July. Explain why you might see a pattern like
tπ

this and compute the average temperature during the month of July.
solution The functions
 tπ   tπ 
sin and sin
31 2
have periods of 62 days and 4 days, respectively. Thus, the function T (t) models the temperature with a longer term
fluctuation on the order of a couple of months and a shorter term fluctuation on the order of a few days.
The average temperature during the month of July is

1
 31  tπ   tπ   
10  tπ  28  tπ  73 31
10 sin + 14 sin + 73 dt = − cos − cos + t 
31 − 0 0 31 2 π 31 31π 2 31 0
10 10 28
= + 73 + + ≈ 79.7◦ F
π π 31π

52. The door to the garage is left open and over the next 4 hours, the temperature in a house in degrees Celsius is given
by T (t) = (1 + 0.25t)
20
2 . Determine the average temperature over those 4 h.

solution The average temperature in the house over this 4-hour period is
 
1 4
20 20 4
dt = −  = −10 − (−20) = 10◦ C
4−0 0 (1 + 0.25t) 2 1 + 0.25t 0

53. A 10-cm copper wire with one end in an ice bath is heated at the other end, so that the temperature at each point x
along the wire (in degrees Celsius) is given by T (x) = 50 cos πx
20
. Find the average temperature over the wire.
solution The average temperature over the wire is
 
10
πx πx 10 100
sin  =
1 100
50 cos dx = ≈ 31.8◦ C
10 − 0 0 20 π 20 0 π

54. A ball thrown in the air vertically from ground level with initial velocity 18 m/s has height h(t) = 18t − 9.8t2 at time
t (in seconds). Find the average height and the average speed over the time interval extending from the ball’s release to
its return to ground level.
solution Let h(t) = 18t − 9.8t2 . The ball is at ground level when t = 0 s and when

18 9
t= = s
9.8 4.9
The average height of the ball is then
 9/4.9
1 9/4.9
4.9 2 9.8 3 
(18t − 9.8t ) dt =
2
9t − t 
9
−0 0 9 3 0
4.9
⎡ 3⎤
4.9 ⎢⎢⎢ ⎥⎥⎥
2
9 9.8 9
= ⎢⎣9 − ⎥⎦
9 4.9 3 4.9
= 5.51 m

The average speed is given by

 9/4.9
1
|v(t)| dt
9
4.9
−0 0

Now, v(t) = h (t) = 18 − 19.6t. From the figure below, which shows the graph of |v(t)| over the interval [0, 9/4.9], we see
that
 9/4.9
9
|v(t)| dt = 18
0 9.8
 S E C T I O N 6.2 Setting Up Integrals: Volume, Density, Average Value 35

Thus, the average speed is

4.9 9
18 = 9 m/s
9 9.8

y
18
14
10
6
2
x
0.5 1.0 1.5

55. Find the average speed over the time interval [1, 5] (time in seconds) of a particle whose position at time t is s(t) =
t3 − 6t2 m.
solution The average speed over the time interval [1, 5] is
 5
1
|s (t)| dt
5−1 1

Because s (t) = 3t2 − 12t = 3t(t − 4), it follows that

 5  4  5
|s (t)| dt = (12t − 3t2 ) dt + (3t2 − 12t) dt
1 1 4
4 5
= (6t2 − t3 ) + (t3 − 6t2 )
1 4

= (96 − 64) − (6 − 1) + (125 − 150) − (64 − 96)

= 34

Thus, the average speed is

34 17
= m/s
4 2

56. An object with zero initial velocity accelerates at a constant rate of 10 m/s2 . Find its average velocity during the first
15 seconds.
solution An acceleration a(t) = 10 gives v(t) = 10t + c for some constant c and zero initial velocity implies c = 0.
Thus the average velocity is given by
 15 
1 15
10t dt = t2  = 75 m/s
1
15 − 0 0 3 0

57. The acceleration of a particle is a(t) = 60t − 4t3 m/s2 . Compute the average acceleration and the average speed over
the time interval [2, 6], assuming that the particle’s initial velocity is zero.
solution The average acceleration over the time interval [2, 6] is
 6 6
(30t2 − t4 )
1 1
(60t − 4t3 ) dt =
6−2 2 4 2

1
= [(1080 − 1296) − (120 − 16)]
4
320
=− = −80 m/s2
4
Given a(t) = 60t − 4t3 and v(0) = 0, it follows that v(t) = 30t2 − t4 . Now, average speed is given by
 6
1
|v(t)| dt
6−2 2
Based on the formula for v(t),
 6  √
30  6
|v(t)| dt = (30t2 − t4 ) dt + √ (t4 − 30t2 ) dt
2 2 30
36 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

 √30 6
1  1 5 
= 10t − t5 3
 + t − 10t3  √
5 2
5 30
√ 368 3024 √
= 120 30 − − + 120 30
5 5
√ 3392
= 240 30 −
5
Finally, the average speed is

1 √ 3392 √ 848
240 30 − = 60 30 − ≈ 159.03 m/s
4 5 5

58. What is the average area of circles whose radii vary from 0 to R?
solution The average area is
 
1 R
π 3 R 1 2
πr2 dr = r  = πR
R−0 0 3R 0 3

59. Let M be the average value of f (x) = x4 on [0, 3]. Find a value of c in [0, 3] such that f (c) = M.
solution We have
  
1 3
1 3
1 5 3 81
M= x4 dx = x4 dx = x  =
3−0 0 3 0 15 0 5

Then M = f (c) = c = implies c = 51/4 = 2.006221.

4 81
5
3

√
60. Let f (x) = x. Find a value of c in [4, 9] such that f (c) is equal to the average of f on [4, 9].
solution The average value is
  
1 9 √ 1 9 √ 2 3/2 9 38
x dx = x dx = x  =
9−4 4 5 4 15 4 15
√
Then f (c) = c = 38
15
implies
2
38 1444
c= = ≈ 6.417778
15 225

61. Let M be the average value of f (x) = x3 on [0, A], where A > 0. Which theorem guarantees that f (c) = M has a
solution c in [0, A]? Find c.
solution The Mean Value Theorem for Integrals guarantees that f (c) = M has a solution c in [0, A]. With f (x) = x3 on
[0, A],
 
1 A
1 1 4 A A3
M= x3 dx = x  =
A−0 0 A 4 0 4
A3
Solving f (c) = c3 = 4
for c yields

A
c = √3
4

62. Let f (x) = 2 sin x − x. Use a computer algebra system to plot f and estimate:
(a) The positive root α of f
(b) The average value M of f on [0, α]
(c) A value c ∈ [0, α] such that f (c) = M
solution Let f (x) = 2 sin x − x. A graph of y = f (x) is shown below. From this graph, the positive root of f (x) appears
to be roughly x = 1.9.
y

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
 S E C T I O N 6.2 Setting Up Integrals: Volume, Density, Average Value 37

(a) Using a computer algebra system, solving the equation

2 sin α − α = 0

yields α = 1.895494267.
(b) The average value of f (x) on [0, α] is
 α
1
M= f (x) dx = 0.4439980667
α−0 0

(c) Solving

f (c) = 2 sin c − c = 0.4439980667

yields either c = 0.4805683082 or c = 1.555776337.

63. Which of f (x) = x sin2 x and g(x) = x2 sin2 x has a larger average value over [0, 1]? Over [1, 2]?
solution The functions f and g differ only in the power of x multiplying sin2 x. It is also important to note that sin2 x ≥ 0
for all x. Now, for each x ∈ (0, 1), x > x2 so

f (x) = x sin2 x > x2 sin2 x = g(x)

Thus, over [0, 1], f will have a larger average value than g. On the other hand, for each x ∈ (1, 2), x2 > x, so

g(x) = x2 sin2 x > x sin2 x = f (x)

Thus, over [1, 2], g will have the larger average value.
64. Find the average of f (x) = ax + b over the interval [−M, M], where a, b, and M are arbitrary constants.
solution The average is
   M
M M
1 a 2
x + bx  = b
1 1
(ax + b) dx = (ax + b) dx =
M − (−M) −M 2M −M 2M 2 −M

65. Sketch the graph of a function f such that f (x) ≥ 0 on [0, 1] and f (x) ≤ 0 on [1, 2], whose average on [0, 2]
is negative.
solution Many solutions will exist. One could be

x
1 2
−1

−2

66. Give an example of a function (necessarily discontinuous) that does not satisfy the conclusion of the MVT for
Integrals.
solution There are an infinite number of discontinuous functions that do not satisfy the conclusion of the Mean Value
Theorem for Integrals. Consider the function on [−1, 1] such that for x < 0, f (x) = −1 and for x ≥ 0, f (x) = 1. Clearly
the average value is 0 but f (c)  0 for all c in [−1, 1].

Further Insights and Challenges

67. An object is tossed into the air vertically from ground level with initial velocity v0 ft/s at time t = 0. Find the average
speed of the object over the time interval [0, T ], where T is the time the object returns to Earth.
solution The height is given by h(t) = v0 t − 16t2 . The ball is at ground level at time t = 0 and T = v0 /16. The velocity
is given by v(t) = v0 − 32t and thus the speed is given by s(t) = |v0 − 32t|. The average speed is
 v0 /16  
1 16 v0 /32 16 v0 /16
|v0 − 32t| dt = (v0 − 32t) dt + (32t − v0 ) dt
v0 /16 − 0 0 v0 0 v0 v0 /32
16  v0 /32 16  v0 /16
= v0 t − 16t2  + 16t2 − v0 t  = v0 /2
v0 0 v0 v0 /32
38 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

68. Review the MVT stated in Section 4.3 (Theorem 1, p. 231) and show how it can be used, together with the
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, to prove the MVT for Integrals.
solution The Mean Value Theorem essentially states that

f (b) − f (a)
f (c) =
b−a
for some c ∈ (a, b). Let F be any antiderivative of f . Then

F(b) − F(a) 1 1 b
f (c) = F (c) = = (F(b) − F(a)) = f (x) dx
b−a b−a b−a a

6.3 Volumes of Revolution: Disks and Washers

Preliminary Questions
1. Which of the following is a solid of revolution?
(a) sphere (b) pyramid (c) cylinder (d) cube
solution The sphere and the cylinder have circular cross sections; hence, these are solids of revolution. The pyramid
and cube do not have circular cross sections, so these are not solids of revolution.
2. True or false? When the region under a single graph is rotated about the x-axis, the cross sections of the solid perpen-
dicular to the x-axis are circular disks.
solution True. The cross sections will be disks with radius equal to the value of the function.
3. True or false? When the region between two graphs is rotated about the x-axis, the cross sections of the solid perpen-
dicular to the x-axis are circular disks.
solution False. The cross sections may be washers.
4. Which of the following integrals expresses the volume obtained by rotating the area between y = f (x) and y = g(x)
over [a, b] around the x-axis? [Assume f (x) ≥ g(x) ≥ 0.]
 b
 2
(a) π f (x) − g(x) dx
a
 b
 
(b) π f (x)2 − g(x)2 dx
a

solution The correct answer is (b). Cross sections of the solid will be washers with outer radius f (x) and inner radius
g(x). The area of the washer is then π f (x)2 − πg(x)2 = π( f (x)2 − g(x)2 ).

Exercises
In Exercises 1–4, (a) sketch the solid obtained by revolving the region under the graph of f about the x-axis over the
given interval, (b) describe the cross section perpendicular to the x-axis located at x, and (c) calculate the volume of the
solid.

1. f (x) = x + 1, [0, 3]
solution
(a) A sketch of the solid of revolution is shown below:
y

x
1 2 3
−2

(b) Each cross section is a disk with radius x + 1.

(c) The volume of the solid of revolution is
  3
3 3
1 3 
π (x + 1)2 dx = π (x2 + 2x + 1) dx = π x + x2 + x  = 21π
0 0 3 0
 S E C T I O N 6.3 Volumes of Revolution: Disks and Washers 39

2. f (x) = x2 , [1, 3]
solution
(a) A sketch of the solid of revolution is shown below:
y

x
0.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
−5

(b) Each cross section is a disk of radius x2 .

(c) The volume of the solid of revolution is
 3
3  2 x5  242π
π x2 dx = π  =
1 5 1 5

√
3. f (x) = x + 1, [1, 4]
solution
(a) A sketch of the solid of revolution is shown below:
y
2
1
x
1 2 3 4
−1
−2

√
(b) Each cross section is a disk with radius x + 1.
(c) The volume of the solid of revolution is
  4 4
4 √ 1  21π
π ( x + 1)2 dx = π (x + 1) dx = π x2 + x  =
1 1 2 1
2

4. f (x) = x−1 , [1, 4]

solution
(a) A sketch of the solid of revolution is shown below:
y
1.0
0.5
x
1 2 3
−0.5
−1.0

(b) Each cross section is a disk with radius x−1 .

(c) The volume of the solid of revolution is
 4  4 4 3π
π (x−1 )2 dx = π x−2 dx = π (−x)−1 1 =
1 1 4

In Exercises 5–12, find the volume of revolution about the x-axis for the given function and interval.

5. f (x) = 3x − x2 , [0, 3]
solution The volume of the solid of revolution is
  3
3 3
3 4 1 5  81π
π (3x − x2 )2 dx = π (9x2 − 6x3 + x4 ) dx = π 3x3 − x + x  =
0 0 2 5 0 10
40 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

1
6. f (x) = , [1, 4]
x2
solution The volume of the solid of revolution is
  4
4 4
1  21π
π (x−2 )2 dx = π x−4 dx = π − x−3  =
1 1 3 1
64

7. f (x) = x5/3 , [1, 8]

solution The volume of the solid of revolution is
  
8 8
3π 13/3 8 3π 13 24573π
π (x5/3 )2 dx = π x10/3 dx = x  = (2 − 1) =
1 1 13 1 13 13

8. f (x) = 4 − x2 , [0, 2]
solution The volume of the solid of revolution is
  2
2 2
8 3 1 5  256π
π (4 − x ) dx = π 2 2
(16 − 8x + x ) dx = π 16x − x + x  =
2 4
0 0 3 5 0 15

2
9. f (x) = , [1, 3]
x+1
solution The volume of the solid of revolution is
 3 2  3 3
(x + 1)−2 dx = −4π (x + 1)−1  = π
2
π dx = 4π
1 x+1 1 1

√
10. f (x) = x4 + 1, [1, 3]
solution The volume of the solid of revolution is
  3 3
3 √ 1  252π
π ( x4 + 1)2 dx = π (x4 + 1) dx = π x5 + x  =
1 1 5 1
5

√
11. f (x) = 3 cos x, [0, π4 ]
solution The volume of the solid of revolution is
  π/4 √
π/4 √ 2 π/4
cos x dx = 3π sin x =
3π 2
π 3 cos x dx = 3π
0 0 0 2

√  
12. f (x) = cos x sin x, 0, π2
solution The volume of the solid of revolution is
 π/2 √  π/2  π/2 π/2
π π π
π ( cos x sin x)2 dx = π (cos x sin x) dx = sin 2x dx = (− cos 2x)  =
0 0 2 0 4 0 2

In Exercises 13 and 14, R is the shaded region in Figure 11.

13. Which of the integrands (i)–(iv) is used to compute the volume obtained by rotating region R about y = −2?
(i) ( f (x)2 + 22 ) − (g(x)2 + 22 )
(ii) ( f (x) + 2)2 − (g(x) + 2)2
(iii) ( f (x)2 − 22 ) − (g(x)2 − 22 )
(iv) ( f (x) − 2)2 − (g(x) − 2)2

solution When the region R is rotated about y = −2, the outer radius is f (x) − (−2) = f (x) + 2 and the inner radius is
g(x) − (−2) = g(x) + 2. Thus, the appropriate integrand is (ii): ( f (x) + 2)2 − (g(x) + 2)2 .
14. Which of the integrands (i)–(iv) is used to compute the volume obtained by rotating R about y = 9 in Figure 11?
(i) (9 + f (x))2 − (9 + g(x))2
(ii) (9 + g(x))2 − (9 + f (x))2
 S E C T I O N 6.3 Volumes of Revolution: Disks and Washers 41

(iii) (9 − f (x))2 − (9 − g(x))2

(iv) (9 − g(x))2 − (9 − f (x))2

y
9

y = g(x)
R
y = f (x)

x
a b
−2

FIGURE 11

solution When the region R is rotated about y = 9, the outer radius is 9 − g(x) and the inner radius is 9 − f (x). Thus,
the appropriate integrand is (iv): (9 − g(x))2 − (9 − f (x))2 .

In Exercises 15–20, (a) sketch the region enclosed by the curves, (b) describe the cross section perpendicular to the
x-axis located at x, and (c) find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region about the x-axis.

15. y = x2 + 2, y = 10 − x2
solution
(a) Setting x2 + 2 = 10 − x2 yields 2x2 = 8, or x2 = 4. The two curves therefore intersect at x = ±2. The region enclosed
by the two curves is shown in the figure below.
y
y = 10 − x 2

4
y = x2 + 2
x
−2 −1 1 2

(b) When the region is rotated about the x-axis, each cross section is a washer with outer radius R = 10 − x2 and inner
radius r = x2 + 2.
(c) The volume of the solid of revolution is
 2    2   2
π (10 − x ) − (x + 2)
2 2 2 2
dx = π (96 − 24x2 ) dx = π 96x − 8x3  = 256π
−2 −2 −2

16. y = x2 , y = 2x + 3
solution
(a) Setting x2 = 2x + 3 yields

0 = x2 − 2x − 3 = (x − 3)(x + 1)

The two curves therefore intersect at x = −1 and x = 3. The region enclosed by the two curves is shown in the figure
below.
y

8
y = 2x + 3
6

2 y = x2

x
1 2

(b) When the region is rotated about the x-axis, each cross section is a washer with outer radius R = 2x + 3 and inner
radius r = x2 .
42 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

(c) The volume of the solid of revolution is

  3 3
3   4 1  1088π
π (2x + 3)2 − (x2 )2 dx = π (4x2 + 12x + 9 − x4 ) dx = π x3 + 6x2 + 9x − x5  =
−1 −1 3 5 −1 15

17. y = 16 − x, y = 3x + 12, x = −1

solution
(a) Setting 16 − x = 3x + 12, we find that the two lines intersect at x = 1. The region enclosed by the two curves is
shown in the figure below.

y
y = 16 − x

y = 3x + 12
10

x
−1 −0.5 0.5 1

(b) When the region is rotated about the x-axis, each cross section is a washer with outer radius R = 16 − x and inner
radius r = 3x + 12.
(c) The volume of the solid of revolution is

  1 1
1   8  656π
π (16 − x)2 − (3x + 12)2 dx = π (112 − 104x − 8x2 ) dx = π 112x − 52x2 − x3  =
−1 −1 3 −1
3

1 5
18. y = , y= −x
x 2

solution
(a) Setting 1
x
= 5
2
− x yields

5 1
0 = x2 − x + 1 = (x − 2) x −
2 2

The two curves therefore intersect at x = 2 and x = 1

2
. The region enclosed by the two curves is shown in the figure
below.

y
2

1.5
y = 2.5 − x

1 y = 1x

0.5

x
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

(b) When the region is rotated about the x-axis, each cross section is a washer with outer radius R = 5
2
− x and inner
radius r = x−1 .
(c) The volume of the solid of revolution is

 ⎛ 2⎞ 
2
⎜⎜⎜ 5 2
1 ⎟⎟⎟ 25 2
π ⎜⎝ − x − ⎟⎠ dx = π − 5x + x2 − x−2 dx
1/2 2 x 1/2 4
2
25 5 2 1 3 −1  9π
= π x− x + x +x  =
4 2 3 1/2 8
 S E C T I O N 6.3 Volumes of Revolution: Disks and Washers 43

π π
19. y = sec x, y = 0, x=− , x=
4 4

solution
(a) The region in question is shown in the figure below.

y
y = sec x
1.2

0.8

0.4

x
−0.4 0.4

(b) When the region is rotated about the x-axis, each cross section is a circular disk with radius R = sec x.
(c) The volume of the solid of revolution is
 π/4 π/4
π (sec x)2 dx = π (tan x)  = 2π
−π/4 −π/4

π
20. y = sec x, y = 0, x = 0, x=
4

solution
(a) The region in question is shown in the figure below.

y
1.4
1.2 y = sec x
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
x
0.2 0.4 0.6

(b) When the region is rotated about the x-axis, each cross section is a circular disk with radius R = sec x.
(c) The volume of the solid of revolution is
 π/4 π/4
π (sec x)2 dx = π (tan x)  = π
0 0

In Exercises 21–24, find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region enclosed by the graphs about the y-axis
over the given interval.
√
21. x = y, x = 0; 1≤y≤4

solution When the region in question (shown in the figure below) is rotated about the y-axis, each cross section is a
√
disk with radius y. The volume of the solid of revolution is
 
4
 √ 2 πy2 4 15π
π y dy =  =
1 2 1 2

3
x= y
2

x
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
44 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

22. x = sin y, x = 0; 0 ≤ y ≤ π

solution When the region in question (shown in the figure below) is rotated about the y-axis, each cross section is a
disk with radius sin y. The volume of the solid of revolution is
 π  2 π
π sin y dy = π (− cos y)  = 2π
0 0

y
x = sin y
3

x
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

√
23. x = y2 , x= y
√
solution Setting y2 = y and then squaring both sides yields

y4 = y or y4 − y = y(y3 − 1) = 0

so the two curves intersect at y = 0 and y = 1. When the region in question (shown in the figure below) is rotated about
√
the y-axis, each cross section is a washer with outer radius R = y and inner radius r = y2 . The volume of the solid of
revolution is
 1
1  √  y2 y5  3π
π ( y)2 − (y2 )2 dy = π −  =
0 2 5 0 10

x = y2

x= y

x
0 1

24. x = 4 − y, x = 16 − y2

solution Setting 4 − y = 16 − y2 yields

0 = y2 − y − 12 = (y − 4)(y + 3)

so the two curves intersect at y = −3 and y = 4. When the region enclosed by the two curves (shown in the figure below)
is rotated about the y-axis, each cross section is a washer with outer radius R = 16 − y2 and inner radius r = 4 − y. The
volume of the solid of revolution is
 4    4  
π (16 − y2 )2 − (4 − y)2 dy = π y4 − 33y2 + 8y + 240 dy
−3 −3
4
1  4802π
= π y5 − 11y3 + 4y2 + 240y  =
5 −3
5

4 x = 16 − y 2
2
x
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
−2 x=4−y
−4
 S E C T I O N 6.3 Volumes of Revolution: Disks and Washers 45

25. Rotation of the region in Figure 12 about the y-axis produces a solid with two types of different cross sections.
Compute the volume as a sum of two integrals, one for −12 ≤ y ≤ 4 and one for 4 ≤ y ≤ 12.
y

12 y = 12 − 4x

x
2
y = 8x − 12
−12

FIGURE 12

solution For −12 ≤ y ≤ 4, the cross section is a disk with radius 18 (y + 12); for 4 ≤ y ≤ 12, the cross section is a disk
with radius 14 (12 − y). Therefore, the volume of the solid of revolution is
 4  12
π π
V= (y + 12)2 dy + (12 − y)2 dy
64 −12 16 4
4 12
π π
= (y + 12)3  − (12 − y)3 
192 −12 48 4

64π 32π
= + = 32π
3 3

26. Let R be the region enclosed by y = x2 + 2, y = (x − 2)2 and the axes x = 0 and y = 0. Compute the volume V
obtained by rotating R about the x-axis. Hint: Express V as a sum of two integrals.
solution Setting x2 + 2 = (x − 2)2 yields 4x = 2 or x = 1/2. When the region enclosed by the two curves and
the coordinate axes (shown in the figure below) is rotated about the x-axis, there are two different cross sections. For
0 ≤ x ≤ 1/2, the cross section is a disk of radius x2 + 2; for 1/2 ≤ x ≤ 2, the cross section is a disk of radius (x − 2)2 .
The volume of the solid of revolution is therefore
 1/2  2
V=π (x2 + 2)2 dx + π (x − 2)4 dx
0 1/2
1/2 2
 π
= π x5 + x3 + 4x  + (x − 2)5 
1 4
5 3 0 5 1/2

1043π 243π 443π

= + =
480 160 120
y
2.5 y = x2 + 2
2.0
1.5
y = (x − 2) 2
1.0
0.5
x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

In Exercises 27–32, find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating region A in Figure 13 about the given axis.
y
y = x2 + 2
6

2 B
x
1 2
FIGURE 13

27. x-axis
solution Rotating region A about the x-axis produces a solid whose cross sections are washers with outer radius R = 6
and inner radius r = x2 + 2. The volume of the solid of revolution is
 2  2 2
 4 1  704π
π (6)2 − (x2 + 2)2 dx = π (32 − 4x2 − x4 ) dx = π 32x − x3 − x5  =
0 0 3 5 0 15
46 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

28. y = −2
solution Rotating region A about y = −2 produces a solid whose cross sections are washers with outer radius R =
6 − (−2) = 8 and inner radius r = x2 + 2 − (−2) = x2 + 4. The volume of the solid of revolution is
 2  2 2
 8 3 1 5  1024π
π (8) − (x + 4) dx = π
2 2 2
(48 − 8x − x ) dx = π 48x − x − x  =
2 4
0 0 3 5 0
15

29. y = 2
solution Rotating the region A about y = 2 produces a solid whose cross sections are washers with outer radius
R = 6 − 2 = 4 and inner radius r = x2 + 2 − 2 = x2 . The volume of the solid of revolution is
 2 2
 1 5  128π
π 4 − (x ) dx = π 16x − x  =
2 2 2
0 5  0
5

30. y-axis
solution Rotating region A about the y-axis produces a solid whose cross sections are disks with radius R = y − 2.
Note that here we need to integrate along the y-axis. The volume of the solid of revolution is
 6  6 6
1 
π ( y − 2)2 dy = π (y − 2) dy = π y2 − 2y  = 8π
2 2 2 2

31. x = −3
solution Rotating region A about x = −3 produces a solid whose cross sections are washers with outer radius R =
y − 2 − (−3) = y − 2 + 3 and inner radius r = 0 − (−3) = 3. The volume of the solid of revolution is
 6  6 6
 1 
π (3 + y − 2)2 − (3)2 dy = π (6 y − 2 + y − 2) dy = π 4(y − 2)3/2 + y2 − 2y  = 40π
2 2 2 2

32. x = 2
solution Rotating region A about x = 2 produces a solid whose cross sections are washers with outer radius R =
2 − 0 = 2 and inner radius r = 2 − y − 2. The volume of the solid of revolution is
 6  6 6
  8 1  40π
π 22 − (2 − y − 2)2 dy = π 4 y − 2 − y + 2 dy = π (y − 2)3/2 − y2 + 2y  =
2 2 3 2 2 3

In Exercises 33–38, find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating region B in Figure 13 about the given axis.

33. x-axis
solution Rotating region B about the x-axis produces a solid whose cross sections are disks with radius R = x2 + 2.
The volume of the solid of revolution is
 2  2 2
1 4  376π
π (x2 + 2)2 dx = π (x4 + 4x2 + 4) dx = π x5 + x3 + 4x  =
0 0 5 3 0
15

34. y = −2
solution Rotating region B about y = −2 produces a solid whose cross sections are washers with outer radius R =
x2 + 2 − (−2) = x2 + 4 and inner radius r = 0 − (−2) = 2. The volume of the solid of revolution is
 2  2 2
 1 8  776π
π (x2 + 4)2 − (2)2 dx = π (x4 + 8x2 + 12) dx = π x5 + x3 + 12x  =
0 0 5 3 0 15

35. y = 6
solution Rotating region B about y = 6 produces a solid whose cross sections are washers with outer radius R = 6 − 0 =
6 and inner radius r = 6 − (x2 + 2) = 4 − x2 . The volume of the solid of revolution is
 2  2 2
  8 3 1 5  824π
π 6 − (4 − x ) dy = π
2 2 2
20 + 8x − x dy = π 20x + x − x  =
2 4
0 0 3 5 0
15

36. y-axis
Hint: Express the volume as a sum of two integrals along the y-axis or use Exercise 30.
 S E C T I O N 6.3 Volumes of Revolution: Disks and Washers 47

solution Rotating region B about the y-axis produces a solid with two different cross sections. For each y ∈ [0, 2], the
cross section is adisk with radius R = 2; for each y ∈ [2, 6], the cross section is a washer with outer radius R = 2 and
inner radius r = y − 2. The volume of the solid of revolution is
 2  6     2  6
π (2) dy + π
2
(2) − ( y − 2)
2 2
dy = π 4 dy + π (6 − y) dy
0 2 0 2
2  6
1 
= π (4y)  + π 6y − y2  = 16π
0 2 2

Alternatively, we recognize that rotating both region A and region B about the y-axis produces a cylinder of radius
R = 2 and height h = 6. The volume of this cylinder is π(2)2 · 6 = 24π. In Exercise 30, we found that the volume of the
solid generated by rotating region A about the y-axis to be 8π. Therefore, the volume of the solid generated by rotating
region B about the y-axis is 24π − 8π = 16π.

37. x = 2
solution Rotating region B about x = 2 produces a solid with two different cross sections. For each y ∈ [0, 2], the cross

section is a disk with radius R = 2; for each y ∈ [2, 6], the cross section is a disk with radius R = 2 − y − 2. The volume
of the solid of revolution is
 2  6   2  6 
π (2)2 dy + π (2 − y − 2)2 dy = π 4 dy + π (2 + y − 4 y − 2) dy
0 2 0 2
2  6
 1 2 8 3/2  32π
= π (4y)  + π 2y + y − (y − 2)  =
0 2 3  2
3

38. x = −3
solution Rotating region B about x = −3 produces a solid with two different cross sections. For each y ∈ [0, 2], the
cross section is a washer with outer radius R = 2 − (−3) = 5 and inner radius r = 0 − (−3)
 = 3; for eachy ∈ [2, 6],
the cross section is a washer with outer radius R = 2 − (−3) = 5 and inner radius r = y − 2 − (−3) = y − 2 + 3.
The volume of the solid of revolution is
 2   6  
π (5)2 − (3)2 dy + π (5)2 − ( y − 2 + 3)2 dy
0 2
 2  6 
=π 16 dy + π (18 − y − 6 y − 2) dy
0 2
2  6

= π (16y)  + π 18y − y2 − 4(y − 2)3/2  = 56π
1
0 2 2

In Exercises 39–52, find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region enclosed by the graphs about the given
axis.

39. y = x2 , y = 12 − x, x = 0, about y = −2 x≥0

solution Rotating the region enclosed by y = x , y = 12 − x and the y-axis (shown in the figure below) about y = −2
2

produces a solid whose cross sections are washers with outer radius R = 12 − x − (−2) = 14 − x and inner radius
r = x2 − (−2) = x2 + 2. The volume of the solid of revolution is
 3   3
π (14 − x)2 − (x2 + 2)2 dx = π (192 − 28x − 3x2 − x4 ) dx
0 0
 3
1 5  1872π
= π 192x − 14x2 − x3 − x  =
5 0
5

12 y = 12 − x

4
y = x2

x
0 1 2 3
48 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

40. y = x2 , y = 12 − x, x = 0, about y = 15
solution Rotating the region enclosed by y = x2 , y = 12 − x, and the y-axis (see the figure in the previous exercise)
about y = 15 produces a solid whose cross sections are washers with outer radius R = 15 − x2 and inner radius r =
15 − (12 − x) = 3 + x. The volume of the solid of revolution is
 3   3
π (15 − x2 )2 − (3 + x)2 dx = π (216 − 6x − 31x2 + x4 ) dx
0 0
3
31 3 1 5  1953π
= π 216x − 3x2 − x + x  =
3 5 0 5

41. y = 16 − 2x, y = 6, x = 0, about x-axis

solution Rotating the region enclosed by y = 16 − 2x, y = 6, and the y-axis (shown in the figure below) about the
x-axis produces a solid whose cross sections are washers with outer radius R = 16 − 2x and inner radius r = 6. The
volume of the solid of revolution is
 5   5
π (16 − 2x)2 − 62 dx = π (220 − 64x + 4x2 ) dx
0 0
5
4 3  1400π
= π 220x − 32x2 + x  =
3 0
3

y
16
14 y = 16 − 2x
12
10
8
6
4 y=6
2
x
1 2 3 4 5

42. y = 32 − 2x, y = 2 + 4x, x = 0, about y-axis

solution Rotating the region enclosed by y = 32 − 2x, y = 2 + 4x, and the y-axis (shown in the figure below) about the
y-axis produces a solid with two different cross sections. For 2 ≤ y ≤ 22, the cross section is a disk of radius 14 (y − 2);
for 22 ≤ y ≤ 32, the cross section is a disk of radius 12 (32 − y). The volume of the solid of revolution is
 
π 22
π 32
V= (y − 2)2 dy + (32 − y)2 dy
16 2 4 22
22 32
π π
= (y − 2)3  − (32 − y)3 
48 2 12 22

500π 250π 750π

= + =
3 3 3
y
y = 32 − 2x
30

20

10
y = 2 + 4x
x
1 2 3 4 5

3
43. y = sec x, y = 1 + x, about x-axis
π
solution We first note that y = sec x and y = 1 + (3/π)x intersect at x = 0 and x = π/3. Rotating the region enclosed by
y = sec x and y = 1 + (3/π)x (shown in the figure below) about the x-axis produces a cross section that is a washer with
outer radius R = 1 + (3/π)x and inner radius r = sec x. The volume of the solid of revolution is
 π/3 ⎛ ⎞
⎜⎜⎜ 3
2
2 ⎟
⎟
V=π ⎝⎜ 1 + x − sec x⎟⎠⎟ dx
0 π
 π/3
6 9
=π 1 + x + 2 x2 − sec2 x dx
0 π π
 S E C T I O N 6.3 Volumes of Revolution: Disks and Washers 49

π/3
3 2 3 3 
= π x + x + 2 x − tan x 
π π 0
 π π π √  7π2 √
=π + + − 3 = − 3π
3 3 9 9
y
2.0 y = 1 + (3/ )x
1.5

1.0 y = sec x

0.5

x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

44. x = 2, x = 3, y = 16 − x4 , y = 0, about y-axis

solution Rotating the region enclosed by x = 2, x = 3, y = 16 − x4 , and the x-axis (shown in the figure below) about
the y-axis produces a solid whose cross sections are washers with outer radius R = 3 and inner radius r = 4 16 − y. The
volume of the solid of revolution is
 0   0
9 − 16 − y dy = 9y + (16 − y)3/2  =
2 425π
π
−65 3 −65 3
y

x
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

−20
y = 16 − x 4
−40

−60

√
45. y = 2 x, y = x, about x = −2
√
solution Setting 2 x = x and squaring both sides yields

4x = x2 or x(x − 4) = 0
√
so the two curves intersect at x = 0 and x = 4. Rotating the region enclosed by y = 2 x and y = x (see the figure below)
about x = −2 produces a solid whose cross sections are washers with outer radius R = y − (−2) = y + 2 and inner radius
r = 14 y2 − (−2) = 14 y2 + 2. The volume of the solid of revolution is
 4⎛ 2⎞
⎜⎜⎜ 1 2 ⎟⎟
V=π ⎝⎜(y + 2) − y + 2 ⎟⎠⎟ dy
2
0 4
 4
1
=π 4y − y4 dy
0 16
4
1 
= π 2y2 − y5 
80 0
64 96π
= π 32 − =
5 5
y
4
y = 2x 1/2
3
2 y=x
1
x
1 2 3 4

√
46. y = 2 x, y = x, about y = 4
√
solution Setting 2 x = x and squaring both sides yields

4x = x2 or x(x − 4) = 0
50 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

√
so the two curves intersect at x = 0 and x = 4. Rotating the region enclosed by y = 2 x and y = x (see the figure from
the previous exercise) √about y = 4 produces a solid whose cross sections are washers with outer radius R = 4 − x and
inner radius r = 4 − 2 x. The volume of the solid of revolution is
 4
√ 
V=π (4 − x)2 − (4 − 2 x)2 dy
0
 
4 √ 
=π x2 − 12x + 16 x dy
0
4
1 3 32 3/2 
= π x − 6x2 + x 
3 3 0

64 256 32π
=π − 96 + =
3 3 3

47. y = x3 , y = x1/3 , for x ≥ 0, about y-axis

solution Rotating the region enclosed by y = x3 and y = x1/3 (shown in the figure below) about the y-axis produces
a solid whose cross sections are washers with outer radius R = y1/3 and inner radius r = y3 . The volume of the solid of
revolution is
 1  1 1
 3 5/3 1 7  16π
π (y ) − (y ) dy = π
1/3 2 3 2
(y − y ) dy = π y − y  =
2/3 6
0 0 5 7 0
35

y
1.0
y = x 1/3
0.8
0.6
0.4 y = x3
0.2
x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

48. y = x2 , y = x1/2 , about x = −2

solution Rotating the region enclosed by y = x2 and y = x1/2 (shown in the figure below) about x = −2 produces a solid
√ √
whose cross sections are washers with outer radius R = y − (−2) = y + 2 and inner radius r = y2 − (−2) = y2 + 2.
The volume of the solid of revolution is
 1   1 
√ √
π ( y + 2)2 − (y2 + 2)2 dy = π y + 4 y − y4 − 4y2 dy
0 0
1
1 2 8 3/2 1 5 4 3 
= π y + y − y − y 
2 3 5 3 0
1 8 1 4 49π
=π + − − =
2 3 5 3 30
y
1.0
0.8 y = x 1/2
0.6
0.4 y = x2
0.2
x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

9
49. y = , y = 10 − x2 , x ≥ 0, about y = 12
x2
solution The region enclosed by the two curves is shown in the figure below. Rotating this region about y = 12 produces
a solid whose cross sections are washers with outer radius R = 12 − 9x−2 and inner radius r = 12 − (10 − x2 ) = 2 + x2 .
The volume of the solid of revolution is
 3   3 
−2 2
π (12 − 9x ) − (x + 2) dx = π
2 2
140 − 4x2 − x4 − 216x−2 + 81x−4 dx
1 1
3
4 3 1 5  1184π
= π 140x − x − x + 216x−1 − 27x−3  = .
3 5 1
15
 S E C T I O N 6.3 Volumes of Revolution: Disks and Washers 51

y
9
8
7
6 y = 10 − x 2
5
4
3 y = 92
2 x

x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

9
50. y = , y = 10 − x2 , x ≥ 0, about x = −1
x2
solution The region enclosed by the two curves is shown in the figure from the previous exercise. Rotating this region
about x = −1 produces a solid whose cross sections are washers with outer radius R = 10 − y − (−1) = 10 − y + 1
and inner radius r = 3y−1/2 − (−1) = 3y−1/2 + 1. The volume of the solid of revolution is
 9  
V=π ( 10 − y + 1)2 − (3y−1/2 + 1)2 dy
1
 9  
=π 10 − y + 2 10 − y − 9y−1 − 6y−1/2 dy
1
9
1 4 √ 
= π 10y − y2 − (10 − y)3/2 − 9 ln y − 12 y 
2 3 1

81 4 1
= π 90 − − − 9 ln 9 − 36 − 10 − − 36 − 12
2 3 2
73 77 152
=π − 9 ln 9 + = − 9 ln 9 π
6 2 3

1 5
51. y = , y = − x, about y-axis
x 2
1 5
solution We will rotate about the y-axis, so solving for x gives the curves x = and x = − y. These curves intersect
y 2
1
at y = and at y = 2. Rotating the region enclosed by these curves (see figure below) produces a solid whose cross
2
5 1
sections are washers with outer radius R = − y and inner radius r = . The volume of the solid of revolution is then
2 y
 ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ 2
⎜⎜⎜ 5
2 2
1⎟ ⎜ 1 5 3
⎟⎟ 
⎜⎝ − y − 2 ⎟⎟⎟⎠ dy = π ⎜⎜⎜⎝− − y + y−1 ⎟⎟⎠  = π
9
π
1/2 2 y 3 2 1/2 8

y
4

3 1
x
2 5 −x
2
1

x
0 1 2 3
−1

52. y2 = 4x, y = x, about y = 8

y2
solution We will rotate about y = 8, so solving for x gives x = and x = y. These curves intersect at (0, 0) and (4, 4).
4
y2
Rotating about y = 8 gives a solid whose cross sections are washers with outer radius 8 − and inner radius 8 − y. Thus
4
the volume of the solid of revolution is
 4 ⎛⎜ 2
⎞
⎟⎟  4
⎜⎜⎜ y2 2⎟ 1 4
π ⎝⎜ 8 − 4 − (8 − y) ⎟⎠⎟ dy = π 16
y − 5y2 + 16y dy
0 0
4
y − y + 8y2  =
1 5 5 3 512
=π π
80 3 0 15
52 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

y
5

3 y 2 = 4x
2
y=x
1
x
0 1 2 3 4
−1

53. The bowl in Figure 14(A) is 21 cm high, obtained by rotating the curve in Figure 14(B) as indicated. Estimate the
volume capacity of the bowl shown by taking the average of right- and left-endpoint approximations to the integral with
N = 7. The inner radii (in centimeters) starting from the top are 0, 4, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 20.
y

30
25
21
19
16 21 cm
12
9
x
20
(A) (B)
FIGURE 14

solution Using the given values for the inner radii and the values in Figure 14(B), which indicate the difference between
the inner and outer radii, we find
 
R7 = 3π (232 − 142 ) + (252 − 132 ) + (262 − 102 ) + (272 − 82 ) + (282 − 72 ) + (292 − 42 ) + (302 − 02 )
= 3π(4490) = 13470π

and
 
L7 = 3π (202 − 202 ) + (232 − 142 ) + (252 − 132 ) + (262 − 102 ) + (272 − 82 ) + (282 − 72 ) + (292 − 42 )
= 3π(3590) = 10770π

Averaging these two values, we estimate that the volume capacity of the bowl is

V = 12120π ≈ 38076.1 cm3

54. The region between the graphs of f and g over [0, 1] is revolved about the line y = −3. Use the midpoint approxima-
tion with values from the following table to estimate the volume V of the resulting solid:

x 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9

f (x) 8 7 6 7 8
g(x) 2 3.5 4 3.5 2

solution The volume of the resulting solid is

 1  
V=π ( f (x) + 3)2 − (g(x) + 3)2 dx
0
 
≈ 0.2π (112 − 52 ) + (102 − 6.52 ) + (92 − 72 ) + (102 − 6.52 ) + (112 − 52 )
= 0.2π(96 + 57.75 + 32 + 57.75 + 96) = 67.9π

In Exercises 55–56, you assist your grandfather Umberto who wants to know the volume of his wine barrels. Knowing
that you are taking a calculus course, he thought that you might be able to help. So he measured the circumference
around each barrel at regular intervals from the bottom to the top and provided the measurements to you. “Can you
figure out from this how many gallons each holds?” he asked.

55. With the following barrel circumference measurements, estimate the volume of the barrel in gallons.

Dist from Bottom (in.): 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

Circumference (in.): 30 36 38 40 41 39 38 35 28
 S E C T I O N 6.3 Volumes of Revolution: Disks and Washers 53

solution Let x denote the distance measured in inches from the bottom of the barrel, and let C(x) denote the circum-
ference of the barrel at height x. Because C = 2πr, it follows that r = 2π
C
and the area of a circle of circumference C
is
 C 2 1 2
π = C
2π 4π
Thus, the volume of the barrel is
 24
1
C(x)2 dx
4π 0

With Δx = 3, the left-endpoint approximation for the volume is

3 33, 333
(302 + 362 + 382 + 402 + 412 + 392 + 382 + 352 ) =
4π 4π
and the right-endpoint approximation is

3 32, 985
(362 + 382 + 402 + 412 + 392 + 382 + 352 + 282 ) =
4π 4π
Averaging the left- and right-endpoint approximations yields

33, 159
≈ 2638.71 in.3
4π
To convert this result to gallons, we note that 1 gal = 231 in.3 Finally, the volume of the barrel is approximately

1
2638.71 · ≈ 11.42 gal
231

56. With the following barrel circumference measurements, estimate the volume of the barrel in gallons.

Dist from Bottom (in.): 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36

Circumference (in.): 62 70 75 79 83 83 77 74 68 62

solution Let x denote the distance measured in inches from the bottom of the barrel, and let C(x) denote the circum-
ference of the barrel at height x. Because C = 2πr, it follows that r = 2π
C
and the area of a circle of circumference C
is
 C 2 1 2
π = C
2π 4π
Thus, the volume of the barrel is
 36
1
C(x)2 dx
4π 0

With Δx = 4, the left-endpoint approximation for the volume is

4 50, 417
(622 + 702 + 752 + 792 + 832 + 832 + 772 + 742 + 682 ) =
4π π
and the right-endpoint approximation is

4 50, 417
(702 + 752 + 792 + 832 + 832 + 772 + 742 + 682 + 622 ) =
4π π
Averaging the left- and right-endpoint approximations yields

50, 147
≈ 16, 048.23 in.3
π
To convert this result to gal, we note that 1 gal = 231 in.3 Finally, the volume of the barrel is approximately

1
16, 048.23 · ≈ 69.47 gal
231

57. Find the volume of the cone obtained by rotating the region under the segment joining (0, h) and (r, 0) about the
y-axis.
54 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

solution The segment joining (0, h) and (r, 0) has the equation

h r
y = − x + h or x= (h − y)
r h
Rotating the region under this segment about the y-axis produces a cone with volume
 h
πr2 πr2 3 
h
(h − y) dx = − 2 (h − y) 
2
h2 0 3h 0
1 2
= πr h
3

58. The torus (doughnut-shaped solid) in Figure 15 is obtained by rotating the circle (x − a)2 + y2 = b2 around the y-axis
(assume that a > b). Show that it has volume 2π2 ab2 . Hint: After simplifying it, evaluate the integral by interpreting it as
the area of a circle.

a
a +b
x

FIGURE 15 Torus obtained by rotating a circle about the y-axis.

solution Rotating the region enclosed by the circle (x − a)2 + y2 = b2 about the y-axis produces a torus whose cross
sections are washers with outer radius R = a + b2 − y2 and inner radius r = a − b2 − y2 . The volume of the torus is
then
 b  2  2   b
π a+ b2 − y2 − a− b2 − y2 dy = 4aπ b2 − y2 dy
−b −b

Now, the remaining definite integral is one-half the area of a circle of radius b; therefore, the volume of the torus is

1
4aπ · πb2 = 2π2 ab2
2

59. Sketch the hypocycloid x2/3 + y2/3 = 1 and find the volume of the solid obtained by revolving it about the
x-axis.

solution A sketch of the hypocycloid is shown below.

x
−1 1

−1

 3/2
For the hypocycloid, y = ± 1 − x2/3 . Rotating this region about the x-axis will produce a solid whose cross sections
 3/2
are disks with radius R = 1 − x2/3 . Thus the volume of the solid of revolution will be

 1
1  2 −x3 9 7/3 9 5/3  32π
π (1 − x2/3 )3/2 dx = π + x − x +x  =
−1 3 7 5 −1
105
 S E C T I O N 6.3 Volumes of Revolution: Disks and Washers 55

60. The solid generated by rotating the region between the branches of the hyperbola y2 − x2 = 1 about the x-axis is
called a hyperboloid (Figure 16). Find the volume of the hyperboloid for −a ≤ x ≤ a.

1
x
−a −1 a

FIGURE 16 The hyperbola with equation y2 − x2 = 1.

√
solution Each cross section is a disk of radius R = 1 + x2 , so the volume of the hyperboloid is
 a √  a a
2 1 3  2a3 + 6a
π 1 + x dx = π
2 (1 + x ) dx = π x + x  = π
2
−a −a 3 −a 3

61. A “bead” is formed by removing a cylinder of radius r from the center of a sphere of radius R (Figure 17). Find the
volume of the bead with r = 1 and R = 2.

y y

r x x
R

FIGURE 17 A bead is a sphere with a cylinder removed.

√
solution The equation of the outer circle is x2 + y2 = 22 , and the inner cylinder intersects the sphere when y = ± 3.
Each cross section of the bead is a washer with outer radius 4 − y2 and inner radius 1, so the volume is given by
 √
3  2   √
3   √
π √ 4 − y2 −1 2
dy = π √ 3 − y2 dy = 4π 3
− 3 − 3

Further Insights and Challenges

62. Find the volume V of the bead (Figure 17) in terms of r and R. Then show that V = π6 h3 , where h is the
height of the bead. This formula has a surprising consequence: Since V can be expressed in terms of h alone, it follows
that two beads of height 1 cm, one formed from a sphere the size of an orange and the other from a sphere the size of the
earth, would have the same volume! Can you explain intuitively how this is possible?
solution The equation for the outer circle of the bead is x2 + y2 = R2 , and the inner cylinder intersects the sphere when
√
y = ± R2 − r2 . Each cross section of the bead is a washer with outer radius R2 − y2 and inner radius r, so the volume
is
√ √
 R2 −r2  2   R2 −r2
π √ R2 − y2 −r 2
dy = π √ (R2 − r2 − y2 ) dy
− R2 −r2 − R2 −r2
 √R2 −r2
1  4
= π (R − r )y − y3
2 2
 √ = (R2 − r2 )3/2 π
3 − R2 −r2
3
√
Now, h = 2 R2 − r2 = 2(R2 − r2 )1/2 , which gives h3 = 8(R2 − r2 )3/2 and finally (R2 − r2 )3/2 = 18 h3 . Substituting into the
expression for the volume gives V = π6 h3 . The beads may have the same volume but clearly the wall of the earth-sized
bead must be extremely thin while the orange-sized bead would be thicker.
 2  2
63. The solid generated by rotating the region inside the ellipse with equation ax + by = 1 around the x-axis is called
an ellipsoid. Show that the ellipsoid has volume 43 πab2 . What is the volume if the ellipse is rotated around the y-axis?
56 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

solution
• Rotating the ellipse about the x-axis produces an ellipsoid whose cross sections are disks with radius R =
b 1 − (x/a)2 . The volume of the ellipsoid is then
 a  a a
2 1 1  4
π b 1 − (x/a)2 dx = b2 π 1 − 2 x2 dx = b2 π x − 2 x3  = πab2
−a −a a 3a −a 3

• Rotating the ellipse about the y-axis produces an ellipsoid whose cross sections are disks with radius R =
a 1 − (y/b)2 . The volume of the ellipsoid is then
  b
b  2 b
1 2 1 3  4
a 1− (y/b)2 dy = a π 2
1 − 2 y dy = a π y − 2 y  = πa2 b
2
−b −b b 3b −b 3

64. The curve y = f (x) in Figure 18, called a tractrix, has the following property: The tangent line at each point (x, y)
on the curve has slope

dy −y
=
dx 1 − y2

Let R be the shaded region under the graph of y = f (x) for 0 ≤ x ≤ a in Figure 18. Compute the volume V of the solid
obtained by revolving R around the x-axis in terms of the constant c = f (a). Hint: Use the substitution u = f (x) to show
that
 1 √
V=π u 1 − u2 du
c

y
1

c R y = f(x)

x
a 2
FIGURE 18 The tractrix.

solution Let y = f (x) be the tractrix depicted in Figure 18. Rotating the region R about the x-axis produces a solid
whose cross sections are disks with radius f (x). The volume of the resulting solid is then
 a
 
V=π f (x) 2 dx
0

Now, let u = f (x). Then

− f (x) −u
du = f (x) dx = dx = √ dx
1 − [ f (x)]2 1 − u2

hence,
√
1 − u2
dx = − du
u
and
 ⎛ √ ⎞  1 √
c
⎜⎜ 1 − u2 ⎟⎟⎟
V=π u2 ⎜⎜⎝− du⎟⎠ = π u 1 − u2 du
1 u c

Carrying out the integration, we find

1
π π
V = − (1 − u2 )3/2  = (1 − c2 )3/2
3 c 3
 S E C T I O N 6.3 Volumes of Revolution: Disks and Washers 57

65. Verify the formula

 x2
1
(x − x1 )(x − x2 ) dx =
(x1 − x2 )3 1
x1 6
Then prove that the solid obtained by rotating the shaded region in Figure 19 about the x-axis has volume V = π6 BH 2 ,
with B and H as in the figure. Hint: Let x1 and x2 be the roots of f (x) = ax + b − (mx + c)2 , where x1 < x2 . Show that
 x2
V=π f (x) dx
x1

and use Eq. (1).

y
y = mx + c

B
x

y 2 = ax + b

FIGURE 19 The line y = mx + c intersects the parabola y2 = ax + b at two points above the x-axis.

solution First, we calculate

 x2  x2
1 3 1  1 3 1 2 1 1 3
(x − x1 )(x − x2 ) dx = x − (x1 + x2 )x2 + x1 x2 x  = x1 − x1 x2 + x1 x2 − x2
2
x1 3 2 x1
6 2 2 6
1 3  1
= x − 3x12 x2 + 3x1 x22 − x23 = (x1 − x2 )3
6 1 6
Now, consider the region enclosed by the parabola y2 = ax + b and the line y = mx + c, and let x1 and x2 denote the
x-coordinates of the points of intersection between the two curves with x1 √< x2 . Rotating the region about the y-axis
produces a solid whose cross sections are washers with outer radius R = ax + b and inner radius r = mx + c. The
volume of the solid of revolution is then
 x2  
V=π ax + b − (mx + c)2 dx
x1

Because x1 and x2 are roots of the equation ax + b − (mx + c)2 = 0 and ax + b − (mx + c)2 is a quadratic polynomial in x
with leading coefficient −m2 , it follows that ax + b − (mx + c)2 = −m2 (x − x1 )(x − x2 ). Therefore,
 x2
π
V = −πm2 (x − x1 )(x − x2 ) dx = m2 (x2 − x1 )3
x1 6
where we have used Equation (1). From the diagram, we see that

B = x2 − x1 and H = mB

so
π 2 3 π π
V= m B = B (mB)2 = BH 2
6 6 6
66. Let R be the region in the unit circle lying above the cut with the line y = mx + b (Figure 20). Assume that the points
where the line intersects the circle lie above the x-axis. Use the method of Exercise 65 to show that the solid obtained by
rotating R about the x-axis has volume V = π6 hd2 , with h and d as in the figure.
y
y = mx + b

R d x 2 + y2 = 1
h
x

FIGURE 20
58 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

solution Let x1 and x2 denote the x-coordinates of the points of intersection between the circle x2 + y2 = 1 and the line
y = mx + b with x1 < x2 . Rotating the region√enclosed by the two curves about the x-axis produces a solid whose cross
sections are washers with outer radius R = 1 − x2 and inner radius r = mx + b. The volume of the resulting solid is
then
 x2  
V=π (1 − x2 ) − (mx + b)2 dx
x1

Because x1 and x2 are roots of the equation (1 − x2 ) − (mx + b)2 = 0 and (1 − x2 ) − (mx + b)2 is a quadratic polynomial
in x with leading coefficient −(1 + m2 ), it follows that (1 − x2 ) − (mx + b)2 = −(1 + m2 )(x − x1 )(x − x2 ). Therefore,
 x2
π
V = −π(1 + m ) 2
(x − x1 )(x − x2 ) dx = (1 + m2 )(x2 − x1 )3
x1 6

From the diagram, we see that h = x2 − x1 . Moreover, by the Pythagorean theorem, d2 = h2 + (mh)2 = (1 + m2 )h2 . Thus,
π π π
V= (1 + m2 )h3 = h (1 + m2 )h2 = hd2
6 6 6

6.4 Volumes of Revolution: Cylindrical Shells

Preliminary Questions
1. Consider the region under the graph of the constant function f (x) = h over the interval [0, r]. Give the height and the
radius of the cylinder generated when the region is rotated about
(a) The x-axis (b) The y-axis
solution
(a) When the region is rotated about the x-axis, each shell will have radius h and height r.
(b) When the region is rotated about the y-axis, each shell will have radius r and height h.

2. Let V be the volume of a solid of revolution about the y-axis.

(a) Does the Shell Method for computing V lead to an integral with respect to x or y?
(b) Does the Disk or Washer Method for computing V lead to an integral with respect to x or y?
solution
(a) The Shell method requires slicing the solid parallel to the axis of rotation. In this case, that will mean slicing the
solid in the vertical direction, so integration will be with respect to x.
(b) The Disk or Washer method requires slicing the solid perpendicular to the axis of rotation. In this case, that means
slicing the solid in the horizontal direction, so integration will be with respect to y.

3. If we rotate the region under the curve y = 8 between x = 2 and x = 3 about the x-axis, what answer should the Shell
Method give us?
solution The solid generated by rotating the region under the curve y = 8 between x = 2 and x = 3 about the x-axis is
a circular cylinder with radius 8 and height 1, so the volume would be π(8)2 · 1 = 64π.

Exercises
In Exercises 1–6, sketch the solid obtained by rotating the region underneath the graph of the function over the given
interval about the y-axis, and find its volume.

1. f (x) = x3 , [0, 1]
solution A sketch of the solid is shown below. Each shell has radius x and height x3 , so the volume of the solid is
  1
1 1
1  2
2π x · x dx = 2π
3
x dx = 2π x5
4
 = π
0 0 5 0
5

x
−1 1
 S E C T I O N 6.4 Volumes of Revolution: Cylindrical Shells 59

√
2. f (x) = x, [0, 4]
√
solution A sketch of the solid is shown below. Each shell has radius x and height x, so the volume of the solid is
 4  4 4
√ 2 5/2  128
2π x x dx = 2π x dx = 2π x  =
3/2
π
0 0 5  0
5
y

x
−4 4

3. f (x) = x−1 , [1, 3]

solution A sketch of the solid is shown below. Each shell has radius x and height x−1 , so the volume of the solid is
 3  3 3
2π x(x−1 ) dx = 2π 1 dx = 2π (x)  = 4π
1 1 1

0.8
0.6

0.2
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3

4. f (x) = 4 − x2 , [0, 2]
solution A sketch of the solid is shown below. Each shell has radius x and height 4 − x2 , so the volume of the solid is
 2  2 2
1 4 
2π x(4 − x ) dx = 2π
2
(4x − x ) dx = 2π 2x − x  = 8π
3 2
0 0 4 0
y

x
−2 2

√
5. f (x) = x2 + 9, [0, 3]
√
solution A sketch of the solid is shown below. Each shell has radius x and height x2 + 9, so the volume of the solid
is
 3 √
2π x x2 + 9 dx
0

Let u = x + 9. Then du = 2x dx and

2

 3 √  18
18 √ 2  √
2π x x2 + 9 dx = π u du = π u3/2  = 18π(2 2 − 1)
0 9 3 9

2
1
x
−3 −2 −1 1 2 3
60 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

x
6. f (x) = √ , [1, 4]
1 + x3
x
solution A sketch of the solid is shown below. Each shell has radius x and height √ , so the volume of the solid
1 + x3
is
 4  4
x x2
2π x √ dx = 2π √ dx
1 1 + x3 1 1 + x3
Let u = 1 + x . Then du = 3x dx and
3 2

 4  65 65 4π  √
x2 2  √ 
u−1/2 du = π 2u1/2  =
2
2π √ dx = π 65 − 2
1 1 + x3 3 2 3 2 3

y
0.8

x
−4 −2 2 4

In Exercises 7–14, use the Shell Method to compute the volume obtained by rotating the region enclosed by the graphs
as indicated, about the y-axis.

7. y = 3x − 2, y = 6 − x, x=0
solution The region enclosed by y = 3x − 2, y = 6 − x, and x = 0 is shown below. When rotating this region about the
y-axis, each shell has radius x and height 6 − x − (3x − 2) = 8 − 4x. The volume of the resulting solid is
 2  2 2
4  32
2π x(8 − 4x) dx = 2π (8x − 4x2 ) dx = 2π 4x2 − x3  = π
0 0 3 0 3

y
6 y=6−x

4
2 y = 3x − 2
x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
−2

√
8. y = x, y = x2
√
solution The region enclosed √ by y2= x and y = x is shown below. When rotating this region about the y-axis, each
2

shell has radius x and height x − x . The volume of the resulting solid is
 1  1 1
√ 2 5/2 1 4  3
2π x( x − x ) dx = 2π
2
(x − x ) dx = 2π x − x  =
3/2 3
π
0 0 5 4 0
10

y= x

y = x2

x
0 1

9. y = x2 , y = 8 − x2 , x = 0, for x ≥ 0
solution The region enclosed by y = x2 , y = 8 − x2 , and the y-axis is shown below. When rotating this region about the
y-axis, each shell has radius x and height 8 − x2 − x2 = 8 − 2x2 . The volume of the resulting solid is
 2  2 2
1 
2π x(8 − 2x2 ) dx = 2π (8x − 2x3 ) dx = 2π 4x2 − x4  = 16π
0 0 2 0
 S E C T I O N 6.4 Volumes of Revolution: Cylindrical Shells 61

8
y = 8 − x2
6

2
y = x2
x
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

10. y = 8 − x3 , y = 8 − 4x, for x ≥ 0

solution The region enclosed by y = 8 − x3 and y = 8 − 4x is shown below. When rotating this region about the y-axis,
each shell has radius x and height (8 − x3 ) − (8 − 4x) = 4x − x3 . The volume of the resulting solid is
 2  2 2
4 1  128π
2π x(4x − x3 ) dx = 2π (4x2 − x4 ) dx = 2π x3 − x5  =
0 0 3 5 0 15

y
8

y = 8 − x3
6

4
y = 8 − 4x

x
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

11. y = (x2 + 1)−2 , y = 2 − (x2 + 1)−2 , x=2

solution The region enclosed by y = (x2 + 1)−2 , y = 2 − (x2 + 1)−2 , and x = 2 is shown below. When rotating this
region about the y-axis, each shell has radius x and height 2 − (x2 + 1)−2 − (x2 + 1)−2 = 2 − 2(x2 + 1)−2 . The volume of
the resulting solid is
 2  2 2
2x 1  32
2π x(2 − 2(x2 + 1)−2 ) dx = 2π 2x − 2 dx = 2π x 2
+  = π
0 0 (x + 1)2 x2 + 1 0 5

y
2.0 y = 2 − (x 2 + 1)−2

1.5

1.0

0.5 y = (x 2 + 1)−2

x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

12. y = 1 − |x − 1|, y=0

solution The region enclosed by y = 1 − |x − 1| and the x-axis is shown below. When rotating this region about the
y-axis, two different shells are generated. For each x ∈ [0, 1], the shell has radius x and height x; for each x ∈ [1, 2], the
shell has radius x and height 2 − x. The volume of the resulting solid is
 1  2  1  2
2π x(x) dx + 2π x(2 − x) dx = 2π (x2 ) dx + 2π (2x − x2 ) dx
0 1 0 1
1 2
1  1 
= 2π x3  + 2π x2 − x3  = 2π
3 0 3 1

1.0
y=x y=2−x
0.5

x
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
62 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

13. y = 2 − x4 , y = x2 , x≥0
solution The region enclosed by y = 2 − x4 and y = x2 for x ≥ 0 is shown below. When rotating this region about the
y-axis, each shell has radius x and height 2 − x4 − x2 . The volume of the resulting solid is
 1 1
1 1  7π
2π x(2 − x4 − x2 ) dx = 2π x2 − x6 − x4  =
0 6 4 0 6
y
y 5 2 2 x4
2

y 5 x2
x
1

√
14. y = x2 + 9, y = 0, x = 0, x = 4
√
solution The region enclosed by y = x2 + 9, the x-axis, the y-axis, and the vertical line x = 4 is shown below. When
√
rotating this region about the y-axis, each shell has radius x and height x2 + 9. The volume of the resulting solid is
 4 √ 4
x x2 + 9 dx = 2π (x2 + 9)3/2  =
1 196π
2π
0 3 0 3
y

5 y 5 x2 1 9

x
4

In Exercises 15 and 16, use a graphing utility to find the points of intersection of the curves numerically and then compute
the volume of rotation of the enclosed region about the y-axis.
15. y = 12 x2 , y = sin(x2 ), x≥0
solution The region enclosed by y = 12 x2 and y = sin x2 is shown below. When rotating this region about the y-axis,
each shell has radius x and height sin x2 − 12 x2 . Using a computer algebra system, we find that the x-coordinate of the
point of intersection on the right is x = 1.376769504. Thus, the volume of the resulting solid of revolution is
 1.376769504
1
2π x sin x2 − x2 dx = 1.321975576
0 2
y

y = sin x 2
x2
y=
2

x
0 1

16. y = cos(x2 ), y = x, x=0

solution The region enclosed by y = cos(x2 ), y = x, and the y-axis is shown below. When rotating this region about the
y-axis, each shell has radius x and height cos(x2 ) − x. Using a computer algebra system, we find that the x-coordinate of
the point of intersection on the right is x = 0.8010707652. Thus, volume of the resulting solid of revolution is
 0.8010707652
2π x(cos(x2 ) − x) dx = 0.8038201631
0

y
y 5 cos x 2
1

y5x

x
0.8
 S E C T I O N 6.4 Volumes of Revolution: Cylindrical Shells 63

In Exercises 17–22, sketch the solid obtained by rotating the region underneath the graph of f over the interval about
the given axis, and calculate its volume using the Shell Method.

17. f (x) = x3 , [0, 1], about x = 2

solution A sketch of the solid is shown below. Each shell has radius 2 − x and height x3 , so the volume of the solid is
  1 1
1   x4 x5  3π
2π (2 − x) x3 dx = 2π (2x3 − x4 ) dx = 2π −  =
0 0 2 5 0 5
y

x
0 4

18. f (x) = x3 , [0, 1], about x = −2

solution A sketch of the solid is shown below. Each shell has radius x − (−2) = x + 2 and height x3 , so the volume of
the solid is
 1  1 1
  x4 x5  7π
2π (2 + x) x3 dx = 2π (2x3 + x4 ) dx = 2π +  =
0 0 2 5 0 5

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
x
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 1

19. f (x) = x−4 , [−3, −1], about x = 4

solution A sketch of the solid is shown below. Each shell has radius 4 − x and height x−4 , so the volume of the solid is
  −1
−1   −1
1 4  280π
−4 −4
2π (4 − x) x dx = 2π (4x − x ) dx = 2π x−2 − x−3
−3
 =
−3 −3 2 3 −3
81
y

0.8

0.4

x
−2 10

1
20. f (x) = √ , [0, 2], about x = 0
x2 + 1
1
solution A sketch of the solid is shown below. Each shell has radius x and height √ , so the volume of the solid
x2 +1
is
 2 √  2 √
x2 + 1  = 2π( 5 − 1)
1
2π x √ dx = 2π
0 x2 + 1 0

y
1
0.8
0.6

0.2
x
−2 −1 1 2
64 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

21. f (x) = a − x with a > 0, [0, a], about x = −1

solution A sketch of the solid is shown below. Each shell has radius x − (−1) = x + 1 and height a − x, so the volume
of the solid is
 a  a 
2π (x + 1) (a − x) dx = 2π a + (a − 1)x − x2 dx
0 0
a
a − 1 2 1 3 
= 2π ax + x − x 
2 3 0
a2 (a − 1) a3 a2 (a + 3)
= 2π a2 + − = π
2 3 3

−2 − a a
−2 −1

22. f (x) = 1 − x2 , [−1, 1], x=c with c > 1

solution A sketch of the solid is shown below. Each shell has radius c − x and height 1 − x2 , so the volume of the solid
is
  1
1   1   1 c 1  8cπ
2π (c − x) 1 − x 2
dx = 2π x − cx − x + c dx = 2π x4 − x3 − x2 + cx
3 2
 =
−1 −1 4 3 2 −1
3

y
1

x
−1 1 c 2c − 1 2c + 1

In Exercises 23–28, sketch the enclosed region and use the Shell Method to calculate the volume of rotation about the
x-axis.

23. x = y, y = 0, x=1
solution When the region shown below is rotated about the x-axis, each shell has radius y and height 1 − y. The volume
of the resulting solid is
 1  1 1
1 2 1 3  π
2π y(1 − y) dy = 2π (y − y ) dy = 2π y − y  =
2
0 0 2 3  0
3

1.0

0.8

0.6 y=x
0.4

0.2

x
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

24. x = 14 y + 1, x = 3 − 14 y, y = 0
solution When the region shown below is rotated about the x-axis, each shell has radius y and height 2 − 12 y. The
volume of the resulting solid is
 4  4 4
1 1 1  32π
2π y 2 − y dy = 2π 2y − y2 dy = 2π y2 − y3  =
0 2 0 2 6 0 3
 S E C T I O N 6.4 Volumes of Revolution: Cylindrical Shells 65

y
4

3
y y
2 x=1+ x=3−
4 4
1
x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

25. x = y(4 − y), x=0

solution When the region shown below is rotated about the x-axis, each shell has radius y and height y(4 − y). The
volume of the resulting solid is
 4  4 4
4 1  128π
2π y2 (4 − y) dy = 2π (4y2 − y3 ) dy = 2π y3 − y4  =
0 0 3 4 0 3
y
4 x = y(4 − y)

1
x
1 2 3 4

26. x = y(4 − y), x = (y − 2)2

solution Setting y(4 − y) = (y − 2)2 yields
√
y2 − 4y + 2 = 0 or y=2± 2

When the region shown below is rotated about the x-axis, each shell has radius y and height −2y2 + 8y − 4. The volume
of the resulting solid is
2+ 2 64π √2
√
 2+ √2  2+ √2
1 4 8 3 2 
2π √ y(−2y + 8y − 4) dy = 2π
2
√ (−2y + 8y − 4y) dy = 2π − y + y − 2y  √ =
3 2
2− 2 2− 2 2 3 2− 2
3
y
4
x = ( y − 2)2 x = y(4 − y)
3

x
1 2 3 4

27. y = 4 − x2 , x = 0, y=0
solution When the region shown below is rotated about the x-axis, each shell has radius y and height 4 − y. The
volume of the resulting solid is
 4
2π y 4 − y dy
0

Let u = 4 − y. Then du = −dy, y = 4 − u, and

 4    √ 
0 √ 4
2π y 4 − y dy = −2π (4 − u) u du = 2π 4 u − u3/2 du
0 4 0
4
8 3/2 2 5/2  256π
= 2π u − u  =
3 5 0
15
y
4
y = 4 − x2
3

x
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
66 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

28. y = x1/3 − 2, y = 0, x = 27
solution When the region shown below is rotated about the x-axis, each shell has radius y and height 27 − (y + 2)3 .
The volume of the resulting solid is
 1    1 
2π y · 27 − (y + 2)3 dy = 2π 19y − 12y2 − 6y3 − y4 dy
0 0
1
19 2 3 1  38π
= 2π y − 4y3 − y4 − y5  =
2 2 5 0 5

1.0
0.8
3
0.6 y= x−2

0.4
0.2
x
0 5 10 15 20 25 30

29. Determine which of the following is the appropriate integrand needed to determine the volume of the solid obtained
by rotating around the vertical axis given by x = −1 the area that is between the curves y = f (x) and y = g(x) over the
interval [a, b], where a ≥ 0 and f (x) ≥ g(x) over that interval.
(a) x( f (x) − g(x))
(b) (x + 1)( f (x) − g(x))
(c) x(( f (x) − 1) − (g(x) − 1))
(d) (x − 1)( f (x) − g(x))
(e) x( f (x + 1) − g(x + 1))
solution When the region between the curves y = f (x) and y = g(x) is rotated around the vertical axis x = −1, each
shell has radius x − (−1) = x + 1 and height f (x) − g(x). The appropriate integrand is therefore (b): (x + 1)( f (x) − g(x)).
b  f (0)
30. Let y = f (x) be a decreasing function on [0, b], such that f (b) = 0. Explain why 2π 0 x f (x) dx = π 0 (h(x))2 dx,
where h denotes the inverse of f .
solution Consider the solid of revolution obtained by revolving the region bounded by the graph of y = f (x) and both
coordinate axes around the y-axis. Slicing the region parallel to the y-axis produces cross sections that are cylindrical
shells with radius x and height f (x). The volume of the solid is then
 b
2π x f (x) dx
0

Slicing the region perpendicular to the y-axis, on the other hand, produces cross sections that are disks with radius h(y).
The volume of the solid is then also given by
 f (0)  f (0)
π [h(y)]2 dy = π [h(x)]2 dx
0 0

As both definite integrals calculate the volume of the same solid, it follows that
 b  f (0)
2π x f (x) dx = π [h(x)]2 dx
0 0

31. Use both the Shell and Disk Methods to calculate the volume obtained by rotating the region under the graph of
f (x) = 8 − x3 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 about
(a) The x-axis (b) The y-axis
solution
(a) x-axis: Using the disk method, the cross sections are disks with radius R = 8 − x3 ; hence the volume of the solid is
 2 2
1 7  576π
π (8 − x ) dx = π 64x − 4x + x  =
3 2 4
0 7 0
7

With the shell method, each shell has radius y and height (8 − y)1/3 . The volume of the solid is
 8
2π y (8 − y)1/3 dy
0
 S E C T I O N 6.4 Volumes of Revolution: Cylindrical Shells 67

Let u = 8 − y. Then dy = −du, y = 8 − u and

 8  8  8
2π y (8 − y)1/3 dy = 2π (8 − u) · u1/3 du = 2π (8u1/3 − u4/3 ) du
0 0 0
8
3  576π
= 2π 6u4/3 − u7/3  =
7 0
7

(b) y-axis: With the shell method, each shell has radius x and height 8 − x3 . The volume of the solid is
 2 2
1  96π
2π x(8 − x3 ) dx = 2π 4x2 − x5  =
0 5 0 5

Using the disk method, the cross sections are disks with radius R = (8 − y)1/3 . The volume is then given by
 8 8
(8 − y)2/3 dy = − (8 − y)5/3  =
3π 96π
π
0 5 0 5

32. Sketch the solid of rotation about the y-axis for the region under the graph of the constant function f (x) = c (where
c > 0) for 0 ≤ x ≤ r.
(a) Find the volume without using integration.
(b) Use the Shell Method to compute the volume.
solution
y

x
r

(a) The solid is simply a cylinder with height c and radius r. The volume is given by πr2 c.
(b) Each shell has radius x and height c, so the volume is
 r r
1 
2π cx dx = 2π c x2  = πr2 c
0 2 0

33. The graph in Figure 11(A) can be described by both y = f (x) and x = h(y), where h is the inverse of f . Let V be the
volume obtained by rotating the region under the graph about the y-axis.
(a) Describe the figures generated by rotating segments AB and CB about the y-axis.
(b) Set up integrals that compute V by the Shell and Disk Methods.

y y
1.3 y = f (x) y = g(x)
x = h(y)
A B A′ B′

x x
C 2 C′ 2
(A) (B)
FIGURE 11

solution
(a) When rotated about the y-axis, the segment AB generates a disk with radius R = h(y) and the segment CB generates
a shell with radius x and height f (x).
(b) Based on Figure 11(A) and the information from part (a), when using the Shell Method,
 2
V = 2π x f (x) dx
0

when using the Disk Method,

 1.3
V=π (h(y))2 dy
0
68 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

34. Let W be the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region under the graph in Figure 11(B) about the
y-axis.
(a) Describe the figures generated by rotating segments A B and A C about the y-axis.
(b) Set up an integral that computes W by the Shell Method.
(c) Explain the difficulty in computing W by the Washer Method.
solution
(a) When rotated about the y-axis, the segment A B generates a washer and the segment C A generates a shell with
radius x and height g(x).
(b) Using Figure 11(B) and the information from part (a),
 2
W = 2π xg(x) dx
0

(c) The function g(x) is not one to one, which makes it difficult to determine the inner and outer radius of each washer.
35. Let R be the region under the graph of y = 9 − x2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2. Use the Shell Method to compute the volume of
rotation of R about the x-axis as a sum of two integrals along the y-axis. Hint: The shells generated depend on whether
y ∈ [0, 5] or y ∈ [5, 9].
solution The region R is sketched below. When rotating this region about the x-axis, we produce a solid with two
different shell structures. For 0 ≤ y ≤ 5, the shell has radius y and height 2; for 5 ≤ y ≤ 9, the shell has radius y and
height 9 − y. The volume of the solid is therefore
 5  9
V = 2π 2y dy + 2π y 9 − y dy
0 5

For the first integral, we calculate

 5 5
2π 2y dy = 2πy2  = 50π
0 0

For the second integral, we make the substitution u = 9 − y, du = −dy and find
 9  0
√
2π y 9 − y dy = −2π (9 − u) u du
5 4
 4
= 2π (9u1/2 − u3/2 ) du
0
4
2 
= 2π 6u3/2 − u5/2 
5 0

64 352π
= 2π 48 − =
5 5
Thus, the total volume is
352π 602π
V = 50π + =
5 5
y
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

36. Let R be the region under the graph of y = 4x−1 for 1 ≤ y ≤ 4. Use the Shell Method to compute the volume of
rotation of R about the y-axis as a sum of two integrals along the x-axis.

solution The region R is sketched below. When rotating this region about the y-axis, we produce a solid with two
different shell structures. For 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, the shell has radius x and height 3; for 1 ≤ x ≤ 4, the shell has radius x and
height 4x−1 − 1. The volume of the solid is therefore
 1  4
V = 2π 3x dx + 2π x(4x−1 − 1) dx
0 1
 S E C T I O N 6.4 Volumes of Revolution: Cylindrical Shells 69

 1  4
= 2π 3x dx + 2π (4 − x) dx
0 1
 4
3 2 1 1 
= 2π x  + 2π 4x − x2 
2 0 2 1
7
= 3π + 2π 8 − = 12π
2
y
4

3
y = 4x−1
2

x
1 2 3 4

In Exercises 37–42, use the Shell Method to find the volume obtained by rotating region A in Figure 12 about the given
axis.

37. y-axis
solution When rotating region A about the y-axis, each shell has radius x and height 6 − (x2 + 2) = 4 − x2 . The volume
of the resulting solid is
 2  2 2
1 4 
2π x(4 − x ) dx = 2π
2
(4x − x ) dx = 2π 2x − x  = 8π
3 2
0 0 4 0

38. x = −3
solution When rotating region A about x = −3, each shell has radius x − (−3) = x + 3 and height 6 − (x2 + 2) = 4 − x2 .
The volume of the resulting solid is
 2  2 2
1 4 3 
2π (x + 3)(4 − x ) dx = 2π
2
(4x − x + 12 − 3x ) dx = 2π 2x − x + 12x − x  = 40π
3 2 2
0 0 4 0

39. x = 2
solution When rotating region A about x = 2, each shell has radius 2 − x and height 6 − (x2 + 2) = 4 − x2 . The volume
of the resulting solid is
 2  2 2
   2 3 1 4  40π
2π (2 − x) 4 − x dx = 2π
2
8 − 2x − 4x + x dx = 2π 8x − x − 2x + x  =
2 3 2
0 0 3 4 0 3

40. x-axis
solution When rotating region A about the x-axis, each shell has radius y and height y − 2. The volume of the
resulting solid is
 6
2π y y − 2 dy
2

Let u = y − 2. Then du = dy, y = u + 2 and

  4
6 4 √ 2 4  704π
2π y y − 2 dy = 2π (u + 2) u du = 2π u5/2 + u3/2  =
2 0 5 3 0
15
41. y = −2
solution When rotating region A about y = −2, each shell has radius y − (−2) = y + 2 and height y − 2. The volume
of the resulting solid is
 6
2π (y + 2) y − 2 dy
2

Let u = y − 2. Then du = dy, y + 2 = u + 4 and

  4
6 4 √ 2 8  1024π
2π (y + 2) y − 2 dy = 2π (u + 4) u du = 2π u5/2 + u3/2  =
2 0 5 3 0
15
70 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

42. y = 6
solution When rotating region A about y = 6, each shell has radius 6 − y and height y − 2. The volume of the
resulting solid is
 6
2π (6 − y) y − 2 dy
2

Let u = y − 2. Then du = dy, 6 − y = 4 − u and

 6  4 4
√ 8 2  256π
2π (6 − y) y − 2 dy = 2π (4 − u) u du = 2π u3/2 − u5/2  =
2 0 3 5 0
15

In Exercises 43–48, use the most convenient method (Disk or Shell Method) to find the volume obtained by rotating region
B in Figure 12 about the given axis.

y
y = x2 + 2
6

2 B
x
1 2
FIGURE 12

43. y-axis
solution Because a vertical slice of region B will produce a solid with a single cross section while a horizontal slice will
produce a solid with two different cross sections, we will use a vertical slice. Now, because a vertical slice is parallel to
the axis of rotation, we will use the Shell Method. Each shell has radius x and height x2 + 2. The volume of the resulting
solid is
 2  2 2
1 
2π x(x2 + 2) dx = 2π (x3 + 2x) dx = 2π x4 + x2  = 16π
0 0 4 0

44. x = −3
solution Because a vertical slice of region B will produce a solid with a single cross section while a horizontal slice
will produce a solid with two different cross sections, we will use a vertical slice. Now, because a vertical slice is parallel
to the axis of rotation, we will use the Shell Method. Each shell has radius x − (−3) = x + 3 and height x2 + 2. The
volume of the resulting solid is
 2  2 2
1 4 
2π (x + 3)(x + 2) dx = 2π
2
(x + 3x + 2x + 6) dx = 2π x + x + x + 6x  = 56π
3 2 3 2
0 0 4 0

45. x = 2
solution Because a vertical slice of region B will produce a solid with a single cross section while a horizontal slice
will produce a solid with two different cross sections, we will use a vertical slice. Now, because a vertical slice is parallel
to the axis of rotation, we will use the Shell Method. Each shell has radius 2 − x and height x2 + 2. The volume of the
resulting solid is
 2  2 2
   2 1  32π
2π (2 − x) x2 + 2 dx = 2π 2x2 − x3 + 4 − 2x dx = 2π x3 − x4 + 4x − x2  =
0 0 3 4  0
3

46. x-axis
solution Because a vertical slice of region B will produce a solid with a single cross section while a horizontal slice will
produce a solid with two different cross sections, we will use a vertical slice. Now, because a vertical slice is perpendicular
to the axis of rotation, we will use the Disk Method. Each disk has outer radius R = x2 + 2 and inner radius r = 0. The
volume of the solid is then
 2  2
π (x2 + 2)2 dx = π (x4 + 4x2 + 4) dx
0 0
2
1 5 4 3 
=π x + x + 4x 
5 3 0

32 32 376π
=π + +8 =
5 3 15
 S E C T I O N 6.4 Volumes of Revolution: Cylindrical Shells 71

47. y = −2
solution Because a vertical slice of region B will produce a solid with a single cross section while a horizontal slice will
produce a solid with two different cross sections, we will use a vertical slice. Now, because a vertical slice is perpendicular
to the axis of rotation, we will use the Disk Method. Each disk has outer radius R = x2 + 2 − (−2) = x2 + 4 and inner
radius r = 0 − (−2) = 2. The volume of the solid is then
 2   2
π (x2 + 4)2 − 22 dx = π (x4 + 8x2 + 12) dx
0 0
2
1 5 8 3 
=π x + x + 12x 
5 3 0

32 64 776π
=π + + 24 =
5 3 15

48. y = 8
solution Because a vertical slice of region B will produce a solid with a single cross section while a horizontal slice
will produce a solid with two different cross sections, we will use a vertical slice. Now, because a vertical slice is
perpendicular to the axis of rotation, we will use the Disk Method. Each disk has outer radius R = 8 − 0 = 8 and inner
radius r = 8 − (x2 + 2) = 6 − x2 . The volume of the solid is then
 2   2
π 82 − (6 − x2 )2 dx = π (28 + 12x2 − x4 ) dx
0 0
2
1 
= π 28x + 4x − x5 3

5 0

32 408π
= π 56 + 32 − =
5 5

In Exercises 49–56, use the most convenient method (Disk or Shell Method) to find the given volume of rotation.

49. Region between x = y(5 − y) and x = 0, rotated about the y-axis

solution Examine the figure below, which shows the region bounded by x = y(5 − y) and x = 0. If the indicated region
is sliced vertically, then the top of the slice lies along one branch of the parabola x = y(5 − y) and the bottom lies along
the other branch. On the other hand, if the region is sliced horizontally, then the right endpoint of the slice always lies
along the parabola and left endpoint always lies along the y-axis. Clearly, it will be easier to slice the region horizontally.
Now, suppose the region is rotated about the y-axis. Because a horizontal slice is perpendicular to the y-axis, we will
calculate the volume of the resulting solid using the disk method. Each cross section is a disk of radius R = y(5 − y), so
the volume is
 5  5 5
25 3 5 4 1 5  625π
π y2 (5 − y)2 dy = π (25y2 − 10y3 + y4 ) dy = π y − y + y  =
0 0 3 2 5 0 6

y
5 x = y(5 − y)
4
3
2
1
x
1 2 3 4 5 6

50. Region between x = y(5 − y) and x = 0, rotated about the x-axis

solution Examine the figure from the previous exercise, which shows the region bounded by x = y(5 − y) and x = 0.
If the indicated region is sliced vertically, then the top of the slice lies along one branch of the parabola x = y(5 − y) and
the bottom lies along the other branch. On the other hand, if the region is sliced horizontally, then the right endpoint of
the slice always lies along the parabola and left endpoint always lies along the y-axis. Clearly, it will be easier to slice
the region horizontally.
Now, suppose the region is rotated about the x-axis. Because a horizontal slice is parallel to the x-axis, we will
calculate the volume of the resulting solid using the shell method. Each shell has a radius of y and a height of y(5 − y),
so the volume is
 5  5 5
5 1  625π
2π y2 (5 − y) dy = 2π (5y2 − y3 ) dy = 2π y3 − y4  =
0 0 3 4 0 6
72 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

51. Region bounded by y = x2 and x = y2 , rotated about the y-axis

solution Examine the figure below, which shows the region bounded by y = x2 and x = y2 . If the indicated region is
sliced vertically, then the top of the slice lies along x = y2 and the bottom lies along y = x2 . On the other hand, if the
region is sliced horizontally, then the right endpoint of the slice always lies along y = x2 and left endpoint always lies
along x = y2 . Thus, for this region, either choice of slice will be convenient. To proceed, let’s choose a vertical slice.
Now, suppose the region is rotated about the y-axis. Because a vertical slice is parallel to the y-axis, we
√ will calculate
the volume of the resulting solid using the shell method. Each shell has a radius of x and a height of x − x2 , so the
volume is
 1  1 1
√ 2 5/2 1 4  3π
2π x( x − x ) dx = 2π
2
(x − x ) dx = 2π x − x  =
3/2 3
0 0 5 4 0
10

1.0

0.8
x = y2

0.6

0.4 y = x2

0.2

x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

52. Region bounded by y = x2 and x = y2 , rotated about x = 3

solution Examine the figure from the previous exercise, which shows the region bounded by y = x2 and x = y2 . If
the indicated region is sliced vertically, then the top of the slice lies along x = y2 and the bottom lies along y = x2 . On
the other hand, if the region is sliced horizontally, then the right endpoint of the slice always lies along y = x2 and left
endpoint always lies along x = y2 . Thus, for this region, either choice of slice will be convenient. To proceed, let’s choose
a vertical slice.
Now, suppose the region is rotated about x = 3. Because a vertical slice is parallel to x = 3, we will √ calculate the
volume of the resulting solid using the shell method. Each shell has a radius of 3 − x and a height of x − x2 , so the
volume is
 1  1 1
√ 2 1  17π
2π (3 − x)( x − x2 ) dx = 2π (3x1/2 − x3/2 − 3x2 + x3 ) dx = 2π 2x3/2 − x5/2 − x3 + x4  =
0 0 5 4 0 10

53. Region in Figure 13, rotated about the x-axis

y

y = x − x12

x
1
FIGURE 13

solution Examine Figure 13. If the indicated region is sliced vertically, then the top of the slice lies along the curve
y = x − x12 and the bottom lies along the curve y = 0 (the x-axis). On the other hand, if the region is sliced horizontally,
the equation y = x − x12 must be solved for x in order to determine the endpoint locations. Clearly, it will be easier to
slice the region vertically.
Now, suppose the region in Figure 13 is rotated about the x-axis. Because a vertical slice is perpendicular to the
x-axis, we will calculate the volume of the resulting solid using the disk method. Each cross section is a disk of radius
R = x − x12 , so the volume is
 1 1
2 1 1 1 25  121π
π x − x12 dx = π x3 − x14 + x  =
0 3 7 25 0 525

54. Region in Figure 13, rotated about the y-axis

solution Examine Figure 13. If the indicated region is sliced vertically, then the top of the slice lies along the curve
y = x − x12 and the bottom lies along the curve y = 0 (the x-axis). On the other hand, if the region is sliced horizontally,
the equation y = x − x12 must be solved for x in order to determine the endpoint locations. Clearly, it will be easier to
slice the region vertically.
 S E C T I O N 6.4 Volumes of Revolution: Cylindrical Shells 73

Now suppose the region is rotated about the y-axis. Because a vertical slice is parallel to the y-axis, we will calculate
the volume of the resulting solid using the shell method. Each shell has radius x and height x − x12 , so the volume is
 1 1
1 3 1 14  11π
2π x(x − x ) dx = 2π x −
12
x  =
0 3 14 0
21

55. Region in Figure 14, rotated about x = 4

y

y = x3 + 2

y = 4 − x2

x
1 2
FIGURE 14

solution Examine Figure 14. If the indicated region is sliced vertically, then the top of the slice lies along the curve
y = x3 + 2 and the bottom lies along the curve y = 4 − x2 . On the other hand, the left end of a horizontal slice switches
from y = 4 − x2 to y = x3 + 2 at y = 3. Here, vertical slices will be more convenient.
Now, suppose the region in Figure 14 is rotated about x = 4. Because a vertical slice is parallel to x = 4, we will
calculate the volume of the resulting solid using the shell method. Each shell has radius 4 − x and height x3 + 2 − (4 −
x2 ) = x3 + x2 − 2, so the volume is
 2 2
1 3 4  563π
2π (4 − x)(x3 + x2 − 2) dx = 2π − x5 + x4 + x3 + x2 − 8x  =
1 5 4 3 1 30

56. Region in Figure 14, rotated about y = −2

solution Examine Figure 14. If the indicated region is sliced vertically, then the top of the slice lies along the curve
y = x3 + 2 and the bottom lies along the curve y = 4 − x2 . On the other hand, the left end of a horizontal slice switches
from y = 4 − x2 to y = x3 + 2 at y = 3. Here, vertical slices will be more convenient.
Now suppose the region is rotated about y = −2. Because a vertical slice is perpendicular to y = −2, we will
calculate the volume of the resulting solid using the disk method. Each cross section is a washer with outer radius
R = x3 + 2 − (−2) = x3 + 4 and inner radius r = 4 − x2 − (−2) = 6 − x2 , so the volume is
 2 2
 1 1  1748π
π (x3 + 4)2 − (6 − x2 )2 dx = π x7 − x5 + 2x4 + 4x3 − 20x  =
1 7 5 1 35

In Exercises 57–62, use the Shell Method to find the given volume of rotation.
57. A sphere of radius r
√
solution A sphere of radius r can be generated by rotating the region under the semicircle y = r2 − x2 about the
x-axis. Each shell has radius y and height
 
r2 − y2 − − r2 − y2 = 2 r2 − y2
Thus, the volume of the sphere is
 r
2π 2y r2 − y2 dy
0

Let u = r2 − y2 . Then du = −2y dy and

  r2
r2
r √ 2  4 3
2π 2y r2 − y2 dy = 2π u du = 2π u3/2  = πr
0 0 3 0
3

58. The “bead” formed by removing a cylinder of radius r from the center of a sphere of radius R (compare with
Exercise 61 in Section 6.3)
√
solution Each shell has radius x and height 2 R2 − x2 . The volume of the bead is then
 R √
2π 2x R2 − x2 dx
r

Let u = R − x . Then du = −2x dx and

2 2

 R √  R2 −r2
R2 −r2
√ 2 3/2  4
2π 2x R2 − x2 dx = 2π u du = 2π u  = π(R2 − r2 )3/2
r 0 3 0
3
74 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

59. The torus obtained by rotating the circle (x − a)2 + y2 = b2 about the y-axis, where a > b (compare with Exercise 60
in Section 6.3). Hint: Evaluate the integral by interpreting part of it as the area of a circle.
solution When rotating the region enclosed by the circle (x − a)2 + y2 = b2 about the y-axis each shell has radius x and
height
 
b2 − (x − a)2 − − b2 − (x − a)2 = 2 b2 − (x − a)2

The volume of the resulting torus is then

 a+b
2π 2x b2 − (x − a)2 dx
a−b

Let u = x − a. Then du = dx, x = u + a and

 a+b  b √
2π 2x b2 − (x − a)2 dx = 2π 2(u + a) b2 − u2 du
a−b −b
 b √  b √
= 4π u b2 − u2 du + 4aπ b2 − u2 du
−b −b

Now,
 b √
u b2 − u2 du = 0
−b

because the integrand is an odd function and the integration interval is symmetric with respect to zero. Moreover, the
other integral is one-half the area of a circle of radius b; thus,
 b √ 1 2
b2 − u2 du = πb
−b 2

Finally, the volume of the torus is

1 2
4π(0) + 4aπ πb = 2π2 ab2
2

60. The “paraboloid” obtained by rotating the region between y = x2 and y = c (c > 0) about the y-axis
solution When we rotate the region in the first quadrant bounded by y = x2 and y = c about the y-axis, each shell has a
radius of x and a height of c − x2 . The volume of the paraboloid is then
 √  √  √c
c c
1 2 1 4  1
2π x(c − x ) dx = 2π
2
(cx − x ) dx = 2π cx − x  = πc2
3
0 0 2 4 0 2

61. Given a and b, 0 ≤ a ≤ b, find a function f such that the volume obtained by rotating about the x-axis the region R
under the graph of y = f (x) over the interval [a, b] equals the volume obtained by rotating that same region R about the
y-axis.
solution Slice the region R vertically. Because a vertical slice is perpendicular to the x-axis, we calculate the volume
of the solid obtained by rotating R about the x-axis using the disk method. Each cross section has a radius of f (x), so the
volume is
 b
π [ f (x)]2 dx
a

On the other hand, a vertical slice is parallel to the y-axis, so we calculate the volume of the solid obtained by rotating R
about the y-axis using the shell method. Each shell has radius x and height f (x). The volume is then
 b
2π x f (x) dx
a

For the two volumes to be the same, we must have

π[ f (x)]2 = 2πx f (x)

Thus, f (x) = 0 or f (x) = 2x.

 S E C T I O N 6.4 Volumes of Revolution: Cylindrical Shells 75

Further Insights and Challenges

62. The surface area of a sphere of radius r is 4πr2 . Use this to derive the formula for the volume V of a sphere
of radius R in a new way.
(a) Show that the volume of a thin spherical shell of inner radius r and thickness Δr is approximately 4πr2 Δr.
(b) Approximate V by decomposing the sphere of radius R into N thin spherical shells of thickness Δr = R/N.
(c) Show that the approximation is a Riemann sum that converges to an integral. Evaluate the integral.
solution
(a) The volume of a thin spherical shell of inner radius r and thickness Δx is given by the product of the surface area of
the shell, 4πr2 , and the thickness. Thus, we have 4πr2 Δx.
(b) The volume of the sphere is approximated by
R'N
RN = 4π (xk )2
N k=1

where xk = k NR .
R'N  R R
1  4 3
(c) V = 4π lim (xk )2 = 4π x2 dx = 4π x3  = πR .
N→∞ N 0 3 3
k=1 0

63. Show that the solid (an ellipsoid) obtained by rotating the region R in Figure 15 about the y-axis has volume 43 πa2 b.
y
b

R
x
a

 x 2  y 2
FIGURE 15 The ellipse = 1. +
a b
solution Let’s slice the portion of the ellipse in the first and fourth quadrants horizontally and rotate the slices about
the y-axis. The resulting ellipsoid has cross sections that are disks with radius
(
a2 y2
R = a2 − 2
b
Thus, the volume of the ellipsoid is
 b b  
a2 y2 a2 y3  a2 b a2 b 4
π a2 − 2 dy = π a2 y −  = π a2
b − − −a2
b + = πa2 b
−b b 3b2 −b
3 3 3

64. The bell-shaped curve y = f (x) in Figure 16 satisfies dy/dx = −xy. Use the Shell Method and the substitution
u = f (x) to show that the solid obtained by rotating the region R about the y-axis has volume V = 2π(1 − c), where
c = f (a). Observe that as c → 0, the region R becomes infinite but the volume V approaches 2π.
y

R
c
y = f (x)

x
a

FIGURE 16 The bell-shaped curve.

solution Let y = f (x) be the exponential function depicted in Figure 16. When rotating the region R about the y-axis,
each shell in the resulting solid has radius x and height f (x). The volume of the solid is then
 a
V = 2π x f (x) dx
0

Now, let u = f (x). Then du = f (x) dx = −x f (x) dx; hence, x f (x)dx = −du, and
 c  1
V = 2π (−du) = 2π du = 2π(1 − c)
1 c
76 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

6.5 Work and Energy

Preliminary Questions
1. Why is integration needed to compute the work performed in stretching a spring?
solution Recall that the force needed to extend or compress a spring depends on the amount by which the spring has
already been extended or compressed from its equilibrium position. In other words, the force needed to move a spring is
variable. Whenever the force is variable, work needs to be computed with an integral.
2. Why is integration needed to compute the work performed in pumping water out of a tank but not to compute the
work performed in lifting up the tank?
solution To lift a tank through a vertical distance d, the force needed to move the tank remains constant; hence, no
integral is needed to calculate the work done in lifting the tank. On the other hand, pumping water from a tank requires
that different layers of the water be lifted through different distances, and, depending on the shape of the tank, may
require different forces. Thus, pumping water from a tank requires that an integral be evaluated.
3. Which of the following represents the work required to stretch a spring (with spring constant k) a distance x beyond
its equilibrium position: kx, −kx, 12 mk2 , 12 kx2 , or 12 mx2 ?
solution The work required to stretch a spring with spring constant k a distance x beyond its equilibrium position is
 x 
1 x 1
ky dy = ky2  = kx2
0 2 0 2

4. What does it mean when the integral used to calculate work gives a negative answer?
solution When the integral used to calculate work gives a negative answer, this means that the force being applied to
the object acts in the opposite direction to the motion of the object, for example, to slow an object down.

Exercises
1. How much work is done raising a 4-kg mass to a height of 16 m above ground?
solution The force needed to lift a 4-kg object is a constant

(4 kg)(9.8 m/s2 ) = 39.2 N

The work done in lifting the object to a height of 16 m is then

(39.2 N)(16 m) = 627.2 J

2. How much work is done raising a 4-lb mass to a height of 16 ft above ground?
solution The force needed to lift a 4-lb object is a constant 4 lb. The work done in lifting the object to a height of 16 ft
is then

(4 lb)(16 ft) = 64 ft-lb

In Exercises 3–6, compute the work (in joules) required to stretch or compress a spring as indicated, assuming a spring
constant of k = 800 N/m.

3. Stretching from equilibrium to 12 cm past equilibrium

solution The work required to stretch the spring 12 cm past equilibrium is
 0.12 0.12
800x dx = 400x2 0 = 5.76 J
0

4. Compressing from equilibrium to 4 cm past equilibrium

solution The work required to compress the spring 4 cm past equilibrium is
 −0.04 −0.04
800x dx = 400x2 0 = 0.64 J
0

5. Stretching from 5 to 15 cm past equilibrium

solution The work required to stretch the spring from 5 cm to 15 cm past equilibrium is
 0.15 0.15
800x dx = 400x2 0.05 = 8 J
0.05
 S E C T I O N 6.5 Work and Energy 77

6. Compressing 4 cm more when it is already compressed 5 cm

solution The work required to compress the spring from 5 cm to 9 cm past equilibrium is
 −0.09 −0.09
800x dx = 400x2  = 2.24 J
−0.05 −0.05

In Exercises 7–10 we investigate nonlinear springs. A spring is linear if it obeys Hooke’s Law, which indicates that the
applied force to stretch the spring is F(x) = kx. For a linear spring, F is constant. If, instead, F is not constant, then
the spring is called nonlinear. Furthermore, if F (x) increases as x increases, then the spring is said to be progressive,
and if F (x) decreases as x increases, then the spring is said to be degressive.

7. Of the two statements (a) and (b), which describes a progressive spring, and which describes a degressive spring?
(a) To stretch the spring a fixed additional distance, a greater change in force is needed farther from equilibrium than
closer to it.
(b) To stretch the spring a fixed additional distance, a greater change in force is needed closer to equilibrium than farther
from it.
solution
(a) Because a greater change in force is needed farther from equilibrium than closer to it, it follows that F (x) increases
as x increases. Therefore, this statement describes a progressive spring.
(b) Because a greater change in force is needed closer to equilibrium than farther from it, it follows that F (x) decreases
as x increases. Therefore, this statement describes a degressive spring.
8. (a) Of the two applied force graphs in Figure 6, which describes a progressive spring, and which describes a degres-
sive spring?
(b) For each, approximate the work required to stretch the spring from 4 to 9 cm.

F F

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20

x x
2 4 6 8 10 2 4 6 8 10
(A) (B)
FIGURE 6 Applied force functions for nonlinear springs (F in N, x in cm).

solution
(a) The applied force graph in Figure 6(A) is concave up, which implies that F (x) increases as x increases. On the
other hand, the applied force graph in Figure 6(B) is concave down, which implies that F (x) decreases as x increases.
Thus, the applied force graph in Figure 6(A) describes a progressive spring, while the applied force graph in Figure 6(B)
describes a degressive spring.
(b) From the applied force graph in Figure 6(A), we see that

F(4) ≈ 7 N, F(5) ≈ 10 N, F(6) ≈ 17 N, F(7) ≈ 25 N, F(8) ≈ 39 N, F(9) ≈ 58 N

The left- and right-endpoint approximations to

 9
F(x) dx
4

are

1(7 + 10 + 17 + 25 + 39) = 98 N-cm and 1(10 + 17 + 25 + 39 + 58) = 149 N-cm

respectively. Averaging these two values, we estimate that 123.5 N-cm of work is required to stretch this spring from 4
to 9 cm.
From the applied force graph in Figure 6(B), we see that

F(4) ≈ 47 N, F(5) ≈ 50 N, F(6) ≈ 51 N, F(7) ≈ 52 N, F(8) ≈ 53 N, F(9) ≈ 54 N

The left- and right-endpoint approximations to

 9
F(x) dx
4
78 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

are

1(47 + 50 + 51 + 52 + 53) = 253 N-cm and 1(50 + 51 + 52 + 53 + 54) = 260 N-cm

respectively. Averaging these two values, we estimate that 256.5 N-cm of work is required to stretch this spring from 4
to 9 cm.
√
9. Let F(x) = 20 3x be the applied force function for a spring (with F(x) in N and x in cm). Indicate whether the spring
is progressive or degressive. Compute the work required to stretch the spring from 6 to 12 cm.
√
solution Let F(x) = 20 3x. Then
√
10 3
F (x) = √
x

which decreases as x increases. Therefore, this is a degressive spring. The work required to stretch this spring from 6 to
12 cm is
 12 √ √ 
40 3 3/2 12 √
20 3x dx = x  = 960 − 240 2 N-cm ≈ 620.59 N-cm
6 3 6

10. Let F(x) = 0.8x + 2.4x5/3 be the applied force function for a spring (with F(x) in N and x in cm). Indicate whether
the spring is progressive or degressive. Compute the work required to stretch the spring from 6 to 12 cm.
solution Let F(x) = 0.8x + 2.4x5/3 . Then F (x) = 0.8 + 4x2/3 , which increases as x increases. Therefore, this is a
progressive spring. The work required to stretch this spring from 6 to 12 cm is
 12 12
(0.8x + 2.4x5/3 ) dx = (0.4x2 + 0.9x8/3 ) = 43.2 + 0.9(128/3 − 68/3 ) N-cm ≈ 615.51 N-cm
6 6

In Exercises 11–14, use the method of Examples 2 and 3 to calculate the work against gravity required to build the
structure out of a lightweight material of density 600 kg/m3 .

11. Box of height 3 m and square base of side 2 m

solution The volume of one layer is 4Δy m3 and so the weight of one layer is 23520Δy N. Thus, the work done against
gravity to build the tower is
 3 3
W= 23520y dy = 11760y2  = 105840 J
0 0

12. Cylindrical column of height 4 m and radius 0.8 m

solution The area of the base is 0.64π m2 , so the volume of each small layer is 0.64πΔy m3 . The weight of one layer is
then 3763.2πΔy N. Finally, the total work done against gravity to build the tower is
 4
3763.2πy dy = 30105.6π J ≈ 94579.5 J
0

13. Right circular cone of height 4 m and base of radius 1.2 m

solution By similar triangles, the layer of the cone at a height y above the base has radius r = 0.3(4 − y) meters. Thus,
the volume of the small layer at this height is 0.09π(4 − y)2 Δy m3 , and the weight is 529.2π(4 − y)2 Δy N. Finally, the total
work done against gravity to build the tower is
 4
529.2π(4 − y)2 y dy = 11289.6π J ≈ 35467.3 J
0

14. Hemisphere of radius 0.8 m

solution The area of one layer is π(0.64 − y2 ) m2 , so the volume of each small layer is π(0.64 − y2 )Δy m3 . The weight
of one layer is then 5880π(0.64 − y2 )Δy N. Finally, the total work done against gravity to build the tower is
 0.8
5880π(0.64 − y2 )y dy = 602.112π J ≈ 1891.6 J
0
 S E C T I O N 6.5 Work and Energy 79

15. Built around 2600 bce, the Great Pyramid of Giza in Egypt (Figure 7) is 146 m high and has a square base of side
230 m. Find the work (against gravity) required to build the pyramid if the density of the stone is estimated at 2000 kg/m3 .

c Elvele Images Limited/Alamy

FIGURE 7 The Great Pyramid in Giza, Egypt.

solution From similar triangles, the area of one layer is

2
230
230 − y m2
146
so the volume of each small layer is
2
230
230 − y Δy m3
146
The weight of one layer is then
2
230
19600 230 − y Δy N
146
Finally, the total work needed to build the pyramid was
 146 2
230
19600 230 − y y dy ≈ 1.84 × 1012 J
0 146

16. Calculate the work (against gravity) required to build a box of height 3 m and square base of side 2 m out of material
of variable density, assuming that the density at height y is f (y) = 1000 − 100y kg/m3 .
solution The volume of one layer is 4Δy m3 and so the weight of one layer is (4000 − 400y)Δy N. Thus, the work done
against gravity to build the tower is
 3 3
400 3 
W= (4000 − 400y)y dy = 2000y −
2
y  = 14400 J
0 3 0

In Exercises 17–22, calculate the work (in joules) required to pump all of the water out of a full tank. Distances are in
meters, and the density of water is 1000 kg/m3 .

17. Rectangular tank in Figure 8; water exits from a small hole at the top

Water exits here.

1

4
8
FIGURE 8

solution Place the origin on the top of the box, and let the positive y-axis point downward. The volume of one layer of
water is 32Δy m3 , so the force needed to lift each layer is

(9.8)(1000)32Δy = 313600Δy N

Each layer must be lifted y meters, so the total work needed to empty the tank is
 5 5
313600y dy = 156800y2  = 3.92 × 106 J
0 0
80 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

18. Rectangular tank in Figure 8; water exits through the spout

solution Place the origin on the top of the box, and let the positive y-axis point downward. The volume of one layer of
water is 32Δy m3 , so the force needed to lift each layer is
(9.8)(1000)32Δy = 313600Δy N
Each layer must be lifted y + 1 meters, so the total work needed to empty the tank is
 5 5
313600(y + 1) dy = 156800(y + 1)2  = 5.488 × 106 J
0 0

19. Hemisphere in Figure 9; water exits through the spout

10
2

FIGURE 9
solution Place the origin at the center of the hemisphere, and let the positive y-axis point downward. The radius of a
layer of water at depth y is 100 − y2 m, so the volume of the layer is π(100 − y2 )Δy m3 , and the force needed to lift the
layer is 9800π(100 − y2 )Δy N. The layer must be lifted y + 2 meters, so the total work needed to empty the tank is
 10
112700000π
9800π(100 − y2 )(y + 2) dy = J ≈ 1.18 × 108 J
0 3

20. Conical tank in Figure 10; water exits through the spout

5
2

10

FIGURE 10
solution Place the origin at the vertex of the inverted cone, and let the positive y-axis point upward. Consider a layer
of water at a height of y meters. From similar triangles, the area of the layer is
 y 2
π m2
2
so the volume is
 y 2
π Δy m3
2
Thus the weight of one layer is
 y 2
9800π Δy N
2
The layer must be lifted 12 − y meters, so the total work needed to empty the tank is
 10  y 2
9800π (12 − y) dy = π(3.675 × 106 ) J ≈ 1.155 × 107 J
0 2

21. Horizontal cylinder in Figure 11; water exits from a small hole at the top. Hint: Evaluate the integral by interpreting
part of it as the area of a circle.
Water exits here.

FIGURE 11
 S E C T I O N 6.5 Work and Energy 81

solution Place the origin along the axis of the cylinder. At location y, the layer of water is a rectangular slab of length
, width 2 r2 − y2 , and thickness Δy. Thus, the volume of the layer is 2 r2 − y2 Δy, and the force needed to lift the
layer is 19600 r2 − y2 Δy. The layer must be lifted a distance r − y, so the total work needed to empty the tank is given
by
 r  r  r
19600 r2 − y2 (r − y) dy = 19600r r2 − y2 dy − 19600 y r2 − y2 dy
−r −r −r

Now,
 r
y r2 − y2 du = 0
−r

because the integrand is an odd function and the integration interval is symmetric with respect to zero. Moreover, the
other integral is one-half the area of a circle of radius r; thus,
 r
1
r2 − y2 dy = πr2
−r 2
Finally, the total work needed to empty the tank is

1 2
19600r πr − 19600(0) = 9800πr3 J
2

22. Trough in Figure 12; water exits by pouring over the sides

b c

a
FIGURE 12

solution Place the origin along the bottom edge of the trough, and let the positive y-axis point upward. From similar
triangles, the width of a layer of water at a height of y meters is
y (b − a)
w=a+ m
h
so the volume of each layer is

y (b − a)
c a+ Δy m3
h
Thus, the force needed to lift the layer is

y (b − a)
9800c a + Δy N
h
Each layer must be lifted h − y meters, so the total work needed to empty the tank is
 h
y (b − a) ah2 bh2
9800(h − y)c a + dy = 9800 c + J
0 h 3 6

23. Find the work W required to empty the tank in Figure 8 through the hole at the top if the tank is half full of water.
solution Place the origin on the top of the box, and let the positive y-axis point downward. Note that with this coordinate
system, the bottom half of the box corresponds to y values from 2.5 to 5. The volume of one layer of water is 32Δy m3 ,
so the force needed to lift each layer is

(9.8)(1000)32Δy = 313600Δy N

Each layer must be lifted y meters, so the total work needed to empty the tank is
 5 5
313600y dy = 156800y2  = 2.94 × 106 J
2.5 2.5
82 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

24. Assume the tank in Figure 8 is full of water and let W be the work required to pump out half of the water
through the hole at the top. Do you expect W to equal the work computed in Exercise 23? Explain and then compute W.
solution Recall that the origin was placed at the top of the box with the positive y-axis pointing downward. Pumping
out half the water from a full tank would involve y values ranging from y = 0 to y = 2.5, whereas pumping out a half-full
tank would involve y values ranging from y = 2.5 to y = 5. Because pumping out half the water from a full tank requires
moving the layers of water a shorter distance than pumping out a half-full tank, we do not expect that W would be equal
to the work computed in Exercise 23.
To compute W, we proceed as in Exercise 17 and Exercise 23, to find
 2.5
W= 313600y dy = 980,000 J
0

It is reassuring to note that

Work(Exercise 23) + Work(Exercise 24) = Work(Exercise 17)

25. Assume the tank in Figure 10 is full. Find the work required to pump out half of the water. Hint: First, determine the
level H at which the water remaining in the tank is equal to one-half the total capacity of the tank.
solution Our first step is to determine the level H at which the water remaining in the tank is equal to one-half the total
capacity of the tank. From Figure 10 and similar triangles, we see that the radius of the cone at level H is H/2 so the
volume of water is
1 1  H 2 1
V = πr2 H = π H= πH 3
3 3 2 12
The total capacity of the tank is 250π/3 m3 , so the water level when the water remaining in the tank is equal to one-half
the total capacity of the tank satisfies
1 125 10
πH 3 = π or H= m
12 3 21/3
Place the origin at the vertex of the inverted cone, and let the positive y-axis point upward. Now, consider a layer of
water at a height of y meters. From similar triangles, the area of the layer is
 y 2
π m2
2
so the volume is
 y 2
π Δy m3
2
Thus the weight of one layer is
 y 2
9800π Δy N
2
The layer must be lifted 12 − y meters, so the total work needed to empty the half-full tank is
 10  y 2
9800π (12 − y) dy ≈ 3.79 × 106 J
10/21/3 2

26. Assume that the tank in Figure 10 is full.

(a) Calculate the work F(y) required to pump out water until the water level has reached level y.
(b) Plot F.
(c) What is the significance of F (y) as a rate of change?
(d) If your goal is to pump out all of the water, at which water level y0 will half of the work be done?
solution
(a) Place the origin at the vertex of the inverted cone, and let the positive y-axis point upward. Consider a layer of water
at a height of y meters. From similar triangles, the area of the layer is
 y 2
π m2
2
so the volume is
 y 2
π Δy m3
2
 S E C T I O N 6.5 Work and Energy 83

Thus the weight of one layer is

 y 2
9800π Δy N
2
The layer must be lifted 12 − y meters, so the total work needed to pump out water until the water level has reached level
y is
 10  y 2 1225π 4
9800π (12 − y) dy = 3675000π − 9800πy3 + y J
y 2 2

(b) A plot of F(y) is shown below.

y
1.2 × 107
1 × 107
8 × 106
6 × 106
4 × 106
2 × 106
x
2 4 6 8 10

(c) First, note that F (y) < 0; as y increases, less water is being pumped from the tank, so F(y) decreases. Therefore,
when the water level in the tank has reached level y, we can interpret −F (y) as the amount of work per meter needed to
remove the next layer of water from the tank. In other words, −F (y) is a “marginal work” function.
(d) The amount of work needed to empty the tank is 3675000π J. Half of this work will be done when the water level
reaches height y0 satisfying
1225π 4
3675000π − 9800πy30 + y0 = 1837500π
2
Using a computer algebra system, we find y0 = 6.91 m.

27. Calculate the work required to lift a 10-m chain over the side of a building (Figure 13). Assume that the chain has a
density of 8 kg/m. Hint: Break up the chain into N segments, estimate the work performed on a segment, and compute
the limit as N → ∞ as an integral.

Segment of
length y

FIGURE 13 The small segment of the chain of length Δy located y meters from the top is lifted through a vertical
distance y.

solution In this example, each part of the chain is lifted a different distance. Therefore, we divide the chain into N small
segments of length Δy = 10/N. Suppose that the ith segment is located a distance yi from the top of the building. This
segment weighs 8(9.8)Δy kilograms and it must be lifted approximately yi meters (not exactly yi meters, because each
point along the segment is a slightly different distance from the top). The work Wi done on this segment is approximately
Wi ≈ 78.4yi Δy N. The total work W is the sum of the Wi and we have

'
N '
N
W= Wi ≈ 78.4y j Δy
j=1 j=1

Passing to the limit as N → ∞, we obtain

 10 10
W= 78.4 y dy = 39.2y2  = 3920 J
0 0

28. How much work is done lifting a 3-m chain over the side of a building if the chain has mass density 4 kg/m?
solution Consider a segment of the chain of length Δy located a distance y j meters from the top of the building. The
work needed to lift this segment of the chain to the top of the building is approximately

W j ≈ (4Δy)(9.8)y j J
84 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

Summing over all segments of the chain and passing to the limit as Δy → 0, it follows that the total work is
 3 3
4 · 9.8y dy = 19.6y2  = 176.4 J
0 0

29. A 6-m chain has mass 18 kg. Find the work required to lift the chain over the side of a building.
solution First, note that the chain has a mass density of 3 kg/m. Now, consider a segment of the chain of length Δy
located a distance y j feet from the top of the building. The work needed to lift this segment of the chain to the top of the
building is approximately

W j ≈ (3Δy)9.8y j ft-lb

Summing over all segments of the chain and passing to the limit as Δy → 0, it follows that the total work is
 6 6
29.4y dy = 14.7y2  = 529.2 J
0 0

30. A 10-m chain with mass density 4 kg/m is initially coiled on the ground. How much work is performed in lifting the
chain so that it is fully extended (and one end touches the ground)?
solution Consider a segment of the chain of length Δy that must be lifted y j feet off the ground. The work needed to
lift this segment of the chain is approximately

W j ≈ (4Δy)9.8y j J

Summing over all segments of the chain and passing to the limit as Δy → 0, it follows that the total work is
 10 10
39.2y dy = 19.6y2  = 1960 J
0 0

31. How much work is done lifting a 12-m chain that has mass density 3 kg/m (initially coiled on the ground) so that its
top end is 10 m above the ground?
solution Consider a segment of the chain of length Δy that must be lifted y j feet off the ground. The work needed to
lift this segment of the chain is approximately

W j ≈ (3Δy)9.8y j J

Summing over all segments of the chain and passing to the limit as Δy → 0, it follows that the total work is
 10 10
29.4y dy = 14.7y2  = 1470 J
0 0

32. A 500-kg wrecking ball hangs from a 12-m cable of density 15 kg/m attached to a crane. Calculate the work done if
the crane lifts the ball from ground level to 12 m in the air by drawing in the cable.
solution We will treat the cable and the wrecking ball separately. Consider a segment of the cable of length Δy that
must be lifted y j feet. The work needed to lift the cable segment is approximately

W j ≈ (15Δy)9.8y j J

Summing over all of the segments of the cable and passing to the limit as Δy → 0, it follows that lifting the cable requires
 12 12
147y dy = 73.5y2  = 10,584 J
0 0

Lifting the 500 kg wrecking ball 12 meters requires an additional 58,800 J. Thus, the total work is 69,384 J.
33. Calculate the work required to lift a 3-m chain over the side of a building if the chain has a variable density of
ρ(x) = x2 − 3x + 10 kg/m for 0 ≤ x ≤ 3.
solution Consider a segment of the chain of length Δx that must be lifted x j feet. The work needed to lift this segment
is approximately
 
W j ≈ ρ(x j )Δx 9.8x j J

Summing over all segments of the chain and passing to the limit as Δx → 0, it follows that the total work is
 3  3 
9.8ρ(x)x dx = 9.8 x3 − 3x2 + 10x dx
0 0
3
1 4 
= 9.8 x − x3 + 5x2  = 374.85 J
4 0
 S E C T I O N 6.5 Work and Energy 85

34. A 3-m chain with linear mass density ρ(x) = 2x(4 − x) kg/m lies on the ground. Calculate the work required to lift
the chain from its front end so that its bottom is 2 m above ground.
solution Consider a segment of the chain of length Δx that must be lifted x j feet. The work needed to lift this segment
is approximately
 
W j ≈ ρ(x j )Δx 9.8x j J

Summing over all segments of the chain and passing to the limit as Δx → 0, it follows that the total work needed to fully
extend the chain is
 3  3 
9.8ρ(x)x dx = 9.8 8x2 − 2x3 dx
0 0
3
8 3 1 4 
= 9.8 x − x  = 308.7 J
3 2 0

Lifting the entire chain, which weighs

  3
3 3   2 
9.8ρ(x) dx = 9.8 8x − 2x 2
dx = 9.8 4x − x3
2
 = 176.4 N
0 0 3 0

another 2 m requires an additional 352.8 J of work. The total work is therefore 661.5 J.

Exercises 35–37: The gravitational force between two objects of mass m and M, separated by a distance r, has magnitude
GMm/r2 , where G = 6.67 × 10−11 m3 kg−1 s−1 .

35. Show that if two objects of mass M and m are separated by a distance r1 , then the work required to increase the
separation to a distance r2 is equal to W = GMm(r1−1 − r2−1 ).
solution The work required to increase the separation from a distance r1 to a distance r2 is
 r2 
GMm GMm r2
dr = −  = GMm(r1−1 − r2−1 )
r1 r2 r r1

36. Use the result of Exercise 35 to calculate the work required to place a 2000-kg satellite in an orbit 1200 km above
the surface of the earth. Assume that the earth is a sphere of radius Re = 6.37 × 106 m and mass Me = 5.98 × 1024 kg.
Treat the satellite as a point mass.
solution The satellite will move from a distance r1 = Re to a distance r2 = Re + 1200000. Thus, from Exercise 35,

1 1
W = (6.67 × 10−11 )(5.98 × 1024 )(2000) − ≈ 1.99 × 1010 J
6.37 × 106 6.37 × 10 + 1200000
6

37. Use the result of Exercise 35 to compute the work required to move a 1500-kg satellite from an orbit 1000 to an orbit
1500 km above the surface of the earth.
solution The satellite will move from a distance r1 = Re + 1000000 to a distance r2 = Re + 1500000. Thus, from
Exercise 35,
1 1
W = (6.67 × 10−11 )(5.98 × 1024 )(1500) × −
6.37 × 106 + 1000000 6.37 × 106 + 1500000
≈ 5.16 × 109 J

38. The pressure P and volume V of the gas in a cylinder of length 0.8 m and radius 0.2 m, with a movable piston,
are related by PV 1.4 = k, where k is a constant (Figure 14). When the piston is fully extended, the gas pressure is 2000
kilopascals (kPa; 1 kilopascal is 103 newtons per square meter).
(a) Calculate k.
(b) The force on the piston is PA, where A is the piston’s area. Calculate the force as a function of the length x of the
column of gas.
(c) Calculate the work required to compress the gas column from 0.8 to 0.5 m.

0.2

x
FIGURE 14 Gas in a cylinder with a piston.
86 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

solution
(a) We have P = 2 × 106 and V = 0.032π. Thus

k = 2 × 106 (0.032π)1.4 = 80,213.9

(b) The area of the piston is A = 0.04π and the volume of the cylinder as a function of x is V = 0.04πx, which gives
P = k/V 1.4 = k/(0.04πx)1.4 . Thus
k
F = PA = 0.04π = k(0.04π)−0.4 x−1.4
(0.04πx)1.4
(c) Since the force is pushing against the piston, in order to calculate work, we must calculate the integral of the opposite
force; in other words, we have
 0.5 
1 −0.4 0.5
W = −k(0.04π)−0.4 x−1.4 dx = −k(0.04π)−0.4 x  = 103,966.7 J
0.8 −0.4 0.8

Further Insights and Challenges

39. Work-Energy Theorem An object of mass m moves from x1 to x2 during the time interval [t1 , t2 ] due to a force
F(x) acting in the direction of motion. Let x(t), v(t), and a(t) be the position, velocity, and acceleration at time t. The
object’s kinetic energy is KE = 12 mv2 .
(a) Use the Change of Variables Formula to show that the work performed is equal to
 x2  t2
W= F(x) dx = F(x(t))v(t) dt
x1 t1

(b) Use Newton’s Second Law, F(x(t)) = ma(t), to show that

d 1
mv(t)2 = F(x(t))v(t)
dt 2

(c) Use the FTC to prove the Work-Energy Theorem: The change in kinetic energy during the time interval [t1 , t2 ] is
equal to the work performed.
solution
(a) Let x1 = x(t1 ) and x2 = x(t2 ), then x = x(t) gives dx = v(t) dt. By substitution we have
 x2  t2
W= F(x) dx = F(x(t))v(t) dt
x1 t1

(b) Knowing F(x(t)) = m · a(t), we have

d 1
m · v(t)2 = m · v(t) v (t) (Chain Rule)
dt 2
= m · v(t) a(t)
= v(t) · F(x(t)) (Newton’s 2nd law)

(c) From the FTC,


1
m · v(t)2 = F(x(t)) v(t) dt
2

Since KE = 1
2
m v2 ,
 t2
1 1
ΔKE = KE(t2 ) − KE(t1 ) = m v(t2 )2 − m v(t1 )2 = F(x(t)) v(t) dt = W
2 2 t1

by part (a).

40. A model train of mass 0.5 kg is placed at one end of a straight 3-m electric track. Assume that a force F(x) =
(3x − x2 ) N acts on the train at distance x along the track. Use the Work-Energy Theorem (Exercise 39) to determine the
velocity of the train when it reaches the end of the track.
solution We have
  3
3 3
3 2 1 3 
W= F(x) dx = (3x − x2 ) dx = x − x  = 4.5 J
0 0 2 3 0
 Chapter Review Exercises 87

Then the change in KE must be equal to W, which gives

1
4.5 = m(v(t2 )2 − v(t1 )2 )
2
Note that v(t1 ) = 0 as the train was placed on the track with no initial velocity and m = 0.5. Thus
√
v(t2 ) = 18 = 4.242641 m/sec.

41. With what initial velocity v0 must we fire a rocket so it attains a maximum height r above the earth? Hint: Use the
results of Exercises 35 and 39. As the rocket reaches its maximum height, its KE decreases from 12 mv20 to zero.
solution The work required to move the rocket a distance r from the surface of the earth is

1 1
W(r) = GMe m −
Re r + Re
As the rocket climbs to a height r, its kinetic energy is reduced by the amount W(r). The rocket reaches its maximum
height when its kinetic energy is reduced to zero, that is, when
1 2 1 1
mv = GMe m −
2 0 Re r + Re
Therefore, its initial velocity must be
)
1 1
v0 = 2GMe −
Re r + Re

42. With what initial velocity must we fire a rocket so it attains a maximum height of r = 20 km above the surface of the
earth?
solution Using the result of the previous exercise with G = 6.67 × 10−11 m3 kg−1 s−2 , Me = 5.98 × 1024 kg, Re =
6.37 × 106 m, and r = 20000 m,
)
1 1
v0 = 2GMe − = 626 m/sec.
Re r + Re

43. Calculate escape velocity, the minimum initial velocity of an object to ensure that it will continue traveling into
space and never fall back to Earth (assuming that no force is applied after takeoff). Hint: Take the limit as r → ∞ in
Exercise 41.
solution The result of the previous exercise leads to an interesting conclusion. The initial velocity v0 required to reach
a height r does not increase beyond all bounds as r tends to infinity; rather, it approaches a finite limit, called the escape
velocity:
) (
1 1 2GMe
vesc = lim 2GMe − =
r→∞ Re r + Re Re
In other words, vesc is large enough to ensure that the rocket reaches a height r for every value of r! Therefore, a rocket
fired with initial velocity vesc never returns to Earth. It continues traveling indefinitely into outer space.
Now, let’s see how large escape velocity actually is:
1/2
2 · 6.67 × 10−11 · 5.989 × 1024
vesc = ≈ 11,190 m/sec.
6.37 × 106
Since 1 m per second is equal to 2.236 miles per hour, escape velocity is approximately 11,190(2.236) = 25,020 miles
per hour.

CHAPTER REVIEW EXERCISES

1. Compute the area of the region in Figure 1(A) enclosed by y = 2 − x2 and y = −2.
y y = −2 y
y=x

−2 2 −2
x x
−2 1
−2

y = 2 − x2 y = 2 − x2
(A) (B)
FIGURE 1
88 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

solution The graphs of y = 2 − x2 and y = −2 intersect where 2 − x2 = −2, or x = ±2. Therefore, the enclosed area
lies over the interval [−2, 2]. The region enclosed by the graphs lies below y = 2 − x2 and above y = −2, so the area is

  2
2   2
1  32
(2 − x ) − (−2) dx =
2
(4 − x ) dx = 4x − x3 2
 =
−2 −2 3 −2
3

2. Compute the area of the region in Figure 1(B) enclosed by y = 2 − x2 and y = x.

solution The graphs of y = 2 − x2 and y = x intersect where 2 − x2 = x, which simplifies to

0 = x2 + x − 2 = (x + 2)(x − 1)
Thus, the graphs intersect at x = −2 and x = 1. As the graph of y = x lies below the graph of y = 2 − x2 over the interval
[−2, 1], the area between the graphs is
 1 1
 1 1  9
(2 − x2 ) − x dx = 2x − x3 − x2  =
−2 3 2 −2 2

In Exercises 3–12, find the area of the region enclosed by the graphs of the functions.
3. y = x3 − 2x2 + x, y = x2 − x
solution The region bounded by the graphs of y = x3 − 2x2 + x and y = x2 − x over the interval [0, 2] is shown below.
For x ∈ [0, 1], the graph of y = x3 − 2x2 + x lies above the graph of y = x2 − x, whereas, for x ∈ [1, 2], the graph of
y = x2 − x lies above the graph of y = x3 − 2x2 + x. The area of the region is therefore given by
 1   2 
(x3 − 2x2 + x) − (x2 − x) dx + (x2 − x) − (x3 − 2x2 + x) dx
0 1
1 2
1 4 2  1 4 
= x −x +x  + x −x − x 
3 3 2
4 0 4 1
1 1 1
= − 1 + 1 + (8 − 4 − 4) − 1 − 1 − =
4 4 2
y

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5
y = x3 − 2x2 + x
x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
y = x2 − x

4. y = x2 + 2x, y = x2 − 1, h(x) = x2 + x − 2
solution The region bounded by the graphs of y = x2 + 2x, y = x2 − 1, and y = x2 + x − 2 is shown below. For each
x ∈ [−2, − 12 ], the graph of y = x2 + 2x lies above the graph of y = x2 + x − 2, whereas, for each x ∈ [− 21 , 1], the graph of
y = x2 − 1 lies above the graph of y = x2 + x − 2. The area of the region is therefore given by
 −1/2    1  
(x2 + 2x) − (x2 + x − 2) dx + (x2 − 1) − (x2 + x − 2) dx
−2 −1/2
−1/2 1
1 2  1 
= x + 2x  + − x2 + x 
2 −2 2 −1/2

1 1 1 1 9
= − 1 − (2 − 4) + − + 1 − − − =
8 2 8 2 4

y = x 2 + 2x y = x2 − 1
y
−2 −1 1
x

−2
y = x2 + x − 2
 Chapter Review Exercises 89

5. x = 4y, x = 24 − 8y, y=0

solution The region bounded by the graphs x = 4y, x = 24 − 8y, and y = 0 is shown below. For each 0 ≤ y ≤ 2, the
graph of x = 24 − 8y lies to the right of x = 4y. The area of the region is therefore
 2  2 2
A= (24 − 8y − 4y) dy = (24 − 12y) dy = (24y − 6y2 ) = 24
0 0 0

y
2.0
x = 4y
1.5
x = 24 − 8y
1.0
0.5

x
5 10 15 20 25

6. x = y2 − 9, x = 15 − 2y
solution Setting y2 − 9 = 15 − 2y yields

y2 + 2y − 24 = (y + 6)(y − 4) = 0

so the two curves intersect at y = −6 and y = 4. The region bounded by the graphs x = y2 − 9 and x = 15 − 2y is shown
below. For each −6 ≤ y ≤ 4, the graph of x = 15 − 2y lies to the right of x = y2 − 9. The area of the region is therefore
 4   4
A= 15 − 2y − (y2 − 9) dy = (24 − 2y − y2 ) dy
−6 −6
4
1 3 
= 24y − y − y 
2
3 −6
176 500
= − (−108) =
3 3
y
4
x = 15 − 2y
2
x
−10 10 20 30

−4
−6 x = y2 − 9

7. y = 4 − x2 , y = 3x, y = 4
solution The region bounded by the graphs of y = 4 − x2 , y = 3x, and y = 4 is shown below. For x ∈ [0, 1], the graph
of y = 4 lies above the graph of y = 4 − x2 , whereas, for x ∈ [1, 43 ], the graph of y = 4 lies above the graph of y = 3x.
The area of the region is therefore given by
 1  4/3  4/3
1 3 1 3 2  1 16 8 3 1
(4 − (4 − x )) dx +
2
(4 − 3x) dx = x  + 4x − x  = + − − 4− =
0 1 3 0 2 1
3 3 3 2 2

y
y=4
4
3 y = 4 − x2 y = 3x

2
1
x
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

1
8. x= y, x = y 1 − y2 , 0 ≤ y ≤ 1
2
solution The region bounded by the graphs of x = y/2 and x = y 1 − y2 over the interval [0, 1] is shown below. For
√ √
y ∈ [0, 23 ], the graph of x = y 1 − y2 lies to the right of the graph of x = y/2, whereas, for y ∈ [ 2
3
, 1], the graph of
x = y/2 lies to the right of the graph of x = y 1 − y2 . The area of the region is therefore given by
 √
  1 
3/2
y y 
y 1 − y2 − dy + √ − y 1 − y2 dy
0 2 3/2 2
90 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

 √3/2 1
1 y2  y2 1 
= − (1 − y ) −
2 3/2
 + + (1 − y2 )3/2  √
3 4 0 4 3 3/2

1 3 1 1 3 1 1
=− − + + − − =
24 16 3 4 16 24 8
y

1.0
0.8
y
0.6 x=
2
0.4
0.2 x = y(1 − y 2 )1/2

x
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

5π
9. y = sin x, y = cos x, 0 ≤ x ≤
4
solution The region bounded by the graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x over the interval [0, 5π 4
] is shown below. For
x ∈ [0, π4 ], the graph of y = cos x lies above the graph of y = sin x, whereas, for x ∈ [ π4 , 5π
4
], the graph of y = sin x lies
above the graph of y = cos x. The area of the region is therefore given by
 π/4  5π/4
(cos x − sin x) dx + (sin x − cos x) dx
0 π/4
π/4 5π/4
= (sin x + cos x) + (− cos x − sin x)
0 π/4
√ √ ⎛√ √ ⎞ ⎛ √ √ ⎞
2 2 ⎜⎜⎜ 2 2 ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜ 2 2 ⎟⎟⎟ √
= + − (0 + 1) + ⎝ ⎜ + ⎟ ⎜
⎠ − ⎝− − ⎟⎠ = 3 2 − 1
2 2 2 2 2 2

y
1.0

0.5 y = sin x

x
1 2 3 4
−0.5 y = cos x

−1.0

π
10. f (x) = sin x, g(x) = sin 2x, ≤x≤π
3
solution The region bounded by the graphs of y = sin x and y = sin 2x over the interval [ π3 , π] is shown below. As the
graph of y = sin x lies above the graph of y = sin 2x, the area of the region is given by
 π π
1  1 1 1 9
(sin x − sin 2x) dx = − cos x + cos 2x  = 1 + − − − =
π/3 2 π/3 2 2 4 4

y
1.0 y = sin x

0.5
x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
−0.5
y = sin 2x
−1.0

 πx   πx 
11. y = sec2 , y = sec2 , 0≤x≤1
4 8
 πx 
solution The region bounded by these curves for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 is shown below. As the graph of sec2 lies above the
 πx  4
graph of sec2 , the area of the region is given by
8
 1  πx   πx   πx  8  πx  1
sec2 − sec2 dx =
4
tan − tan 
0 4 8 π 4 π 8 0
4 8 π
= − tan
π π 8
 Chapter Review Exercises 91

y
2.0

1.5 ( 14 πx)
sec
2

1.0
sec ( 18 πx) 2

0.5

0 x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

x x
12. y = √ , y= √ , −1 ≤ x ≤ 1
x2 + 1 x2 + 4
solution The region bounded by these curves for −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 is shown below. By symmetry, it suffices to compute the
area for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and double it. Thus the area of the region is given by
 1  1  1
x x 2x 2x
A=2 √ − √ dx = √ dx − √ dx
0 x +1
2 x +4
2 0 x +1
2 0 x2 + 4
Using the substitution u = x2 + 1 in the first integral and u = x2 + 4 in the second, so that du = 2 dx, we have (after
computing the new bounds for the integrals)
 2  5 2 5 √ √ √ √
A= u−1/2 du − u−1/2 du = 2u1/2  − 2u1/2  = 2 2 − 2 − 2 5 + 4 = 2(1 + 2 − 5)
1 4 1 4

y x

0.6 x 2 + 1
0.4
x
0.2 x 2 + 4
x
−1.0 −0.5 0.5 1.0
−0.2

−0.4

−0.6

13. Use a graphing utility to locate the points of intersection of y = x2 and y = cos x, and find the area between
the two curves (approximately).
solution Using a computer algebra system, the points of intersection are x = ±0.8241323123. The region bounded
by the two curves between these points is shown below. By symmetry, we can compute the area from x = 0 to x =
0.8241323123 and double it. Since cos x lies above x2 in this range, the area of the region is given by
 0.8241323123 0.8241323123
(cos x − x2 ) dx = 2 sin x − x3 
1
2 ≈ 1.094753609
0 3 0

y
1.0
cos(x)
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2 x2

x
−0.8 −0.4 0 0.4 0.8

14. Figure 2 shows a solid whose horizontal cross section at height y is a circle of radius (1 + y)−2 for 0 ≤ y ≤ H. Find
the volume of the solid.
y

FIGURE 2
92 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

solution The area of each horizontal cross section is A(y) = π(1 + y)−4 . Therefore, the volume of the solid is
 H H
(1 + y)−3  (1 + H)−3 1 π 1
π(1 + y)−4 dy = π  = π + = 1−
0 −3 0
−3 3 3 (1 + H)3

15. The base of a solid is the unit circle x2 + y2 = 1, and its cross sections perpendicular to the x-axis are rectangles of
height 4. Find its volume.
solution Because the cross sections are rectangles of constant height 4, the figure is a cylinder of radius 1 and height
4. The volume is therefore πr2 h = 4π.
16. The base of a solid is the triangle bounded by the axes and the line 2x + 3y = 12, and its cross sections perpendicular
to the y-axis have area A(y) = (y + 2). Find its volume.
solution The volume of this solid is
  4
4 4
1 2 
V= A(y) dy = (y + 2) dy = y + 2y  = 16
0 0 2 0

17. Find the total mass of a rod of length 1.2 m with linear density ρ(x) = (1 + 2x + 29 x3 ) kg/m.
solution The total weight of the rod is
 1.2
1.2
1 4 
ρ(x) dx = x + x + x 2
 = 2.7552 kg
0 18 0

18. Find the flow rate (in the correct units) through a pipe of diameter 6 cm if the velocity of fluid particles at a distance
r from the center of the pipe is v(r) = (3 − r) cm/s.
solution The flow rate through the pipe is
  3
3 3
3 2 1 3  27 cm3
2π rv(r) dr = 2π (3r − r2 ) dr = 2π r − r  = 2π − 9 = 9π
0 0 2 3 0 2 s

In Exercises 19–24, find the average value of the function over the interval.
19. f (x) = x3 − 2x + 2, [−1, 2]
solution The average value is
 2  
1 2   1 1 4  1 1 9
x − 2x + 2 dx =
3
x − x2 + 2x  = (4 − 4 + 4) − −1−2 =
2 − (−1) −1 3 4 −1
3 4 4

20. f (x) = |x|, [−4, 4]

solution The average value is
 4  0  4  
1 0 1 4
− x2  + x2  = [(0 + 8) + (8 − 0)] = 2
1 1 1 1
|x| dx = (−x) dx + x dx =
4 − (−4) −4 8 −4 0 8 2 −4 2 0 8

21. f (x) = (x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 1)4/5 , [0, 4]

solution Use the substitution u = x2 + 2x + 1, so that du = 2(x + 1) dx. The new bounds of integration are from u = 1
to u = 25. Then the average value is
 4  
1 1 25 4/5 5 9/5 25 625 3/5 5
(x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 1)4/5 dx = u du = u  = 5 −
4−0 0 8 1 72 1 72 72

22. f (x) = |x2 − 1|, [0, 4]

solution x2 − 1 is negative for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, so
⎧
⎪
⎪
⎨1 − x 2 0≤x≤1
|x − 1| = ⎪
2
⎪
⎩ x2 − 1 1≤x≤4

and the average value of this function is then

 1   4  1 4
1
1 − x2 dx + x2 − 1 dx =
1
x−
1 3
x  + 1 x3 − x 
4−0 0 4 3 0 3 1

1

1 1 1 1 56
= 1 − + · 43 − 4 − + 1 =
4 3 3 3 3
 Chapter Review Exercises 93

√
23. f (x) = 9 − x2 , [0, 3] Hint: Use geometry to evaluate the integral.
√
solution The region below the graph of y = 9 − x2 but above the x-axis over the interval [0, 3] is one-quarter of a
circle of radius 3; consequently,
 3 √ 1 9π
9 − x2 dx = π(3)2 =
0 4 4

The average value is then

 3 √
1 1 9π 3π
9 − x2 dx = =
3−0 0 3 4 4

24. f (x) = x x , [0, 3], where x is the greatest integer function

solution The average value is
 3  1  2  3
1 1
x x dx = x · 0 dx + x · 1 dx + x · 2 dx
3−0 0 3 0 1 2

1 1 2 2 3 1 1 13
= x  + x2  = 2− +9−4 =
3 2 1 2 3 2 6

 5
25. Find g(t) dt if the average value of g on [2, 5] is 9.
2

solution The average value of the function g(t) on [2, 5] is given by

 5  5
1 1
g(t) dt = g(t) dt
5−2 2 3 2

Therefore,
 5
g(t) dt = 3(average value) = 3(9) = 27
2

26. The average value of R over [0, x] is equal to x for all x. Use the FTC to determine R(x).
solution The average value of the function R(x) over [0, x] is
 x  x
1 1
R(t) dt = R(t) dt
x−0 0 x 0

Given that the average value is equal to x, it follows that

 x
R(t) dt = x2
0

Differentiating both sides of this equation and using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus on the left-hand side yields

R(x) = 2x

27. Use the Washer Method to find the volume obtained by rotating the region in Figure 3 about the x-axis.

y
y = x2

y = mx

x
FIGURE 3
94 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

solution Setting x2 = mx yields x(x − m) = 0, so the two curves intersect at (0, 0) and (m, m2 ). To use the washer
method, we must slice the solid perpendicular to the axis of rotation; as we are revolving about the y-axis, this implies
√
a horizontal slice and integration in y. For each y ∈ [0, m2 ], the cross section is a washer with outer radius R = y and
inner radius r = m . The volume of the solid is therefore given by
y

 m2  y 2 m2
√ 1 y3  m4 m4 π
π ( y)2 − dy = π y2 −  = π − = m4
0 m 2 3m2 0
2 3 6

28. Use the Shell Method to find the volume obtained by rotating the region in Figure 3 about the x-axis.
solution Setting x2 = mx yields x(x − m) = 0, so the two curves intersect at (0, 0) and (m, m2 ). To use the shell method,
we must slice the solid parallel to the axis of rotation; as we are revolving about the x-axis, this implies a horizontal slice
√
and integration in y. For each y ∈ [0, m2 ], the shell has radius y and height y − my . The volume of the solid is therefore
given by
 m2   m2
√ y 2 5/2 y3  2m5 m5 2π 5
2π y y− dy = 2π y −  = 2π − = m
0 m 5 3m 0
5 3 15

In Exercises 29–40, use any method to find the volume of the solid obtained by rotating the region enclosed by the curves
about the given axis.
29. y = x2 + 2, y = x + 4, x-axis
solution Let’s choose to slice the region bounded by the graphs of y = x2 + 2 and y = x + 4 (see the figure below)
vertically. Because a vertical slice is perpendicular to the axis of rotation, we will use the washer method to calculate the
volume of the solid of revolution. For each x ∈ [−1, 2], the washer has outer radius x + 4 and inner radius x2 + 2. The
volume of the solid is therefore given by
 2  2
π ((x + 4)2 − (x2 + 2)2 ) dx = π (−x4 − 3x2 + 8x + 12) dx
−1 −1
2
1 
= π − x5 − x3 + 4x2 + 12x 
5 −1

128 34 162π
=π + =
5 5 5
y
6 y=x+4
5
4
3
y = x2 + 2
1
x
−1.0 −0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

30. y = x2 + 6, y = 8x − 1, y-axis
solution Let’s choose to slice the region bounded by the graphs of y = x2 + 6 and y = 8x − 1 (see the figure below)
vertically. Because a vertical slice is parallel to the axis of rotation, we will use the shell method to calculate the volume
of the solid of revolution. For each x ∈ [1, 7], the shell has radius x and height 8x − 1 − (x2 + 6) = −x2 + 8x − 7. The
volume of the solid is therefore given by
 7  7
2π x(−x2 + 8x − 7) dx = 2π (−x3 + 8x2 − 7x) dx
1 1
7
1 8 7 
= 2π − x4 + x3 − x2 
4 3 2 1
1715 13
= 2π + = 288π
12 12
y
60
50
40 y = 8x − 1
30
20 y = x2 + 6
10
x
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
 Chapter Review Exercises 95

31. x = y2 − 3, x = 2y, axis y = 4

solution Let’s choose to slice the region bounded by the graphs of x = y2 − 3 and x = 2y (see the figure below)
horizontally. Because a horizontal slice is parallel to the axis of rotation, we will use the shell method to calculate the
volume of the solid of revolution. For each y ∈ [−1, 3], the shell has radius 4 − y and height 2y − (y2 − 3) = 3 + 2y − y2 .
The volume of the solid is therefore given by
 3  3
2π (4 − y)(3 + 2y − y2 ) dy = 2π (12 + 5y − 6y2 + y3 ) dy
−1 −1
3
5 1 
= 2π 12y + y2 − 2y3 + y4 
2 4 −1
99 29
= 2π + = 64π
4 4
y
3 x = y2 − 3

2
1 x = 2y

x
−3 −2 1 2 3 4 5 6
−1

32. y = 2x, y = 0, x = 8, axis x = −3

solution Let’s choose to slice the region bounded by the graphs of y = 2x, y = 0, and x = 8 (see the figure below)
vertically. Because a vertical slice is parallel to the axis of rotation, we will use the shell method to calculate the volume
of the solid of revolution. For each x ∈ [0, 8], the shell has radius x − (−3) = x + 3 and height 2x. The volume of the solid
is therefore given by
 8 8
1 3 3 2  512 3200π
2π (x + 3)(2x) dx = 4π x + x  = 4π + 96 =
0 3 2 0
3 3

y
16
14
12 y = 2x
10
8
6
4
2
x
2 4 6 8

33. y = x2 − 1, y = 2x − 1, axis x = −2

solution The region bounded by the graphs of y = x2 − 1 and y = 2x − 1 is shown below. Let’s choose to slice the region
vertically. Because a vertical slice is parallel to the axis of rotation, we will use the shell method to calculate the volume of
the solid of revolution. For each x ∈ [0, 2], the shell has radius x − (−2) = x + 2 and height (2x − 1) − (x2 − 1) = 2x − x2 .
The volume of the solid is therefore given by
 2 2
1 4 
2π (x + 2)(2x − x ) dx = 2π 2x − x  = 2π(8 − 4) = 8π
2 2
0 4 0

y
3

y = 2x − 1
1

x
1 2
−1 y = x2 − 1

34. y = x2 − 1, y = 2x − 1, axis y = 4

solution Let’s choose to slice the region bounded by the graphs of y = x2 − 1 and y = 2x − 1 (see the figure in the
previous exercise) vertically. Because a vertical slice is perpendicular to the axis of rotation, we will use the washer
96 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

method to calculate the volume of the solid of revolution. For each x ∈ [0, 2], the cross section is a washer with outer
radius R = 4 − (x2 − 1) = 5 − x2 and inner radius r = 4 − (2x − 1) = 5 − 2x. The volume of the solid is therefore given by
 2 2
 14 3 1 5  112 32 136π
π (5 − x ) − (5 − 2x) dx = π 10x −
2 2 2 2
x + x  = π 40 − + =
0 3 5 0
3 5 15

35. y = −x2 + 4x − 3, y = 0, axis y = −1

solution The region bounded by the graph of y = −x2 + 4x − 3 and the x-axis is shown below. Let’s choose to slice
the region vertically. Because a vertical slice is perpendicular to the axis of rotation, we will use the washer method
to calculate the volume of the solid of revolution. For each x ∈ [1, 3], the cross section is a washer with outer radius
R = −x2 + 4x − 3 − (−1) = −x2 + 4x − 2 and inner radius r = 0 − (−1) = 1. The volume of the solid is therefore given by
 3 3
 1 20 3 
π (−x2 + 4x − 2)2 − 1 dx = π x5 − 2x4 + x − 8x2 + 3x 
1 5 3 1
 
243 1 20 56π
=π − 162 + 180 − 72 + 9 − −2+ −8+3 =
5 5 3 15
y
y = −x 2 + 4x − 3
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
x
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

36. y = −x2 + 4x − 3, y = 0, axis x = 4

solution The region bounded by the graph of y = −x2 + 4x − 3 and the x-axis is shown in the previous exercise. Let’s
choose to slice the region vertically. Because a vertical slice is parallel to the axis of rotation, we will use the shell method
to calculate the volume of the solid of revolution. For each x ∈ [1, 3], the shell has radius 4 − x and height −x2 + 4x − 3.
The volume of the solid is therefore given by
 3  3
2π (4 − x)(−x2 + 4x − 3) dx = 2π (x3 − 8x2 + 19x − 12) dx
1 1
3
1 8 19 2 
= 2π x4 − x3 + x − 12x 
4 3 2 1

9 59 16π
= 2π − + =
4 12 3

37. x = 4y − y3 , x = 0, y ≥ 0, x-axis
solution The region bounded by the graphs of x = 4y − y3 and x = 0 for y ≥ 0 is shown below. Let’s choose to slice this
region horizontally. Because a horizontal slice is parallel to the axis of rotation, we will use the shell method to calculate
the volume of the solid of revolution. For each y ∈ [0, 2], the shell has radius y and height 4y − y3 . The volume of the
solid is therefore given by
 2  2
2π y(4y − y3 ) dy = 2π (4y2 − y4 ) dy
0 0
2
4 3 1 5 
= 2π y − y 
3 5 0
32 32 128π
= 2π − =
3 5 15
y

2.0 x = 4y − y 3

1.5

1.0

0.5
x
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
 Chapter Review Exercises 97

38. y2 = x−1 , x = 1, x = 3, axis y = −3

solution The region bounded by the graphs of y2 = x−1 , x = 1, and x = 3 is shown below. Let’s choose to slice
the region vertically. Because a vertical slice is perpendicular to the axis of rotation, we will use the washer method
to calculate the volume of the solid of revolution. For each x ∈ [1, 3], the cross section is a washer with outer radius
R = √1x − (−3) = 3 + √1x and inner radius r = − √1x − (−3) = 3 − √1x . The volume of the solid is therefore given by
 ⎛ 2⎞  3 
3
⎜⎜⎜ 2
1 ⎟⎟ √ 3 √
x−1/2 dx = 24π x = 24π( 3 − 1)
1
π ⎜⎝ 3 + √ − 3 − √ ⎟⎟⎠ dx = 12π
1 x x 1 1

y
1.0 y 2 = x −1

0.5
x
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
−0.5

−1.0

39. y = cos(x2 ), y = 0, 0 ≤ x ≤ π/2, y-axis

solution The region is shown below.

y
1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 x
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2

√
We will slice the region vertically and use the shell method. For each x ∈ 0, π/2 , the shell has radius x and height
cos(x2 ). The volume of the solid is thus given by
 √
π/2
V = 2π x cos(x2 ) dx
0
π
Using the substitution u = x2 , we have du = 2x dx; the new bounds of integration are u = 0 to u = , so we have
2
 π/2 π/2
cos u du = π sin u = π
1
V= · 2π
2 0 0

π
40. y = sec x, y = csc x, y = 0, x = 0, x= , x-axis
2
solution The region in question is shown in the figure below.

1.5
y = sec x y = csc x

1.0

0.5

x
0 0.5 1.0 1.5

When the region is rotated about the x-axis, cross sections for x ∈ [0, π/4] are circular disks with radius R = sec x,
whereas cross sections for x ∈ [π/4, π/2] are circular disks with radius R = csc x. The volume of the solid of revolution
is
 π/4  π/2 π/4 π/2
π sec2 x dx + π csc2 x dx = π (tan x)  + π (− cot x)  = π (1) + π (1) = 2π
0 π/4 0 π/4
98 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

In Exercises 41–44, find the volume obtained by rotating the region about the given axis. The regions refer to the graph
of the hyperbola y2 − x2 = 1 in Figure 4.

y
3
2 y=x
1
x
−c c
−1

−2 y2 − x2 = 1
−3

FIGURE 4

41. The shaded region between the upper branch of the hyperbola and the x-axis for −c ≤ x ≤ c, about the x-axis
solution Let’s choose to slice the region vertically. Because a vertical slice is perpendicular to the axis of rotation, we
will use the washer method to√calculate the volume of the solid of revolution. For each x ∈ [−c, c], cross sections are
circular disks with radius R = 1 + x2 . The volume of the solid is therefore given by
 c c  
1 3  c3 c3 c3
π (1 + x ) dx = π x + x  = π c +
2
− −c − = 2π c +
−c 3 −c 3 3 3

42. The region between the upper branch of the hyperbola and the x-axis for 0 ≤ x ≤ c, about the y-axis
solution Let’s choose to slice the region vertically. Because a vertical slice is parallel to the axis of rotation, we will
use the √shell method to calculate the volume of the solid of revolution. For each x ∈ [0, c], the shell has radius x and
height 1 + x2 . The volume of the solid is therefore given by
 c √ c
2π  
(1 + x2 )3/2  =
2π
2π x 1 + x2 dx = (1 + c2 )3/2 − 1
0 3 0 3

43. The region between the upper branch of the hyperbola and the line y = x for 0 ≤ x ≤ c, about the x-axis
solution Let’s choose to slice the region vertically. Because a vertical slice is perpendicular to the axis of rotation, we
will use the washer method to √calculate the volume of the solid of revolution. For each x ∈ [0, c], cross sections are
washers with outer radius R = 1 + x2 and inner radius r = x. The volume of the solid is therefore given by
 c  c
π (1 + x2 ) − x2 dx = πx = cπ
0 0

44. The region between the upper branch of the hyperbola and y = 2, about the y-axis
√
solution The upper branch of the hyperbola and the horizontal line y = 2 intersect when x = ± 3. Using the shell
√
method, each shell has radius x and height 2 − 1 + x2 . The volume of the solid is therefore given by
 √3   √3
√  1  8 1 4π
2π x 2 − 1 + x2 dx = 2π x2 − (1 + x2 )3/2  = 2π 3 − + =
0 3 0 3 3 3

45. Let R be the intersection of the circles of radius 1 centered at (1, 0) and (0, 1). Express as an integral (but do not
evaluate): (a) the area of R and (b) the volume of revolution of R about the x-axis.
solution The region R is shown below.
y

(x − 1)2 + y2 = 1
1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2 x2 + (y − 1)2 = 1
x
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

(a) A vertical slice of R has its top along the upper left arc of the circle (x − 1)2 + y2 = 1 and its bottom along the lower
right arc of the circle x2 + (y − 1)2 = 1. The area of R is therefore given by
 1 √ 
1 − (x − 1)2 − (1 − 1 − x2 ) dx
0
 Chapter Review Exercises 99

(b) If we revolve R about the x-axis

√ and use the washer method, each cross section is a washer with outer radius
1 − (x − 1)2 and inner radius 1 − 1 − x2 . The volume of the solid is therefore given by
 1 √
π (1 − (x − 1)2 ) − (1 − 1 − x2 )2 dx
0

46. Let R be the intersection of the circles of radius 1 centered at (0, 0) and (0, 1). Express an integral that gives the
volume of revolution of R about the x-axis. (Do not evaluate the integral.)
solution The region R is shown below.
y

1.0
x2 + y2 = 1
0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
x 2 + (y − 1)2 = 1
x
−1.0 −0.5 0.5 1.0

The points of intersection between the two circles satisfy

1
1 − y2 = 1 − (y − 1)2 or y=
2
√
Thus, x = ± 23 . If we revolve R about the x-axis and use the washer method, each cross section is a washer with outer
√ √
radius 1 − x2 and inner radius 1 − 1 − x2 . The volume of the solid is therefore given by
 √
3/2 √
π √ 1 − x2 − (1 − 1 − x2 )2 dx
− 3/2

√
47. Let a > 0. Show that the volume obtained when the region between y = a x − ax2 and the x-axis is rotated about
the x-axis is independent of the constant a.
√
solution Setting a x − ax2 = 0 yields x = 0 and x = 1/a. Using the washer method, cross sections are circular disks
√
with radius R = a x − ax2 . The volume of the solid is therefore given by
 1/a 1/a
1 1  1 1 π
π a2 (x − ax2 ) dx = π a2 x2 − a3 x3  = π − =
0 2 3 0 2 3 6

which is independent of the constant a.

48. If 12 J of work are needed to stretch a spring 20 cm beyond equilibrium, how much work is required to compress it
6 cm beyond equilibrium?
solution First, we determine the value of the spring constant k as follows:

1
k(0.2)2 = 12 so k = 600 N/m
2
Now, the work needed to compress the spring 6 cm beyond equilibrium is
 0.06 0.06
W= 600x dx = 300x2  = 1.08 J
0 0

49. A spring whose equilibrium length is 15 cm exerts a force of 50 N when it is stretched to 20 cm. Find the work
required to stretch the spring from 22 to 24 cm.
solution A force of 50 N is exerted when the spring is stretched 5 cm = 0.05 m from its equilibrium length; therefore,
the value of the spring constant is k = 1000 N/m. The work required to stretch the spring from a length of 22 cm to a
length of 24 cm is then
 0.09 0.09
1000x dx = 500x2  = 500(0.092 − 0.072 ) = 1.6 J
0.07 0.07

50. If 18 ft-lb of work are needed to stretch a spring 1.5 ft beyond equilibrium, how far will the spring stretch if a 12-lb
weight is attached to its end?
100 CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE INTEGRAL

solution First, we determine the value of the spring constant as follows:

1
k(1.5)2 = 18 so k = 16 lb/ft
2
Now, if a 12-lb weight is attached to the end of the spring, balancing the forces acting on the weight, we have 12 = 16d,
which implies d = 0.75 ft. A 12-lb weight will therefore stretch the spring 9 inches.
51. Let W be the work (against the sun’s gravitational force) required to transport an 80-kg person from Earth to Mars
when the two planets are aligned with the sun at their minimal distance of 55.7 × 106 km. Use Newton’s Universal
Law of Gravity (see Exercises 35–37 in Section 6.5) to express W as an integral and evaluate it. The sun has mass
M s = 1.99 × 1030 kg, and the distance from the sun to Earth is 149.6 × 106 km.
solution According to Newton’s Universal Law of Gravity, the gravitational force between the person and the sun is

GM s m
r2
where G = 6.67 × 10−11 m3 kg−1 s−1 is a constant, M s = 1.99 × 1030 kg is the mass of the sun, m = 80 kg is the mass of
the person, and r is the distance between the sun and the person. The work against the sun’s gravitational force required
to transport the person from Earth to Mars when the two planets are aligned with the sun is therefore given by
 rse +rem
GM s m 1 1
W= dr = GM s m −
r se r2 r se r se + rem

where r se = 149.6 × 106 km is the distance from the sun to Earth and rem = 55.7 × 106 km is the distance from Earth to
Mars. Converting the distances to meters and substituting the known values into the formula for W yields

1 1
W = (6.67 × 10−11 )(1.99 × 1030 )(80) − ≈ 1.93 × 1010 J
149.6 × 109 205.3 × 109

In Exercises 52 and 53, water is pumped into a spherical tank of radius 2 m from a source located 1 m below a hole at
the bottom (Figure 5). The density of water is 1000 kg/m3 .

Water source

FIGURE 5

52. Calculate the work required to fill the tank.

solution Place the origin at the base of the sphere with the positive y-axis pointing upward. The equation for the
great circle of the sphere is then x2 + (y − 2)2 = 4. At location y, the horizontal cross section is a circle of radius
4 − (y − 2)2 = 4y − y2 ; the volume of the layer is then π(4y − y2 )Δy m3 , and the force needed to lift the layer is
1000(9.8)π(4y − y2 )Δy N. The layer of water must be lifted y + 1 meters, so the work required to fill the tank is given by
 4  4
9800π (y + 1)(4y − y2 ) dy = 9800π (3y2 + 4y − y3 ) dy
0 0
4
1 
= 9800π y3 + 2y2 − y4 
4 0
= 313,600π ≈ 985,203.5 J

53. Calculate the work F(h) required to fill the tank to level h meters in the sphere.
solution Place the origin at the base of the sphere with the positive y-axis pointing upward. The equation for the
great circle of the sphere is then x2 + (y − 2)2 = 4. At location y, the horizontal cross section is a circle of radius
4 − (y − 2)2 = 4y − y2 ; the volume of the layer is then π(4y − y2 )Δy m3 , and the force needed to lift the layer is
1000(9.8)π(4y − y2 )Δy N. The layer of water must be lifted y + 1 m, so the work required to fill the tank is given by
 h  h
9800π (y + 1)(4y − y2 ) dy = 9800π (3y2 + 4y − y3 ) dy
0 0
 Chapter Review Exercises 101

h
1 
= 9800π y + 2y − y4
3 2

4 0

1
= 9800π h3 + 2h2 − h4 J
4

54. A tank of mass 20 kg containing 100 kg of water (density 1000 kg/m3 ) is raised vertically at a constant speed of
100 m/minute for 1 min, during which time it leaks water at a rate of 40 kg/min. Calculate the total work performed in
raising the container.
solution Let t denote the elapsed time in minutes and let y denote the height of the container. Given that the speed of
ascent is 100 m/min, y = 100t; moreover, the mass of water in the container is

100 − 40t = 100 − 0.4y kg

The force needed to lift the container and its contents is then

9.8 (20 + (100 − 0.4y)) = 1176 − 3.92y N

and the work required to lift the container and its contents is
 100 100
(1176 − 3.92y) dy = (1176y − 1.96y2 ) = 98,000J
0 0