K.C.S.

E 1995 PAPER 1 MARKING SCHEME

1. Micrometer screw gauge

2.

3. Effort would reduce

4. Flow from a to B
5. Pressure difference between liquids in A and B is P = egh where e is liquid, g = acceleration
due to gravity and h is height
But force = P x cross section area of siphon, P = F/A
Thus F = egh A Since e.g. A are constants
Fα h
6. No change in flow OR the flow will still continue
7. Oil spread until it is one molecule thick or film taken as a perfect circle or oil drop has been
taken as perfect sphere/ cylinder/ uniform thickness
8. The liquid expand uniformly, expansion is measurable ( large enough), thermal conductivity
9. Rectilinear propagation/ light travels in a straight line
10. Water/ or glass are poor conductor of heat
11. Each material is brought in turn to touch the cap. The conductor will discharge the
electroscope while the insulator will not ( accept bring near conductor gauge)
12. Can be short – circuited without being destroyed
Longer life/ electrolyte never need attention
Can stay discharged without being destroyed
Can be charged with large currents faster charging
More rugged/ not damaged by rough condition of use/ robus Delivers
large current, light
13. Surface tension / adhesive forces supports water column or more capillarity in tube 2 than
tube 1
Surface tension is the same in both tubes and equal to the weight of water column
supported
Narrow tube has longer column to equate weight to wider tube
Volume of water in the tubes is same hence narrower tube higher column
14. – Length of conductor in the field
- Angle between conductor and fields
15. All ferromagnetic materials are attracted by magnets or any magnetic materials is attracted
16. – increasing the tension
- Reducing the length
17. At equilibrium sum of clockwise moment = sum of anti – clockwise moments
Clockwise moments = P x X = QY
Px = Qy
18. h glass = V air / V glass 1.5 = 3 x 108 √ g Vg = 3 x 108 / 1.5
= 2 x 108 ms-1
19. V = f λ sine V is constant reducing f to 1/3 ⇒ λ increases 3 fold
20. While light is composed of seven colour different/ many colour. For each colour glass had
different value of refractive index/ different velocities of different λ. So each colour is
deviated differently causing dispersion

21. A body at rest or in state of uniform motion tends to stay in that state unless an unbalanced
force acts on it.

22. Heat capacity is quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of the body by 1 k or 1
0
C while, specific heat capacity is quantity of heat required to raise temperature of unit mass
of body by 1 k/ 10 C.

23. (If x ≠ z but both above y give 1 mk. Accept difference of 1.0 mark)

hX = hZ > hY

24. – Reducing - Increasing

25. Polarization

26.
Type of radiation Detector Uses
Ultra violet Photographic paper Cause ionization kills bacteria
fluorescence material OR operating photosular cells
photography
 Infrared Phototransistor blackened Warmth sensation
thermometer
Radio waves Radio receiver or TV Communication
receiver

27. E2 = E1 + h f i or E2 – E1= h = c/λ h= plank constant c- Velocity of light

λ- Wave length of light

28. – Lead - Very dense/ has high atomatic mass

29. Extrapolation on graph ( line to touch frequency) Reading on graph to (4.0 + - 0.2) x 1014Hz
30. Lines parallel to the one shown but cutting of axis further in
31. Quality / Timbre
32. X = 14
33. The point where the weight of the body acts
34. Temperature of source be the same
- Length of rods be the same / wax
- Amount of wax (detector) be the same
35.

36.

K.C.S.E 1995 PHYSICS PAPER 232/2 MARKING SCHEMES

1. (a)

(b) Constant Vel0 Uniform vet - zero accln

(c) √4.5 = 118 – 50 = 15m/s 15.5 + -1.5 ( 14-17)

6.5-2
√ 6.5 = 112 – 70 = 6 m/s (4=6)
7
Average accln = ∆v = v – 11 = ( 6-15)
t t 2
= - 4.5 m/s2

2. l = 7 + l + l
RC R1 R2 R3

= 1 + 1 + 1
6 + 3 6
=1
6 RC = 6 =
1.5 Ω
4
 (b) Total resistance = 1.5 + 2.5 = 4 Ω
E = 1(YFR) Or l = V
R
2 = Ll
Current through xy l = 0.5 A
P.d across yz = 0.5 x 1.5 V
s= current through 3 Ω = 0.5 x 1.5 = 0.25 A
3

(c) R = /L A
I = RA = 6 x 5.0 x 10-6 Ωm2
L 1.0 m
= 3.0 x 10 Ω m
-5

3. (a)

(ii) Magnification = V Isign = 1.1 OR 1.75

u Osign 1.6 2.5 = 0.7 ± 0.05

(b) l=l+l l = 10
f u v u 60

l =l + l u = 6cm
 10 u v

l =l + l Objects is 6 cm from the lens

U 10 15

4 (a) Lens symbol object between f & F 2 appropriate rays position of image
Image correctly drawn

The diagram in figure 3 shows a certain eye defect

(b) (i) Name of defect is long sightedness

(Refer to the diagram in the figure 3 above)
(c) (i) For water not to pour weight of the water must be less centrifugal force OR
for water to pour out MV2 > mg
r
(ii) Frictional force F = Centripetal force
MV2 = 1200 x (25)2
R 150
3
= 5.0 x 10 N
5. (a) (i) The magnitude of the induced e.m.f is directly proportional to the rate at which the
conductor cuts the magnetic field lines
The induced current flows in such a direction as to oppose the changes producing it.

(ii) Plugging a magnetic into a coil in speed its g twins

as straight of magnetic field Results in an
increased in the induced e.m.f
(b) (i) Energy is neither created nor destroyed
Make power constant
VU = Joules ( ½ ) current = charge ( ½ )
Count time
P = IV
For large V, 1 must lower for power input to be equal to power output

(ii) Vs - Vp OR Vs - Na
Ns Vp Vp NP

Ns = Vs x Np = 9 x 480
Vp 240 Ns = 18

SECTION II
6. (a ) Progressive wave- Wave profile moves along with the speed of the wave
Stationary wave – wave profile appears static

Progressive wave – Phase of points adjacent to each other is different

Stationary wave – All points between successive node vibrate in phase

Progressive wave – Energy translation in the direction of the wave travels

Stationary wave- No translation of energy but energy associated in the wave

(b) (i) A glass slide i.e. blackened with soot or paint lines are drawn close together using a
razor blade or pin.

(ii) Path differences equals to an odd number of half wavelengths or completely out of
phase ( 1800)

(iii) Photometer / photocell or thermometer with a bulb

7. (a) Common or sillen ( semiconductor) is doped with impurity atoms which trivalent
( e.g boron or indium) intensity in currency on pole group 4 doped with trivalent
 (b) p-n-p emitter and carries made of p type material are of n- type material for
charge carries holes

n – p – n – emitter and collector made of n- type material are made of p- type

( or charge carries electrons)

(c) At the middle of the reaction of a curve a tangent is drawn change on output (∆V0)
is determined and a corresponding change input ( ∆V1) also attained change
amplification.
(d) (i)

(ii) i2 = lC r lB

(e) Base – emitter – forward biased Base collector – reversed biased PHYSICS
PAPER 231/1A 1996 MARKING SCHEMES
- Correct full marks to be given
- Wrong units no marks given
- Wrong substitution no mark
- No units full mark

1. 15.00 + 0.30 = 15. 30 mm; or 1.53 / 1.53 x 102m

2. Frequency: OR wavelength or energy

3. Length of container/ height

Width of the base/ base area/ diameter/ radius of the base/ thickness

4. hp p1 g = h2 p2g Same as h1 p1= h2 p2 h1 = h2 p2g = 8 x 18

pg 08
= 18cm;

5. (i) Rubber is elastic and when a nail pushed through it stretches and grips the nail firmly
without allowing air leakage

(ii) Valve effect pressure from inside causes tyre rubber to press firmly on the nail

6. Concrete mixture and steel have approximately the same linear expansively. The expand/
contract at the same rate;
7. Radiation is at the electromagnetic waves Φ infrared while conduction involves
particles, which move at lower speed

8. There are three different sources of light of the different intensities; brighten/ dimmed /
different direction/ amount quality. Similar sources/ at different distances from the
object

9. like charges repel unlike charges attract

10. Mass per unit length

Or (linear density/ thickness/ cross – sectional area/ diameter, radius

11. Adhesion

Cohesion/ surface tension

12. As the thermistor is heated its resistance reduces/ conductivity increases hence drawing
more current through it; hence less current flowing through B;
13. (i) (ii)

14. T< F or F> T

Moments of T and F about are equal; but the perpendicular distance from O to T
perpendicular distance from O to F/ Resultant moment are zero 15. Turn
anticlockwise about O, OR Oscillate about O

16.
 17. The
wavelength/
velocity of
the water
waves
reduces;
away from
the centre
because the pond becomes shallower/ pond deeper at centre

18. Interferences ( accept beat)

19. Parallel resistor allow diversion of current; hence may not overheat; / current shared by
parallel resistor

20. Heat gained 5(80 – 40) = m(40-15) Heat gained MCD θ ( 80- 40)

5(40) = 25m Heat post MCD θ =m (40 – 15) MC 40 – 15

5(80-40) = 25 m

25m = 200 = m = 8 kg

21. Equal qualities of heated supplied;

MCWθW = MCPθP MCW (Qw –Q) = MCP (Qp – Q) Since θP

> θW or MCw > θ0 = MCP >QP
CW > θPCp
22. Magnified, enlarged upright, virtual , image behind the mirror, negative distance

23. Apparent depth = Real Depth 12m = 0.9 m

Refractive indese of water 1.3

24. Pressure is inversely proportional to the speed OR speed increases as pressure distance

25. Maintaining a stable voltage during make and break/ storing charge during make and break
and stops arcing sparking

26. High temperature causes high – pressure build up in the cylinder, which causes the explosion;
OR increases of KE of gas molecules which result to pressure,
build up causing an explosion ( 2 mks)

27. A Polaroid absorbs/ cuts off light waves in all planes except in a particular plane
of propagation ( 1mk)
28. A hears a constant frequency produced by the siren/ same roundness/ pitch B hears a
frequency that increases as the vehicle approaches/ sound of increasing
loudness/ higher sound ( 2 mk)

29. Solid copper is denser than water hence the solid sphere sinks; weight is greater than upthrust.
Hollow sphere experiences an upthrust equal to its weight so it will float/ density of hollow
sphere is less than that of water ( 2 mks)

30. The weight of the door and the force are perpendicular to one another ( 1 mk)

31. Eddy current ( 1 mk)

32. Low negative voltage is applied on control grid, which control the number of
electrons reaching the screen ( 1 mk)

33. Low speed / high charge / more massive/ size is large/ bigger` ( 1 mk)

34. n.p.n

35. Limit the current through the base controls the current/ protect transistor from high current or
voltage/ regulate reduce voltage.

36. Diode is forward biased; Base currents flows; hence collector current flows and lights the
bulb/ current amplification ( 3 mks)
air molecule are in constant random motion; smoke particles collide with these
air molecules hence their random motion
PHYSICS PAPER 232/1B MARKING SCHEMES 1996

1. (a) (i) Acceleration a is rate of change of velocity a

=v-u
t
V = U + at

(ii) Distance is average velocity * time

S = (v + u)t;
2
Substitution for V with u + at;
S = ut + ½ at2

(iii) Using t = v – u; in s = ut – ½ at2

a

s = u (v-u) + ½ a (v-u)2 = V2 = u2 ÷ 2 as
a a
 (b) u = 50 – v = 0 a =2

Using v2 = u2 – 2as;

Substitute 0 = 502 + 2 (-2) s;

S = 625m;

2. (a) (i) Each bar is suspended at a time using the string;

The suspended bar is allowed to rest;
Its orientation is observed and recorded;
This is repeated several times for confirmation

(ii) The bar magnet settles in the N – S specific direction, due to its
Interaction (l) with magnetic field of the earth (l)
The iron bar settles in any direction; (l) because it does not have a magnetic field
to the interact with that of the earth; (l)

(b) P and Q are magnetized to the same level, by applying two different (l) current lp
and lq such that lq > lp (l)
Thus Q requires greater magnetizing power, (l) since its domains are more difficult to
align; (l) P is easier to magnetize, since its (l) domain are more easily aligned: ( 1 mk)
(Total 14 mks) 3 (i)
Series resistors 4 + 1 + 5Ω ( 1 mk)
Parallel resistors 2 + 3 + 5 Ω ( 1mk)
Rp = 5/2 = 2.5
Total effective resistance 5.5 + 2.5 = 8.0 Ω ( 1 mk)
(ii) Current l = V; = 4.0; = 0.5A;
R 8.0

(iii) Current through each wing = 0.5 = 0.25 A; ( 1 mk)

2
Potential at Y = 0.5 x 4; 11; ( 2 mks)
Potential at Q = 0.5 x 2; = 0.51; ( 2 mks)
2

Potential difference between Y and Q

= 1-0.5 V; = 0.5 ( 2 mks)
= 0 -0.5 V; + 0.5V Total 13 mks)
4. (a) (i) The aluminium block is heated using the electric
immersion heater for some time t; The temperature
changes (2) ∆ Φ of the block is recorded;
(ii) Mass of the block m
Time taken t
Initial temperature Φ1 final temperature Φ2
Current I voltage V;
Heat given = heat gained by electrical heater the block
1 Vt = mc ( Φ2 - Φ1)
C = 11.1
M (Φ – Φ)
(iii) Oiling the holes for better thermal; contact lagging
(b) Heat gained by calorimeter
= 60 x 10-3 x 378 ( 45 – 25) J;
= 453.6 J
Heat gained by water
= 100 x 10-3 x 4.200 ( 45 – 25J;
= 8.400J
Heat lost by condensing steam = m/
( 163.5 – 160 ) x 10-3/J
= 3.5 x 10-3 x / J
Heat lost 3.5 g of ( condensed steam) water cooling to 450C
3.5 x 10-3 ( 100 – 45) x 4,200;
= 808.5J
Heat given = heat gained
Hence:
3.5 / x 10-3 + 808.5 J = 453 6J + 8,400J;
= 2.3 x 10-6J/Kg;
5. (a) (i) Particles of the transmitting medium vibrate in the
direction of the wave for a longitudinal wave, but at right
angles for a transverse wave:
Sound requires medium but no medium required for electromagnetic wave; speed
of sound lower than that of electromagnetic wave;

(b) (i) Speeds of sound;

2.5 x s = 400 x 2
S = 320 m/s;

(ii) 2 ( x – 400) = 2.5 + 2);

320 = 1120m;
 (c) (i) Double slit provides coherent sources;
(ii) Dark and bright fringes;
The central fringe is the brightest while the intensity of the other fringes
reduces away from the central fringe;
(iii) I. The separation of fringes increases
II. Central fringe is white; fringes on either side are colored;

6. (a) Keep angular velocity Wl constant; Centripetal force

provided by mg;
Fix the mass m and measure of m;
Repeat for different values of m;

(b) (i) graph ( see on the next page

Axes labeled
Scale
Pts plot
Straight line

(ii) Gradient of the graph

= 0.625 – 0.1 = 1.167 N
0.525 – 0.075
Force F on the body = mbW2r
Where mb = mass of the body
Mbw2 r = Gradient of the graph = 1.167
W2 = 1.167 = 11.67
0.1
W = √ 11.67
= 3.42 rad s1
7. (
a)

Close switch S
Vary pd until G deflects
(b) l)
K (J) x 10-19 5 10 10 30 4
F = C/D ( HE) x 10-15 1.89 2.64 4.11 5.55 6.5

Finding f
See graph
Axes labeled
Scale
Pointed plotted
Straight line

(ii) Work function Φ is given by Φ hf0

F0 is the x – intercept of graph
F0 ( from graph) = 1.2 x 1015 HE
Φ = 6.63 x 10-340.5 x 1.2 x 1015
= 7.96 x 10-19 J
No. 6
(a)

KCSE 1997 PHYSICS PAPER 232/1 MARKING SCHEME

1. Volume = 7.4 – 4.6 cm

2.8cm
Density = mass
Volume
= 11g
2.8 cm3
= 3.9gcm-3

2. F1 and F6
3. Either altitude or latitude/ radius of earth changes/ acceleration due to gravity
from place to place away from the earth

4. Balance: meat + 0.5 kg on one side and 2 kg on the other:

5. H1 P1g = h2 p2g H2 = 1.36 x 104 x -64

8 x 102 = 1088cm;/
10.88m.

6. Volume of 1 molecule = 18cm3

6 x 1023

Diameter of the molecule = 18cm3

6 x 1023
3
3 18cm
23
6 x 10

= 3.1 x 108 cm
= 3.11 x 108
7. Glass is a bad conductor of heart, the difference in temperature between the inside and the
outside cause unequal expansion

8. Adhesion of water to glass is greater than cohesion

9. The rate of cooling depends on the rate of evaporation

Rate of evaporation depends on the surface area
Surface area A, < surface area B for evaporation

10. A ray from A A ray from B

Relative positions of A and B correctly drawn

11. Solar cell ( photovoltaic) photocell/ photo electric cell

12.

13. Soft magnetic materials loose their magnetism easily while hard magnetic
materials retain magnetism longer
14. Q = It Q = 0.5 x 4x x 60; = 120C

15.

16. d= speed x t; 340 x 2; 680m

17. At low speeds the speed is streamline
At high speed the flow is turbulent

18. Vr =l
V lr
240 = 30 lr = 0.75A;
6 lr

19. mgh = ½ mv2 OR V2 = U2 + 2 as;

h=½ S = V2 = 36 = 18m;
2as 2(10)
2
S = ut + ½ at = 1.8m;

20. V = f;
V= 3.0 x 108 ms-1 = 3.14m;
F 95.6 x 106S-1

21. 6V

22. parallel l = l + l + 2
RP 400 400 400

YZI = V = 12 = 0.02A
R 60

I = V = 12 = 0.02 A
R 60

400 x 12 = 8V
 600

23. ( No of irons) x 1000) = IV

Number = 13 x 240 = 3.12;
1000

24. Extra heat is required to change ice to water / latent heat of fusion

25.

26.

27. A trolley slows down/ motion decreases since mass increases and the momentum
is conserved, the velocity goes down

28. CT = C1 – C2 = 1 = 1 + 1
CT CP C3

= CT = CP C3
CP + C3

29. 0C + 273 = -20 + 273 = 252K

30. (a) Dark and bright fringes (b) Coloured fringes

31. Small differences in frequencies

32.

33. By using laminated core

34.

35. After 3 secs number decayed = ½ x 5.12 x 1020 = 2.56 x 1020

Next 3 secs. Number decayed = ½ x 2.56 x 1020 = 1.28 x 1020
Total number decayed = (1.28 + 2.56) x 1020
= 3.84 x 2020
 PHYSICS PAPER 232/2 K.C.S.E 1997
MARKING SCHEME.

1. i) -To make and beak contact / circuit

- It bends and straightens or the metals expand differently.
ii) Current flows, heating takes place, temperature rises, strip is heated and
bends way from contact ; disconnects heater; temperature; drops
reconnected heater or completes circuit.
b) Let final temperature be θ2
Heat lost by water = 4200 x 0.2 ( 20- θ2 )
Heat lost by glass = 0.2 x 670 x (20 - θ2 )
Heat gained by ice = 0.04 x 334 x 103
Heat gained water = 0.04 x 4200 ( θ2 – 0)
Heat lost = Heat gained.
4200 x 0.2 (20 - θ2 ) + 0.2 x 670 x ( 20 - θ2 ) = 0.04 x 334 x 103 + 0.04
X 4200 ( θ2 – 0 )
θ2 = 5.36oC
2(a) i)

ii) Extrapolation F4 – 0 10.6m force is zero

Leading x axis = 10.6 + 0.2 10.6 -8
 Intercept 10.6
10.6 – 8 = 2.6 = 2.6m away from B
b) 10w + ( 10x60) = 2.0 x 40 ⇒ 10w + 6x = 80 w = x/10 =2N
3a)

b) i) V = u+ at Deceleration = u – v
0 = 20 + 2a OR t
a = - 10ms-2 = 20 – 0
2
=10ms-2
ii) Stopping time = 2.2s Total time stop = 2.2 sec Before
stopping = 0.2 x 20 = 4m S = ut +1/2 at2
10 – 202 = 400 =20 =(20 x 2.2) + 1/2 + 10 x 2.22
2(-10 ) 20
20 + 4 = 24m = 19.8m
4a) AB: (2000 x 20) + (600 x 200) + ½ x 10 x 4000) + ( ½ x 30 x 4000)
40000 + 120000 + 60000
Total 200000J = 200KJ
b) 6000 x 0.6 = 3600w
c) Power Input = 3.0 x 105 x 10 x 360 = 3.0 x 105wx
60 x 60
Total = ( 3 + 2_ x 10 = 5.0 x 103kw Eff. 3/5 x 100 = 60
3

5a) Amount of current No of coils / shape of core / X – core

b) i) End of coil facing up becomes a south pole and the metre rule is pulled down / attraction
occurs. Or Rule tips; core magnetized; top of core becomes south pole; attracts magnet.
ii) The metre rule to have appointer attached to read zero when switch S is open. Use rheostat
to vary current to maximum and calibrate accordingly.
c)HF = hfo + ½ mv2
= (3.2 + 82 ) x 10-19 = 11.2 x 10-19 f = 11.2 x 10-19
6.63 x 10-19
λ= c = 3.0 x 108 x 6.63 x 10-34 = 1.76 x 10m
F 11.2 x 10-9
 SECTION 2
6ai) Semiconductors – conducting is by holes Conductors – conducting is by electrons
ii) Semiconductors – silicon, germanium Conductors – copper , tin iron.

b)i)

ii) IB = 0.5/100 x 2 =0.01 mA IC = 2- 0.01 = 1/99MA

IE = IC + Irs

iii) IB = 0.5 x 4 = 0.02mA Ic = 3.98mA

100 Ib = 0.02 – 0.01 = 0.01 IC
= 4 – 0.02 = 3.98mA Ic = 3.98 – 1.99 = 1.99 hFE =
3.98
0.02 = 1.99
Ic = 3.98 – 1.79 = 1.99
Ib = 0.02 – 0.01 = 0.01
HFE = Ic = 1.99 = 1.99
Ib = 0.01
Ic = 1.99 = 199
Ib 0.01
7a(i) Transverse – particles in the wave perpendicular to the direction of the wave.
Longitudinal – particles move in the same direction as the wave. b)i)

ii) Velocity decreases since the frequency remains the same. No loss of energy therefore
amplitude does not change.
c) a) Frequency = 30/60 = 0.5 Hz
b) Speed = 6/2 = 3m/s λ = V/f 3/0.5 =6m
d) A long AA’ – loud and soft sound (constant)
a long OO’ – loud and solid.
 PHYSICS PAPER 232/1 K.C.S.E 1998 MARKING SCHEME

1. Accuracy of measuring tape is 10m or o.1 cm + 5cm or o.o5m.

2. Length of post is 1.5 (1.50 x 1.55) Rangep = N3=
3. Quantity of heat equation 20x (42-26)x C=103 x 15 x60
C=2.8x 103JKg -1K = (2812.5 OR2813)
4. Detecting imperfection in metal structures/block/flaws
5. addition of soap solution to pure water reduces the strength of the skin total was holding pin
from sinking and so it sinks. Surface tension supports the pin.
Addition of soap reduces tension/weakens/broken.

6.

Low contact pressure between tyre and earth/no sinking.

7.

8. IP =N3 = Np= 20000x3= 2000

Is=NP 30
9. surface area of water . Nature of surface of the container/colour/texture /material/ (ambient
temperatures).
10 Evaporation and cell reaction cause loss of water. Distilled water does not introduce
impurities to the cell.
11. E=IR +h
I= E = 2.0
R+r 2.0x0.5 =0.8A
n
12. 50 = (I) n =3(half-lives)
400 (2)n
Half –life 72 = 24 min.
13. High resistance voltmeter takes less current/low current recording low current.
14. Domains/Dipoles initially organized are disorganized by mechanical forces.
15. As the rod approaches the cap, negative charges/electrons on the cap are repelled towards the
rod. The leaf collapses since the positive charges on it are neutralized attraction. As the rod
gets even closer to the cap moved more negative charges/electrons charges are repelled to the
leaf, causing it to diverge.
16. Length of the rod; diameter/cross sectional area of the rod/thickness nature/type of rod
material/conductivity.
17. R=P1/4 I = 2.0 x 106x0.5 = 2m OR = 2.041 or 2.0408
4.9 x207
18 Some energy is lost due to friction/air friction acts on the pendulum/air dumping on
the apparatus air resistance.
19. In TV (CRT) deflection is by magnetic field, while in CRO deflection is by electric
field. X-Y plates.
ATV (CRT)has two time bases while a CRO has only one.
In CRT it produced 625 lines per second while CRO is 25 lines per second.
20. Heating/ cooking/communication/eye/photographic film or plate/LDR/photocell.
21. Diode is forward-biased, no current flows
Current flows when the switch is closed but when terminals are reversed, no current
flows
22. Angle of inclination/nature of surface/length of inclination Height of inclination/frictioal
force between the surface.
23. layers of the crystal material are arranged according to faces/ plans/ flat surfaces.
Cleavage is only possible parallel to those faces/places/flat surfaces.
24. Principles of moment.
200 x1.5 R x 0.5, 0.5f=1x20x10or 0.5,R=600. R=F +200 = 400N take moments about
O
F=600 -200 =400N
F=400N

25.

26 Addition of impurities with higher boiling points/presence of impurities. Water heated

under a higher pressure than atmospheric/below sea level.
27. Moon covers the sun/obstruction of sun by the moon
Both heat and light have same velocity/both are electromagnet waves.
28. Overtones/harmonics
29. Since F=MV2/V the sharper the corner (as B) the small the value of R hence the
greater the F. (M& V constant).
30. Gas through the nozzle gains velocity. Hence its pressure reduces above the nozzle.
The higher atmospheric pressure pushes air into the gas stream.
31. When mercury is heated (during a fire); it expands and makes contact, completing the
circuit to ring the bell.
32. There will be no variation of intensity of light/ uniform intensity/no bands/one 33.
Is the one which cannot form on a screen Is formed by rays which are not real
Is formed by extending rays. Formed by apparent rays. 34. Component of
weight down the slope =50 sin 300 =25N Total force parallel to slope=
(29+25) N 54N.
PHYSICS PAPER 232/2 K.C.S.E 1998 MARKING SCHEME

1. iii) Scale, axes label, unit-plotting 8-10-2 5-7-1 Curve (smooth)

iv) As the number of turns is increased, alignment of domain with field increases.
After 35-36
turns, all domains are aligned, so that magnet is saturated.

Sketch – curve above 1 to some saturation, and from origin.

b) When switch is closed electromagnet attracts soft iron. This causes T to

close and so circuit 2 is put on.
2.

bi) Volume of block = 4x4x16 = 256 cm3

Mass of block = 154 gm
D= m=154=0.6g/cm3 deny ½ mk if not to d.p
V 256

ii) Volume of liquid ¾ of 256 = 192 cm3

Density of liquid = 154 = 0.8g/cm3
192
3. a i) The bullet will land on the track It has some horizontal
(inertia) velocity as the track.
(ii) (Use g = 10ms-2}

S = ut + ½ at2
For freefall u = 0 t=√2h/g T= 6sec
Horizontal distance = vxt = 6x50 = 300m
V2= U2 + 2as OR v= 2U + at OR ½ Mu2 = mgh
From above u = 30m/s
S=ut+ ½ at2
T=ut + ½ at2
T= 6 D= vxt = 50x6 =300cm
(bi) Measure pressure with Bourdon gauge
Measure the length of air (reg volume at tone).

(ii) Tabulation values of p and length of air column (volume )

Plot graph of I/V vs P OR L vs I/P
Graph is a straight line. Hence pa I/v
Tabulate P and V (I) Calculate PV or PL
PV (1) = PL Hence Pa 1/v
AC Block
4. a) i)

(ii) Voltage, current, time

(iii) Q v/t Rate= Q/t = v/tT (T=time taken for sun to heat)

b) Fig. 4 shows a photocell.

 ii) When light rays strike cathode C surface electrons gain photon
(energy) hence the cathode.
iii) Draw a simple circuit including the photocell to show the direction of
flow of current.

5 a) i)

ii) Since sin i is common and r < re then sin rv < sin re
b) n Sin C=1 OR Sin C 1/n
1 sin C= /1.4 C= 45.600 (45.58)
or 45.35 min/45.36

SECTION II

6 a) When T and Y are connected C is charged by E, until C achieves same

p.d. across it as for E C max p.d is achieved when T and Y are connected
after first process. C acts, as source of e.m.f and discharges through r unit
no more current flow or current is zero.

b) Current = dQ draw target at 30. Substitution I =3.6µA + 0.2A.

7a) 2 complete rays, 2 with arrow at one end image (inverted real) (continuous tie) locating
F size 2.4 +0cm
b)
U (cm) 20 25 30 40 50 70
V(cm) 20 16.7 15 13.3 12.5 11.6
1 V(cm- 0.50 0.040 0.033 0.025 0.020 0.014
1
)
 1 V(cm- 0.50 0.060 0.067 0.075 0.080 0.086
1
)

1
ii) /f = 1/u +1/v Intercept 1/f
0.1 = 1/f ... f = 10cm
PHYSICS PAPER 232/1 K.C.S.E 1999 MARKING SCHEME.

1. Reading on the vernier calipers

0.5 + 0.01(5) 0.5 +0.05cm = 0.0055m/5.50mm.

2. Third force F3 acting on the ruler is either upwards or downwards.

No: My must be at the centre.

3. Center of gravity rises when the body is tilted slightly and lowers when released /
returns to original position.
4. Y must be below x

Reason: P water is greater than paraffin = height of water required is therefore less
than that of paraffin.
5. Cohesion between Hg molecules is greater than adhesion between Hg and glass
molecules/cohesion force or adhesion. Force.

6.

Deflection ⇒ existence of a +vely charged nucleus.

 (NB: with or without labeling one mark.) Few deflected
⇒ nucleus is
small/mass is
concentrated at
the centre

7. αParticles are + vely charged, if majority deflected most ⇒ atom is empty. 8. Angle
of rotation of reflected ray=2(angle of rotation of mirror)
=2 x 30 = 600
9. Charge concentrate at sharp point causing heavy discharge/ ionization neutralization, leaf falls
off.
10. V = IR ⇒I = V/R I = 3/! = 3A
/R= 1/R1 + 1/R2= 2/2
/R = 1=R=1
11. 4mm=20N
1.5 =? F = Ke
1.5x 20 K = F = 20 = 5 x 103 N
4 e 4x 10-3
= 7.5 N F=5x 103 x 1.5 x 10-3
=7.5N
12. -Dipping a magnet into a container with iron fillings, most of them will cling at the poles ⇒
- Use of plotting compass to trace.
13.

14. Moment of couple = Force x distance between forces.

=10 x 2 = 20NM.
15. F = Ma = 70 x 0.5 F 35N
35N = 20a a = 35 = 1.75M/s2
20
16. P = force x velocity Power = Fd/t = 20 x 10x 20
20
Mg x h/t = 20x 10 x /40 40
= 100w = 100j/I
1 10
17. F = I/T = /0.5 = /5 = 2HZ
OR
F = No. of waves made in 1 second = 2 Hz
OR
F = No of waves
Time = 2/1 = 2.5 / 1.25 = 2Hz
18. Beat frequency f = f2 – f1 F = f2 – f1
 = 258 – 256 256 – 258
= 2Hz =/-2/ = 2

19. P = V1 = 15000 = V x 2 W = QV but Q = It e = I2Rt

10 x 60 =V = W 15000 1500 = 2 x 2 x R x 60 x 10
W
/t = VI = V = 1500 Q 60 x 10 x 2 60 x 10 x 2150 = 24R
10 x 60 x 2 V = 12.5v 25 = 4R
150 V = 25 x 2
12 4
12.5V V = 12.5V
20. Heat lost by substance = heat gained by water
MsCs θ1 = MwCw θ2
2 x 400 x 60 = Mw x 4200 x 1
Mw = 2 x 400 x 60 = 30 = 11.4kg
4200 7
21. V = I(R +r)
5 = 10 (R + 50)500 ⇒R + 50 ⇒R = 500 - 50 = 450Ω
1000
22. Apparent depth = 30 – 10 = 20cm real depth = 30 = 1.5
Apparent depth 20
23. Kinetic energy ray / heat energy.
24. - Horizontal acceleration is zero because g component horizontally is 0
-Horizontal velocity remains constant
- Resultant horizontal force is zero - resultant force is Zero.
25. V2 is smaller than V1 V1 is larger than V2
26.

27. P1 = 1.03 x 105 T1 = 20:C = 393K V1 = V

1
P2 =? V2 = /8V or v/8
P1V1 = P2V2 1.03 x 105 – P2/8 = p2 = 3.24 x 105N/M2
28. Radio waves, infrared, x-rays, Gamma rays.
29. Up thrust = PV x 10 = 10 PV
30. Ultra violet releases electrons from zinc plate by thermal emission. On removal of
electrons, zinc becomes +vely charged.
Positive charge on zinc discharges/ neutralizes the charged on the electroscope.
31. Tension = centripetal force.
T = Mv2/r but v = wr 2 = 0.1 x w2 x 0.33
T = Mw2r t = 0.2 x 10 = 2N 2N = Mw2r 2 = 0.1 x w2 x 0.03
-w2 = 2/0.003 w √2000/3 w = √666.7 = 25.82 rads/s 32.
Object should be between F and lens.

33. Downwards into the paper.

34. A-earth wire B – live wire C neutral wire
35. Z Y Z β Z+1 +o – 1e

Or Atomic number charges by / New is a head of the old or Z + 1

PHYSICS PAPER 232/2 K.C.S.E 1999. MARKING SCHEME

1a) Longitudinal waves - direction of the disturbance while ½ .Transverse waves – direction
of propagation is perpendicular to that of the disturbances.
b i) YP – XP = 2λ
ii) Dark fringes; crests and troughs arrive at the same time OK
destructive interferences Bright fringes; crests arrive together
at the same time OR constructive interference.
iii) No interference pattern because no diffraction takes place. C
i) T = (2.5 – 5) x 10 – 3
 3
= 20 x 10 – 3s 10
-3
F = 1/T = 50 Hz. 1/20 x 10

ii)

2.a)
3i) Average velocity at intervals AB and CD.
T = 1/50 x 56 VAB = 1.5cm/0.1s VCD = 3.2cm/0.1s
= 0.1s 15cm/s 32cm/s
ii) Average acceleration of the trolley.

(b) V2 = U2 + 2gh mgh = 1/2MV2

V = √2gh V = √2gh

ci)

4a) Figure 5 represents a simple voltage amplifier circuit.

b i) Base current.
Current gain = Collector current p2 = 1a/Ib
Base current
62.5 = 2.5 x 10-3
Ib
Ib = 2.5 x 10-3 = 40uA (4x10-5)A
62.5
ii) Load resistance, RL IcRL = Vcc = 5.5
P.d across RL RL = 5.5 = 2.2kΩ
2.5 x 10-3
10 – 4.5 = 5.5 ICRL = 5.5
RL = 5.5
2.5 x 10-3
5a) Ammeter reading decreases.
 The resistance of metals decreases with increase in temperature. i)
P = V2 = (240)2 P = 576w R 100 ii) P = VI
I= P = 576 = 2.4A
V 240

SECTION II 6a)
Benzene sinks in liquid benzene.
Water increases in volume on solidifying while benzene reduces in volume; ice is
less dense that liquid water. Solid benzene is denser that liquid benzene.
b i) Weigh the metal block in air and in water
Fill the overflow can in water and place on a bench / diagram
Collect the overflow in the beaker and weigh
Compare difference in weight of metal block and weight of overflow
Repeat
Up thrust = tension + weight
= (0.5 + 2.0) = 2.5N alternative
Weight of H2O) = 2.5N Up thrust = 2.5N
Mw = 1000 R.D = Wt. in air = 2.0 = 0.8
Vw Upthrust 2.5
Vw = 0.25 volume of wood €wood
1000 €wood
Density of wood = 0.2 €wood
0.25/100
0.2 x 1000
25
800kg/m3
c i) Time taken for half of the radio acute material to disintegrate.
ii) Correct readings for 60 and 30 time 25 + 2 minutes
PHYSICS PAPER 232/1 K.C.S.E 2000 MARKING SCHEME
1.

2. Acceleration of gravity on Jupiter is higher than that of earth, so a bag of saw dust
must be less massive if the greater acceleration on earth is to produce the same pull
as sugar bag on earth.
3. Beaker becomes more stable because the position of C.O.G is lowered on melting
or water is denser than ice.
4. On earthing negative charges flow to the leaves from earth to neutralize positive
charges when the rod is withdrawn the leaves are left with net negative charge.
5. Since the system is in equilibrium let A be the area of piston and P the pressure of
steam
P x A x 15 = W (15 + 45)
2.0 x 105 x 4 x 104 x 15 = W x 60
W = 20N
6. Particles of gases are relatively far apart while those of liquids and liquids are
closely parked
7. Since the strip is bimetallic when temperature rises the outer metal expands more
than the inner metal; causing the strip to try and fold more; this causes the pointer
to move as shows
8. This is because metal is a good conductor, so that heat is conducted from outer
parts to the point
touched; while
wood is a poor
conductor
9.

10. Can withstand rough treatment

Do not deteriorate when not in use

11. Struts are DE, DC, AD, BD Ties are BC; AB

12. The keepers become magnetized thus neutralizing the pole, this reduces repulsion at the poles,
thus helping in retention of magnetism
13.

14.
 Force F2 at the ends perpendicular and turning to opposite to F1

15. VR = 4;
16. Efficiency of the system
Efficiency = M.A x 100 = 100 x 1 x 100 = 89.3%
V.R 20 4
= 89%
17. Sound waves
18. Let A’s represent current through the Anometers using Kirchoffs Law

A1 + A2 = A3

But A1 = A2
So A1 = A2 = ½ A3
Similarly A4 + A5 = A3
So that A4 = A5 = ½ A3
So A1 = A2 = A4=A5

19. P = V2 ; 40 = 2402 R = 1440Ω

R R

20.

21. Wire expands becoming longer (reduces tension) this lowers frequency hence
pitch.
22. Boiling point of spirit is lower than that of water. Specific heat capacity is lower
than that of water.

23. Fig 12 shows a ray of light incident on a convex mirror

24. Fig 13 shows a semicircular glass block placed on a bench. A ray of light is
incident at point O as shown. The angle of incidence, i is just greater than the
critical angle of glass

25. The air above paper travels faster than below causing lower pressure above.
Excess pressure causes paper to be raised.

26. Combined capacitance = 1.5 µ F

= CV = 1.5 x 3 = 4.5 µC.

27.

28.

29. Microwave / cooker/ telephone/ radar etc

 30. U.V removes electrons from zinc surface so leaf will not only collapse if
electroscope was negatively charged.
31.

32. Number of turns/ strength of magnetic field

33. To reduce eddy currents in the armature

34. Difference in energy of the state/ nature of atoms

35. X – rays produces - Hard X – rays are produced

36. From 300 – 150 = 74 S 200 – 100 = 76 S

Average = 75 ± 1 other values on the graph could be used

Donor impurity is the atom introduced into the semiconductor(doping) to provide an

extra electron for conduction.
PHYSICS PAPER 231/2 K.C.S.E 2000 MARKING SCHEME

1. (a) (i) Convex mirror – driving mirror/ supermarkets mirrors

 Parabolic mirror- solar heater reflector, reflector, torch reflector etc.
(ii)

(b) (i) V= 45 M = 3.5 ( from graph) m = v/u ⇒ 3.5 = 45/u

U = 12.9 cm ± 0.4

(ii) Choosing convenient value of ‘m’

M = I, V = 20 =u M= v/f-1 M = v/f -1/f= 1/45+ 1/12.9
1/f = 1/20 + 1/20 v= 45m = 3.5 m= 0 = f = v
f= 10cm f = 9.8 – 10.3 f= 10 cm f = -10cm

2. (a) Initially the balls accelerates through the liquid because terminal viscosity is
greater than viscous and upward forces after sometimes the vicious forces equals mg
and the balls move at constant velocity. The difference due to the fact that the
viscosity L1is greater than that of L2 (coefficient of viscosity)

(b)

(ii) (I) A. plot the graph of acceleration against the mass m

See graph paper
Graph 5 marks
Plot 2 marks
Axes 1 mark
Scale 1 mark
Line 1 mark
(II) Intercept = µg
Intercept = 2.80 ± 0.2 (from graph)
 Μ = 2.80 ± 0.2
10
Μ = 0.28 ± 0.02

3. (a) When temperature rises, K.E/speed of molecules of the gas increases. Since
volume is constant this increases the rate of collision, with the walls of the container,
and increase in collision increases pressure.

(b)

(i) Length of column of dry air Temperature

Length/ height of the head Volume of air

(ii) Temperature is varied and values of L and T. Measured and recorded; a graph of L versus T.
(A) is plotted. This is a straight line cutting T axis at O (A) (or – 2730C) since tube is uniform
L α T.

(iii) The water bathy allows the air to be heated uniformly.

(c) P1V1 = P2 V2 = 1.5.x 105 x 1.6 = 1.0 x 105 x V2
T1 T2 285 273
3
= V2 = 23m

4. (a) (i) Easily magnetized and demagnetized

(ii) Vp = Np 240 = 500

Vs Ns Vs 50
Vs = 24; V= VPR
VQP = 1/3 ; VPR = 8 V

(b) Volume of A displaced = 6.0 x 12 cmcm3 or P = G * g

Mass = 12 x 106 x 800 F = PXA
= 0.0096 kg ans = 0.09N
Weight = mg = 0.096N

(ii) Volume of B displaced = 6.0 x 3 = 18 cm3

Weight = 18 x 106 x 1000 x 10 = 0.18N

(iii) Weight of block = weight of third displaced

0.096 + 0.18 = 0.276
Mass = 0.027 kg
Volume = 0.0276 kg
42 x 10-6m3
 =657 kgm-3 can also be in g/cm3

5. (a) When whirled in air centripetal force is provided by bottom of container

because of the holes, there is no centripetal force on water on the water, so it
escapes through holes leaving clothes dry.

(b) (i) I Centripetal force equals force of friction

F= Mw2r = 0.4
W2 = 0.4 or F = Mw2r
0.1 x 0.08 0.4 0.1 w2 x 0.08 W=
7.07rad/s W = 7.07 rad/s

II F= Mw2r = 0.1 x 7.072 x 0.12

= 0.60N
Force required = 0.60 – 0.40
0.20N
(ii) The block will slide this is because although the frictional force is greater
centripetal force would be needed to hold it in place.

SECTION II
6. (a) Conditions of interference: Waves must equal frequency and wavelength; to
be in phase or have constant phase relationship ( comparable amplitude)

(b) Walking along PQ creates path difference between waves from L1 L2 when the path
difference is such that the waves are in phase of full of wavelength loud sound
is heard, when the path difference is such that the waves are out of phase. (½ of
odd ½ λ) low sound is heard.

(ii) L1 A – L2 A = λ
From the figure L1A = 18.5cm + 0.1
L2 A = 18 cm + 0.1
L2A = L1 A = 0.5 cm + 0.2
Using scale given λ = 0.5 x 200
= 100cm
V= f λ = 350 x 1
350m-1
(iii) The points interferences are closer; higher frequency ⇒shorter
wavelength; so if takes shorter distance along PQ to cause
inference.
7. (a) Pure semi- conductors doped with impurity of group 3, combination creates
a hole ( positive), this accepts electrons.

(b i)

(i) At Ve E = 0
Vcc = Ic R L
Lc = 9/1.8 K Ω lc = 10
VeE = Vcc = 9

(ii) ∆lc = (see graph) = 3.5 – 1.2 = 2.3 mA

B = ∆lc
∆lc
2.40A
40 µ A
= 60.
 PHYSICS PAPER 232 /1 K.C.S.E 2001 MARKING SCHEME

1. Volume removed = 11.5cm3

Density = mass = 22 1.9cm-3
Volume 11.5
2. Weight on side A has bigger volume when water is added.

3. Centre of gravity of A is at (geometric) centre while that of B is lower when rolled.

Centre of gravity of A stays in one position while that of B tends to be raised resisting
motion as it resists; thus slowing down B. OR B there is friction force between the
surfaces which resists motion.
4. No air on moon surface / no air pressure / no atmosphere.
5. When the permanganate dissolves / or breaks up into particles (molecules) these diffuse
through the water molecules
6. When rises up the tube into the flask or water is sucked into the tube or bubbles are
seen momentally.
7. Cold water causes air in the flask to contract // reduces pressure inside flask or when
cold water is poured it causes a decrease in volume of air the flask or
pressure increases in the flask // volume of the flask decreases.
8.

9. Point action takes place at sharp points (A , B, C, D ), charge concentrates at

sharp points causing high pd, this causes air the surrounding to be ionized. The
positive ions are repelled causing points to move in opposite direction.
10. By forming hydrogen layer / cover or hydrogen atoms or molecules which insulate
the copper plate OR forming it cells between hydrogen and zinc which opposes
the zinc copper cell or by forming a hydrogen layer / cover which increases

internal resistance.
11.

12. F2 F3 or F1 and F4
13. Moment of a couple = one force x distance between the two forces.
Distance between F1 and F4 = 0.8sin 30o. Moment = 0.8sin 30o x 100 =10NM
Alternative (F2 and F3) Moment = f x 1M = 60N x1M = 60nM(or J)
14. V2 – U2 = 2aS OR S = v+u t 1502 – 3002 = 2a (0.5) 2
-2
a= -67, 500ms 0.5 = V = 150m/s u = 300m/s s = 0.5
-2
or deceleration = 67,500ms 300 + 150/t t = 1/450s
2
a = v – u = 150 - 300
t 1/450 = -667,500m/s2
15. Efficiency = work done by machine x 100 E = work out x 100
Work done on machine Work input
 ; Work done on machine (work input) = 550,000j.
16.

17. R = V/I = 1.5 / 0.1 = 15’Ω

R = 15’Ω - 12’Ω = 3’Ω
OR E = 1(R +r)
1.5 = 0.1 ( 12 + r) = 1.5 =1.2 + 0.1r
0.3 = 0.1e = r = 0.3/0.1’Ω
R = 3’Ω.
18. Current in heater = p = 3000 = 12.5A
V 240
Fuse not suitable since current exceed the fuse value.
19. Heat loss will be higher in A
Methylated spirit will boil faster / evaporates / more volatile causing loss of heat through
latent heat of vaporization.
20.
21.

22.

23.
24.

Since masses are the same, there are more hydrogen molecules than oxygen
molecules/more collision in B than in A and hence more pressure in B. Collision in
B is higher than in A.
25.

26. Fh = f1 – f2 OR Fh = f1 – f2
Fh = 6 – 4 = 6.25Hz – 4Hz
Fh = 2 =2.25Hz.
27. Longer radio waves are easily diffracted around hills/ radio waves undergo diffraction easily.
28. Tension in A = 1.05N – 1.0N = 0.05N
 Tension in B = tension due to A + Tension due to B
0.05 _+ 0.05 = 0.10N
29.

30.

31.

32. E = pt = 60 x 30 x 60 x 60J E = 60/1000 kW x 36hrs

In kWh = 60 x 36 +60 x 60 J E = 0.06 x 36
1000 x 60 x 60
= 2.16 Wh E = 2.16kWh
33. Pd across Anode – cathode Or anode potential (voltage)
34. r - β (Beta)or ie B = 82 C = 206
PHYSICS PAPER 232/2 K.C.S.E 2001. MARKING SCHEME
1. Let final temperature be T
Heating gained by melted ice MCT = 0.040 x 340,000J
Heat lost by water. = MCθ 0.040 x 4200 x (20-T) J
Heat gained = Heat lost
13600J + 168 TJ = 1680 (20-T)J T= 10.80C

2 a i) So as to have opposite polarity on the poles.

ii) since the current is varying with time; it causes the current in the solenoid to
vary, with time causing the diaphragm to vibrate this vibration is at the
frequency of speech; hence reproducing speech.
iii) No vibration/receiver does not work, steel core pieces would become
permanent magnet/so force of attraction would not be affected by variation
in speech current.
 b) Np = Vp Vs = 240 x 20 = 12v
Ns = Vs 400

Vs = V/R = 12/50 =0.24 A

Is Peak = 0.24A x 2
=0.34A
3. a) Fill tray with water to the brim and level on bench; sprinkle lycopodium
powder on the water surface either pick an oil drop with kinked wire; and
measure the volume of a drop; put one drop at centre of the tray let oil spread
and measure maximum diameter d of the patch; hence reproducing speech.
b) Hydrogen since its less dense it diffuses faster.
c) p= pgh; Or mass = D x V
= 1000 x 2x10 = 1000x 2x/1000
1-p
= 100x 10 x 10 x 2x2 x1o-4 = 0.4kg
= 4N = 0.4 x 10 =4N

4. i) Filament heats up cathodes; causing electrons to boil off the cathode. ii)
Grid controls brightness of spot since it is negatively charged it repels the
electrons reducing number of electrons
iii) A vertical line would appear/spot oscillates vertically
iv) Deflection in TV is by magnetic fields.
v) Magnetic field produces greater deflection on electrons beam
allowing wider screen.
b) Energy released E = Ef – Ei = 5.44 x 10-19j = 4.08-19j
E = hf = hC
λ
λ = 6.63 x 10 x 3.0 x 108m
-34

4.08 x 10-19

= 4.88 x 10-7 m (4.87 – 4.90)

5a)
bi) IE = IC + IB
100 + 0.5
= 100.5mA

(ii) β = Ic / IB = 100 = 200

0.5
SECTION II.

6 a i) A body at rest or in motion at constant velocity stays in that state unless acted on by
an unbalanced force; the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly
proportional to the force acting on the body(F = ma) for every action, there is and
equal and opposite reaction: any one for;
(ii)
V2(M2/s2) 0.04 0.16 0.36 0.64 1.00 1.44

Graph – see graph papers Axis – labels

Scale Plot – 5.56 point
Line - 4 point Slope = 1.24 – 0.100 = 5.88 + 0.27
0.210 – 0.016
b) V2 + u2 = 2as
When µ = 0
V2 = 2 x 0.5 x 100
Momentum = mv = 200 x 1000 x ( 2x 0.5 x 100)
2.0 x 106 kgs-1
OR S = ½ at2
T = 100 x 2
T = 20 sec Momentum p = Ft
F = ma
- 200 x 1000 x 0.5 = 106
7 a i) The pressure of a fixed mass of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature provided the volume is held constant.

ii)
I/V(m3) 40.0 5 58.8 71.4 83.3 90.9

Graph – see graph paper Axis – labels

 Scale Plot – 5 – 6 points
Line – 4 points
Slope 4.24 – 2.00 x 105
86 – 40
= 4.87 x 103 paM3
= 4.94 ± 0.65
Slope = 4.94 ± 0.65
Slope = 2RT
R = 4.87 x 103
2 x 300
= 8.12NM/K or
JK = 8.23 ± 0.11 b)
P1 = P2
T1 = T2
T1 = 12 + 272 = 285
T2 = 88 + 273 = 361
P2 = 1.0 x 105 x 361
285
I/P x 105 (pa -1) 0.5 0.40 0.33 0.29 0.25 0.22

Y = intercept = 3.8 Log 600R

600r = 6309.57
R = 10.5 + 5.0

PHYSICS PAPER 232/1 K.C.S.E. 2002 MARKING SCHEME

1. 11.72/11.72 CM/0.01172M
2.

3. g moves / shifts to the right / C.O.M. moves/ shifts/ more weight or mass of he right/ weight
will have a clockwise movement about O/causing greater moment of force towards right than
left.
4. R = V = 0.35 = 0.5Ω
I 0.70
P = RA = 0.5 x 8 10-3 = 8 x 10-3Ω m.
C 0.5
5. p =F P=F
= 2500 A
425,000pg Total press = 2500 =2,000N/m2
=250,000PG 0.025
6. -Low temperature reduces K.E / velocity of molecules
- Hence lower rate of collision / less collision -Reduction in pressure
7. Can B

Good absorber
of radiation.
8.

19. (Assume no heat losses)

Heat gained = heat lost E = pt = mc θ
2 x c x (30 – 20) = 90 x 15 x 60 90 x 15 x 60 = 2 x c 10
C = 90 x 15 x 60 4050j / kgk = c
20
C = 4050j/kgk
20. Mattress increases stopping time/time of collision increased this reduces the rate of change of
momentum.
21. C = C 1 + C2 Q = CV
 5µF
-4
CT = 3x2 V = Q V=1 x 10 = 20V
C
22.

23.

24. V =fλ
λ =v =
330/
30 = 11m
F
25. Law of floatation – a floating body displaces its own weight
Weight of block = weight of mercury displaced
0.250 x g = 13.6g
0.25 = v
3
13.6 x 10

V = 1.838 x 10-5 m3 = 18.4cm3

1.839 x 10-5m3
28.

29.

30. p = VI
Kettle Iron box TV
2500 300
I = p/n = /250 = 8A 750/250 = 3A /250 = 1.2A
Total = 8 + 3 + 1.2 = 12.2A = Appropriate fuse = 15A 31.
107 – 42 = 65
32. Penetrating power

33. Downwards

34. Work function of metal / min energy required to eject e-1 for excess energy work function.
 PHYSICS PAPER 232/2 K.C.S.E 2002 MARKING SCHEME

1a) (speed of light in vacuum e = 3.0 x 108 ms-1)

Refractive index = speed of light in vacuum
=3.0 x 102 m/s
1.88x102 m/s
= 1.596 = 1.60
b) sin C
=
1
n
1
1,596
C = 38.80- 38.48
38.7 – 38.42
c) Sin θ
=
1.596
sin
21.1
Si
nθ=n
Sin 21.1

θ = 35.250 – 35.151
35.350- 35.211

2. β - βeta radiation
Force is of the circle implying negatively charged (Fleming’s left hand rule)
(bi) K= alpha (ii) X= 88 Y= 288

(ci) Increase in thickness

(ii) Increase in thickness reduces the radiation reaching the Geiger tube
(iii) Increase in pressure
(iv) Increase roller pressure squeezes metal sheet (possess more) reducing the thickness of
foil coming out of them.
(v) Alpha particles have little penetration very few or none pass though foil.
(vi)
3.
a i) R- to pass through the
c.o.g Forces not labeled. A
ward half for each
(ii) = mg Sinθ = 30.0 x 10 sin 100 = 52.1 N (accept
52.08, 52.08, 52.09)
(ii) A=F Net force down = Mg sin θ - friction = 52.1- 20
= 32.1
M = 32.1
3.0 = 1.07M/S2
(iii) Acceleration increases with the increase in angle

4 a i) A ice absorbs latent heat without in temperature (or ice melting no change of
temperature heat goes to latent heat fusion) B Water molecules gain K.E
(increase in K.E.) C heat is used to change water into vapour.

ii) Water has anomalous expansion, where we have maximum density at 40C.
Anomalous behaviour/explain. iii) Frozen seawater has a lower temperature than
frozen fresh water boiling point of sea water is higher than fresh water.

(b) (heat gained = ML + MCθ

= 3 x 336 x 103+ 3 x 4200x5
= 1.07 x 106J

5 a i) Transverse waves (accept elliptical)

ii) As waves move in the medium, the particles of medium do not move: they vibrate in
positions so cork does not move.
iii) Period of wave T= 0.205
f= 1 = 5Hz
T
V = fx
X = 0.30 = 0.60M
5
iv) Velocity decreases when depth decreases hence the x decreases (since frequency is
constant wavelength decreases)

b) 1st resonance λ I1fe λ = I12-I2 OR V= 2F (I2-I1)

4 2 f=
 V
2(I2-I1) 129-77
λ= 129-77
2

2nd resonance 3λ = I2+C λ= 104 cm =340

V=fλ
340=fx 1.04 = 326.9 Hz.
F= 327 Hz (326.9)

a) Charles law: for a fixed mass of a gas at a constant pressure the volume is directly
proportional to the absolute temperature Kelvin thermodynamics.
bi) Volume of gas trapped by drop of cone sulphuric acid, water in heated (in both) and
volume (height) of gas: in tube increase as temperature rises; values of height H and
T are tabulated; a graph of volume V versus temperature ToC is plotted;
graph is straight line cutting T at – 273oC (absolute Zero); so volume is directly
proportional to absolute temperature.
ii) -Short temperature range - Keeping pressure constant is difficult ci)
When θ - θT – 273k Extrapolation on graph show: Pressure read off β
4
= 9.7 x 10 pa ii) p1 = 1.15 x 10 pa 5
θ1 = 52.0 C
o

p2 = 1.25 x 105 pa θ2 = 80.0oC

p1 p2
To + θ1 To + θ2
1.115 x 105 1.25 x 105
To + 52 To + 80.0
To 270
- Rise in volume height - Rise in temperature
-Recording of tabulation - Graph
-Analysis of graph -Conclusion
Alternatives
P = mx + c
P = kθ + kto when K gradient.
K = Dv = (1.14 – 1) x 105
Dx 50 – 10
= 0.14 x 105
40
14000
= /40 350pac ()
KT = Constant
C = 9.6 X 104
 350 To = 9.67 x 104
to = 274.3 (266-284)

5. ai) µV light removes electrons on zinc plate. This lowers the excess charge
constant (negative) on leaf leading to collapse/ becomes less negative
(more positive) ii) Since µv light removes electrons positive
charge re attracts the electrons thus keeps the charge constant and so
leaf does not collapse.
bi) Frequency of incident light / energy of proton / energy of light
work function of surface
ii) From Kemax = hf - θ h is
slope of graph Slope = (10 –
20) x 10-19
(2.6 – 1.4) x 1015
H = 6.7 x 10-34 fs
At Kemax = θ hf = 0
Extrapolation shown or
Read off fo = 1.07 x 1015 Hz
Θ =1.07x 1015x 6.67 x 10-34
= 7.4 x 10-19
c) Kemax = hf θ
= 6.67 x 1034 x 5.5 x 1014
1.6 x 10-19
= 2.29 eV
Since hf< θ no photo elective effect
E= hf = 6.67 x 10-34 x 5.5 x 1014
Or θ = 2.5 x 1.6 x 10-19
 PHYSICS PAPER 232/1 K.C.S.E 2003 MARKING SCHEME.
1.

2. 30.0 + 0.5 = 30.5 (No mark if working not shown)

3. Low density / weight / mass lowers Cog Lower Cog increases stability. Or higher mass
/ weight / density raises Cog. Higher Cog. reduces stability.
P = ∫ hg / p = dhg
= 1.36 x 104 x 0.7
= 9.52 x 104 or 95200 Nm-2 Allow g = 9.8m/s2 (follow through working)
4. Air molecules are in continuous random motion. They bombard / knock / collide with
smoke particles
5. Glass flask initially expands / Heating increases the volume of the flask; hence the
lignin level drops. Eventually water expands more than glass, leading to the level
rising.
7. Initially the wire gauze conducts heat away so that the gas above does not reach the
ignition temp/point. Finally the wire gauze becomes not raising the temp of
the gas above ignition point.
8.

R = I = 90 = 40o

Or
R = 180 – 100 – 80 = 40o
2 2
9. The negative charges on the rod initially neutralize the positive charges on the leaf
and the plate / A the road is moved towards the cap electrons are repelled to the
leaf, making it to fall.
As the road is brought nearer, the excess negative charges on the leaf and the plate.
Current for a longer (Do not accept cheaper)
11. Temperature
12.
13. It does not retain
magnetism / Iron is easily magnetized / demagnetized / Iron enhances / strengthens
magnetism.
14. Clock wise moments about pivot = Anticlockwise moments about pivot. F x 2.5 Sin
30 = 2.5 x 20 F = 40N Acc. F cos 60o = 20.
F = 20
Cos 60 = 40N (Do not accept symbols for principle.)
15. Light travels from optically an optically denser to a less dense / rarer medium / the
incident ray
is inside the
optically
denser of the two
media.
16.

Rays marked independently: Correctly if in the right direction with arrows. Object
distance is 9.1cm + 0.2 (8.9 – 9.3). No arrow on the virtual. Any through optical centre.
Other rays to principal axis and dotted through F.
17. P = V2 / R P = VI = I2R
75 = 240 x 240 or Do not accept p = VI alone without I2R
R R = p/12
= 768 Ω R = 75 x 240 / 75 x 240 / 75 = 168 Ω
18. Beta particle β (Do not a ward for beta ray) Beta radiation Beta emission

19. Dope with group III element (e.g. Boron, Al, Ga). Three silicon electrons pair up with
impurity atom electrons. One electron of silicon has no electron to pair up; hence a hole is
created(For correct structure without explanation but showing a group three element.

20. Piece of metal does not displace own weight but the two together displace their own weight/
weight of water displaced is less than the weight of metal while weight of water displaced
equals the weight of the tow/up thrust equal to combined weight.
21. Speed = distance / time speed = 600m/s
= 1200 1.75
3.5 =343 m/s
= 343m/s (Range 342.8 - 343 m/s)
22.

Circuit A
Current draw from each cell is less than in B / In A there is les internal resistance. 23.

24.

25. To with stand high temperature / high melting point.

26.

27 Fringes will be closer together / more fringes of violet light has a shorter
wavelength Red light has longer wavelength.
28. Do not accept: Heat loss = heat gain
Pt = mcθ or VIt = mc θ
2500t = 3.0 x 4200 x 50
T = 252s / 4.2min / 4 min 12s.

29.
 30. F = ma
a2 = a1
Accept F = ma
for formula mark
F = 2 ma2
2 a2 =
a1m
2ma2 = maf
2m
31. Radio waves, Infrared, visible light, U.V light, X-rays (accept correct order)
32. Galvanometer deflects; Changing flux produced in p is linked to Q causing an
e.m.f to be induced / by mutual inductance an emf / current is induced in Q.
33. Maximum deflection of G will be double; flux linkage doubles when the turns are doubled.
34.

35. Q = hf0 =Wo or & = hfco

= 6.63 x 10-34 x 9.06 x 1014j
= 6.01 x 10-19 J or 6.0061 x 10-10 or 6.0 x 10-19 if working is shown.
36. Fast air causes low / - reduced pressure at the top. So there is net force upwards on pith ball /
pressure difference pushes pith ball upwards.

37. Parallel C = (1.3 + 0.7 0)µF = 2.0 µF or 2 x 10-6F

Series 1 = 1 + 1 =1
CT 2.0 / 2.0
CT = 1.0 µF // 1.0 x 10-6 F.
 PHYSICS PAPER 232/2 K.C.S.E 2003 MARKING SCHEME.

(i) Velocity equal zero; (ii) body is uniformly accelerated;

(iii) Body is uniformly decelerated to origin

(b i) S = ½ at 2 a = 10 ms -2
45 = ½ x 10 x t2 t= 3 s; (3mks)

(ii) the initial horizontal velocity of the ball.

S –V at; 50 Va x 3; VA = 16.7 ms -1
(iii) V = U + at;
V = O + 10 x 3; = 30ms-1 (total 13 marks)

2ai) work= force x distance;

= 2000 x 3.0 x 10;
6000J;

ii) Power = work done

time

= 60000
6
= 10000w;

iii) 12.5 kW
% efficiency = work output = power output
= work input = power input

= 12.5 x 103

iii) Force is centripetal = mv2

r
 = 20 x 4.24
4

= 89.9V Total 14 marks

3 a) Specific latent heat of vaporization is the quantity of heat required to change 1 kg of

a liquid at boiling point completely to vapour at the same temperature and
atmospheric pressure

B i) I Mass of condensed steam = 123- 120 =3g;

II Heat gained by water
= 0.070 x 4200 x 25J;
Heat gained by calorimeter
= 0.05mx 390 x 25; = 487.5J;
= 7837.5J;

ii) Q = mL;

II Q= 0.003 x L
0.003 x L = 7837.5;
L= 2.61 x 106 J kg -1

4. a i) I 4cm; II A= 2cm;

ii) I 0 to A- 9cm containing 2 ¼ waves

time for 1 wave = 0.04 s
f=1/7; = 1/0.04 f= 25Hz;

II V = f; 15 x 0.04 = 1 ms-1

Ai to allow all radiations to penetrate;

(ii) On entry radiation ionizes argon gas
Avalanche of ions flows between terminal causing condition;
Pulse of current flows; Pulse registered as particle;

iii) Quenching the tube;

5. a) e.m.f is total work done in transferring unit charge from on terminal of battery to
the other;
b)

(ii) i) E = V + Ir;
(iii) From the graph determine the; current (A)
I internal resistance = slope of graph
Slope = 1.2= 0.90
1.0-0.5
= 0.3

0.53
= 0.6Ω

(c) Current through shunt = 3.0 -0.03 = 2.97a;

Pd across g= Pd across shunt = 10x 0.03; 4 marks
Resistance of shunt Ir = 10 x 0.03
= 2.97 x r= 10 x 0.03
R = 0.101 Ω

SECTION II

6 a) Water is heated and gently stirred;

Values f pressures and temperature are recorded to intervals;
Temperature is converted to K and atmospheric pressure p added to P;
Graph of pressure p against (K)
Plotted giving straight line;

b)

(i) C is intercept and C= O;

K is gradient given by

Gradient = 15.2 x 10-4 x 10

400-105
= 11.2 x 103
295
= 37.97 pak-1

(ii) Gas would liquidify;

(c) 270C = 300k
3270C = 600k
P1=p2
T1=T2
2.1 x 105m= p2
300 600
P2 = 4.2 x 105 Pa
7. a) i) The candle is placed at a distance u from lens and screen position adjusted until sharp
image is obtained; the distance v between lens and screen is measure;
Process is repeated for other values of V;
For each set of u, v, f is found 1/f = 1/u + 1/v; average f determined;
(ii) Image is virtual and so not formed on screen

c) m = v= 2
v
/15 + 1/30;

=1/f = 1/15 + 1/30

F= 10cm
PHYSICS PAPER 1 2004 MARKING SCHEME

1. 15.5 + 0.33 = 15.83mm/1.583cm

2. Air in the balloon expands/volume of balloon increases; displaces more air raising the
up thrust of air;
3 i) Stability reduced/Lower /less stable
-Upper section heavier/hollow section becomes heavy/more massive top -
Raising the c.og of the block.
4. Density of water is low/It will result to a very log barometer/ very long tube

5.

NB at 40 c graph must be curved

- 40 must be marked
- If drawn using a ruler N0 mk
- If 200 c is marked, it must be higher than 00c

6. Wooden Block
Wooden block is a poor conductor of heat all the heat goes in melting the wax.

7. NB- Check correct rays with arrows.

- at least one angle on each reflecting surfaces must be marked.
8.

9. To depolarize/ oxidizer/ reduces polarization/oxidizes H2 to H2 to H2 0/Changes H2 to

H20/ removes H2 (any give 1 mark)

10. Adding detergent/Impurities/increasing temp/heating (Any give 1mk)

11.

Check
-correct pattern
- correct direction
NB- at least 4 lines of forces must be shown
- Lines of forces must start at the
poles.
12.
 NB forces must be straight
Lines must touch a conduct

13. Increasing current/increasing no. of turns or length of coils/ increase strength of field
same as moving magnet close to core & using U shaped winding coil on soft iron
core/increasing the angle between conductor and the field. (give any 2mks)

14. Sum of clockwise moment=sum of anticlockwise moments

Wx20= 30x5
2w=15
Higher, reducing the current.
16. Either in (10b)current from each cell is less than in (10 a)
Or
Power supplied in 10(b) is less than in 10(a)

17. Distance= Area under graph

= 2x 1/2 x2x 20
= 40m
Or s = ut+ 1/2at2
S=2(20) + ½(-10)4
S= 20
S=2x20
40m

18. W= Fd
Mg sin θ
= 60x 10x0.5x4
= 1200J

19. Electromagnetic Mechanical

-can travel through vacuum - Cannot travel through a vacuum
 -Travel at speed of light - Travel at varying speeds
-are faster - are slower
- Does not necessarily
Refuse a material media - Refuse a material media

20. Either p=VI = V2/r

When V reduces power reduces
So rate of heating reduces
Or V=IR
P=I2 R (reducing IR reduces power so rate of heating reduces.

21. E=pt t=450- 150 =300s

E= 50x300
1= 150,000J
22. Q=ml
15000=0.1x1 1= 150,000J/kg
23.

24. -Correct rays must be refracted to the eye and should be diverging. -Dotted lines should
show image position. (-should not have arrows-must intersect within container)

25. Plasticine increases mass of body since momentum is conserve or weight of

trolley/normal reaction increases so fiction forces increases or Mass of trolley increases,
the driving force being constant.
26. Either on closing on closing s1 while s2 open
Q= CV = 3C
When s1 is open s2 closed charge is shared between the two capacitors
 CT=C+C=2θ
Since q is the same equal to 3C1 the new pd=V1
Q=CTV1 =3C
V1 =1.5V

Or
S1 closed S2 open lower capacitor charges to 3V
S1 open S2 closed lower capacitor charges the upper to same charge (p.d)
Final pld = 3/2 V = 1.5V

Or
Q=CV=3C
S2 closed charge is shared
CV= Q/2
V= QC/2C = 3C/2C= 1.5V

27. Either V1/T1=V2/T2

200/293=V2/353

V2=241ml

Or V= KT
200=293K
K=0.6828
V2=0.6828 x 353
V2= 240.96 ml
The other answers for
V2 240.9/240.94ml

28. X-rays Gama Rays

-produced by fast moving electrons -As a result of disintegration of nucleus
-Produced due to energy changes in
Level of atoms -due to energy changes with nucleus
Of atoms
-Produced when energy changes in
Electronic structure of atoms -produced due to change in nucleus
Of atoms.

(Any one comparison give 1mk)

29. T=Mv2/r or T sin θ -mv/r or tanθ =V2/rg
 81=MV2/r θ=86.46 V2=0.499x86.4
81=5V2/0.5 r=0.488 V280.63

V=9m/s V2=0.499x81 x 0.9981/0.5 V=8.979 m/s

V2=80.70
V=8.983m/s

30

NB. At least three ware forms must be drawn.

Ware length (spacing) must be maintained

31.

32.

Check-at least Three complete troughs/Crest

- Amplitude range 6.5 squares

8.5 squares
33. X-rays (Hard) Soft-rays
-Shorter Wavelength -Longer wavelength
-More energetic -Less penetrating
-High Frequency -Low frequency
-Produced by high voltage -Produced by low voltage.
-Produced by fast moving electrons -Produced by slow moving e
-electrons
34. hf0=Wc=θ
Fo = Wc/h=32x16 x10/6.62x10-34
= 7.73 x 1014 H2 or 7.732 x 1014 H2 or 7.734 x 1014 H2

= 7.73 x 1014H2 or 7.732 x 1014H2 or 7.734 x 1014H2

 PHYSICS PAPER 2 2004 MARKING SCHEME
1. a) - Put in water and mark
-Put in liquid and Mark
- Space between the 2mks which represent
the reciprocals of densities is divided into
equal parts.

b)

i) Up thrust=0.49N
ii) Up thrust=weight of liquid displaced (Archimedes Principle) = 0.4N
Mass of Liquid =0.049kg=49g(converting m to kg or g)
Volume of liquid = 6.2 x 4.5
= 27.9cm3
Density = Mass/Volume = 4.9/27.9g/cm3 = 1.760kg/m3

2. a) i) Mass m1 of melted ice/mass of water. Time t1 take

ii) Q=m1 Vit=ml
P= /t p=Vi=ml/t
ml

iii) Part of heat produced by heater is wasted temperature of ice may

be lower than zero.
b) i) When oil drop is placed at the centre of tray, oil spreads on water
until it is one molecule thick producing patch (monolayer)
 ii) Volume of drop=4/3Ωr3 =Ωr2h(r=radius of drop) Volume of
patch =Ωr2h (h=Thickness of molecule) 4/3 Ωr3=Ωr3/Ωr2h
(equating)
H=4/3Ωr3/Ωr2+2=4x(0.25)3/3x(100)2 2.1x10-6mm
Because oil does not necessary spread to a monolayer/ one molecule thick
or Big errors in radius of oil drop and patch or errors in
measurement of diameter/radius.
iii) Put oil in a burette and read level, let 100 drops fall and read new
level, obtain radius using 4/3Πr3 = Volume or
Obtain thin wire and make Kink; deep in oil and let drop form on kink use a milimetre
scale to measure diameter of drop.

3. a) i) Produce alcohol vapour

Cools alcohol vapour below condensation temperature or cools air so that
alcohol vapour condenses.
ii) Radiation from source ionizes air along its path; alcohol condenses
around these ions; forming droplets or traces; nature of traces identifies
radiation.
iii) Can detect,__ While electroscope on , can identify nature of radiations, is
more sensitive.)
b)i)

ii) Delayed
1x1020___________ ½ x 1020 - ________ ¼ x 1020 _______ 1/8 x 1020
= 0.125 x 1020 = 1.25 x 1020

Left 1 x 1020 ----------- 1/8 = 0.875 x 1020

(Subtraction ) = 8.75 x 1019 Atoms.

4. a) i) 0.30cm ii)
0.65-0.25=0.4 Sec.
iii) f=1/T = 1/0.4 2.5 HZ
 iv) V= fx=V/x =200/25 =80cm = 0.8m

i) b.

ii) m= ht of Image = distance of image

ht of object distance of object

h0
/200 = 25/5 h0= 200x25/5 = 100m 5.
a) i) -Increasing me of turns/coils
-Increasing speed (rate) of rotation
b) In a motion produces Eddy currents. These cause force to act on plate
causing damping in B Eddy currents are reduced by slots
c) Rms = V peak/2
V peak = 12x14142=16.97v=17v
6 a) One turning fork is loaded with a small amount of plasticine sounding
together again one can produce detectable beats.
b) i) 1/f x10-3 (H3-1) 3.91 3.5 2.9 2.3 2.1 2..0
12-11 0.65 0.57 0.48 0.39 0.34 0.32
ii) Slope (Gradient) = V/2 = (0.67-0.10)m/4.0-0.75)x 10-3H3-1
V=340 10m/s
iii) Sound waves entering tube is reflected at water surface forming
standing wares with incoming wares, when an antinode is at the
mouth loud sound is heard. By adjusting length of air column this
can be achieved.

7. i) Photoelectric effect- is the emission of electrons from a surface when radiated with
radiations of sufficient frequency.
Correct circuit must work i.e cathode connected to (-ve) Emphasize on mA cell connected
and v in parallel
ii) Slope = 1.28-0.10/(7.7-4.8) x 10 14
h= Slope x e
= 1.18 x 1.6x 10-19/29 x1014
= 6.51 x 10-34JS
 (5.82 – 6.66) x 10-34 JSAlt – Selecting 2 pts from graph
- Substitution in simultaneous equs
-Value of h
-Value of ∅
Fs (Threshold Frequency) = 4.55 x1014 (where graph cuts the axis)
Range (4.4 – 4.6) x 2014

Work function ∅ = 6.51 x 10 -34 x 4.55 x 10 14 =

2.96x 10-19J
Range (2.56-3.06) x 10 -19J

c) ½ mv2 max = hf-∅ hf= 6.51 x 10x

3x1015 KE max = 1.953 x 10-18 – 6.4 x
-19
10
= 1.31 x 10-18
Range (1.12 – 1.31) x 10 -18J
 PHYSICS PAPER 232/1 K.C.S.E 2005 MARKING SCHEME

1. Volume of 55 drops =8ml accept cm3

Or Volume of one drop =8/55
= 0.1454/0.1455/0.145/0.15cm3
2.

3. Water in A expands reducing/lowers density

This reduces/lowers up-thrust on block causing tipping to side A
4. There is extra/ more/higher/ increased pressure in (b) due to the wooden block increasing
distance d2
5. Reduce/ minimize the transfer of heat by radiation OR Reduce the loss of heat OR
gain of heat by radiation.

6. 2 sec of rays with arrows labeling of umbra (totally dark) and partly dark
(Penumbra)
7. A or tube with air
Gas molecules move faster/quicker than water molecules OR Diffusion of gases is faster/more
than in water/Grahams law the density of air is less than that of water

Figure 6 8.

9. A-Positive
B-Negative
10. C- Ammonium jelly/chloride /paste/solution/NH4Cl
D-Mixture of carbon and manganese (iv) oxide/MnO2
11. In (a) cohesive forces between water molecules are greater than adhesive forces between
water and wax while in (b) adhesive forces between water and glass molecules are greater
than cohesive forces between water molecules.

12.

13. to make the

rotation continuous by
changing the direction in the coil every half cycle/turn also accept changing
direction of the current every half cycle/turn/maintaining the direction of
current in field.
14. S=nt+1/2 st2 where t is the time to reach the ground
15= 0 + ½ St2 since the initial velocity is zero and t= 3 = 1.732
Horizontal distance= Horizontal speed x t = 300x 3 o 519.62m

15. Efficiency = Ma/VR OR Ma/VRx 100%

0.75 = 600/400
V.R
V.R = 2

ACT
600
M.A /400= 1.5
1.5
/V.R= 0.75
V.R=2

16. =4cm or 0.04m from the graph

V = fλ= 5 x 0.04
= 0.2ms-1 or 20cm/s

17 The pitch decreases as the siren falls

The higher the speed away from the observer, the lower the frequency heard and so
the lower the pitch hard.
 18. Accept cells in parallel and other symbols of
rheostats

19 (i)

= V2/-R
2500= 240 2/R
R=23.04 or (23.03)

(ii) P=IV
I P/V = 2500/240 =10.417A
V = V/I= 240/2500
2500
= 23.04R (23.03)

(iii) P= IV and V=IR or I2 R

R= 240 x 240
2500
R= 23.04R
20. The liquid is boiling
21.

22. 2 Rays: Each correct ray 1 mark

Image position 2.2 +0.1 cm from mirror.

0 0 0 0
23. C=47 -10 =37 + 7=37

24. n= i

Sin C n

= I = 1

Sin 37 0.6018

n =1.66/1.551/1.662 Allow TE from question 23 and allow all the marks.

25.

time
 time
26. 1. At steady rate, the sum of pressure, the potential energy per unit volume and kinetic
energy per Unit volume in fluid in a constant.
2. Provided a finish is non-viscous, incompressible and its flow steamline and
increase in its velocity produces a corresponding decrease in pressure
3. When the speed of a fluid increases, the pressure in the fluid decreases and vice versa.
27. 273+ -281.3 = 8.3K (accept – 8.15 was use.)
28.
(i) (ii)

2
29. (i) F = MV /r
4800 = 800 x V2
20
V = 10.95m (allow 10.09 of a slide is used) Alternatives.
(ii) Vmax = √Mrg but Fr = Mµg
M = Fr = 4800
Mg 800x10
= 0.6
(iii) F = Ma
4800 – 800 x a, a = 6m/s2
A = v2/r
OR
2
6 = V /20
V = 10.95

(iv) F = MR, M = F/R = 4800

800 = 0.6
Tan ө = 0.6
V2 = rg tan ө
OR
2
V = 20 x 10 x 0.6
V = 10.95
30. Image changes from real to virtual
Image changes from inverted to upright
Image changes from behind lens to the same side as object.
31. In excited state the electron is in a higher (outer) energy level. As it falls back
it releases energy and may fall in steps releasing different energies

32. (radiations) (proton) packets energy.

33.To withstand the high

temperature (immerse heat) prevent the target from melting due to high
temperature or immense heat.

34. Methylated spirit evaporates faster/highly volatile than water taking latent

35. heat away faster from the hand.

36. m- Alpha (∝) particle/

radiation/decay n- Beta (β)
x- Polonium (Po)
37. When the switch is closed and nails attracted.
When the switch is opened, the nail on the iron end drops first.

38. Conductor allows charge to be distributed/movement/spread.

PHYSICS PAPER 232/2 K.C.S.E 2005 MARKING SCHEME

1.
 With distance between lens and object being greater than facal
length f; (a) Adjust the lens distance until a sharp image of object is
formed besides object
(b) Distance between the lens and the object is measured and repeated
several times
(c) The average of the distance is the focal length of the lens

Alt Method: No parallax method is also marked

The pin is adjusted until there is no parallax between the object pin and the pin
image. The distance between the lens and pins is the focal length of the lens

(b) On the graph paper

NB: position = 5.2 x 4 cm

= 20.8 cm
= 21 ± 1 cm
(c) (i) Long sightedness/ hypermetropia/ presbiopia
 (ii)

2. (i) Distance traveled by the effort in one revolution = 2πR

Distance traveled by load = 2πr
Velocity ratio (V.R) = effort distance = 2πR =R
Load distance = 2πr r

Therefore V.R = R
r

(ii) V.R = R = 8cm = 1.6

R 5 cm

Efficiency = M.A = 80
V.R 100
But M.A = Load = 20N
Effort E

Therefore 20N ÷ 1.6 = 0.8

E

20N x 1 = 0.8
E 1.6
Effort E = 20N
1.6 x 0.8 = 15.6 (3) N
= 15.6N
(iii) When the load is large, the effect of friction and weight of the moving
parts is negligible
NB friction and weight of moving parts to be mentioned

3. Total resistance R = 6 Ω + 5 Ω + 1 Ω = 12 Ω
Total current 1 = V/R Check correct substitution

(ii) P.d across each capacitor = 1R

= 0.25 x 11
 = 2.75v
Charge = CV = 1.4 x 2.75 x 10-6
= 3.85 x 10-6C

4. (a) (i) Pure Silicon or germanium is doped with prevalent impurity i.e. phosphorous.
(ii) Four of the fire valence are paired with semi- conductor electrons
(iii) The fifth electron is left unpaired and so conducts
NB; Doping pairing and conducting must be mentioned

(b) (i) In the first half – cycle A is a positive making D2 and D3 to be forward
biased, so current flows through D2 R and D3 to B.
In the second half – cycle, B is positive making D4 and D1 forward biased. The
current flows through D4 R and D1 to A
(ii)

(iiii) The capacitor is charged when p.d is rising and stores charge
It discharges through the resistor when p.d is falling
This makes output smooth i.e reduces humps

(c) hfe = ∆Ic

∆IB

120 = ∆Ic
20B/A
Therefore ∆Ic = 120 x 20 MA = 2.4mA

Output p.d charge = RL x ∆IC

1000R x 2.4 mA
= 2.3v

5. (a) Extension is directly proportional to the extending force

provided the elastic limit is not exceeded.
(b) (i) 3.2 N or 3.3 N

(ii) At 5 cm F = 1.45N
Stress = F/A = 1.45
 0.25 x 10-4m2
= 5.8 x 104 Pa

NB: can work with N/cm2

Accept 5.6 – 5.8) x 104 pa
(iii) Strain = Ext =5 = 0.025
Original length 200

(c) ED and DC

6. Angular velocity is the ratio of angle covered (angular displacement) to the

time interval or W = θ2 – θ1
t2 – t1

(b) w = 300 – 170 = 10 radis-1

13
 10t = 170
T = 17 sec
(c) (i)

(ii) T = mco2r – C slope = mr = 1.5 – 0.25 = 0.061

28.5 – 8.0
M= 0.061 = 0.203 Kg (0.2 kg)
30 x 10-2
iii) Extent graph (calculate) C= 0.2
It represents frictions between table and body
7. (a) Radioactivity is the spontaneous disintegration of unstable nuclei so as to stabilize

When radiation enters via mica windows, the argon gas is ionized; the electrons going
to the anode and positive ions going to cathode; thus a discharge is suddenly
obtained ( PULSE) between anode and cathode and registered as a particle by
counter. The discharge persists for a short time due to the quenching effect of halogen
vapour.

(c) Half life average t ½ = 24.5 min (error transfer)

12 12 12
(d) t(min 40 28 16 4
Activity 480 960 1920 3840
3 half –
lives t = 4 min
 K.C.S.E 2006. MARKING SCHEME
PHYSICS PAPER 1

1. Volume = 68cm3
Mass = 567g
Density = m = 567
V 68
-3
= 8.34 gcm (3 marks)

2.

3. Pressure at a point in a fluid is transmitted equally to all points of the fluid and to
the walls of the container. (1 mark)

1. On heating, the bimetallic strip bends; This causes the position of the centre of gravity
of the section to the left to shift to the right causing imbalance and so tips
to the right (2 marks)
5. Lower spring extend by 15 cm;
Upper springs extended by 10 cm;
Total = 15 + 10 = 25 cm (3 marks)
6.

7. Effect of weight of second pulley reduces efficiency of A. Load in B is larger and

so effect of friction is less in B increasing efficiency. ( 1 mark)

8. In B some of the heat is used up in melting the ice, while in A all the heat goes to
raise the temperature of the water to reach boiling point ( 2 marks)

9.
10. At F, radius of curve is smallest and so greatest centripetal force is required to keep
luggage on carrier; ( F =mv2) ( 2 marks)
R
2 2
11. A1V1 = A2V2; π x 6 x V1 = π x 9 x 2;
= 4.5 ms-1 ( 3 marks)

12. As the temperature changes the volumes of the gases in the balloons change
differently. The change in volume and hence the change in upthrust will differ.
( 2 marks)

13. Ft = ∆ mv;
720 x 0.1 = 0.6 x v;
= 120ms-1 ( 3 marks)

14. (a) In solids the molecules are held in position by intermolecular forces that are very
large. In liquids the molecules are able to roll over one another since the
forces are smaller ( 1 mark)

(b) (i) Volume = 4/3 π r3

= 4/3 π x 0.0253
= 6.54 x 10-5 cm3 ( 2 marks)

(ii) Area = π r2
= π x 102
= 314 cm2 ( 2 marks)

(iii) A x diameter of molecule = volume;

314 x d = 6.54 x 10-5
d = 2.1 x 10-7 cm ( 3 marks)

(c) (i) The oil is assumed to have spread to thickness of one molecule ( 1 mark)

(ii) Sources of errors:

Getting the right oil
Measuring drop diameter
 Measuring diameter of patch
Getting drop of a right size ( any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

15. (a)
Make diameter of springs different
Make number of turns per unit length different
Make lengths of springs different ( any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
(b) (i) 2.2 N ; 2.2 ± 0.1
(c) (ii) Spring constant = gradient
= 2.1
4.1 x 10-2
= 5/Nm-1
For each spring k= 102 Nm-1 ( 1 mark)
(iii) Work = Area under graph
= 0.75 + 1.65 x 1.7 x 10-2
2
= 2.04 x 10-2 J ( 3 marks)

16. (a) A gas that obeys the gas laws perfectly ( 1 mark)
(b) (i) By changing pressure very slowly or by allowing gas to go to original
temperature after each change ( 1 mark)
(ii) k is slope of graph
K = ( 2.9 -0) x 105
( 3.5 – 0) x 106
K = 0.083 NM
(iii) Work done on the gas ( 4 marks)
(iv) Use dry gas ( 1 mark)
Make very small changes in pressure ( any 1 x 1 = marks)
(c) Since pressure is constant
V1 = V2
T1 T2
T1 = 273 + 37 = 310k
T2 = 273 + 67 = 340k
4000 = V2
310 340
V2 = 4387 litres ( 4 marks)
17. (a) A body fully or partially immersed in a fluid experiences an upthrust equal to the weight of
the fluid displaced ( 1 mark)

(b) (i)

(ii) 100g: Uw = 0.12N Us = 0.09N

150g: Uw = 0.18N Us = 0.14N
200g: UW = 0.24N Us=0.18N ( 2 marks)

(ii) Relative density = upthrust in spirit

Upthrust in water

= average 0.09 0.14 0.18

0.12, 0.18, 0.24
= 0.76 ( 3 marks)

(c) Weight of air displaced = ρVg

1.25 x 1.2 x 10N
=15N;
= upthrust
Weight of helium = ρVg
0.18 x 1.2 x 10N
= 2.18N;
Weight of fabric = 3N
Forces downwards = 2.16 + 3 = 5.16N;
Tension = 15 – 5.16
= 9.84 N ( 4 marks)
18. (a) Specific latent heat of fusion of a substance is the quantity of heat required to melt
completely one kilogram of the substance ( at its normal melting point) to
liquid without change of temperature. ( 1 mark)

(b) (i) Q = ml
 = 0.02 x 334000J
= 6680J ( 2 marks)

(ii) Q = mcθ
= 0.02 x 4200 ( T-0)
= 84 TJ ( 2 marks)

(iii) Heat lost by warm water

= mcθ
= 0.2 x 4200 ( 60- T)
Heat lost by calorimeter = mcθ
0.08 x 900 ( 600 – T) ( 2 marks)

(iv) Heat gained = Heat lost

6680 + 84T = 0.2 x 4200 ( 60 –T) + 0.08 x 900 ( 60-T)
6680 + 84T = 50400 – 84OT + 4320 – 72T
996T = 48040
T = 48.20C ( 4 marks)
K.C.S.E 2006: MARKING SCHEME
PHYSICS PAPER 2
1.

2. Magnification =
Im age dist = ht of image
Object dist height of object
10 = 16
 600 h
H = 9.6 m (3 marks)
3.

4. To allow escape of gases ( H2 and O2) from battery

5. (i) Longitudinal wave

(ii) Length of the spring, from one point to a similar point of vibration

6.

7.

Reflected waves are curved. Either converging circular reflected waves.

Converging to F; OR two perpendicular lines from the surface of one of the
curves meeting at F. (2 marks)
8. Distance moved by sound waves = 2x;
2x = speed x time

X = 330 x 1.8
2
= 297m ( 3 marks)
9.
Constant temperature
No mechanical strain ( 1 mark)

10. Work function of a metal is the minimum energy required to set free (release) an electron
from the surface of the metal (1 mark)
11. Threshold frequency K.E of electron = 0 hence velocity of the electron would be zero;
(No motion) thus photo electric effect cannot be observed ( 2 marks)

12. Straight beam from gun to screen OR

mark) no gravitational effect on the beam. ( 1

13.

14. Resulting X- rays have shorter wave length/ hard/ high frequency because electrons
have higher K.E ( 2 marks)

15. a = 234 + 4 = 238

b= 92 – 2 = 90
(2 marks)
16.

17. (a) Charge Q, on C1 is given by

Charge Q1 = C1 V;
= 0.3 µ F x 4.5;
1.35µC; ( 3 marks)

(b) CT = C1 + C2 ;
= (0.3 + 0.5) µ F
= 0.8 µ F ( 2 marks)

(c) (i) 4.5v ( 1 mark)

(ii) Observed on voltmeter p.d drops to less than 4.5 (1 mark)
(iii) The drop of p.d in C (ii) is because the charge on C1 is distributed to C2. Since
values of C1 and C2 remain constant, when Q on C1 reduces, then Q = C1V
implies V must reduce also, hence voltmeter reading
 reduced.
18. (a) (i)

(ii) Image at 10cm from mirror (using scale) (2 marks)

(iii) Magnification
Size of image = 4.0 cm = 2
Size of object 2.0 cm
OR
Image distance = 2.0 cm = 2
Object distance 1.0 cm

(b) ( i) I Image distance

I=I
+I f v
u

I=1 -I =
3 v 5 20
20

v = 20 = 6.67 cm
3
II Magnification
=v = 6.67 = 0.33; (2
marks) u 20
(ii) Image characteristics: real, inverted, diminished, less bright
( 2 marks)
1. (a) Refr. Index n = sin i velocity in air Sin
r velocity in substance

OR
n = Real depth
Apparent depth ( 1 mark)
 (b) (i)

16
(ii) Slope of graph = /24 = 2/3
Refr. Index n = Real = I
Apparent slope

= 3 = 1.5 ( 4 marks)
2

(c) n= sin 90; ⇒sin θ = 1; ⇒θ = 38.70 = critical angle ( 3 marks)

Sin θ 16

20. (a) (i) P = slip rings

Q = Brushes (2 marks)

(ii) 0-90 magnetic flux cut changes from high to low. (decreasing);
90 – 180 magnetic flux change from low to high. (increasing) At each peak 0
– 180 magnetic flux change is maximum though in different directions, (position
of coil). ( 3 marks)

(b) (i) €s = Ns; ⇒€s = 240 x 60 = 12 volts ( 2 marks)

€p Np 1200

(ii) Pp = Ps (power) or ls Vs = lp Vp
 IS = Ip Vp = 0.5x 240; = 10A;
Vs 12 ( 3 marks)
21. (a) (i) P = Ring circuit ( 1 mark)
X = Neutral ( point or terminal)
Y = Live ( point or terminal) ( 2 marks)

(ii) I Purpose of R – or fuse; is a safety element in a circuit

against excess current
II R is connected to Y but not X to ensure that when it breaks
a circuit any gadget/ appliance connected does not remain
live. ( 1 mark)

(iii) Earthing is necessary in such a circuit to guard against electric

shocks.

(b) Cost of electricity

1.5 kw x 30h x 8 Kshs = Kshs 360/=
 KCSE 2007 PHYSICS MARKING SCHEME
PAPER 1

1. 0.562 – 0.012 = 0.550cm Or 5.62 – 0.12 1 mk

5.62 – 0.12 = 0.55 cm 5.5
5.5 mm
2. Density p= m/r 3 mks
3
D = m/v = 1.75g formula - accept g/mm
(0.550)3cm substitution
= 10.5g/cm3 answer - allow transfer of error
10500kg/m3
3. V2V4 V1 V3 ( correct order) 1 mk
4. Sucking air reduces pressure inside the tube; so that atmosphere pressure 1 mk
forces the liquid up the tube
5. Look for symbols 3 mks
PA ghA = PaghB formula or correct
PAg x 24 = 1200 g x 16 substitute substitution
Pa = 800 kgm-3 answer answer
6. Radiation 1 mk
7. X2 is made greater than X1 / X1 is made shon X2 2 mks
X2 is made larger than X1
Since B receives radiation at a higher rate, it must be moved
Further from sources for rates to be equal: since A receives radiation at a
lower rate than B.
F1 d1 = f2 d2
8. Taking moments and equating clockwise movements 3 mks
= anticlock movements 0.6 N
x 7cm = mg N x 30cm; W =
mg = 1.4 N:
9. Distance = area under curve between 0 and 3. 0 second;
= 120 x 3 x 0.2 = 72M: Trapezium Rule (3 trapeziua) Mid
– ordinateral = 70.5
10. Acceleration = slope of graph at t = 4.0 s 2 mks
Or a= ∆ V or trapezium rule (6 trapezia)
∆t = 72m
= 16 x 3 = 14.11 m/S2
17 x 0.2
(12 – 14.5) m/s2 or trapezium (1) or 1 triangle = 76.5m
11. Pressure, impurities:: 2 mks
12. Kelvin ( K) in words ( one triangle used follow) 2 mks
13. The pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to its absolute ( 1 mk
Kelvin) temperature provided the volume is kept constant P & T volume
constant
14. Since the quantity of water A is smaller, heat produces grater change of
temperature in A; This causes greater expansion causing the cork of
temperature in A; this cause greater expansion causing the cork to sink
further.
Per unit volume/ greater decrease in density/ lower density in A
SECTION B
15 (a) Smoke particles 2 mks)
Show the behavior or movement of air molecule
Smoke particles are larger than air molecules/ visible and light enough to
move when bombarded by air molecules
Lens Focuses the light from the lamp on the smoke particle; causing 2 mks)
them to be observable
Microscope Enlarge the smoke particle
So that they are visible/ magnifies smoke particles
2 mks)
(b) Smoke particle move randomly / zigzag / haphazardly 3 mks
Air molecules bombard the smoke particles/ knock, hit
Air molecules are in random motion
(c) The speed of motion of smoke particles will be observed to be higher 1 mk
smocking particles move faster, speed increases, increased random motion
16(a) A body at rest or motion at uniform velocity tends to stay in that state unless 1 mk
acted on by an unbalanced force/ compelled by some external force to act
otherwise.
(b) (i) S = ∆u
Nd or 98. 75 – 0 ( m/s)2 3 mks
16 – 0
-2
= 6.17ms
ii
20k = s = 6.09 depend on (i)
iii K = 6.09
20 2 mks
= 0. 304
Increase in roughness increases k and vice versa
Uniform speed in a straight line – uniform velocity 1 mk
(c) Applying equation 4 mks

V2 – u2 = 2as
V2 – 0 = 2 x 1.2 x 400
Momentum p = mv

= 800 x 2 x 1.2 x 400

= 24787.07
= 24790
17.(a) Quantity of heat required to change completely into vapour 1 kg of a 1 mk
substance as its normal boiling point without change of temperature;
Quantity of heat required to change a unit mass of a substance from liquid to
vapour without change in temp
(b) (i) So that it vaporizes readily/ easily 1 mk
(ii) In the freezing compartment the pressure in the volatile liquid lowered
suddenly by increasing the diameter of the tube causing vaporization in the
cooling finns, the pressure is increased by the compression pump and heat
lost to the outside causing condensation.
Acquires heat of the surrounding causing the liquid to vaporize
(iii) When the volatile liquid evaporates, it takes away heat of vaporization to
form the freezing compartment, reducing the temperature of the latter. This
heat is carried away and disputed at the cooling finns where the vapour is
compressed to condensation giving up heat of vaporization
(iv) Reduces rate of heat transfer to or from outside ( insulates) 1 mk
Reduces / minimizes, rate
Minimizes conduction/ convertion of heat transfer
(c) (i) Heat lost = mlv + mc ∆θ = formula 3 mks
Heat lost by steam = 0.003 x 2.26 x 106 = substitution
Heat lost by steam water = 0.003 x 4200 ( 100-T)
Total = 6780 + 126 ( 100 – T)
= 8040 – 12.6T
(ii) Heat gained by water = MC θ 1 mk
= 0.4 x 4200 ( T- 10)
Or = 1680 T - 16800
(iii) Heat lost = heat gained OR correct substitute 1 mk
1680 (T – 10) = 6780 12.6 ( 100-T); Allow transfer of error
1680T – 16800 = 6780 + 1260 – 12.6T
1692 .6 T = 24840
 T = 14.70C 14.68 15 mks

18.(a) Rate of change of velocity towards the centre 2 mks

Acceleration directed towards the centre of the motion
Acceleration towards the centre of orbit/ nature of surface
(b) Roughness / smoothness of surface. Radius of path/ angular velocity/ speed 2 mks
(i) (Any two)
(ii) II) A> (l)B (l)C ( correct order) 1 mk
(c) F = m(l)2 r F = MV2 V=rw 4 mks
For thread to cut r w = 3.049
2
F= 5.6 N 5.6 = 0.2 x v 0.15
2
(l) = 13.7 radius V = 4.2 = 13.66
13.66 v = 2.0494
19 (a) A floating body displaces its own weight of the fluid on which it floats
(b)(i) To enable the hydrometer float upright / vertically 1 mk
(ii) Making the stem thinner/ narrower ( reject bulb) 1 mk
(iii) Float hydrometer on water and on liquid of known density in turn and 2 mks
marks levels; divide proportionally and extend on either side/ equal parts
(c)i) Tension; upthrust; weight 3 mks
(ii) As water is added, upthrust and tension increase; reaching maximum when 3 mks
cork is covered and staying constant then after weight remains unchanged as
water is added 11mks

K.C.S.E 2007 PHYSICS MARKING SCHEME

PAPER 2
1.

Alkaline cell lasts longer than lead acid cell/ remain unchanged longer
Alkaline cell is more rugged than lead acid cell/ robust/ can withstand rough 2.

handling
Alkaline cell is lighter than lead – acid cell (any one (1 mark)
3. X is north (both correct)
Y is north (1 mark)
4.

5. T = 0.007S (T)
3

F = l/T = 3/0.007 ( f)
= 429Hz 428.57 – 434. 80H2 (3 marks)

6.

7.

8. l = 1.5 : or l = E
 R+r R+r
0.13 = 1.5
10 + r
R + 1.5Ω;
R =1.5 Ω (3 marks)

9. R1 = V2 R2 = V2;
P 8P

R1 = V2 x 8P
R2 P V2
=8 (3 marks)

10. The process of the eye lens being adjusted to focus objects at various distances
(1 mark)
11.

12. The higher the intensity implies greater number of electrons and hence higher saturation
current (1 mark)

13. a = 234
b= 82
14.
SECTION B
15 (a)

The ratio of the pd across the ends of a metal conductor to the current passing
through it is a constant (conditions must be given)
Also V/ l = R

(b) (i) It does not obey Ohm’s law; because the current – voltage graph is not linear
through line origin / directly proportionate

(i) Resistance = V/l = inverse of slope ; gradient = ∆ l

∆V
= (0.74 – 0.70) V
(80 – 50) mA
= 0.4V
30 x 10-3 A
= 1.33Ω
1.20 – 1.45 Ω (range) ( 3 marks)
(iii) From the graph current flowing when pd is 0.70 is 60.MA
Pd across R = 6.0 – 0.7 = 5.3v
R = 5.3 V
36mA
= 147Ω
= 139.5 – 151. 4Ω ( 3 marks)

(c) Parallel circuit 1/30 + 1/20 = 5/60 or 60/50

R = 12 Ω
Total resistance = 10 + 12 = 22Ω ( 2 marks)

(ii) l = V/R = 2.1/22 = 0.095A ( 1 mark)]

(iii) V = lR = 10 x 2.1
22
= 0.95

16.

Diverging effects should be seen ( 2 marks)

(b) (i) A diaphragm

B Film ( 2 marks)
(ii) The distance between the lens and the film / object is adjusted; so that
the image is formed on the film
Adjust the shutter space/ adjust the aperture ( 2 marks)
(iii) Shutter – opens for some given time to allow rays from the object to fall
on the film creating the image impression/ exposure time is varied A
(diaphragm) controls intensity of light entering the camera (3mks)
B (film) – coated with light sensitive components which react with
ight to crate the impression register/ recorded or where image is
formed.
(c) (i) magnification = v/u = 3
Since v + u = 80
U = 80 – v
v =3
80 – v
V= 240 – 3v
V= 60cm ( 3 marks)
(ii) From above u = 20cm

l
/f = l/v + l/u = l/60 + l/20 ( 2 marks)
 F = 15cm ( 15 marks
17. (a) The induced current flows in such a direction that its magnetic effect
oppose the change producing it.
(b) As the diaphragm vibrates, it causes the oil to move back and forth in the
magnetic cutting the filed lines, this causing a varying e.m.f to be induced
in the coil which causes a varying current to flow. ( 1 mark) (ii)
Increasing number of turns in the coil – increasing of the coil
Increasing the strength of the magnet ( any two correct) ( 2 marks)

Vp = Np
Vs Ns

400 = 1200
Vs 120
Vs = 40V

(ii) Ip = 600/400 = 1.5A ( 2 marks)

(iii) Ps = Pp = 600W
600
ls = /40 = 15A ( 1 mark)

18. (a) (i) A Grid

B Filament ( 2 marks)

(ii) Filament heats cathode

Electron boil off cathode ( theremionic emission) ( 2 marks)

(iii) Accelerating ( 1 mark)

Focusing

(iv) Across X - plates ( 1 mark)

(v) To reduce collisions with air molecules that could lead to ionization

(b) Height = 4 cm
Peak value =4x5
= 20V
(ii) 2 wavelength = 16 cm
T = 8 x 20 x 10-3
= 0.16S
 f = l/T = 1/0.16
= 6.25Hz

(iii)

K.C.S.E 2008
EXAMINATIONS
PHYSICS PAPER 1
MARKING SCHEME.
1. Water V= Mw or MW = ML RD = ML = P
I P ML

2. For liquid V= ML P = ML P = ML
P MW MW

P = ML
MW
3. (a)

b) R – Increases OR R – Approaches W
F – Reduces F – Reduces

4. - Atmospheric pressure is higher than normal/ standard or boiling was below - Pressure
of impurities

5. When flask is cooled it contracts/ its volume reduces but due to poor conductivity of
the glass/ materials of the flask water falls as it contraction is greater than that of glass.
(3 mks are independent unless there is contradiction)
6. Heat conductivity/ rates of conduction/ thermal conductivity (NB: If heat conduction no
mark)

7. X sectional area/diameter/thickness/radius

8. P1 = pgh or Pr = PA + heg
= 1200 x 10 x 15 x 10-2 = 8 x 10-4 + 15 x 1200 x 10-2 x 10
= 1800 pa = 8.58 x 104 pa
Total pressure
= 8.58 x 104 pa
(85800pa)

9. - Intermolecular distances are longer/ bigger/ in gas than in liquids

- Forces of attraction in liquids are stronger/ higher/ greater/ bigger/ than in gases

10. (In the diagram)

11. Stable equilibrium

When it is tilted slightly Q rises/ c.o.g is raised when released it turns to its original
position

12. This reduces air pressure inside the tube, pressure from outside is greater than inside/
hence pressure difference between inside and outside causes it to collapse.

13. Diameter coils different/ wires have different thickness/ No. of turns per unit length
different/ length of spring different.
(x- Larger diameter than Y
Or in one coils are closer than in the other

14. Heated water has lower density, hence lower up thrust

15. (a) Rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the applied force and
takes in the direction of force.
(b) (i) S= ut + ½ at2
49 = 0 + ½ x a x 72
a = 2M/S2
(ii) V = u + at or v2 = u2 + 2 as
= 0 + 2 x 7 = 14m/s v2 = 02 + 2 + 2 x 2 x 49
V2 = 14m/s

(c) (i) S= ut + ½ gt2 either V2 = u2 + 2gs

1.2 = 0 + ½ x 10 x t2 v = u + gt
V2 = 02 + 2 x 10 x 1.2

T = 1.2 = v = 24 = 4.899
5
4.899 = 0 + 10t
= 0.49s T = 0.4899s

(ii) s = ut
u = 8 = 2.5 = 5.10215.103m/s t 0.49

Heat energy required to raise the temperature of a body by 1 degree

Celsius/ centigrade of Kelvin

Measurements or
Initial mass of water and calorimeter M1
Final mass of water & calorimeter, M2
Time taken to evaporate (M1 – M2), t
Heat given out by heater = heat of evaporation= ML
Pt = (m1 – m2)1
L= pt
M1 – M2

(c) (i) = CDT

= 40 x (34 – 25) = 40 x 9 = 360J

(ii) MWCWDT
100 x 10-2 x 4.2 x 103 (34-25) = 3780J

(iii) MmCMDT or sum of (i) and (ii)

 = 150 x 103 x cm 6 360 + 3780
= 9.9 cmJ = 4140J

(iv) 150 x 10-3 x cm x 66 = 4140 heat lost = heat gained + heat

by water gained
by
cm = 4140 9.9 cm = 360 + 3780
150 x 10-3 x 60 cm = 4140
0.15 x 60
418J/Kgk 418J/Kgk

17. (a) Lowest temperature theoretically possible or temperature at which/ volume of

a gas/ pressure of gas/K.E (velocity) of a gas is assumed to be zero
(b) Mass/ mass of a gas
Pressure / pressure of a gas/ pressure of surrounding

(c) (i) 4 x 10-5 m3 /40 x 10-6m3 / 40cm3

(ii) -2750C – 2800C

(i) a real gas

Liquefies/ solidifies
(d) P1 V1 = P2 V2 but V1 = V2 If P = P2 is used max marks 3
T1 T2 T1 T2

P2 = P1T2 = 9.5 x 104 x 283 P2 = P1 T2

T1 298 T1

= 9.02 x 104pa = 9.5 x 104 x 283

298

= (90200pa) (90200 pa)

(90.2 x 103 pa) (90.2 x 103pa)

18. (a) VR = Effort distance

Load distance

(b) (i) Pressure in liquid is transmitted equally through out the liquid
NB; if term fluid is used term in compressive must be staled
Work done at RAM = work done on the plunger
 (ii)
PxAxd = P x a x d or vol of oil at plunger = at RAM
AxD=axd axd=AxD
d = A d = A D a D a VR = A VR = A a
a

(c) (i) MA = load

Effort
4.5 x 103
135
= 33. 3 (33 1/3)

(ii) Efficiency = MA x 100% OR efficiency = MA = 33.3

VR VR
= 33.3 x 100%
45
= 74%
= 0.74

(iii) % work wasted = 100% - 74%

= 26%

19. (a) When an object is in equilibrium sum of anticlockwise moments about any
point is equal to the sum of clockwise moments about that point

(b) (i) V= 100 x 3 x 0.6 = 180cm3 W = Mg

M = VP OR = Pvg
180 x 2.7 = 486 g = 2.7 x 3 x 0.6 x 100 x 10
100
W = Mg
486 x 10 = 4.86N
1000
= 4.86 N

(ii) Taking moments about F pivot; 20F = 15 x 4.86

F = 15 x 4.86 = 3.645
20
Or
F = taking moments about W, 15R = 35F – (i)
F + W = F = R – 4.86 – (ii) substitute
F = R – 4. 86 ---- 1
F = 3.645N
 OR
Taking moments about F = 20R = 4.86 x 35
R = 8.51 and F = R – W

F= 8.51- 4.86 = 3.645N

(iii)

(iv) As x increase/ anticlockwise moments reduces/ moments to the left

reduces/ distance between F and pivot reduces F has to increase to maintain
equilibrium

K.C.S.E 2008 MARKING SCHEME

PHYSICS PAPER 2
1. BC - Total absence of light; umbra, completely dark
- Total darkness
Rays are completed blocked from this region by the object 2.
Leaf in A falls a bit while leaf in B rises a bit
The two leaf electroscope share the charge
Correct circuit.
3.

4. Hammering causes the domains or dipoles to vibrate when setting, some domains
themselves in the N- S – direction due to the earth’s magnetic field causing
magnetisatioa.

5.
 Needs not be dotted

6. When the switch is closed, 1 flows the iron core in the solenoid is magnetized
attracting the flat spring this causes a break in contact disconnecting current.
Magnetism is lost releasing the spring
- Process is repeated (make and break circuit)

7. Movement equals 1.75 oscillations

T = 0.7/ 1.75
= 0.4 sec
F = I/T
= 1/0.4 = 2.5 HZ.

8.

9. (i) V = O volts
Reason No current

(ii) V = 3 volts
Current flows in the resistors

10. P = V2/R P = 220∧2/240∧2/100

R = 2402
100
= 84 J/S

11. Short sightedness/ myopia

Extended eyeball/ lens has short focal length/ eye ball too long any two

12. Spot moves up and down

13. Frequency increases

Accept Becomes hard
 Wavelength decreases
Strength / quality

14. Beta particle

Gain of an electron OR
Mass number has not changed but atomic number has increased by 1
Atomic number has increased by one
Nature will not affect the speed

15. (a) Temperature

Density
(b) Graph
(i) 46.5 m
accept 46
m to 47
m

(ii) T=4x
V
V=4x or slope = 4
t v

-1
= 0.51
43

= V = 43 x 4/0.51 = 337 m/s

(iii) For max internal observer is at one end and so the distance = 2L
337 x 4.7 = 2L
L= 792 M
(c) (i) Distance moved by sound from sea bed = 98 x 2 m
V= 98 x 2
0.14
= 1400M/S
(ii) Distance = v x t
1400 x 0.10/2
= 70m

16. (a) Light must travel from dense to less dense medium
Critical angle must be exceeded (< i > c)
 (b) 1 n 2 = Sin i = Sin I
Sin r Sin r
= Sin 90 OR = Sin θ
Sin θ Sin 90
=I I
Sin θ n
= 1/sin θ
(c) (i) At greatest angle θ,
the angle must be equal
to critical θ angle of
the
medium
Sin θ = sin c
=½
= 1/1.31 = 0.763 θ = 49.80
Angle < 49.80
(ii) X = 900 – θ
= 40.20
(iii) Sin θ/ sin X = 1.31
Sin θ = 1.31 sin 40.20
= 0.8460
= θ= 57.80

17. (a) (i)

(ii)
(b) (i) Open circuit p.d = 2.1 v

(ii) Different in p.d = p.d across

2.1 – 0.8 = 0.1 r
0.3 = 0.1 r r=
0.3
0.1
= 3n
 (iii) When I is being drawn from the cell, the p.d across the external
circuit is the one measured
01 x R = 18
R = 1.8/0.1
= 18 n

18. (a) Flux growing/ linking

No flux change
Flux collapsing

Switch closed: Flux in the coil grows and links the other coil inducing an
E.M.F
Current steady: No flux change hence induced E.M.F
Switch opened: Flux collapses in the R.H.S coil inducing current in opposite
direction

(b) (i) Reduces losses due to hystesis ( or magnetic losses)

Because the domain in soft- iron respond quickly to change in
magnetic (or have low reluctance) i.e easily magnetized and
demagnetized.

(ii) Reduces losses due to eddy current

Because laminating cuts off the loops of each current
Reducing them considerably

(c) (i) VP = NP P = IsVs

Vs Ns Is = 800
40
400 = 200
Vs 200
Vs = 40 Volts = 20A

(ii) Pp Ps
800 = 400 Ip
Ip = 800
400
= 2A
19. (a) (i) Hard X – Rays
(ii) They are more penetrating or energetic

(b) (i) A cathode rays/ electrons/ electron beam

 B Anode/ copper Anode

(ii) Change in P.d across PQ cause change in filament current OR temperature of

cathode increases
This changes the number of electrons released by the cathode
hence intensity of X- rays

(iii) Most of K.E is converted to heat

(iv) High density

(c) Energy of electrons is = QV= ev

= 1.6 x 10-19 x 12000

Energy of X- rays = Hf
= 6.62 x 10-34xf
6.62 x 10-34 x f= 1.6 x 10-19 x 12000
F = 1.6 x 10- 19 x 12000
6.02 x 10-3f
= 2.9 x 1018Hz
Accept ev = Gf
F = ev/g
K.C.S.E PHYSICS YEAR 2009

1. Volume run out= 46.6 cm3

Density = m/v = 54.5 / 46.6 = 1.16953

= 1.17g/ cm3

2. T2 = 4 Π 2L/g

= 1.72 = 4 Π2 x 0.705
g

g= 9.63m/s2

3. Needle floats due to the surface tension force

Detergents reduces surface tension, so the needle sinks

4. When equal forces applied, pressure on B is greater than on A due to smaller area./ pressure

differences is transmitted through to liquid causing rise upward. Force on A is greater than

hence upward tension.

5. Molecules inside warm water move faster than in cold water. For Kinetic energy in warm

water is higher than in cold water/ move with greater speed/ molecules vibrate faster in warm

water.

6. Prevents/ holds, traps breaks mercury thread/ stops return of mercury to bulb when

thermometer is removed from a particular body of the surrounding

7. Dull surface radiate faster than bright surface

P- Looses more of the heat supplied by burner than Q OR

Q- shinny surface is a poorer radiator/ emitter of heat thus retains more heat absorbed Or

P- Dull surface is a better radiator/ emitter i.e. retains less of the heat absorbed. ( there

must be a comparison between P & Q)

8. Heat travels from container to test tube by radiation so the dull surface P, gives more heat to

the test tube.

9. Center of gravity located at the intersection of diagonals

10. Parallel

F= 2 ke

40= 2 x ke

E1 = 40/2k = 20/k

Single = f= ke2
 20 = ke2

E2 = 20/k

ET = e1 + e2

20 = 20 /k + 20/k

20 k = 40

K= 40/20 = 2N/cm

OR Extension of each spring = 10

K = 20N/ 10 cm

- 2N/ cm

11. Air between balloon is faster that than outside so there is pressure reduction between.

12.

Displacement

0
Time

13. The lowest temperature possible/ Temp at which ideal gas has zero volume ( Zero pressure) or

molecules have zero / minimum energy OR

Temperature at which a gas has min internal energy/ zero volume

14. V= r x 21 OR T = 1/33 = 0.030303

 = 0.08 x 21 V 33m/s T = 2V / w =

= 16.6m/s w = 2v/0.0303 = 207.525

V= rw

0.08 x 207. 5292

= 16.5876m/s

SECTION B (55 MARKS)

15. (a) - Pressure

- Dissolved impurities

(b)

(i) BPt = 780C

(ii) (I) ∆t = 4.5 min

Q = pt = 50 x 4.5 x 60J
= 13500J

(II) Q = 70 - 16 = 540C (accept 54 alone or from correct working)

(III) Q = MC ∆θ

C= 13500J

0.1kg x 54k

= 2500J/ kj

(iii) ∆ t = ( 7.3 – 6.8) min = 30s

 Q = pt = ml = 30x 50J

L= 30 x 50 = 83.33 x 105J/kg
0.18

16. (a) Efficiency = work output x 100% ( equivalent)

Work input

OR Ratio of work output to work input expressed as a percentage

(b) (i) work effort = F x S

= 420 N x 5.2 N

2184J

(ii) Distance raised = 5.2 sin 25 = 2.2 m (2.1976)

Work done = 900N x 2.2 m

= 1980J

(iii) Efficiency = work output x 100% = 1980 x 100

Work input 2184

= 90.7%

17. (a) A floating body displaces its own weight of the fluid on which it floats

(b) (l) w = T + U

(ii) Vol = 0.3 x 0.2 x 0.2m3

Weight = mg = 0.3 x 0.2 x 0.2 x 10500 kg/m3 x 10

 = 1260N

(iii) Vol of liquid = vol of block

Weight of liquid displaced = Vpg

0.3 x 0.2 x 0.2 x 1200 x 10N

= 144N

(iv) T = w - u

1260 – 144N

1116N

(c) Weight of solid = weight of kerosene displaced

= 800 x 10 x 10-6 x 10 = 0.08 N

Mass = 0.008 kg

Vol = 50 cm3 Density m/v = 0.008/50 x 106 m3

18. (a) The pressure of a fixed mass of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the
Absolute temperature if the volume is kept constant.

(b)

(i) Volume increases as bubble rises because the pressure due to liquid

column is lowered; therefore the pressure inside bubbles exceeds that of

outside thus expansion.

(ii) (I) Corresponding pressure = 1.88 x 105 Pa

(II) I/v = 1/1.15 = 0.87 cm-3

(iii) ∆ P = (1.88 – 0.8) x 105 pa = 1.08 x 105 Pa

∆P = ℓgh = ℓ x 0.80 x 10
 P = 1.08 x 105 kg/m3

0.80 x 10

= 13500 kg/m3

(iv) Pressure at top = atmospheric

0.8 x 105 pa

p1v1
c. /T1 = p2v2/T2 = 2.7 x 105 x 3800 = 2.5 x 105 x v2
298 288
250C = 298 k = 3966 cm 3

150c = 288k

19. (a) Rate of change of angular displacement with time

Acc. Without (rate)

(b)

(i) Mass, friction, radius ( any two)

(ii) Oil will reduce friction since frictions provide centripetal force; the frequency
for sliding off is lowered. (c)

v2 = u2 + 2 as

= 0 + 2 (0.28)h

V = √ 0.56 x 1.26

= rw

= 0.84 = 0.14 x w = 0.84 = 6 rad s

0. 14
 PHYSICS PAPER 2 YEAR 2009

SECTION A

1. Infinite ( very many, uncountable, several

2.

3. Negative change

4. Allow gassing/ release of gases

OR, release H2 and O2 produced at the electrodes

5. Increase the magnitude of l

Increase the number of turns per unit length

Use of U shaped iron core

6. F = 0.5 sec

F = 1/T

= 1/0.5

= 2 Hz

7. 1.33 = 3/v x 105

V= 3 x 105

1.33

= 2.26 x 108 m/s

8. T = lA
9. (L-q) cm

10. (i) Movement of magnet causes flux linkage to change E.M.F is produced in

the cell.

(ii) When 1 flow from Q to P, a N. pole is created which opposes the

approaching pole (long’s law).

11. Increases in P d increases 1 in filament OR. Increase in P d increases heating effect this

produces more electrons by Thermionic Emission.

Hence results on more intense x - rays

2d
12. /05 = 2d/0.6 + 34 OR V = d/t

D = 17/0.2 = 85 m = 17 x 2
0.1

Speed = 2 x 86 = 340 m/s

0.5
= 340m/s

13. Diode in (a) is forward biased while in 6 (b) is reversed biased Or Battery in 6 (a) enhances

flow of e. across the barriers while in 6 (b) barriers potential is increased.

SECTION B (55 MARKS)

14. (a) Capacitances decreases

Area of the overlap decreases

(b)

(i) Parallel, Cp = 5 + 3 = 8 pf

Whole circuit ¼ + 1/8

 C = 32/ 12 = 2.6 + Pf

(ii) Q = CV
= 8/3 x 12 PC

= 32 PC

(iii) B = Q/C OR QB = 5/8 x 32

= 32 x 106 = 20 PC
8 x 106 VB = 20 x 10-6
=4V 5 x 10-6
= 4V

15. (a) Increase in 1 causes rise in temp

Rise in temp causes rise in R

(b) R = v/l

2.5
1.2
= 2.1 Ω

(c) Read off P d across Y = P.O.V from graph

(d) Power P = IV

= 0.8 x 3

2.4 watts

16. (a) (i)

 (ii) Highest reading near red light

Red light has more heat than violet OR

Red light is close to ultra red which has more heat energy

(b) Depth = 11.5 – 3.5 = 8.0 cm

= 11. 5 = 1.4375
8
17. (a) β = particle

(b) (i) Ionizes attracted towards electrodes

Collusions with other molecules cause avalanche of ions which on

attraction to the electrodes causes the discharge.

(ii) are attracted towards electrodes

Collusion with other molecules causes avalanche are of ions which on

attraction to the electrodes causes

 (c) (i) x = 36

Y = 92

(ii) Small, decreases in mass

Loss of mass

Mass defec

(iii) Each of the neutrons produced at each collision further collision with

Uranium atom causing chain reaction.

18. (a) (l) Electrons are emitted from Zn plate

Reduced of charge on the leaf

(ii) Any electron emitted is attracted back to the electroscope

(iii) Photons of infra red have to lower f than U – V have energy to eject to the

electrons.

(b) (i) Number of electrons emitted will increases

(ii) Max K.E of the emitted electrons will increase

(c) (i) V = λf0

F0 = 3.0 x 108
8.0 x 10-7

= 3.75 x 1014 Hz

(ii) W = hf0

= 6.63 x 10-34 x 3.75 x 1014

= 2.49 x 10-19J = 1.55 e V x 10-19

(iii) KEMAX = hf – hf0

 = h (8.5 – 3.75) x 1014

= 6.63 x 4.75 x 1014

= 3.149 x 10-19 joules

= 1.96828 e

19. (a)

(i) Attach two identical dippers to the same vibrator, switch on and the

circular waves produced OR

Use one straight vibrator with two identical slits to produce coherent

waves.

(ii) Constructive - Bright

Destructive – Dar

(b) C I –Two waves arrive at a point in phase

DI – Crest meets a trough and gives a zero intensity

- Path diff is ½ odd number of λ