9/13/2024

Cloud Motivation &

Background
Cloud Journey, Motivation, Advantages & Disadvantages

Module 1
Sheheryar Malik, Ph.D.

Distributed & Cloud Computing

Today WE
• We live in digital age with a lot of computing devices
• Most of the work we do in our personal and professional life is
dependent on devices and machines
o Most of these devices and machines perform some computing inside
• Devices connected with each other
o In the 21 century, we live a large part of our lives online
• Devices functionalities are increasing
• Almost everything we do is reduced to bits and sent through cables
around the world at light speed

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Scenario-1:
Outsource Data Center

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Mainframe & Terminal Era

• In the early days it was
mostly Mainframes and
terminals
• Users did individual work by
connecting to central
computer

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PC Era
• Users did individual work on their own computers

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Networked

• Then the PCs Got Tied Together

• Users could talk to each other’s PCs

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Web Time
Users did individual work by connecting
to web servers

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Web Became Big

• Server had to become cluster of PCs

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Web got Very BIG, and Really Essential

• Server PCs had to live in expensive data center

Microsoft Data Center in Dublin, 27,000 m2, 22 MW, US$ 500 M

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Need lots of electric power Long lead time to build Inflexible investment of
(1.5% of all US electricity, capital
EPA 2007)

Data Centers

Need specialized skills Takes time away from core Hard for all but largest
(security, failover, load competencies companies to own/run
balancing, etc.)

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Solution: Outsource Data Center

Can reap Because of Web developers Shorter lead Lower capital Computing
economies of scale, can afford can concentrate times requirements power becomes
scale specialized skills on their core a commodity, as
competencies did electric
that give them power in early
market 20th century
advantage

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Scenario-2:
Massive Data Growth

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The World of Data

• We live in digital age with a lot of data
• In the 21 century, we live a large part of our
lives online
• Almost everything we do is reduced to bits and
sent through cables around the world at light
speed
• But just how much data are we generating

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The World of Data

What Happens in an
Internet Minute
in 2021?

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The Amount of Data Created in 2018 (33 zettabytes)

To save all the data created in 2018, 660 billion Blu- ray discs would be needed
The amount of data created in 2018 (33 zettabytes) equals to ...

660 bn x 330 m x 375 m x

the storage of a the capacity of the world‘s the internet‘s size in 1997
standard Blu-ray disc currently1 largest hard drive (88 terabytes)
(50 gigabytes) (100 terabytes)

33 m x 132,000 x 73 x

the storage of a human brain the currently3 fastest the capacity of one
(1 petabyte)2 supercomputer‘s storage gram of DNA
(250 petabytes) (455 exabytes)

x 1,000 x 1,000 x 1,000 x 1,000 x 1,000 x 1,000 x 1,000 x 1,000

Byte Kilobyte Megabyte Gigabyte Terabyte Petabyte Exabyte Zettabyte Yottabyte

1: as at March 2019 2: Varies depending on calculation method 3: as at June 2018

Source: ZDNet, Redcentric, Livescience, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, NewScientist, Statista Digital Market Outlook

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Worldwide Amount of Data Created per Year

2,142
2,200

2,000

1,800

1,600
Data in zettabytes

1,400

1,200

1,000

800
612
600

400
175
200
12 33 47
0 2
0
2005 2010 2015 2018 2020 2025 2030 2035

Worldwide amount of data created per year in zettabytes1

Source: IDC, Kleiner Perkins, Statista Digital Market Outlook

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Big Data
• Big data is defined as large pools of data that can be captured,
communicated, aggregated, stored, and analyzed
• Data continues to grow:
o In mid-2010, the information universe carried 1.2 ZettaBytes and
o 2020 predictions expect nearly 35 ZettaBytes coming our way

• Applications are becoming data-intensive

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Scenario-3:
Variety of Devices / Technologies

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Computing Devices in Our Lives

Intel Compute Stick Google Chromecast

Raspberry Pi
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Computing Devices in Our Lives

Home Appliances
Mobile Devices Desktops

Car Computers
Consumer Electronics Gaming Consoles

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Computing Devices – We are Heading To

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Problems & Challenges

Storage Interfaces Communication

Where to store?

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Scenario-4:
Transformation from Innovation to
Services

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In Our Lives

Innovation Product Service

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Utility
Evolution of Water Utility

Get a continuous supply

Generate your own Buy it as a product and of the connection
utility manage it through a dedicated
connection

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Electricity
Transformation from Product to a Service

Product Service
Innovation
Buy and maintain the Electric Grid, pay only for the
New Disruptive Technology
technology electricity you use

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Banking
Evolution of Banking

Banking
No Banks Traditional Banking
Instruments Internet Banking
Take care of your Give your money to
Cheques / Credit more services
own money the bank
Cards

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Computing
Evolution of Computing

Innovation Services
Products Products Products
On paper without On demand, available
any computing Simple Sophisticated Powerful any time, anywhere,
product and billed on usage

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Computing as a Service
Transformation of IT from a Product to a Service

Innovation of IT IT Products Service Computing

Buy and Maintain the On-Demand IT services on a
New Disruptive Technology
Technology Pay-as You-Go basis

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Scenario-5:
Demands of Changing World

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Demand of Changing World

• Explosive growth in applications
o biomedical informatics, space exploration, business analytics, web 3.0 social networking: YouTube,
Facebook
• Extreme scale content generation
o e-science and e-business data deluge
• Extraordinary rate of digital content consumption
o digital gluttony: Apple iPhone, iPad, Amazon Kindle
• Exponential growth in compute capabilities
o multi-core, storage, bandwidth, virtual machines (virtualization)
• Very short cycle of obsolescence in technologies
o Windows Vista, 7, 8, 10; Java versions; C -> C#; Python
• Newer architectures
o web services, persistence models, distributed file systems/repositories (Google, Hadoop), multi-
core, wireless and mobile
• Diverse knowledge and skill levels of the workforce
• You simply cannot manage this complex situation with your traditional IT infrastructure
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Summarizing the Scenarios

OUTSOURCE DATA MASSIVE DATA VARIETY OF DEVICES / TRANSFORMATION DEMAND OF

CENTER GROWTH TECHNOLOGIES FROM INNOVATION TO CHANGING WORLD
SERVICES

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Solution ??

Cloud
Computing
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Solution – Cloud Computing

• A cloud computing environment can provide solution to these
scenarios

• Cloud Computing
o is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product,
o whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to
computers and other devices,
o as a metered service over a network.

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Cloud Computing
APPLICATIONS

SERVICES

COMPUTER NETWORK
STORAGE (DATABASE)

SERVERS
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Cloud Computing

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Cloud Computing
• Pay as you go model of business
• When using a public cloud the model is similar to renting a property
than owning one
• An organization could also maintain a private cloud and/or use both

• Think it as Internet Computing

o Computation done over internet

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Cloud Computing
• Network-based computing that takes place over the Internet,
• Hide the complexity and details of the underlying infrastructure from
users and applications
• The “no-need-to-know” in terms of the underlying details of
infrastructure, applications interface with the infrastructure via the
APIs
• The “flexibility and elasticity” allows these systems to scale up and
down at will
• The “pay as much as used and needed” type of utility computing and
the “always on!, anywhere and any place” type of network-based
computing
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Cloud Computing
Transformation of IT from a Product to a Service

Innovation Product Service

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Cloud Computing
Combination of Enabling Technologies

Internet

Virtualization Web 3.0

Parallel &
Storage
Technologies Cloud Distributed
Computing

Computing
Programming Grid
Models Computing

Fault Utility
Tolerance Computing

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Cloud Computing
Solution to IT Efficiency Challenges

Servers

Storage
Encryp
tion Tier 1 Tier 2 CLOUD SERVICES
Clients Apps

Software Workfl
Standards Tier 3 On-Demand IT
Deployment
ow
VIRTUALIZATION
Infrastructure
Chang
STORAGE Reliable/Secure
License Tracking e
Mgmt Server Consolidation
OPTIMIZATION Scalable/Flexible
Managed
SECURITY/ Storage Consolidation
Tiered Storage Pay for what you use
Mobility STANDARDIZATION
Data Deduplication Desktop Free Staff Time
DATA Change Management
Consolidation
MANAGEMENT Application
Drive Encryption/End- Storage Archiving Commoditization
Software Point Protection
Deployment Cost Savings
Windows/Linux
Licenses tracking SMB to Enterprise
Automation/
Solutions
Managed Mobility Scripting

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Cloud Computing
Catalyst to Re-allocate IT Expenditures
• Most companies today spend roughly 80% of their IT budget on operations and maintenance

DATACENTER COSTS
Plan 5%
Deploy 10%

20% 50% Cloud Computing reduces

Operate 25% Labor costs
Labor
Expense Support 10%
80%
50% Facilities 7%

Other Network 11% Cloud Computing reduces

Expenses Software 9% Facilities, Network,
Hardware, Software
Hardware 23% maintenance costs

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Why Cloud Computing

Pay-as-You-Go economic model Flexible options

• Reduce capital expenditure • Configure software packages, instance
• No upfront cost types operating systems
• Reduced Time to Market • Any software platform
• Access from any machine connected to the
Simplified IT management Internet
• All you need is access to the internet Resource Utilization is improved
• It’s the providers responsibility to manage
the details • Reduce Idle resources by sharing and
consolidation
Scale quickly and effortlessly • Better utilization of CPU / Storage and
• Resources can be rented and released as Bandwidth
required Carbon Footprint decreased
• Software Controlled
• Sharing of resources means less servers,
• Instant scalability
less power and less emissions

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Cloud Computing Benefits

Global Connectivity Interactivity Reliability Pay-as-you-Go

• Connectivity anywhere • Seamless interfaces • Better level of reliability • Should not pay an upfront fee
for the service

Ease of Manage Large Amounts Performance & Scalability & Elasticity

Programmability of Data Efficiency • Flexible and rapid
• Ease of development of • Big Data • Faster response to changing
complex services to users • Cost user needs

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Advantages of Cloud Computing

• Lower computing costs
• Improved performance
• Reduced software costs
• Instant software updates
• Improved document format compatibility
• Unlimited storage capacity
• Increased data reliability
• Universal document access
• Latest version availability
• Easier group collaboration
• Device independence
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Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

• Requires a constant Internet connection
• Does not work well with low-speed connections
• Can be slow
• Features might be limited
• Stored data might not be secure
• Stored data can be lost
• HPC Systems

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Technical Challenges

Need little bit more Tools are Moving large data is Security Quality of Service
programming and continuously still expensive
configuration evolving
knowledge

Green computing Internet

Dependence

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Non-Technical Challenges

01 02 03 04 05 06
Vendor Non- Security Privacy Legal Service Level
Lock-In standardized Risks Agreements

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Global Cloud Market Forecast

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Applications Enabled by Cloud Computing

• High Growth Application
• Aperiodic Bursting Applications
• Periodic Applications
• On-Off Applications

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High Growth Applications

Startup Businesses

Established Businesses

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Aperiodic Bursting Applications

Website went down on 9/11/2001 due to traffic

February 14th – Busiest Day of the Year

US Holiday Season

Website crashed within 10 minutes of the free

trouser promotion during Superbowl 2010

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Periodic Applications

Stock Market Analysis

• Different computational requirements over time
• Mine market data during the day
• Process and Analyze at night

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On-Off Application

Researchers running large-scale scientific

simulation using 1000s of computers
• Data-intensive simulation and tests to discover new
compounds
• Large compute power required for simulation jobs
• Time to market is crucial

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