Re-Imagining the

Present

A-PwaaSources™
Original
 How To Learn for WSC
(using these summarizations!)

I’m 99% sure you are here, because you’re so stressed about your rounds in a few
weeks, days or hours (or it’s happening right now! (don't stress)). I’ll cover what
and how I want you to use these summarizations in the best possible way you
can.
First and foremost, you should not study every tiny detail in your first reading of
the summarizations. Try to go over each summarized article and understand the
core thing I write about (by that I mean not to remember every small name and
small term). For you to top in the silver medalists in a challenge subject on
regionals, I recommend to do this first reading for an hour or two, really
understand the main thing I’m talking about in each part, and then on the second
reading to specialize in the subject you want to get a good spot in and remember
what the main terms say in each part, and what important names are in each part
(that doesn’t mean you should remember all names in an article full of names! If
an article is long try to remember the main name, and if there isn’t one then study
the first name I put there). For you gold subject medalist wannabes, I can
recommend doing what I’ve already written, but really taking it a step further. By
that I mean to go over the summarizations every day for two to three weeks,
actually understanding most of the stuff I write here. It’s gonna be painful but the
medal is worth it- trust me. For 1st place subjects wannabes, I recommend you to
put 110% of your life into this page for a month, and study every tiny detail and
remember it. Try to focus maybe on 1 subject to make your life easier.

If you need any other help, please contact me on discord: Nadav Gil#9291 or
instagram: @pwaasources.
 Lost and Font
(changes in fonts, and your shopping experience!)

The Cruel History of Typography

Typography is the art of designing the parts of letters in a language, also
known as designing a font, in order to make the written language more
readable, cheap and appealing. Since the invention of the printing press
by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century, different eras in history had
different fonts popular at the time.
The history starts off with the invention of the printing press by
Johannes Gutenberg in 1440, but unlike our digital printers today, the
printers then could only use one font assigned to them, and the process
of printing a book could take weeks. Gutenberg believed that printing
presses should be a replacement for writing books, therefore the font he
had chosen for the printing press was similar to the handwriting of
writers and manuscripts at that time- the Blackletter font. The only
downside for this was that the font made the words thick, and so it
limited the amount of text that could fit into a single page, creating
longer books that required even more time to set up.
In 1470, Nicolas Johnson noticed how Blackletter typefaces take a lot of
space in a page, and so created the first Roman typeface, which is based
on blackletter and Italian Humanist lettering. It’s just like Blackletter but
without the thickness and the extra details, for it to take less space from
a page, resulting in shorter books with faster setup times. Jenson’s
Roman font was the first to be based on typographic principles rather
than manuscript models, and it has become an influential font over the
decades.
In 1501 Aldus Manutius and Francesco Griffo created the italic typeface,
in order to save even more space when printing a page. Nowadays, italic
is still important to emphasize text.
All of the typefaces until this point were either made to mimic
handwriting at the time or to save space in a page, but all of these fonts,
especially the italic one, made the text unreadable (it’s pretty hard
reading a full page with text like this). That’s why in 1734 William Calson
created a typeface we call today “Old Style”, which made letterforms
more distinguishable from one another at a glance improving
readability. In other words- he made letters not seem connected and
look distinct from each other.
In 1757 John Baskerville created a typeface similar to “Old Style”, but
with even more contrast between letters, and with even blacker ink.
People hated it at the time but it was revived in the 20th century, and
until today people say this is the best font in history.
First of all for your general knowledge a serif is a little decoration tag in
a letter. Now there are no serifs. Now there are tons of serifs (look closely). Serifs came
into fashion in 1780, when Firmin Didot and Giambattista Bodoni
created modern serifs, which were best suited for big displays rather
than small texts. The difference between these two fonts are minor, but
it’s in the placing of the letters.
In 1815 Vincent Figgins designed the Antique font, also called Egyptian,
which was more attention grabbing, because of its slab serifs- the serifs
were now uncurved symmetrical slabs, and it became popular, and also
made printing commercials and posters popular, because how attention
grabbing the slabs were.
Every good hi-story needs its villain, and in this case the villain is
sans-serif. A year after printing posters and commercials became
popular, the competition to make the most attention-grabbing font has
begun. William Caslon IV created the first sans serif font, called “Two Lines

English Egyptian”. You already know what a serif is, and sans means ‘not’, so
we can assume the font wiped out all of its serifs (supposed to be sad).
Sans serif is influenced from this blocked lettering used in classical
antiquity, in which serifs were missing.
In 1916 Edward Johnston designed the iconic “Johnston Sans” aka “New
Johnston” typeface that is still used in the London Underground.
Later in 1920, Fredric Goudy became the first full time designer,
meaning that his whole job was to create fonts (until that time the font
inventors were crafters and creating fonts was just an artistic
side-hustle). In his career Goudy created a lot of iconic fonts, the Goudy
Old Style and the Copperplate Gothic.
Once again the sans serif emerges from the dark, and in 1957 Max
Miedinger designed a lot of sans serifs, including the most popular font
of the 20th century. The 2oth century saw a big rise in sans serif fonts,
like Paul Renner’s ‘Futura’, and Hermann Zapf’s ‘Optima’.
In 1968 Rudolf Hell made the first digital font, the Digi Grotesk. It was
unreadable in small sizes but it was still digital so it’s geometric and
cool.
In 1974 the first outline fonts were developed, which resulted in even
more geometric shaped letters, better readability at the same time, and
font files being easier to download.
In the late 1980’s Apple created an outline font standard called
“TrueType” fonts for both computers and printers as one under the .TTF
mark.
Up until this point Macintosh and Windows had different standards for
font files, but when Apple released in 1997 the “OpenType” font
standard, there was a universal font file for everyone to use, under the
.OTF mark.
In the same year, the CSS program language was created, which is a style
language for websites, and in it people can font style stuff. This was the
first language that involved styling rules we all know, like size, color,
mark, italic, or bold on the internet.
A year later Internet Explorer 4 added the function of adding fonts
created by CSS to their websites, but no one really paid attention.
In the 21st century the Web Open Font Format was created, and also all
the browsers supported this font file type, so now everyone could make
a font from whatever computer they desire and download it wherever
they want, under the .WOFF mark.
The most recent historical font change is the 2016 OpenType update,
which gave fonts the option to have different variants regarding size
and shape from default (until then people had to design how the font
would look in each size, with boldness, etc).
Regarding the future, there is still stuff to add to the world of fonts, most
importantly fonts in other languages than English. If you’re a native
speaker of a language that’s not English, you can probably relate to how
annoying it is to search for fonts and realize 90% of them don’t work
well in your language.

Microsoft Changing their Default Font

As we all know, Microsoft is one of the biggest tech companies in our
capitalistic world, and it has one important daughter company, which is
Office. Office made Word, Excel, PowerPoint, Outlook, WordPad, and
other significant digital document-writing applications. Office’s products
make a lot of money for Microsoft, and they always want to make more
money from it. That’s the reason every few decades Microsoft changes
the default Office font to a more appealing font, that will make the
people want to spend more money. Back in 2007 they changed the
default font in Office from Arial (a sans-serif) and New Times Roman (W
Iconic Font) to Calibri (a humanist sans-serif that’s honestly incredible,
created by Lucas de Groot). In 2021, Microsoft wanted to appeal to even
more customers, and even though there wasn’t a problem with Calibri at
all, they decided to find a new default font. They gave testers five fonts
to give feedback on, the nominees being Grandview, Seaford, Skeena and
Tenorite, and the winner being Bierstadt. It was created for Microsoft by
Steve Matteson, and is a grotesque-humanist style
sans-serif typeface. Its original name was
‘Bierstadt’, after a mountain in Colorado Matterson
used to live in, but people didn’t take it seriously, so
it was changed to ‘Aptos’ after a rural town in
California that came into Matterson’s mind, and resembles the nature he
would be in when inventing this font, by writing letters on paper. Aptos
has a huge advantage on other fonts that the l and I look distinct, and
Matterson still works on Aptos versions for other languages, different
weights for Aptos, for us to use Aptos in every wanted situation.
London Underground’s Minor Font Change
As all 2023 London Global Round scholars know, the London
Underground is the unique transit system of railways in London, and
wherever you are in this magnificent city, you’ll always see on the side
of the street the sign of the Underground, marking an underground train
station. If you’ve carefully read the ‘Cruel History of Typography’
summarization I made, you might have noticed that the person who
made the iconic font for the London Underground was made by
calligrapher Edward Johnston, and is called “New Johnston” or
“Johnston Sans”. The reason it’s so iconic is because it’s one of the first
sans-serif fonts that actually looked beautiful while simple, and also
because it brought uniformity to the London Underground stations
owned by different rail companies. In the 1970’s designer Ecchi Kono
updated the typeface to adapt the new printing technology, making
super minor changes in the font that doesn’t affect at all on how the font
looks with a virgin eye, like changing a dot in a shape of a circle into a
dot in the shape of a diamond.
Back in 2016 the font was slightly changed once again for a 100 years
anniversary to the font, and to make it fit to the digital age. First of all,
the # and @ symbols were added to the font, now called “Johnston 100”,
and also slight adjustments in the shape of the lettering- try to see it for
yourself!
That’s right scholars- there is barely any difference. The greatest change
in the whole font can be seen in the letter ‘g’, and even there it’s not that
major. The head of Transport for London, Jon Hunter, who made the
font, said that they really examined the simple, beautiful, readable soul
of the font that made it revolutionary at the time, and adjusted it to the
social media age, in which fonts should look a little thicker to look fine in
mobile, and as I’ve written, should include the hashtag and at symbols.

The Difference Between Serif and Sans-Serif

Serif = Small tags in a letter, just like in this j for example. Do you see
how under the dot there is this tiny tiny bit of ink that’s going left? j
that’s what we call a serif.
In typography a serif is just a font with serifs, like this one.
Sans Serif = a font with no serif. Sans derives from some English
language and means “without”. So I know it’s confusing, but a sans serif
does not have serifs!

j
Hello I am a sans serif and as you can see in this there are no serifs!

U.S. Department of State Changing its Default

Font 🦅💣
In January of 2023 Secretary of State Antony Blinken decided to order
employees to start transitioning from using the Times New Roman font
that was used for 20 years (and is a serif), to using Calibri, a font that is a
sans-serif and so much ‘cleaner’. This change came from the Secretary’s
office of diversity and inclusion, and its justification was that Calibri is
clearer to read, and so it improves readability with smartphones and
screen readers (screen readers help people with optic disabilities a lot).
This change has received tons of criticism and complaints from workers
arguing that Calibri isn’t aesthetically pleasing, as it’s too clean. Also they
were annoyed they had to change a lot of their files to a different font
out of a pretty unnecessary decision. The exact same happened 20 years
earlier, when the Department of State changed to Times New Roman
from Courier New 12 font, which is the typewriter font, because Times
New Roman takes the same space but offers a crispier touch. Then it also
faced criticism, but over the years people got over it.

The Odd Job of the Forensic Font Expert

The subject of forensics is an interesting one. Forensics is basically using
science to prove things on court. One illegal act is the act of forgery.
Forgery is when you fake a certificate, just like how some of you fake
your parents’ signatures. To determine if forgery happens or not, people
hire a forensic font expert, which is a guy who knows a lot of stuff
regarding fonts and printers. This guy can use a digital microscope to see
how the ink is spilled around each letter (in some printers tiny bits of
ink can be “wicking”, or bleeding), and so can determine the printer of
the certificate, in addition to the type of font. From these two details the
guy can determine in most cases if a certificate is outdated or not, and so
help the court to bring justice.
Oh! Another thing that this guy does is just to check if fonts are used
under legal copyright conditions (I can use a font someone has copyright
on and it’s not legal, so to determine if I really used that font or just a
similar one, he’s the guy who will check that), or under legal conditions
in states (California requires information on prescription labels to be
above 12-point font, so to determine if someone had a font below 12
points, he’s the guy to check that).
This is the job of Thomas Phinney, who uncovers forgeries and solves
modern-day crimes using his vast knowledge in fonts. He’s the first to
make this his main job, and he sees typography as a combination of art
and science.
He had a lot of cases in which he checked if fonts are legal for use, if
there has or has not been a case of forgery, and his biggest case yet was
to check using his typography knowledge whether memos of George W.
Bush that proved he disobeyed the air force, but used his connections to
delete these records from his military records, and he couldn’t prove
that these documents were actually real. My fella still waits for the
perfect case to come, and he’s so happy to have a job that makes him
enjoy what he’s doing.

The Backlash Against Self Checkout

When you want to buy something from a store, like a new alpaca
plushie, you’re used to pay for it by giving it to an employee in a
checkout booth who will scan it with a barcode, and will tell you how
much you need to pay. In the 1980’s the self-checkout machines were
invented for reducing labor costs, as with them the buyers can scan the
product barcodes, weigh products with a touchscreen, bag the items,
and pay for the stuff they bought using the machine all by themselves
without any necessary help from employees, therefore stores get to save
money. This self-checkout method wasn’t popular at all until the
Covid-19 pandemic, in which people didn’t want to get in physical
contact with others, and therefore preferred to pay by themselves so no
employee could theoretically infect them with Covid. At that time the
big shopping chains, such as Walmart, Cotsco, Wegmans, Booths, and
Five Below added to their shops self-checkout stations, and even made
them the main method to check out.
Now, after the pandemic, all of the big shopping chains I have listed
above stopped using self-checkout stations, because people misidentified
which fruits or vegetables they were buying when asked by the
machines (it’s hard to know what breed of apple you’re buying just by
looking at it), customers who bought alcohol would need to wait a long
while until an employee who probably smokes a cigarette on the other
side of the store will check if their age is verified, it’s easier to steal
products as you’re the one scanning the products, barcodes sometimes
don’t scan properly, people can cheat the weight when weighing
products and so pay less than what they’re supposed to, and people just
hate that they’re doing this work in front of a robot (capitalist dystopia
vibes).
All of the bad things I’ve listed lead to inventory loss, aka “shrink”, and
as a result the big markets lose 4% of their money (a lot). For a while
they tried to tighten their security measures, but saw it didn’t work so
that’s why there are barely self-checkout machines today.

The Invention of the Barcode

A Quick Introduction and Background.
A barcode is a way to represent visual data in a way a machine can read.
A barcode is built out of detailed lines and numbers. The exact width
and location of each line is necessary for the barcode’s “unique identity”,
each identity representing a different product in a store. The main
advantage about these is that people can
scan these tags using machines that scan
them and understand the product’s
variables, like its price. Before barcodes
each product had a price tag on it, and
when checking out from a store, the
checkout employees had to look at all the
price tags and sum it up to the amount of
money you have to pay. In the
supermarket, because each person buys
dozens of products, this process turns out to be exhausting and long. In
1947, a manager of a local food chain in Philadelphia, Food Fair,
requested from Drexel Institute of Technology to find a solution for this
problem, and one of its employees, Bernard Silver, accidentally
overheard it.
Woodland Getting the Idea of the Barcode.
Silver is not the main inventor of this fascinating code- but his friend
who was told about the request by him- Joseph Woodland. The two of
them started working on a system that used ultraviolet ink but the ink
faded and was expensive, so this didn’t work out. They kept working on
a different solution, and Woodland dropped out of university to put
110% of his effort on inventing this piece of technology. In his
grandfather’s apartment in Miami Beach, and it took him until 1949 to
get the idea of the bar-code. It was Morse Code that gave him the idea, as
he learned it when he was in Boy Scouts. “I remember I was thinking
about dots and dashes when I poked my four fingers into the sand and,
for whatever reason—I didn’t know—I pulled my hand toward me and I
had four lines. I said ‘Golly! Now I have four lines and they could be
wide lines and narrow lines, instead of dots and dashes. Now I have a
better chance of finding the doggone thing.’ Then, only seconds later, I
took my four fingers—they were still in the sand—and I swept them
round into a circle.” - that’s how he came up with the idea of a code
made out of lines that can hold in it the identity of a product. Unlike our
barcodes today, in the original form they were shaped like a bullseye, as
it’s easier to scan it from all sides. In 1951 they filed a patent on the idea,
and made a rough prototype of a machine that can read the barcode
using a 500-watt incandescent bulb that could roughly translate the code
into electricity flows, that could be roughly translated by an oscilloscope.
Their idea didn’t fit the technology available in this era, so they had no
real way to properly scan a barcode.
A Ten Years Jump to a Time With a Real Way to Properly Scan a Barcode.
In 1960 the laser was invented (laser is an acronym for Light
Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation), and it’s this super
bright light that doesn’t spread a lot (means it’s good), and can “read”
black and white lines extremely well. In the end of the 60’s RCA
cooperation bought Woodland’s patent, and they made a scanning laser
to scan the barcodes that were changed from their bullseye form to the
rectangular shape we know today because of how hard it was to print
the bullseye, and tested it on the Kroger grocery chain. This was a
success for the supermarket as the function of checkout was way faster,
and also shops could hold the scanning statistics in their database, and
actually see what products sell more, and so make their business better.
The first barcode checkout was made in Marsh’s Supermarket in Troy,
and over the years it became a technology we use in our day to day lives!
Woodland even got a National Medal of Technology!

Amazon Go!
Amazon Go is a new type of store made by amazon, that totally changes
the shopping experience- you don’t need to pay, just walk out of the store
and you’ll automatically pay for what you took. Watch this 1 minute
video to see for yourself:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NrmMk1Myrxc
Everything is explained really well in the video, just the thing I feel these
cute challenge writers can ask about is how exactly this Amazon Go
thingy works- when you enter the store and scan the QR code, your
phone with the credit card is in the store’s algorithm. The store is full
with cameras and sensors on the shelves, and so when you pick
something up the sensors sense this and the cameras see this and all of
this data is brought up to an AI model that determines what you really
took, and adds it to your “virtual cart”. This data is analyzed by
something WSC has an unhealthy addiction with asking on- machine
learning. I’m pretty sure there is a point about it in another chapter on
this curriculum, so I won’t delve deeply on it right now. Nevertheless, it’s
the field of study in AI concerned with training the AI model to
understand data and algorithms. This means that in Amazon Go, the
more purchases that happen, the better the AI is on finding out what
product you’ve taken. Back to Amazon Go, it serves mostly basic
groceries and made up meals, and you can find these in the U.S. (first
one opened in Seattle), and London.

Quick Introduction to QR Codes

QR Codes are these two dimensional barcodes consisting of
black squares arranged in a square grid of white background
(like this barcode). Our phones can scan the QR and Quickly
Respond with the url or file it represents. This was originally
made for a Japanese automobile company for storing more
advanced stuff that barcodes can’t store (like urls and files).
Another thing is that unlike barcodes QRs have these reference squares
on some of their corners and are called fiducial markers (to give the
camera sensor a perspective on the size of the barcode).

QR Restaurant Menus are Lame 😴

It might be unfamiliar for non-Americans reading this, but in the land of
freedom most restaurants today use QR menus. Basically instead of
getting a menu on a paper your table has on it a QR code that leads you
to the restaurant’s website in which you can see the menu. It was made
out of the need to physically interact the least possible with the diners
during the pandemic, but now after we’ve passed that, restaurants don’t
want to afford money on physical menus, so they keep the QR menus.
This of course makes a lot of people angry, such as Anne Theriault, who
wrote an opinion article about it- about why QR restaurant menus are
just lame. One thing she does give off for them menus is that unlike
physical ones, QR menus catch up with your traffic on the websites so
restaurants can know better what sells.
1) It Ruins the Communal Aspect of Dining with Close People.
Ms. Theriault claims that QR menus force people to look at their phones
to find what they want to order, and this act of looking at your phone
when you’re supposed to be with your family or friends just ruins the
vibe of togetherness. Most of us are addicts to our iPhone, and if in these
scenarios if we’re forced to open our phones, why not also check some
insta stories? (keep reading these summaries, don’t check your
stories!!!).
2) QR Menus have Security Risks!
People who know a lot about how to hack into a wifi (using their phone)
can get a lot of info about you if you scan the QR code and sign in to the
restaurant’s website to view the menu.
3) Physical Menus Serve as Actual History.
Unlike QR Menus, that can be deleted from existence the second a
restaurant closes its business, a physical menu will always exist (unless
you burn it or something). These physical menus might serve as
historical evidence of this era in the future, as physical menus in the
past serve today as a major historical source. Historian L. Sasha Gora
claims physical menus give us an insight on when and how animals and
plants appeared, disappeared, or maybe reappeared. An example would
be the passenger pigeon- a pigeon breed that became extinct as a result
of overhunting for making delicious pigeon pies. When it started to be
endangered the menus didn’t change, but when it became totally extinct
it disappeared from the menus. From this data we can infer that at the
time people didn’t care about the state of the passenger pigeon breed,
and hunted it until its extinction. It also gives us historical insight to how
culture was- like how in 1970’s California restaurants used to give
women a special “ladies’ menu”- a menu printed without prices, so they
wouldn’t know how much their dates are spending on them.
4) Ohhhhhhh But the Aesthetic 🤌👌
QR menus have websites, right? Each restaurant doesn’t have a web
designer who will design them a full menu out of zero (like me). So they
use a basic website menu template and maybe change the colors- that’s
it. In a cool physical menu you can express your restaurant better. Two
totally different restaurants- one expensive 3 michelin stars pastas, and
the other cheap hamburgers. Both of them use the same website design
template and look almost similar. It ruins the vibe of the expensive one
that needs to look prestigious, and it ruins the cheap one that needs to
look fun.
The Stuff that Dreams
Are Remade Of
(how art and buildings vary by how we see them!)

When I wrote “by how we see them”, I meant it in a literal way

(for this part of the chapter at least), that’s why we shall go
over art pieces made with odd materials!
The Butter Sculptures of Caroline Brooks
First of all I’m sure these cheeky cute staff members will talk about the
(Quick) History of Butter Sculpting.
Caroline Brooks (who I’ll talk about later) was not the first to sculpt with butter.
Archaeologists claim bread and pudding was used to shape animals and humans
back to the Babylonian era/ Roman Britain. Nevertheless, the first official
appearance of butter sculpting was in the Renaissance. It was used as a form of
art in banquetes- Pope Pius V’s cook Bartolomeo Scappi made for one of his
banquetes a plate with butter sculpted as an elephant, and Hercules fighting a
lion, and that was to impress the guests, and of course it was for eating. The first
artist who didn’t use butter sculpting for food, but rather for real art, was
Caroline Brooks.
Brooks was born in the 2nd half of the 19th century, and didn’t have too much
experience with art at the start of her career. As a way to promote
a product, she butter-sculpted “Dreaming Iolanthe”- a bas-relief
bust depicting Yolande, Duchess of Lorraine, the protagonist in
Henrick Hertz’ play “King Rene's Daughter”. To make it she used
traditional tools including a butter paddle, broom straw, and a
pencil made out of camel’s hair. To make sure the sculpture won’t
melt, she used ice. Dreaming Iolanthe was exhibited in the
Centennial Exhibition in 1876, and was re-made a few times for more
famous expeditions, such as the Paris World’s Fair in 1878, and the
Centennial Exhibition held in Philadelphia in 1876. She also made
butter bas-reliefs of Queen Isabella and Christopher Colombus, and
this unique style she created led other people to sculpt with butter themselves-
like John Karl Daniels who made a butter sculpture of Teddy Roosevelt.

Erika Iris Simmons’ Cassette Tape Art

Simmons is an artist who specializes in using non-traditional media such as old
books, playing cards, magazines, credit cards, and whatever you can throw
but still have kept on your shelves. For a lot of music fans, this can be audio
cassettes. They were the thing during the 1970’s, but over time their
popularity declined and totally killed in the 1990’s after the invention of the
CDs. After 50 years of people owning cassettes, the magnetic forces inside
the tape that made it sound music weaken, and so over time cassettes sound
worse- so most cassettes today aren’t so usable. Simmons turned some old
cassette tapes and reel tapes into works of art in a series that she calls “Ghost
in the Machine”, portraying celebrities and musicians such as Robert De-Niro,
Marylin Monroe, Ian Curtis, Jim Morrison and Jimi Hendryx. I realized that for the
actors she used reel tapes, and for musicians she used cassette tapes. She
portrays a celebrity with the material that made him famous in the first place.

Dominique Blain’s Missa

Dominique Blain is a Canadian artist who incorporates installations and
photography into her works.
The word missa means in Latin “mass”, and it’s also her
selected art piece- a photograph of a room in which there’s a
square metal grid under the ceiling, from which one
hundred nylon strings holding one hundred pairs of army
boots. The art piece looks super arranged, as even each pair
of boots have its right foot boot raised slightly off the floor.
This of course suggests the synchronized movement of
military marching, and this whole art piece wants to
express how bad is the treatment of totalitarian regimes to
their army- how they see the troops as dehumanized puppets. Blain is all for
soldiers to express themselves, and she sees that attitude towards the average
troop in a totalitarian army- how much they were manipulated with toxic
behaviors.
Now as she’s an installation artist, she of course tries to bring up this sense of
synchronization in an army by using army boots- to like… criticize the army for its
over-synchronisation that doesn’t let each soldier to express himself.

This whole chapter makes me really ask what is identified as

art? Except for butter sculpting, WSC wants us to research about
an additional topic for determining if it’s really what we call
art- what could it be??
Hmmm.. Rock Art?
Humans of the past, mostly between 2.6 million and 2,000 years ago, used to
document themselves, their civilization, and religion by painting on caves in all
continents. You could leave a full handprint on it (called hand stencil), use a mix
of animal blood, berries, different coloured rocks, like charcoal, or maybe by
lightly engraving with your nails or a stick. Cave art features drawings, scribbles
and hand paintings of life in the past - as I said, whether these are religious
symbols, tribes, father and son - they were all drawn or engraved on rock!
Archeologists claim that the big majority of cave paintings were lost to time, as
paint completely dissolved over the course of at least tens of thousands of years,
but still there are several techniques for analyzing some paintings.
One of the ways to find a cave painting is to look for caves with muddy rocks that
went dry over the years, and so when the rocks went dry, they preserved the
paintings much better. Then archaeologists can spot light remains of a painting
with their eye, and sketch for themselves what the painting might have been like
years ago. Professor Jan Simek documented in his journal, Antiquity, two
paintings carved on a mud ceiling of a cave in Alabama by Indigenous people.
One of a diamondback rattlesnake, that is a sacred animal, and the other of a
human figure. If archaeologists can’t spot cave painting remains from their own
eyes, they move to digital manipulation of the cave painting’s images! A cave in
Spain contains a hand stencil which was obscured by the buildup of calcium
carbonate deposits from the Pleistocene era. Paul Pettitt and Alistair Pike
photographed the cave and then used digital image enhancement software which
revealed the hand stencil very clearly with alternative light sources. Until it
re-emerged on our computer screen, this 64,000 year old hand stencil remained
undiscovered despite 70 years of intensive study in the cave.
In order to uncover light engravings, which were extremely common during the
Pleistocene era, archaeologists use a technique called reflectance transformation
imaging (RTI), in which they take pictures of the one engraving from different
angles, and they combine all pictures to a 3D model which brings the light
engravings to light. Archeologists date the cave paintings by matching the pottery,
which is commonly found in tiny shards around the cave, and unlike these
unclassified cave paintings, it is easier to determine the era a piece of pottery
comes from. This branch of archaeology searching for rock art will probably
benefit from the recent developments made in airport security. As airport body
scanners use far infra-red frequency light that safely penetrates clothing to reveal
concealed weapons, archeologists can use the same concept to see through layers
of prehistoric wall plaster of paintings underneath - the smaller these scanners
will become, the better we could see more hidden cave art.

Sulawesi Cave Art

Quick Introduction.
This is a cave called Leang Timpuseng in the
Maros-Pangkep area on the island of Sulawesi,
Indonesia, and it has in it the oldest hand stencil in the
world (40,000 years ago), and also a fragmented
painting of a pig-deer, also known as a babirusa.
The Significance of Sulawesi Cave Art.
The cave art let scientists today know that homo
sapiens’ cognitive ability to create art was formed
before they migrated from East Africa. Before these
were discovered, scientists assumed only homo sapiens
who migrated to Europe developed super early this skill
of making art, as all old cave arts were found in Western
Europe, particularly El Castillo which is the oldest cave with cave paintings.
When the cave was found by Alfred Wallace and the paintings discovered by H.R.
van Heereken, scientists understood the homo sapiens
who migrated to Australia (today’s aboriginals’
ancestors) also had this skill, therefore early humans
developed this important skill before migrating!
Dating the Cave Paintings.
The paintings in Sulawesi were dated by a group of
Australian-Indonesian archaeologists, using the
“uranium decay technique”- they took samples from thin
layers of calcite in the cave, and in calcite there is a little
bit of uranium, which has a unique decaying rate
relatively to other decaying rates of other materials.
Using that scientists could see how much uranium there
is and how much thorium there is, and so determine for
how long these cave paintings stayed untouched. Most of
the works were found to be around 25,000 years old.

Charles Darwin’s Sketches of Finches

Darwin is this naturalist who came up with the
theory of evolution, claiming that each breed
evolves over the years and changes its aspects.
For example monkeys turned into humans. Now
before he fully came up with the theory, he
embarked on a voyage on a ship called the HMS
Beagle, in which the crew will move from
England to South America, then to New
Zealand, and then back to England, and
Darwin’s job was to examine the flora and
fauna, aka the nature there, and bring back
some interesting evidence to England. In South
America they were in the Galapagos Islands in today’s Ecuador, which are pretty
remote islands. Nevertheless, the species and nature there was odd, like how
there was a species of birds similar to a blackbird or a mockingbird, but with a
bigger beak. This formed the core part of Darwin’s theory of evolution called
“natural selection”, meaning that generations of the same species give their later
generations the genes that will make them survive better in nature. For example if
we take a camel to a snow tundra and let it survive for generations, the camel
species there might become white to match the snow and create more camel fur!
The birds with the big beaks, called “Darwin’s Finches”, got bigger beaks because
the food in the Galapagos Islands could barely be eaten by a small beak, which all
the normal blackbirds or mockingbirds have. He came back to England with the
data and with Ornithologist (someone who knows about birds) John Gould, he
really understood a core part in the theory of evolution.
The WSC wants you to remember this short story, and determine for yourself if
these sketches are defined as “art”.

Sometimes we might see a building differently by just building a

replica of it!
The Lascaux Cave
(and Its Replica)
In 1940, four teenagers stumbled upon
a hidden cave in southern France after
their dog fell through a hole. What they
discovered was the Lascaux cave, full
of prehistoric art. The original cave,
housing over 600 paintings and 1,000
engravings from 20,000 years ago,
became a tourist attraction post-WWII
but had to be closed in 1963 due to the impact of visitor-generated carbon dioxide
and humidity. Now, the French government has invested $64 million to construct
a meticulous replica, adjacent to the actual cave, to recreate the emotional
experience of the first discovery. Visitors follow a specific sequencing, starting
outside the museum with sounds of the surrounding forest, mimicking the
original approach. The replica maintains a constant, cool temperature similar to
the real cave. Jean-Pierre Chadelle, an archaeologist, highlights the advanced
techniques of the early human artists, including the use of a magnesium pencil for
intricate details. The replica includes the original hole that the boys climbed
through, enhancing its authenticity. The original cave's tight seal, akin to a cork in
a champagne bottle, preserved its art for centuries. The replica, known as
Lascaux IV, stands as a link between past and present, with interactive exhibits
allowing exploration of mysteries surrounding the paintings. The meticulous
replication process involved 3D digital scanning, and high-definition images of
the paintings were projected onto the walls, copied pixel by pixel. Francis
Ringenbach, leading the reconstruction team, emphasized the mastery of
prehistoric artists, noting that animals were intentionally positioned and natural
features used creatively. The three-year colossal effort to recreate the cave walls
and ceilings evoked emotions in the team, realizing the challenging conditions
under which the prehistoric artists worked. Ringenbach shared moments of
realizing he was replicating the exact gestures of these ancient artists, sending
shivers down his spine. Lascaux IV, with its precision down to three millimeters,
provides a unique opportunity to experience the awe-inspiring beauty of
prehistoric art and offers a bridge between the ancient past and the modern
world.

The Proposal to Build a Pyramid in Detroit

So a hundred years ago in Detroit, U.S, there was this person called E.S. Wheeler
presented to the Association of Engineering Societies the idea to build a replica of
the Pyramids in Giza but in Detroit.
This man had a justification: “I know this idea seems out of this world, and unlike
all of your proposals I did not prepare any exact numbers on tests, weights,
theories, results, etc., but still the idea to build a whole pyramid is awesome. Use
your IMAGINATION!! - It’s hard to understand it but when you do. You don’t need
any logic or close attention when looking at this proposal, but just to imagine how
cool it would be”.
He even gave a reason for how this could work: “I know it’ll cost a lot of money
but what if one of five Americans will stop working for just one day, and come to
Detroit to assist with the building. We will quickly finish up with this!”.
As we all know there is no pyramid in Detroit, but cool proposition Mr. Wheeler!

The Eiffel Tower’s Little Twin

The Eiffel Tower is this longggg metal structure in Paris, France, that was
originally built in 1888 for the 1889 World’s Fair and was a temporary building,
but because so many people worked on it and it was a little expensive, it stayed
there up until today, and since has
become one of the most iconic buildings
in Paris! In April 2023 a lot of people
(including me!) saw in TikTok a second,
smaller version of the Eiffel Tower next to
it. It was made by Phillipe Maindron, and
it’s just tenth the size of the big Eiffel
Tower. It was made for April Fools, but
was removed ten days later. Maindron
says “I wanna call this Eiffela and it’s the Eiffel’s small tiny baby hahaha it’s
sooooooo cute and unlike my other creations this one is breezy and carefree!!!”.

Eiffel Towers in Different Countries!

So now we need to cover 10 Eiffel Tower replicas in other countries. I organized it
in the order in which they might ask the most about to the least about.
Lahore, Pakistan Eiffel Tower.
This one is a really realistic replica and it’s in Pakistan! The same tower exactly,
just a totally different city.
Paris, Texas, USA Eiffel Tower.
In Texas there’s a city called Paris, and it has an Eiffel Tower replica with a
cowboy hat on it to show the American spirit of Texas!
Tianducheng, China Eiffel Tower.
In 2007 China built this city that is trying very hard to look like Paris. They
replicated Paris’ architecture, and also its iconic Eiffel Tower. The tower is
realistic, yet the city feels like a ghost town (barely anyone lives there).
Tokyo, Japan Eiffel Tower.
This is the tallest Eiffel Tower ever, including the original! It’s painted in red and
white (like the Japanese flag), and it's super tall.
BlackPool, England Eiffel Tower.
This is the oldest Eiffel Tower replica, built just 5 years after the original. It’s
brown and on top of it there’s a castle-like ceiling.
Lyon, France Eiffel Tower.
This one was originally called “the Metallic Tower of Fourviere”, and it was built 3
years after the original Eiffel Tower. It might actually not be considered a replica,
as it might have been the source of inspiration for Gustave Eiffel’s creation.
Sydney, Australia Eiffel Tower.
This one is built on top of a building - what an Aussie thing to do! It was built on
top of the AWA headquarters (place that makes radio), and serves the same as the
original Eiffel Tower today- a radio transmission tower! It once had a viewing
platform but it was left out in its rebuild.
Slobozia, România Eiffel Tower.
This one is tiny and in an open field, built by a Romanian Billionaire.
Las Vegas, USA Eiffel Tower.
This one is the one I actually knew! Its size is half of the original tower, and it’s
built in an area next to a lot of other replicas of Paris, such as the Louvre and the
Arc de Triomphe! Such a Las-Vegas thing to do.
Filiatra, Greece Eiffel Tower.
This town is also known as “Little Paris” and it just has a tiny Eiffel Tower replica
built in the entrance. It’s the only attraction and the rest of the tiny town is boring.

What if we view a building… Using Virtual Reality Technology!

Lithodomos Makes VR Educational!
For those of you who do touch grass and don’t know what VR is, it’s a technology
that was developed in the last dozen years. This technology enables the viewers
to see a screen, or a monitor, in a 360 degrees point of view. How? By attaching
sophisticated goggles to the face of the user, and in each goggle there is a monitor
of the place you want to be. When you turn around the monitor turns too.
Therefore I can use this technology to “move around” in Yale University, even
though I'm in my home with a pair of thick goggles, and it’s so realistic. In one last
simple sentence- it’s like viewing a picture on a monitor, but you can move your
head and see other degrees of it like you’re actually there.
Lithodomos took a switch on this technology, and decided to make an application
on the phone that enables someone to view stuff from the phone in 360 degrees,
meaning that if you attach it to something that will hold your phone in front of the
eyes, you’ll basically use VR.
Lithodomos created 300 realistic historical places people can “teleport to”, and are
historical. Like for example the Colosseum in Italy when it was active, in which
users can see from their own eyes how it was like to sit in different places of the
Colosseum.
This history Professor and archaeologist named Andrew Goldman saw a lot of
potential to make this technology created by Lithodomos into an educational way
to teach history.
Lately he conducted a class of students viewing the ancient city of Pompeii using
the VR application from their phone, and using it they could better understand the
whole concept of “how the ancient city looked before it was destroyed”.
The realistic historical places Lithomodos created are not identical but very close.
 Form Follows Fiction
First point:
Claude Monet was a French artist and the founder of the French impressionist painting
art movement, an art movement from Europe, mainly in Paris. It started in the 18th
century, and its name originated from Monet’s work, Impression, Sunrise.

Impressionism is characterized by:

- Brush strokes. The art had small, yet visible brush strokes.
- Lightning. The artists tried hard to create ambient light and show how it changed
across the canvas.
- Everyday subjects. The art depicted everyday subjects.
- Unique viewing angles. Many impressionist artists use unique viewing angles.
Another unique thing about impressionism art is the colors they use. They used colors
that don’t blend perfectly in the work, and they also used colors to create mood.

At the age of 11 Monet had entered “Le Havre Secondary School of the Arts”, and got
known for his caricatures that he sold for 10 to 20 francs each. Five years later, around
the age of 16, Monet met the artist Eugene Bouldin, who taught him the techniques of
“en plein air” painting and later became his mentor. Then Monet left school and went to
Paris, in which he sat by the window and painted what he saw outside.
Monet went on a 7-year tour in Algeria, however, it was cut short to just 2 years when
Monet got injured. When he returned to Paris Monet studied the “en plein air” methods,
with a few more artists. During that period Monet developed his painting style which
was later called impressionism. In 1874 the first impressionist exhibition, also called the

😱
Paris Salon was organized, in which Monet exhibited many of his works. Then, Monet’s
wife died , and he was determined that he’d never live in poverty again. Monet’s
critical success came during the late 1880s and 1890s, in 1890 he bought a large
house with a garden, in which he continued to paint for the rest of his life. On the
WSC website, they say that “Monet spent a lot of time at his lily pond”, which
probably refers to that Monet’s garden was a big inspiration for him for some of
his paintings

● A Reversible Anthropomorphic Portrait of a Man Composed of Fruit is a painting

by Giuseppe Arcimboldo, in which we can see an inverted bowl filled with fruits.
The fruits make the face of an old man. Giuseppe Arcimboldo was an Italian
 painter who was known to make these paintings about human portraits from

fruits.

“Aerial rotating house. From Le Vingtième Siècle” is a painting by Albert Robida,

which in English means “Aerial rotating house. From The Twentieth Century”. The
painting describes Albert Robida’s future vision for Paris in the 1950’s. He focuses on
technological advancements and how it would affect Parisian’s lives. The painting was
drawn for Albert Robida’s novel “Le Vingtième Siècle, or The Twentieth Century” he
wrote in the year 1883.
Albert Robida was French and mostly an artist, novelist, and illustrator who lived
between the years 1848 and 1926. He was mostly known for the fact that he was the
editor of the “La Caricature” magazine for 12 years, he wrote futuristic novels and
created 520 illustrators for Pierre Giffard's weekly serial “La Guerre Infernale”.

“Late Visitors to Pompeii” is a painting by Carel Willink from the

year 1931. The painting depicts Pompeii, an ancient Roman city,
with four modern men in it. We can also see the Vesuvius
mountain in the background. One of the men in the picture is
Oswald Spengler, who inspired Willink with history art, and the
other three men are self-portraits of Willink at different ages.
Carel Willink was a Dutch painter who lived through the years
1900-1983. He is known to be one of the greatest Dutch painters
of the 20th century and the most important representative of the
painting and literary genre “magic realism” which he calls
“imaginary realism”.

Our Lady of the Iguanas is a photograph by Graciela Iturbide. In the photo, we

can see Graciela Iturbide with four iguanas on her head. The photo shows the
power and dignity of Zapotec women, who dominate all aspects of social life.
The photo was photographed in 1979 while Graciela had traveled to south
Mexico to photograph the Zapotec people.
Graciela Iturbide is a Mexican photographer, mostly known for her
documentaries about indigenous culture.

The Strolling Saint- ‫לא עובד‬

The Romantic Dollarscape is a series of paintings by Pedro Alvarez who was a Cuban
artist who was famous during Cuba’s special period, which is a period in which there
was peace. The picture has a green background with some people and a car in what
looks like nowhere.

Weirdos of Another Universe is a series of paintings by Avery Gibbes in which he decided

to explore the “what ifs” of an imaginary situation in which a small group of people
suddenly exist within an alien world. The series is about being an outsider or new when
entering a new world.
About the artist… There isn’t much to say about him since he started his career just a
few years ago in 2019 and this is his only work.

Second point
Campbell’s Soup Cans is a work by Andy Warhol from the year 1962. The work
consists of all the 32 flavors of Campbell’s soup cans back then. The work used
32 canvases for each painting. When Andy was asked why he chose to paint
Campbell’s soup cans he answered: “I used to have the same lunch every day,
for twenty years, I guess, the same thing over and over again.” And that daily
meal is the subject of the painting.
Andy Warhol was an American artist. He was mostly considered an artist and a
leading figure of the pop art movement. His works explore the relationship
between artistic expression, advertising, and celebrity culture. A technique
that Andy used was silk screening, which is a printing technique he used to
make Campbell's Soup Cans.

Liberation of Aunt Jemima & Liberation of Aunt Jemima: Cocktail- ‫לא עובד‬

Kawsbob is a collection of three paintings by Brian Donnelly, known professionally as

KAWS. In each of the paintings, we can see Sponge Bob Square Pants from close.
However, in each painting the color of SpongeBob and his face changes- one is yellow,
with a happy face, one is red, with a surprised/excited face and one is gray, with
a goofy face. Another thing all of the paintings have in common is their eyes. All
of them have crossed eyes. KAWS said that the fact that each painting has a
different face reflects the cartoon character’s wit and charm.
Speaking of KAWS… KAWS aka Brian Donnelly is an American artist and designer.
He is mostly known for his toys, paintings, and prints. Some of his characters are
his own creations while others are reworked versions of existing icons (In our
case it is a reworked version of spongebob).

Charlie Brown Firestarter is graffiti by Banksy. The graffiti depicts the

character Charlie Brown, who is the main character of the comic strip
“Peanuts”, emptying gasoline from a red can, while smoking a
cigarette. It was discovered painted at sidewalk level on the side of a
burned out building in Beverly Hills. But why did Banksy, such a
popular street artist, create this street art??? Well, he “claimed” that
the person who made that building burn was Charlie Brown.
Banksy is an English street artist whose identity remains unconfirmed. His art style is
modern political and social pieces, which was inspired by the use of stencils.

Life, Miracle Whip, and Premium is a work by Brendan O'Connell. The work depicts
paintings of household brands you can find in a supermarket, which is something
O'Connell is known for. Brendan O'Connell is an American artist known for his
paintings of walmart interiors. He said he paints walmart “to inspire the artistic
creativity of everyone”, you see, he uses his project “Wal-Art” as a “springboard”

🍷🗿
for the website https://everyartist.me/, a social enterprise devoted to igniting
the creativity innate in every child ( ).

Third point
The IoT or the Internet of Things is when devices have sensors, processing
ability, software and other features. An example for IoT is a smart TV, and such.

As we know this is a really cool thing that if used correctly, can be really useful.
However, until now, the only thing that we have gotten are useless gadgets, which risk
your privacy and safety, and eventually turn into trash.

As I said, the IoT can be really useful if used correctly, but what has been created are
just dumb ‘smart’ products that are not necessary for humans' daily lives.
So here are 10 Absurdly Dumb 'Smart' Products Nobody Asked For and their price
1. A frying pan that detects what's in it, 209$. A normal pan costs 18$, this one
costs 209$, and the only difference is that this one tells me what is in the pan.
2. A toothbrush that "guides" you via an app, 130$ instead of 3$. 127$ for an app
that “guides” me about how to brush my teeth.
3. A fork that tracks how fast you're eating, 79$, instead of 3$. 76$ for a fork to tell
me how fast I am eating.
4. A wearable that tells you when you're stressed, 150$. Almost every single person
would know what and how they feel. If someone is stressed, saying to him that
he is stressed will make him even more stressed.
5. A plastic carton that tells you if you need more eggs, 10$. This one’s price is not
too high, but this is probably the most useless in the list. I know when I need
eggs!
6. A bottle that tracks how much water you're drinking, 55$, instead of 6$. If you
really want to know how much water you're drinking, just buy a bottle with
marks, not 55$.
7. A yoga mat that tells you when you're screwing up, 347$. This one might be kind
of useful, however, it does not justify the price!
8. A monitor that tells you when your tampon is full, price is not announced yet. A
tampon is mainly used for feminine hygiene, so I don’t know a lot about it,
however when the author of the article asked his friends and they reacted by
saying: "That is insane." "Yeah, that's an embarrassment." "OMG and on a
keychain”.
 9. An LED-embedded jump rope that displays fitness data as you work out, 90$.
This one is kind of useful, however showing the person their fitness data doesn’t
help them jump!
10. A Wi-Fi-enabled wine bottle with interchangeable cartridges, 199$. As a kid, I
don’t really know about wine, however the author of the article says that “this
whole system seems downright silly”.

Now… Not only are these gadgets almost completely useless, they can also risk your
privacy and safety?!?!?

How the IoT can risk your privacy and safety

These days, there are billions of things sensing you every day, everywhere. Even in your
home, inside your TV, fridge, car and even your office. These things know more than you
can imagine, and some of them can communicate that info over the internet. Scientists
have found that with internet connectivity extending to devices in homes, offices and
cities, privacy is in more danger than ever.
Your appliances, car and home are designed to make your life easier and automate tasks
you perform daily. In order for them to “do their magic”, they need the internet. However,
they are not the only things that are communicating over the internet.
A lot of places are also becoming smarter, with smart devices, and they also have the
same requirements. In the end, the devices we have at home are cameras and
microphones, that can collect information about you. Examples for that are: smart TVs
use cameras and microphones to spy on the user, smart light bulbs track your sleep
schedule, and smart vacuum cleaners recognize objects in your home and map it.
Sometimes this is described as a feature of the device. For example, some Wi-Fi routers
can collect information about the user's location. Usually the company will tell you that
only automated decision-making systems and no humans will see your data, however,
this is not always the case. And although it will be more safe if a person won’t see it, any
private data shared into the internet could be discovered by hackers and such…
With some devices there is an option to turn them off for privacy. However, the device’s
usefulness will severely decrease and your privacy will still get hurt in other places, like
work, smart cities and malls, in which you can’t choose that option. Because of that, the
user needs to decide and choose between privacy and comfort. In response to all of
these privacy issues, governments all over the world have decided to introduce laws to
protect privacy and have more control of their data.
What we can do to limit the privacy damage:
- We can update the device’s firmware regularly
- We can go through the device’s settings and disable any data collection that is
not related to what you want the device to do.
- We can research the device, find out what data it captures, and using that info,
you can buy the device from a manufacturer that cares for its users' privacy.
- And lastly, we can think to ourselves if we really need all of our devices to be
smart.

Many of these devices become useless after they disconnect from their cloud. They
can’t be controlled remotely and they stop functioning Independently. These devices
won’t become “unusable”, however they will lose a lot of functionality. This leaves us
with an endless pile of e-waste (electronic waste). To prevent that from happening, we
need to think about the realistic lifetime of IoT and smart devices, and also about what
can be done to fix them and extend their lifetime when they are at risk of abandonment.
The expected lifetime of a device is based on the type of device. The author of the
article divides the devices into 3 distinct groups: endpoints, hubs, and clients.
- Endpoints are devices managed by something else. If these devices are
unmanaged, they still should be able to function without a working cloud service.
An example would be light switches, or light bulbs. Endpoints are also mostly
single-purpose devices. Because of their simplicity, they are expected to have a
long lifetime with at least 10 years. However, in order for that to be real, the
management protocols need to be open. Many endpoints use Wi-Fi as their
communications mechanism, and other markets are starting to use Bluetooth
Low Energy.
- Hubs control endpoints. They typically act as the primary communication
mechanism to a cloud service, have converged functionality, and may coordinate
firmware upgrades. Some endpoints do not have hubs controlling them, which
makes them vulnerable.
- Lastly, we have clients. We are clients. The ones that buy and use the devices.
What we can do in order to reduce the amount of e-waste is to be more open and
flexible.
 Hindsight Needs
Corrective Lenses
Earliest record-keeping systems:

Mesopotamian-

Mesopotamian record-keeping was the reason literacy in

the Near East and the rest of the world was born.

The development of writing in Mesopotamia was due to

the need to keep track of trades.

Around 3200 BC is when Mesopotamian cuneiform was

born.

Mesopotamian cuneiform-

Clay tablets- clay tablets are the “stone” that cuneiform and other syllables were
carved into it.
Before paper was in use, the Mesopotamians used clay tablets to inscribe pictographs
that represented syllables and full words.

Cuneiform means “wedge-shaped” due to the imprints made into clay.

“wedge-shaped”-

They used a stylus of cut reeds to make these shapes.

Cuneiform evolved from older markings of tallying to record numerical value, which
evolved into clay tokens to label different goods and crops.
Evolution of Cuneiform-

Clay tokens-used as what we know today as money

The tokens were also used as receipts.

Cuneiform was also used to keep track of temple and religious activities and
astronomical activities.

Using clay tokens transformed into clay tablets, as the invention of writing in
Mesopotamia originally had a practical use for traders and accountants. Through this
form of accounting, the writing of Mesopotamia was attached with distinct sounds
and syllables, weaving it into a form of written communication.
Scientists and archaeologists have documented the evolution of cuneiform. It’s been
divided into three phases of development:

Clay tokens: held numerical value and was used for accounting and receipts

Two-dimensional pictographs: transferred from three-dimensional clay tokens to

two-dimensional symbols on flat surfaces

Symbols representing sounds: soon, these symbols began to match with the spoken
language.

Scientists debated whether the Mesopotamian form of writing was the source of
writing since Egyptian hieroglyphs seemed to form out of nowhere, independently
from cuneiform, around the same time as Mesopotamian cuneiform. Furthermore,
there is evidence of a fully formed hieroglyphic system at a site in Abydos, Egypt,
around 3400 BC, slightly earlier than the Mesopotamian cuneiform. Though, both
Mesopotamian cuneiform writing and Egyptian hieroglyphs have evidence of being
used in earlier primitive forms about 1,000 to 2,000 years before the full development
of their systems around 3500-3200 BC.

Mesopotamian Writing: Who Used Cuneiform?

Cuneiform originated in Sumer and spread throughout Mesopotamia.

Sumerian cuneiform was soon adopted by the Akkadians and spread through war
and conquering of the surrounding city-states.

Different countries in Mesopotamia had different languages; languages differed from

Sumer, Babylon, Akkad, Assyrian, Elamite, Hittite, Hurrian, Kassite, and Urartian.

Cuneiform was morphed to fit the phonetics of other languages. For example,
cuneiform in Sumer and Babylon were based on syllables and full object association.

While cuneiform in Ugarit and Ebla were semi-alphabetized and based on

consonants, similar to Egyptian hieroglyphs.

Mesopotamian cuneiform was, for a short period, the lingua franca. Despite the social
and judicial power cuneiform held, it was replaced by the Phoenician alphabet.
The Phoenician alphabet was a phonetic system with 22 letters that represent
consonants.

The cuneiform system used Mesopotamian pictographs to represent entire words and
concepts. Vowels weren’t written in these alphabets, which are called abjads.

To this day, modern Hebrew and Arabic languages still use the abjad alphabet.

The Phoenician writing system streamlined the writing process much easier for the
ancients, while cuneiform was beginning to be seen as complicated and a hassle.

Leaving behind cuneiform was the choice that made our modern English alphabet
close to what it is today.

Phoenician alphabet-
Abjads-An abjad is a writing system in which only consonants are represented,
leaving vowel sounds to be inferred by the reader. Arabic and Hebrew use Abjads in
their language.

Despite the widespread usage of cuneiform, it was not known by the general public.
Select professions of these regions used cuneiform. Priests, scribes, and some women
studied the sacred act of the ancient script rigorously in temple institutions akin to
universities. Besides practical usage of cuneiform, the Mesopotamians believed
writing to be gifts of their gods and to be divine. Only the righteous and those chosen
by God could learn the script.

For example, the judicial Law Code of Hammurabi is written in Akkadian cuneiform
script. This clay-preserved text was a list of 282 laws that scribes penned based on the
words of Hammurabi and the priests.

Other examples of cuneiform are “The Epic of Gilgamesh” and “The Descent of
Inanna,” written in Babylonian cuneiform.

The “Epic of Gilgamesh” portrayed the superhero-god Gilgamesh who defeated

monsters and moved mountains for his city.

“The Descent of Inanna” is a classic story that depicts a young woman emerging into
adulthood and claiming responsibility for her godhood.

Writing to the Mesopotamians was used for law and politics and to bring honor to the
gods and creation.

Both characters of Gilgamesh and Inanna are placed in larger stories such as the
Babylonian 13th century BCE “Enūma Eliš” and the Sumerian 18th century BCE
“Atra-Hasis.” Astronomical and astrological examples of cuneiform come from the
clay tablet of the “Enūma Eliš,” a creation epic from Babylon. Though it’s hard to
separate religion from the Mesopotamians as this was the epicenter of their culture,
their astronomical observations are encoded within the story.

In astronomical tablets, there is written documented evidence of early

archaeoastronomy.

The cuneiform astronomical tablets would involve planetary motions, planetary

aspects, days of the week, time tracking, and omens. An example of this astronomical
cuneiform is within the MUL.APIN artifacts.
MUL.APIN means “the plough.” “The plough” is one of 66 listed constellations and the
first word in the MUL.APIN text.

The MUL.APIN is a Babylonian astronomical compendium that showed

comprehension of zodiac signs, the ecliptic, and Earth’s rotation.

These cuneiform tablets are the most popular and complete astronomical tracking.
Furthermore, there are earlier known records of astronomical data in Babylon.

It’s believed that the MUL.APIN was compiled in 1000 BC and more later editions in
300 BC.

Mesopotamian Writing: The Behistun Inscription Archaeologists have translated

around 20,000 – 300,000 clay tablets and have restored and retrieved millions of clay
tablets.

In the 15th century is when more contemporary archaeologists began an attempt to

decipher the cuneiform.

Explorers and archaeologists such as Giosafat Barbaro, Antonio de Gouva, and Sir
Thomas Herbert brought cuneiform tablets to the Western world.

Though up until the late 1700s, no one tried to decipher cuneiform.

At the time, archaeologists used their knowledge of similar languages such as Avestan
and other Old Person scripts to translate cuneiform.

In the 1800s, Henry Rawlinson visited the Behistun Inscriptions in Iran. The Behistun
Inscription is an autobiographical text written on the side of a cliff.

The Behistun Inscription is written by and about Darius the Great, a king of the
Persian Empire.

It tells the history of his coronation to his old age, his lineage, and the customs of the
time.

The inscription is on a cliff in modern-day Western Iran in the Kermanshah Province.

To quote worldhistory.com on the depiction of Darius the Great in the relief, “The
figure of Darius I appears to be looking upward at the image of the Faravahar, a
Persian symbol of divinity, depicting a royal male figure seated on a winged disc,
which, in this case, represents the supreme god Ahura Mazda.”

The same version of the text is written in three languages on the rock relief: Old
Persian, Elamite, and Babylonian.

These languages are crucial to the deciphering of cuneiform.

Through the understanding of Old Persian, which was accessible in their day, they
could translate Elamite.

Elamite is an ancient Persian language that picked up the cuneiform script.

Elamite is loosely related to Old Persian.

This cross-examination of the languages aided in translation.

Rawlinson was able to translate Babylonian with the Behistun Inscription, and thus
archaeologists used these same methods and then-new translations of Babylonian to
decipher its linguistic predecessor, Akkadian.

Hieroglyphics Cuneiform

Origin and Region Developed around 3300 Emerged around 3500 BCE
BCE in ancient Egypt in Mesopotamia
along the Nile River. It was (modern-day Iraq and
used by the ancient parts of Iran, Turkey, and
 Egyptians for several Syria). It was primarily
thousand years. used by the Sumerians
and later adopted by
other cultures in the
region like the
Babylonians and
Assyrians.

Structure and Form Composed a combination Consisted of

of logographic and wedge-shaped symbols
alphabetic elements. pressed into clay tablets
These symbols were often using a reed stylus. It
pictorial and represented started as pictograms but
objects or ideas. The evolved into a complex
system contained system with over 1,000
hundreds of characters different characters
but fewer than cuneiform. representing syllables,
objects, and abstract
concepts.

Usage and Purpose Initially utilized for Initially used for

monumental inscriptions administrative, economic,
on temples, tombs, and and record-keeping
other important purposes. Over time, it
structures. It was also expanded to encompass
used in administrative literature, legal texts,
texts, religious documents religious inscriptions, and
(such as the Book of the more.
Dead), and historical
records.

Material and Writing Inscribed on various Primarily written on clay

Surface surfaces including stone tablets using a stylus.
monuments, temple walls, These tablets were then
papyrus scrolls, and baked to harden the clay
wooden tablets. The and preserve the
writing surface varied inscriptions. It was also
based on the intended written on other materials
permanence of the like stone and wax.
inscription.

Decipherment and Deciphered by Deciphered in the 19th

Understanding Jean-François century by scholars such
Champollion in the early as Henry Rawlinson, using
19th century, aided by the the Behistun Inscription.
Rosetta Stone, which The script's complexity
 contained inscriptions in initially posed challenges
three scripts—Greek, in deciphering.
demotic, and
hieroglyphic—enabling
scholars to unlock the
meanings of hieroglyphs.

Petroglyphs
Petroglyphs are images carved or pecked into rock surfaces. They're one
of the oldest forms of human-made art and are found all around the
world. Ancient people created petroglyphs by using tools to carve or chip
away at the surface of rocks, leaving behind images that often depict
animals, humans, symbols, or scenes from their daily lives.
The uses of petroglyphs varied but it mostly served as a means to record
history and communicate in various ways.

Cuneiform
Cuneiform script, developed around 3500 BCE by the ancient Sumerians of
Mesopotamia, was one of the earliest forms of writing. Cuneiform was
impressed into soft clay tablets using a stylus, resulting in wedge-shaped
characters. These tablets were then dried in the sun to preserve the
inscriptions.

Nsibidi
Nsibidi is a system of symbols and graphic communication indigenous to
the Ejagham people of southeastern Nigeria. It's a form of ideographic
writing, where symbols represent ideas rather than specific sounds or
words. Nsibidi is known for its elaborate and intricate symbols, often
inscribed on various surfaces including calabashes, walls, textiles, and
even human skin.
Like petroglyphs the use of it varied, it was used in rituals as a symbolic
representation and as a way to record history.

Quipus
Also known as khipus or talking knots, were a unique method of record-keeping and
communication used by the ancient Andean civilizations, particularly the Inca
Empire, in South America. Quipus consisted of strings made from cotton or llama
wool tied together at various intervals and adorned with knots of different sizes,
shapes, and colors.
It was used to record history and represent numbers and data. They
were basically little computers and by arranging the strings you
could’ve kept information recorded. The limitations were that you
were using strings and that’s 1. Not optimal for continuing
calculations and 2 there was a limit to the amount of data you can
keep.

Dispilio Tablet
The Dispilio Tablet is an archaeological discovery found near the village of Dispilio in
northern Greece in 1993. It's a small clay tablet from the Neolithic
period, estimated to be around 5,000 to 6,000 years old. This tablet
features symbols or markings, sparking debate among experts about
whether these represent an early form of writing or have a different
symbolic significance. Even though their uses are mysterious it’s highly
probable that they were used to record history and be of use as a
calendar or means of communication.
Their limitations were simple, there is a limit to the amount of content
you can write on a wooden tablet.

Oracle bones
used in ancient China for divination during the Shang dynasty. They were
inscribed with questions about the future or events in the royal court and
cracked with heat, allowing diviners to interpret the patterns for answers.
They helped record history by inscribing details about battles, offerings,
weather, illnesses, and more, giving insight into ancient Chinese life. However,
they were limited as they were used mainly by the elite, their inscriptions were
biased, and interpretations were subjective, potentially leading to inaccuracies.

Cylcons
Cylcons, which were marked cylindrical stones, were used by Aboriginal
Australians to record history through incisions that represented significant
events, stories, or cultural practices. These inscriptions offer glimpses into the
historical narratives and traditions of Indigenous communities, contributing to our
understanding of their rich history and cultural heritage.

Geoglyphs
Geoglyphs are large designs or motifs created on the ground's surface, often by
removing or arranging stones, soil, or other materials. They're significant for
recording history as they depict various symbols, animals, and geometric shapes.
Geoglyphs helped record history by serving as markers for significant locations,
ceremonial sites, or pathways. They also depicted cultural symbols, offering insights
into the beliefs, practices, and activities of ancient societies.
However, geoglyphs have limitations. Their meanings and purposes can
be challenging to interpret accurately since they lack accompanying
written explanations. Additionally, due to natural and human-induced
erosion, some geoglyphs may have been altered or become less distinct
over time, making their original intent or design harder to discern and
decipher.

Runestones
Runestones are large stones inscribed with runic characters, primarily found in
Scandinavia and other regions influenced by the Norse culture. They served various
purposes, including commemorating individuals, marking territory, or recounting
events.
Runestones helped record history by inscribing details about notable
events, such as battles, voyages, or important figures. They often
commemorated achievements or memorialized people, offering insights
into Viking Age society and its key events.
However, runestones had various limitations including: text behind
destroyed by erosion, language not understandable nowadays and more.

Princess Diana
Diana’s real story goes like this - in 1981 she married prince, now king Charles III, and
was a princess for only 15 years, as she broke up with him. Then she went to do a lot
of charity work, being one of the more important women at the time, and also dating
British-Pakistani surgeon Hasnat Khan and Egyptian film producer Dodi Fayed, then
she died in a car accident, being remembered as the most generous princesses, heck -
even people in the world. From when she was married to this day, there are still
media projects surrounding Diana or the royal family, in which producers need to
find actors that look like her to play as Diana.

Princess Diana-Jeanna de Waal

Princess Diana-Emma Corrin
Princess Diana-Elizabeth Debicki
Princess Diana-Bonnie Soper
Princess Diana-Naomi Watts
Princess Diana-Lesley Harcourt
Princess Diana-Julie Cox
Princess Diana-Nicola Formby
Princess Diana-Serena Scott Thomas
Princess Diana-Catherine Oxenberg

Ho Chi Minh Copy

Tien Hoi is famous for successfully playing the
role of President Ho Chi Minh (known to
Vietnamese people as Uncle Ho). The actor left a
great impression on audiences when he took the
role of the country’s leader in many plays and
movies including “A Sleepless Night”, “See You Again, Saigon” and
“Hanoi in the Autumn of 1946”. In the play “A Sleepless Night”, the actor
said he had lots of unforgettable memories because it was the first time
he took on the role of the country’s beloved leader.
With his successful make-up, Tien Hoi began to practice for two and a half months the
role of the president. In the morning he played the role on the stage; in the afternoon
he watched documentary films on the president; and in the evening he listened to
tapes of the president’s speeches to mimic his voice. He also recorded those speeches
and brought them home for more practice.

Ho Chi Minh Real

Ho Chi Minh, born Nguyen Sinh Cung, was a Vietnamese revolutionary and politician
who played a key role in the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam,
later known as North Vietnam. He was born on May 19, 1890, in Nghe An Province,
Vietnam, and died on September 2, 1969, in Hanoi, Vietnam. Ho Chi Minh is primarily
remembered for his leadership in the Vietnamese struggle for independence from
French colonial rule and later against the United States during the Vietnam War. He
was a founding member of the French Communist Party and later became the leader
of the Vietnamese Communist movement. Throughout his life, Ho Chi Minh adopted
several pseudonyms and nicknames, reflecting different stages of his political career
and ideological beliefs. Some of his most well-known pseudonyms include: Ho Chi
Minh: This is his most commonly known name, which he adopted during his time as a
revolutionary leader. "Ho" means "bringer of light" or "enlightener," while "Chi Minh"
is a Vietnamese name meaning "he who enlightens." Nguyen Ai Quoc: This
pseudonym translates to "Nguyen the Patriot" or "Nguyen the Revolutionary." Ho Chi
Minh used this name while advocating for Vietnamese independence and during his
involvement in international communist movements. Nguyen Tat Thanh: This was Ho
Chi Minh's birth name. He used it in his early years before adopting other
pseudonyms for his revolutionary activities.
Uncle ho: "Uncle Ho" is another nickname for Ho Chi Minh. This affectionate term was
widely used by the Vietnamese people as a sign of respect and endearment towards
him. It reflects his revered status as a father figure and leader of the Vietnamese
nation. The term "Uncle" conveys a sense of familial connection and approachability,
while "Ho" refers to his surname. "Uncle Ho" became a popular way for Vietnamese
people to refer to Ho Chi Minh both during his lifetime and after his death,
emphasizing his personal connection with the people and his role as a symbol of
Vietnamese nationalism and independence.

Abraham Lincoln
16th president of the US, he ended slavery and the civil war. First one to play him was
Joseph Henabery, when he played in Lincoln’s assassination by John Wilkes Booth in
“The Birth of a Nation” - an action film. The last Lincoln actor is Graham Sibley in the
2022 mini series Abraham Lincoln.

Color Blind Casting

A new “woke” way of casting actors to forms of media such as movies and musicals
consisting of characters who already have a history, like how the musical made by Lin
Manuel Miranda, Hamilton, is a one talking about the birth of the USA with founding
fathers characters. This way is based on a casting that has nothing to do with the
actor’s race. He can play superman if he’s white, black, mexican, caribbean, Arabic
etc. Just like Jason Mamoa, a Hawwaian actor was casted to play Aquaman although
he was white in the comics. Just like the black actress Jodie Turner-Smith would play
Anne Boleyn, queen of England between 1533-1536. Just like Scarlett Johansson and
Emma Stone play characters of Asian descent.

Color Conscious Casting

A way of casting actors to forms of medias such as movies and musicals consisting of
characters who already have a history, and in this way producers take into
consideration that not everything in the past was perfect and equal, but still casting
people of color as historical characters, but only if these historical characters have a
meaning in their life that could be put well into context with black, indigenous, and
people of color (BIPOC) actors. For example, in the movie The Great Gatsby the jewish
character Meyer Wolfsheim, a character that denied acceptance by the aristocracy on
the basis of his birth, could have been played by an actor of color and it would
enhance the idea that the existing discriminatory structures of America prevent social
mobility. Also, in Hamilton, Lin Manuel MirANDA tells us that he casted black,
indigenous, and people of color (BIPOC) actors for the key roles, because he saw that
Hamilton came to be secretary of treasury beginning from the lowest place, as an
immigrant, and it seemed to him like other immigrants who start too in that low
point. This reasoning is enough to make the casting color conscious, and not color
blind like how Hamilton wants to sell itself.

Criticism on Hamilton black actors playing as their own

historical oppressors
Note: Presentism is viewing the past by the present’s glasses, judging people for things
they did when it was normal. So there is a Harvard student called Emi P. Cummings,
and she argues that the way MirANDA casted Hamilton is racist. How? Because he
casted (color consciously) black actors to play some key roles, and these people the
black actors play once owned a lot of slaves, so MirANDA is for some reason abusing
them by making them do this shameful thing, and so it’s racist of MirANDA to do such
a horrendous thing. Also there’s a 45 page essay on why Hamilton encourages
presentism. You can understand by yourself that it encourages presentism because
the fact we cast BIPOC actors make our history interpreted by more modern values.
The whole meaning of color conscious casting.

Lizz Truss being the next Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Thatcher was a very arguable British Prime Minister, to say the least…. In
our context, she is the one who broke union power, meaning that she made it harder
for the workers unions to make strikes on the economy. For example, it will be harder
for miners to unite together and stop working to address them if they want more
rights. Thatcher did it especially to the coal miners, as the country was desperate for
coal and was pretty poor, and also introduced a scheme whereby the government
would secretly stock up coal. Lizz Truss is being called “the next Margaret Thatcher”,
as she, too, was planning in August of 2022, after Borris Johnson resigned and she had
to replace him, that she may make it harder for the worker unions to strike, and
actually make them work, getting the UK out of massive inflation. Just like Thatcher
prefers getting out of the inflation more than workers’ so does Truss. In the article it is
written that worker unions describe Truss’ reforms to the Victorian workhouses of
the 19th century.

Imagine Being in Prison while being prime president(bibi)

The Pakistani prime minister celebrated from prison??? Blad used an AI voice to
deliver his speech while he sat in his prison cell. Protesters allege election rigging In
the northwestern town of Shangla, police clashed Friday with angry PTI supporters
protesting alleged election rigging. A PTI statement later said the clashes left four of
its workers dead and many more injured. PTI-led rallies also erupted outside election
offices elsewhere in Pakistan. The European Union urged relevant Pakistani
authorities Friday to ensure a timely and full investigation into reported election
regularities.

The Gandhi debate

The movie Gandhi is a movie from the 80’s and it talks about Mahatma Gandhi, the
Indian historical hero who made the bad British colonialists go out of India and other
colonized places, while still being a symbol of peace. The director Richard
Atterenbough wanted to make a historical “all hits of Gandhi”, going after all of his
successes. For that, he had Ben Kingsley, a half-white Hollywood actor, but still he
wanted him to look Indian so he painted his face in Indian skin color. At the time it
was not controversial, and so a lot of Indians were happy that a Hollywood actor
played such an important role in their hearts. Kingsley’s real name is actually Krishna
Pandit Bhanji, and he’s a son of a British mother and an Indian father, but nowadays
when people say the casting is racist, they say that the actor who plays the one who
wanted the British to go away is 1⁄2 British. Nevertheless it is the extreme opposite of
the criticization in Hamilton, in which the black actors play their own oppressors.

FDR's wheelchair

On a vacation in the Campobello islands, aged 39, FDR contracted polio, a

disease that would paralyze him from the waist down. Using metal bars,
FDR could still "walk", or at least appear as he was walking, when in
actuality he would just be swinging his legs forward, hanging onto a
family member or an advisor. Even though the people of the US
empathized with him, especially shown by the 1932 election results,
Roosevelt was determined the newspapers wouldn't show him in his
wheelchair. Surprisingly, most reporters and newsmen respected the
request of the white house and left him alone. Even though it is safe to say
Deli saw the wheelchair as his weak point, the FDR memorial
saw it fitting to have a statue of him in his wheelchair. Even
though he saw it as a weakness, it's really what made him
become a stronger person, especially mentally. In the shadow
of awakening awareness for disabilities, the FDR memorial
set to build an extra room, "the prologue room", that would
see a real-life size statue of Roosevelt in one of his self-made
wheelchairs. Behind the statue, written on the wall is a quote
from his wife Eleanor, talking about his relationship with the
chair: "Franklin's illness...gave him strength and courage he
had not had before. He had to think out the fundamentals of living and learn the
greatest of all lessons - infinite patience and never-ending persistence."
Brief History of Black and White Photography

It all started in 1826 when French scientist Joseph Nicephore created by exposing a
plate covered with asphalt aka bitumen in a camera obscura, which is a dark box with
lens that project an outside image to the opposite side of the chamber, and by doing
that for several hours he had the view from his balcony printed by the method I just
explained.
A few years later another French scientist, Louis Daguerre, invented another way to
capture an image, which was also the first public method, called the daguerreotype
method. By using polished silver plated copper, it makes the surface light sensitive
and then exposes it to the camera for as long as needed, and the plate would
subsequently undergo mercury fuming and chemical treatment before being rinsed,
dried, and then sealed behind protective glass. Because the method was shorter than
the last one, it let cameras capture more precise pictures, such as people portraits.
Then English photographer Richard Leach Maddox invented the dry-plate, also
known as the gelatin process, which didn't make exposed plates to have to be wet,
making it much easier to produce pictures. It wasn’t effective until George Eastman
from New York developed a machine for producing these plates, and then it blew up
big time. Four years later the flexible roll film was made by Eastman, and four years
later he made the Kodak camera, with a preloaded 100-exposure roll! Now people use
it a lot. One of them was a teen from San Francisco called Ansel Adams, who captured
beautiful USA views, and so made the genre of beautiful views in Instagram. Although
he was amateur, he is considered one of the most skilled photographers at the time.
Then in 1925 Oscar Barnack developed the Leica, a camera that is lighter, with a
35mm film, that Thomas Eddison invented. In 1935 Kodak made the Kodachrome,
which was the first color-reversal film, a type of photographic film that produces a
positive image on the film itself, which can be viewed directly, and in normal English
it means it was the first camera to capture colored photos.

The Significance of Black and White in “Schindler’s List”

Magnum Opus, “Schindler’s List.” Holding a venerable position among the world’s
most iconic films, this masterpiece not only recounts the harrowing tales from one of
history’s darkest chapters but also offers a masterclass in filmmaking.

The stark absence of color, far from a mere stylistic preference, serves as a profound
canvas upon which Spielberg paints a tale of despair, hope, and the indomitable spirit
of humanity. The significance of its monochrome palette unveils layers of emotions,
each more poignant than the last.
Historical Context of Monochrome in Cinematic Landscape

While the initial experience might suggest that the film’s

black-and-white aesthetic acts merely as a stylistic backdrop, a
deeper analytical dive reveals it as a crucial narrative tool,
imbued with historical and thematic resonance. Before the
vibrant technicolor era, cinema predominantly basked in the
shades of black and white, not out of just technological necessity,
but also due to the unique storytelling possibilities it offered.
Therefore, Spielberg’s deliberate return to monochrome wasn’t a simple nostalgia trip
but a well-considered thematic decision.

Crafting an Atmosphere of Authentic Historical Resonance

Through the lens of “Schindler’s List,” Spielberg effectively harnessed the

monochrome palette to construct an atmosphere replete with historical authenticity.
In doing so, he bridged the gap between past and present, grounding the narrative
events and characters within the harrowing realities of the Holocaust era. By
mirroring the haunting visuals reminiscent of historical photographs, Spielberg
ensured that audiences not only watched the events but deeply felt the gravitas of the
era’s tragic circumstances. Furthermore, this monochromatic backdrop allows for an
emotional connection, where viewers can transcend time and space, aligning their
emotions with the characters on screen.

Amplifying Emotional Intensity Through Visual Minimalism

As Spielberg ventured further into the Holocaust narrative, the deliberate absence of
color played a pivotal role in enhancing the emotional weight of each scene. Color,
with its multifaceted shades and interpretations, often introduces a spectrum of
feelings and distractions. However, by opting for a black-and-white scheme, Spielberg
showcased raw human emotions in their purest form, unadulterated by the potential
nuances of color. The grim realities, individual tragedies, and moments of fleeting
hope became glaringly pronounced, enabling viewers to confront the stark truths
head-on.

The Stark Contrast: The Girl in the Red Coat

Spielberg introduced a masterstroke with the fleeting image of the girl donning a red
coat. This stark color deviation not only punctuated the film’s monochromatic rhythm
but also accentuated the personal tragedies buried within the vast sea of suffering. By
making this striking choice, Spielberg simultaneously drew attention to individual
sorrow while emphasizing the overarching enormity of the Holocaust. Symbolically,
the red coat emerges as a beacon, shining light on the sheer scale of personal
tragedies, each a poignant story of its own, demanding acknowledgment and
remembrance.

Monochrome Aesthetics

Beyond the realm of storytelling, the decision to adopt a monochromatic palette

enriched the film’s visual aesthetics manifold. In the hands of Spielberg and
cinematographer Janusz Kamiński, the shades of black and white transformed into a
canvas, capturing intricate plays of light and shadow. Each frame, with its meticulous
attention to contrast and detail, became an artwork in itself. Furthermore, the
pronounced interplay between light and darkness, quite akin to the battle between
hope and despair in the narrative, added layers of visual depth, making every scene a
feast for discerning eyes.

Thoughts on Monochrome’s Mastery

In retrospect, Spielberg’s choice to embrace the monochrome medium for “Schindler’s

List” encapsulates more than just a directorial decision. It stands as a testament to the
potential of black and white in driving narrative, shaping perceptions, and leaving a
lasting impression. Through this artistic choice, Spielberg offered viewers a visceral
experience, ensuring that the film’s core messages remain indelible, its emotions raw,
and its impact profound. As one delves deeper into the world of “Schindler’s List,” the
power of monochrome continually reaffirms its significance, etching the narrative’s
haunting images and lessons into the annals of cinematic history.

Color technology to restore images taken in the early 20th

century
The Colors of Life was created by Humphryes to connect his
audience with the past. In his incredible colorization work, he
wants the viewer to develop an intimacy and deeper
emotional resonance with the people in these photographs.
Each image takes an average of several hours to clean up scratches and dust, repair
damages, and fix light levels. Humphryes is also using the very last artificial
intelligence (AI) technology to enhance and sharpen the
details.

Humphryes collected early color photos, such as ones shot on

Lippmann plates, Paget plats, and Autochromes. He took the
faded hues of these early color photos and breathed fresh life
into them to give a sharp, vibrant quality in a bid to
challenge peoples’ assumptions of the past.

AI can’t color old photos accurately

The main argument against AI colorizing photos is that it can’t be accurate, because
for each shade of gray in the old photos there are three totally different colors, that
only a brain using logic can easily understand what color it is. Also it steals the job of
colorizers, such as Jordan Lloyd. AI can’t use too much logic, such as searching in
google maps what similar things are in the same place as the picture, and inferring
the color of the same object and just like that solving the puzzle. Jason Antic, creator
of the AID Oldify, says that in the scenarios where the AI needs to infer what color is
an object, and these are no easy things like sky is blue – they just take a random guess.
Also Emil Wallner is in the article, defending the AI saying that it still has a good
future against luddites.

The Google Pixel 8's AI Blurs the Line Between Reality and
Fantasy
The Google Pixel 8, pushes the boundaries between reality and fantasy through its
innovative use of AI technology. This involves features such as enhanced
computational photography, augmented reality (AR), or AI-powered enhancements to
photos and videos. The Pixel 8 might be capable of generating highly realistic images
or even altering reality in real-time through AI processing.
These advancements could lead to a smartphone experience where users can
seamlessly blend the virtual and physical worlds, capturing stunning photos and
videos with surreal effects or immersive AR experiences. The Pixel 8's AI capabilities
may enable it to recognize and enhance scenes in ways that were previously only
possible through post-processing or specialized software.

Galaxy Enhance-X
Magic: Automatically enhances photo quality using deep learning and AI
algorithms to detect and correct errors such as noise, blur, and loss of detail.

HDR: Enhances images by intelligently refining highlights,

shadows, brightness, and contrast without compromising
quality.

Upscale: Increases the resolution of compressed photos by up to 4x, removing

compression noise for sharper images.
Moiré Removal: Detects and removes high-frequency repetitive patterns (Moiré)
commonly seen when photographing screens like laptops or TVs.

Shadow Removal: Identifies and removes shadows from photos

to improve overall satisfaction.
The app is accessible via the Galaxy Store and currently
available for the Galaxy S23 series, with plans to extend support
to other Galaxy models soon.

It offers features like image quality enhancement, artifact removal, and image
enhancement, including beauty features like jawline and portrait illumination effects.
Additionally, Enhance-X allows editing on photos from any source, not just those
taken with a Samsung camera.

How does AI enchantment work?

What is AI image enhancement?

We all know how important it is to have great photos. And we also know that
sometimes, even the best photographers can't make their photos perfect. That's where
AI image enhancers come in. AI image enhancers are computer programs that use
artificial intelligence to improve the quality of images. They can do things like remove
blemishes, add color, and even change the background of an image. The best part
about AI image enhancers is that they can do all of this without losing any of the
original quality of the image. In fact, many times, they can even improve upon the
original! So why is AI image enhancement better than manual human work? The
simple answer is that it's faster and more accurate. With AI, there's no need for a
human to sit there and painstakingly edit each photo by hand. Instead, the computer
can do it all in a fraction of the time with no loss in quality. In addition, AI image
enhancers have the ability to learn and improve over time. As they process more and
more images, they get better and better at producing high-quality results. So not only
are they faster and more accurate than humans, but they're also constantly getting
better!

The science behind AI image enhancement

AI image enhancement is a process of using machine learning algorithms to improve

the quality of images. The aim is to make the images more realistic and accurate than
what could be achieved through traditional image processing techniques. There are
two main types of AI image enhancement: super-resolution and denoising.
Super-resolution is the process of increasing the resolution of an image, while
denoising is the process of removing noise from an image. Both super-resolution and
denoising are achieved through convolutional neural networks (CNNs). CNNs are a
type of artificial neural network that is particularly well suited for image processing
tasks. The first step in training a CNN for either super-resolution or denoising is to
create a dataset of images. This dataset must contain a variety of different images so
that the CNN can learn to generalize and not just memorize specific examples. Once
the dataset is created, the CNN is trained on it using a technique called
backpropagation. Backpropagation involves adjusting the weights of the connections
between neurons in order to minimize error. After the CNN has been trained, it can
then be used to enhance images. For super-resolution involves upsampling an image
using the learned convolutional filters. Denoising involves passing an image through
the trained CNN in order to remove noise.

The benefits of AI image enhancement

When it comes to image enhancement, AI has a number of advantages over manual

human work. First, AI can analyze an image more objectively without the inherent
biases humans bring to the table. Second, AI can process images much faster than a
human can, meaning that large numbers of images can be enhanced in a shorter time
frame. AI is able to apply enhancements much more accurately than a human can.
This results in fewer errors and a better overall result. The science aspect of machine
learning in photo correction gives machines the ability to recognize patterns, color
saturation levels, light balance, and other elements to create perfect images in no
time. Finally, AI-based image enhancers can learn and improve over time, becoming
more accurate and efficient with each new image process.

Deep-image.ai - AI photo enhancer

Deep-image.ai is a cutting-edge artificial intelligence photo enhancer that can
automatically improve your photos' quality automatically, with little to no human
intervention required. The technology behind deep-image.ai is based on years of
research into machine learning and artificial intelligence, and our team of experts is
constantly improving upon it. Deep-image.ai works by analyzing your photos and
then making subtle adjustments to them in order to improve their overall quality. The
end result is a photo that looks better than if it had been edited by a human, and all
without you having to do anything other than upload your photo into the
Deep-image.ai platform. If you're looking for a way to improve the quality of your
photos automatically, then Deep-image.ai is the perfect solution for you.

how AI photo enhancement works-terms

Upscaling (Super-Resolution):

Upscaling, also known as super-resolution, refers to the process

of increasing the resolution or size of an image. This technique
is used to enhance the quality of low-resolution images by
adding more pixels or details to make them appear sharper and
clearer.

Denoising:

Denoising is the process of removing noise, which is unwanted

random variations in brightness or color, from an image. This
can involve various algorithms and techniques to effectively
filter out noise while preserving important image details.

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN):

A convolutional neural network (CNN) is a type of artificial

neural network commonly used in deep learning for analyzing
visual imagery. CNNs are particularly effective in tasks like
image recognition and classification due to their ability to
automatically learn and extract hierarchical features from images through
convolutional layers.

Dataset:

A dataset is a collection of data used for training, testing, or

validating machine learning models. In the context of computer
vision, a dataset typically consists of images along with corresponding labels or
annotations for tasks like image classification, object detection, or segmentation.

Backpropagation:

Backpropagation is a key algorithm used in training neural

networks. It involves iteratively adjusting the weights of the
network's connections based on the difference between the
predicted output and the true target output. This adjustment
is performed by propagating the error backward through
the network and updating the weights using gradient
descent or similar optimization techniques.

Training:

Training refers to the process of teaching a machine learning

model to make predictions or perform a specific task by
exposing it to a labeled dataset and adjusting its parameters
(such as weights in a neural network) through iterative
optimization algorithms like backpropagation.

Image Classification:

Image classification is a computer vision task where the goal

is to categorize images into predefined classes or categories.
It involves training a model to recognize and assign labels to
images based on their visual content.

Object Detection:

Object detection is a computer vision task focused on

identifying and localizing objects within an image. Unlike
image classification, object detection not only classifies objects
but also provides bounding boxes around them to indicate
their location within the image.
Semantic Segmentation:

Semantic segmentation is a pixel-level image analysis

task where each pixel in an image is assigned a class
label. Unlike object detection, which provides bounding
boxes, semantic segmentation segments the entire
image into regions corresponding to different object
classes, allowing for more detailed understanding of the image content.

The use of digital technology to renew traditional Chinese

opera
Tencent, the Chinese tech giant, is leveraging advanced technologies like
artificial intelligence (AI) and virtual reality (VR) to breathe new life into
traditional Chinese opera, particularly focusing on the legendary heroine Hua
Mulan. This cultural icon gained global recognition thanks to Disney's
animated movie called “Mulan”

Tencent recently live-streamed a revamped version of a traditional Mulan

performance originally staged in the 1950s by renowned opera artist Chang
Xiangyu. Using AI, Tencent enhanced the quality of the early recordings by
fixing scratches, noise, and image discoloration, attracting over 7 million
viewers.

Moreover, Tencent showcased its 6DoF (6 degrees of freedom) technology

during the broadcast, which allows for immersive VR experiences. This
technology was demonstrated through the depiction of the dance movements
of Imperial Consort Mei, a character from the Peking opera.

Wang Kui, head of the traditional opera research institute of the Chinese
National Academy of Arts, emphasized the importance of integrating new
media and technology to attract modern audiences to traditional opera. He
highlighted the potential of these innovations not only to promote opera but
also to train young performers.
Despite challenges like limited data for training AI models, Tencent overcame
obstacles to complete the revamp. Xu Xiaozhong, tech director of Tencent
Media Lab, emphasized the need to explore data in various contexts for
deeper analysis.

Tencent also plans to establish a digital library for creators and enthusiasts to
access and share restored opera content. This effort aligns with the broader
trend in China, where companies like ByteDance's Douyin have seen success in
live-streaming Chinese operas, especially during the pandemic.

Boris Eldagsen’s - The Electrician

Boris Eldagsen's "The Electrician" is a thought-provoking artwork
created with an AI image generator, not a camera. It depicts two
women in a grainy, sepia tone, resembling a photo from the early
1900s. The artwork belongs to a series called "Pseudomnesia,"
which explores the idea of fabricated memories.

Boris Eldagsen AI
The Electrician won the Sony World Photography Award while being AI generated
which sparked a lot of controversy. The photo was so good that The press release
announcing the win described the photograph as “haunting” and “reminiscent of the
visual language of 1940s family portraits.” but Boris turned down the award like a big
boy because he used ai to create the photo. Boris said he wanted to see if competitions
allow AI. His stunt has sparked controversy and conversation about when
AI-generated or assisted images should be considered art.

How did he get into AI art

He started with photography because drawing was a lonely job. He was always
experimenting. So when AI generators started, he was hooked from the very
beginning. For him, as an artist, AI generators are absolute freedom. It’s like the tool
he has always wanted. He was always working from his imagination as a
photographer, and now the material He works with is knowledge. And if you are
older, it’s a plus, because you can put all your knowledge into prompting and creating
images.

Where did the inspiration for The Electrician come from?

He did it for himself as an exercise, and he just loved the result. It sparked off from a
project that started years back. His father was born in 1924. So he went to war when
he was 17 but, like most of that generation in Germany, never talked about it. After his
death, he found some images from the forties my mom and I hadn’t seen before. He
learned a lot about their time just looking at these images, and he started to collect
images from the forties at flea markets, and also on eBay, but didn’t know what to do
with them.
so his first experiment was: Can he re-create images of that time using AI? And then
“The Electrician '' just came. The best images are those you didn’t have in your mind
before(he said). They came out of the process. You start, and it leads you somewhere
with AI. It's the same. He starts somewhere and then you make many different
decisions. He deletes elements, you add frames. Sometimes the AI has very good
suggestions. Sometimes it’s just crap. That takes time and patience, so it’s not finished
in 20 seconds. It can take days.

So how did he actually make this image?

He used DALL-E 2, and it was all done by text prompts and inpainting and
outpainting. For inpainting, you could say, “I don’t like his tie,” and you erase it and
write, “I want him to have a white tie.” Then you get suggestions. And if you don’t like
any of those suggestions, you start again. Outpainting is what you do when the frame
is not large enough. You put in an additional frame so you can see his whole tie, his
pants, the chair, the floor. It’s endless.

Why did he decide to submit the photo to the photography competition?

He has been very involved in AI and photography. He's become one of the experts in
Germany so it’s not just him poking fun. He wanted to test if a competition has taken
into account that AI-generated images can be sent in. He applied to three different
competitions, and the image always was a finalist. There’s something about the image.
When he applied, he didn't say it’s AI-generated. He kept the information very short:
just the image and the title. Then when it was selected, he said the art is AI-generated.
Bas Uterwijk
An artist from Amsterdam that creates pictures of people who are originally made in
a form of painting with the usage of deep learning AI and 3d
modeling. Like seeing the real Mona Lisa in the same position but
from a realistic camera rather than a painting. It uses ‘deep learning’
to create realistic photos of famous figures, such as the George
Washington portrait. Bas Uterwikj is the guy’s real name too. It now
can also create realistic photos of sculptures.

Ötzi the Iceman

It is an archeological finding of a mummy from the Copper Age, over 5300
years ago. The analysis found that Otzi was crossing Tisenjoch, a mountain
in Italy, specifically in Val Senales Valley/ Schnalstal, where he was
murdered and preserved naturally in ice. Therefore he is older than the
Egyptian pyramids, not being homo sapiens but Neolithic. He was using
copper tools (copper age smh). Since 1998, he has been exhibited at the
South Tyrol Museum of Archeology in Bolzano, Italy, inside a cold cell that
can be viewed through a small window. His mummy was captured by an AI to create
a more photorealistic picture of what he looked like when he was alive. Otzi was
discovered by two hiker bros, Erika and Helmut Simon.

McMansion

What Is a McMansion?

McMansion is a slang term that describes a large, often-opulent or ostentatious,

mass-produced house. The name carries a rather critical connotation because
McMansions lack architectural uniqueness, class, or style. "McMansion" is a play on
McDonald's fast-food restaurants but is also associated with a generic, cookie-cutter,
suburban aesthetic for home design.

McMansion is a disparaging term for overly large and opulent mass-produced homes
that lack architectural authenticity or class. McMansions are considered generic and a
cliched reflection of new wealth and superficial lifestyle. The appearance of
McMansions began in the 1980s and continued through the 2000s up until the
financial crisis. McMansions initially were built as statement pieces rather than
practical places to live. They were built with cheap materials or poor construction to
check off must-have items like a pool or bonus room.

Understanding McMansions
The slang term connects the McMansion style to upper-middle-class homeowners.
Built to provide a luxurious housing experience that was previously only available to
high-net-worth individuals, a McMansion is often considered a status symbol.
Notorious for their size and suburban locales, the cost of maintaining such a home is
significant. Buyers often face high utility bills, expensive landscape care, and costly
maintenance fees. Another added expense is the possible need to commute from the
remote, suburban location of the McMansion to a city center. These homes are
generally between 3,000 square feet and 5,000 square feet. The large home size is
meant to signify the owner's high social and economic standing. McMansions were
most popular from the 1980s through the early 2000s, before the crash of the housing
market in 2008.

Characteristics of a McMansion
McMansions are known for their poor design. Some of the most
common features of McMansions that are looked upon negatively are
their oversized proportion in relation to the neighborhood; low-quality
building material used in construction; incongruous placement of
windows, doors, columns, terraces, and porches; a poor mix of
different architectural styles, usually historic, which make for an odd
appearance; and entrances and rooms with grand openings.
Cookie-cutter designs, tiny lawns, closely packed neighbors, and garish
designs that feature multiple garages nearly as big as the homes
(earning these dwellings the nickname "Garage Mahals") are all common features of
the suburban McMansion. Expensive brick or stucco on the front of the house with
vinyl siding on the sides and back are signature design features, putting an elegant
face toward the street, and less costly coverings elsewhere.

The Rise and Fall of McMansions

Many of the negative connotations associated with McMansions resulted from the
Great Recession. The Great Recession refers to the sharp decline in economic activity
during the late 2000s, generally considered the largest downturn since the Great
Depression. The combination of rising home prices, loose lending practices, and an
increase in subprime mortgages, alongside a growing supply of large tract homes,
caused the U.S. housing market to bust, causing large amounts of mortgage-backed
securities (MBS) and derivatives to lose significant value. Because of the 2007 housing
crisis, the McMansion lifestyle equated to living beyond one’s means. Many
homebuyers took out mortgages to buy these McMansions, but they were subprime
mortgages, which were seen as an underlying cause of the 2008 recession. A subprime
mortgage is one granted to borrowers with low credit ratings or those at a
larger-than-average risk of defaulting on the loan. Subprime mortgages often have
higher interest rates than conventional mortgages but require little to no down
payment. 3 The McMansion, because it was easily built and attractive to consumers,
was the perfect vehicle for subprime loans. Many people lost their homes, and others
saw the value of their homes drop below the original loan amount because of the
subprime mortgage. In some cases, borrowers were better off defaulting on their
underwater mortgage loans rather than paying more for a home that had dropped so
precipitously in value.

McMansion Backlash
From Austin, Texas, to Atlanta, Georgia, disgruntled neighbors, zoning boards, and
local politicians are fighting against the McMansions cropping up in well-established
neighborhoods. Starter homes and smaller ranch houses have been demolished and
replaced by faux estates on relatively small quarter-acre lots as more affluent people
move closer to the city but don't want to live in the smaller, older houses often found
within city limits. To critics, these new homes look out of place compared with the
rest of the neighborhood and clash with the existing architectural characteristics.
Despite the critics and the rising cost of energy, the big house trend remains popular
in the U.S. Some buyers are moving toward smaller homes or tiny homes, but they are
in the minority. If history offers any indication of the future, beautiful homes in ideal
locations are always going to attract buyers. Furthermore, if you ever want to
downsize, that big house will likely put a big check in your pocket at sale time.

Why Are They Called McMansions?

McMansions are nicknamed after the fast-food restaurant McDonald’s. But, in general,
they’re named to describe a type of home that resembles the quality of fast food:
mass-produced, cheaply made, yet popular.

Is it Worth it to Buy a McMansion?

Whether it is worth it to buy a McMansion will depend on the unique situation of

each homebuyer. Before purchasing any home, it’s important to evaluate the potential
benefits and risks involved, this is the same when considering a McMansion. Once
you assess the risks and know you can financially afford the home, the best property
for you is the one that meets your needs and that you want to live in. However, keep
in mind your ability to resell the home in the future, if that’s a goal you have.
The Bottom Line
McMansion is a disparaging term for overly large and opulent mass-produced homes
without architectural authenticity or class. They are considered generic and a cliched
reflection of new wealth and superficial lifestyle. McMansions began appearing in the
1980s but then slowed in the 2000s up until the financial crisis. These big homes first
were built as a statement, rather than practical places to live, often with cheap
materials or poor construction.

Ed Ruscha
Ed Ruscha is an influential American artist known for his contributions to Pop Art.
Born on December 16, 1937, in Omaha, Nebraska, he is recognized for his simple yet
impactful paintings, drawings, and photographs. Ruscha often incorporates words
and phrases into his artworks, creating a distinctive blend of visual and textual
elements. His work, such as "Standard Station" and "Twenty-Six Gasoline Stations,"
reflects a fascination with everyday objects and American popular culture. Ruscha's
artistic legacy continues to influence contemporary artists, making him a notable
figure in the art world.

12 sunsets
12 sunsets is a site that was created to combat the lack of interaction with art
nowadays. The site was launched by the Getty Research Institute, allowing you to
explore photographs of the Sunset Strip across time and space. Have a look at it
yourself 12 sunsets site. The project began in 1966, when Ruscha mounted a camera
in the bed of his truck. The camera was pointed at right angles to the
road and fitted with a reel of film allowing for thousands of frames in a
single, continuous session. The project was basically a light version of
google maps street view. The site is nicknamed “12 sunsets” because it
shows how the sunset street looked at 12 different years from the mid
60’s to 2007, the site was built by Stamen Design.

Why and how did he do it?

Ruscha's deliberate focus on the ordinary, amidst the social upheaval of
the 1960s, provides a nuanced counterpoint to the glamorous facade
projected by Hollywood. The website not only preserves the visual narrative of the
Sunset Strip but also beckons viewers to ponder the deeper intentions behind "12
Sunsets," leaving room for personal interpretation. In essence, Ed Ruscha's project
transcends mere documentation, offering a reflective lens on the cultural and
temporal layers embedded in this iconic Los Angeles locale.

Note:
Sunset Boulevard is a part of a 2 series collection
1. Sunset Boulevard
2. Hollywood Boulevard

We can see a lot of things change in the sunset strip throughout the years for
example:
We can see the scene’s art change as events go on, especially the Vietnam war
changing art forever, and changing Sunset strip forever as well. With an empty lot on
the strip being replaced with a 60-foot structure, the peace tower, and other arts going
up, the scenery became different as time went on. Ruscha was more interested in the
“real”, however, and stuck to photos of palm trees and empty lots. The effect on the
strip can be seen, however, with one of the earliest LGBTQ rights demonstrations
taking place, as well as the shift to (metal) music in the 1970s, after a few years
everything changes, stores close, buildings get built and that project really gives us a
look on how the strip changed, for the better or worst.

Sébah and Joaillier - Ottoman Panorama

There are two interactions of what could be the Ottoman Panorama, both
surrounding the same empire.

In the short description on the linked panorama, it discussed the painting’s portrayal.
Made in 1878 by Sebah and Joaillier, these are a collection of 10 joined prints,
measuring 320 x 25.5 cm. They include images spanning roughly 100 years, from the
Pierre de Gigord collection of photos with over 6000 images. These images show a
visual record of the later years of the Ottoman Empire as well as Turkey’s formation
early on. The collection focuses on Constantinople as well
as other geographic areas, including the Balkans. A few
images are of Greece, Egypt, Jerusalem, India, and China,
with the work of 165 photographers in the collection.

With some online diving, there is also another Ottoman

Panorama. It showcases Cosntantinople’s fall, with Sultan
Mehmed II holding the city hostage against the Byzantine empire. This panorama, in
contrast to the other, shows the rise of the Ottoman Empire. Being 38 meters in
diameter, it was made to create a fully immersive “stepping back in time” effect. It
showcases from April 5 to May 29, 1453, and opened in 2009 in Topkapi Cultural Park.

William and Grave M McCarthy, pictures of 1906 earthquake

The California State Archives made in 2017 around 3,000 photos from San Francisco
photographers Grave and William M McCarthy available online. These images,
capturing 20th-century life in Northern California, were added to the state's online
database. Secretary of State Alex Padilla highlighted
the significance of the McCarthy collection,
emphasizing the photographers' embodiment of
California's pioneering spirit through early adoption
of automobile travel and personal photography. The
archive includes rare photos taken shortly before the
1906 earthquake, providing a unique glimpse into
pre-quake San Francisco. Some images are explicitly
labeled as taken just before the disaster, while others
are marked 1906 without visible quake damage and
uncertain dating.

San Francisco 1906 earthquake

The San Francisco earthquake of 1906, a seismic event of magnitude 7.8, occurred on
April 18 along the northernmost segment of the San Andreas Fault. Striking at 5:12
a.m., it caught the city off guard, resulting in widespread devastation. The earthquake,
followed by intense fires fueled by ruptured gas lines and broken water mains, led to
the destruction of about 80% of San Francisco. Approximately 3,000 people lost their
lives, and tens of thousands were left homeless.
Images of the Late Qing Dynasty
Travelers from the West brought the technology to China in the 1840s, just in time for
them to take photos of how Qing dynasty China looked before it collapsed in the early
20th century.
The photos that were taken were put on an exhibition at the start of 2017 in
New York during Asia Week.

Qing dynasty and revolution

The Qing Dynasty, ruling China from 1644 to 1912, was the last imperial
dynasty, marked by cultural richness and territorial expansion. However, its
later years were marred by internal strife, corruption, and resistance to foreign
influence. The dissatisfaction culminated in the 1911 Revolution, a pivotal event
led by various revolutionary groups seeking to overthrow the Qing Dynasty and
establish a republic. On October 10, 1911, a successful uprising in Wuchang triggered
a series of events that eventually led to the abdication of the last Qing emperor in
1912, marking the end of over two millennia of imperial rule in China and the
beginning of the Republic of China.

History of photography in Japan

The history of photography in Japan began in the Edo period (between 1603-1867,
because the technology only came to Asia in the start of the 1840’s I think it began
near the end of the period), it was introduced through Europeans who came to visit.
They were centered on Dejima island near Nagasaki. Because of that, many Japanese
traveled to Nagasaki to study the photographic process. In 1854, Kawamoto Komin
published Ensei-Kikijutsu, the first Japanese-language book on photographic
techniques. Three years later, two Japanese photographers took the first successful
photograph in Japan, using Daguerreotype processing.

In the late 1800s, as Japan opened up to foreign tourists, Yokohama became a hub for
souvenir photography known as Yokohama shashin. These hand-colored, staged
images, often depicting traditional scenes, catered to tourists seeking idealized visions
of Japan. Despite the country's modernization, visitors were drawn to images of
Mount Fuji, cherry blossoms, temples, shrines, samurai, and geisha. The photographs
were categorized into albums featuring customs and types, women, and famous
places. The popularity of these souvenirs reflected a fascination with perceived
notions of traditional Japanese culture.

After the Meiji Restoration, photographs gained popularity over woodblock prints,
resulting in a decline in print production and leaving print shop artists unemployed.
These skilled artists transitioned to hand-coloring photographs, using water-soluble
pigments and later incorporating artificial aniline dyes for more vibrant hues. The
coloring process, initially time-consuming, was streamlined by studios, with each
colorist specializing in specific areas. Successful studios in the 1890s employed up to
100 colorists. Identifying early photographers'
work is challenging due to the absence of credits in souvenir albums, and many
photographers bought and reproduced each other's negatives, complicating
attributions.

Meiji Era Japan

The Meiji Era (1868-1912) in Japan marked a period of rapid modernization and
westernization. Initiated by Emperor Meiji, the era brought an end to feudalism,
introducing political, economic, and social reforms. Japan embraced industrialization,
adopted Western technologies, and emerged as a global player through successful
conflicts with China and Russia. The era laid the groundwork for Japan's
transformation into a modern, industrialized nation.

Methods to create images

1. Daguerreotype processing- developed by Louis Daguerre in the 19th century,

involved polishing a silver-plated copper plate to a mirror-like finish,
sensitizing it with iodine fumes to create a light-sensitive surface, and exposing
it in a camera for several minutes. The developed plate was then treated with
mercury vapor to reveal a permanent, highly detailed image on its reflective
surface. This historic photographic process marked a significant advancement
in capturing and preserving visual representations.
2. Wet plate collodion photography- popular in the mid-19th century, used a glass
or metal plate coated with light-sensitive collodion. The process involved
sensitizing the plate in silver nitrate, exposing it while wet in the camera, and
developing it promptly. This method, with shorter exposure times compared to
daguerreotypes, played a pivotal role in the history of photography.
Early Pioneers of Photography in Japan
1. Ueno Hikoma and Shimooka Renjo - two of the first professional Japanese
photographers. Both set up business in 1862. Ueno Hikoma was considered the
master of portrait photography, Shimooka had a hard time mastering
photography, and soon grew tired of the competitive field.
2. Felice Beato - Formerly a war photojournalist, Beato joined his friend in Japan
and the pair opened a photo studio in Yokohama. Their aim was to
commercialize "that great novelty, Japonisme" for Western viewers. While in
Japan, Beato created paintings of Japanese subjects, classifying people into
types. He is credited with creating the first hand-colored photographs in Japan
3. Baron Raimund von Stillfried - opened his studio in 1875, he later bought Felice
Beato's Yokohama studio as well. Marketing to foreign tourists, Stillfried helped
shape the late 19th century perception of Japanese society through his
souvenir images.
4. Uchida Kuichi - famous for his photographs of the Meiji Emperor, helping to
make him seem great, His photographs were called goshin-ei , or imperial
portraits, and were used as the official public images of the Emperor.

Kintsugi
It’s the Japanese art of repairing broken pottery by mending the areas of breakage
with urushi lacquer dusted or mixed with powdered gold, silver, or platinum. It treats
breakage and repair as part of the history of an object, rather than something to
disguise. It’s the general concept of highlighting or emphasizing imperfections,
visualizing mends and seams as an additive or an area to celebrate or
focus on. Something we should appreciate. It teaches us that in life we can
turn adversity into something that is beautiful and resilient. Kintsugi
shows us that in time, we can heal from our wounds, embrace our
imperfections, and become stronger.

The history of Kintsugi

Kintsugi originated in the late 15th century during the Muromachi period. Legend has
it that shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa inspired its development when dissatisfied with
Chinese repair methods for a broken tea bowl. Japanese craftsmen created kintsugi,
involving repairing pottery with lacquer mixed with precious metals like gold or
silver. This art form not only restores broken items but also celebrates imperfections,
embracing a philosophy known as "wabi-sabi” (sees the beauty in imperfection,
appreciates simplicity, and accepts that change is inevitable). Today, kintsugi is a
symbol of resilience, influencing both traditional crafts and contemporary art.
Techniques and Process:
The kintsugi process is a meticulous art involving precise steps. Broken pottery is
carefully cleaned and reassembled before being bonded with urushi lacquer, derived
from the Japanese lacquer tree. This lacquer not only acts as a powerful adhesive but
also sets the stage for the transformative element of kintsugi. Finally, powdered
precious metals such as gold, silver, or platinum are delicately added, not just for
decoration but as integral components of the repair (It’s a symbolic part, you add the
metals which makes the cracks of the item even more shown, just to emphasize on the
point of it been repaired). These metals enhance the aesthetics and imbue the mended
object with symbolic value, turning the fractures into glistening veins of resilience
and beauty.

Modern Influence:
In contemporary times, kintsugi continues to influence artistic expressions and
traditional crafts. Artists and craftsmen draw inspiration from the philosophy of
kintsugi, creating pieces that not only honor the past but also embrace the present
and future with a resilient spirit.

Yobitsugi
Yobitsugi (pronounced yo-bee-TSOO-gi) is a Japanese technique for repairing broken
ceramics. It uses pieces from different vessels and joins them together, often with
lacquer, to create a unique and functional object. Here are some key things to know
about Yobitsugi: It emphasizes repair and renewal. Unlike Kintsugi, which uses gold
or other precious metals to highlight the cracks, Yobitsugi focuses on creating a new
whole by incorporating different elements. It uses diverse materials. While traditional
Yobitsugi uses ceramics, it can be applied to other materials like wood or metal as
well. It celebrates imperfections. Yobitsugi embraces the history of the broken object
and sees the repairs as part of its beauty and story.
“Mono-Ha”

What’s mono-ha?
It's a Japanese art movement that emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The term
"Mono-ha" can be translated as "School of Things" or "School of the Object." This
artistic movement is characterized by a focus on the relationships between natural
and industrial materials, emphasizing the inherent qualities of these materials and
their spatial arrangements rather than the imposition of artistic intent.

Their goals are to challenge traditional Western notions of art creation and
representation. They were interested in the interactions and relationships between
materials, often juxtaposing natural elements like rocks, wood, and water with
industrial materials like steel and glass. The movement aimed to create a dialogue
between the human-made and the natural world, exploring the essence of materials
and their relationships in a specific space and time.

Articles:
Mono-ha has become more popular ever since the group’s emergence in the late 1960.
Now, organized by Mika Yoshitake, the first substantial collection of Mono-ha works
expanded upon the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture garden in Washington, DC.
In a conscientious manner, the exhibition chose some of the most celebrated works
from the Mono-ha group, including Nobuo Sekine’s iconic Phase-Mother Earth, the
cylinder and hole duo of dirt and concrete having supposedly triggered the formation
of the Mono-ha movement. Not bound by a formal association, the group is notable
for their portrayals of the world as it is, without interference from an artist's ability
nor viewer expectation.
With laying out 63 works, Yoshitake left enough space between each piece to convey
Lee’s mandate, by stressing both autonomy and dependence on the artworks - leading
to a number of interesting resonances between them (Truly conveying the ideas of
mono-ha!).

Haragushi’s I-Beam and Wire Rope (1970/2012), a response to the expansion of Tokyo
after the 1964 olympics, also raises questions about the arts and city relationship. It
also seems that many other notable images from the mono-ha movement were also
not included, and the some which were were, so to speak, domesticated.
Also criticized was the absence of tensions between spontaneity and control, a sense
which initially made Mono-ha so provocative in the late 1960s. Even Kishio Suga’s
“Soft Concepts, 1970” was so wrongly portrayed it started to show the presence of a
singular authority figure. While it was attempted in the end to resolve the issue with
an inclusion of two interesting paintings, more research in illusionism could be
helpful.
Also notable were works by Takamatsu, including “Light and Shadow, 1973-2012”,
which made him one of Mono-ha’s figures.

What initially made mono-ha very interesting was the contrast to other arts at the
time. The showcase, named Requiem for the Sun, however focused more on its
relevance as contemporary art. Yet, the refusal or prioritizing works over others is
still questioned in regards to the group’s dynamics.
In the way it did, Requiem for the Sun still reminds us that history might be told in
anticipation of the still-uninformed present, in addition to its important narrative
about mono-ha.

In more detail about Sekine Nobuo and Phase - Mother Earth 1, Sekine completed the
Graduate program at Tama Art University in 1968, studying under Yoshishige Saito
and creating works questioning relationships between visuals and cognition
afterwards. Submitting the piece in 1968 to the Contemporary Sculpture Exhibition at
the Suma palace garden, it is a highly known representative of post-war Japanese art.
Sekine later founded Environment Art Studio in 1973.
In 1968, Mother Earth was presented - a work where a cylindrical hole stood next to a
heap of soil the same shape - 2.7 meters in height and 2.2 in diameter. It links to the
Oriental philosophy that the amount of Earth doesn’t change, despite its unevenness
and fluctuation. The artwork is still widely known today in Japan, having a giant
impact on art at the time of release.
The print of the artwork does not only contain the odd, cylindrical sculpture.
No, it also has drawings of the plan, and black and white photos of the work in
progress. The drawings with notes reveal the work was intended as the process
of an experiment in thought - where, by making this sculpture, it would become
an anti-Earth / inverted Earth.

Now, celebrating the 40th anniversary of the work, for the Tama Art Line Project, a
recreation of the sculpture was created in 2008. Interestingly, it was shown from
November 1-9, so if ToC existed back then and took place in Kobe - Sumarikyu park,
we would be able to see it. In 1968, Sekine as well as other mono-ha artists made
Mother Earth themselves manually, but now, the recreation is done with construction
workers and tools - on a grassy plain, in contrast to the total soil in the original art.
The construction began with a white circle on the ground, then coming the excavation
process. The soil is mixed with a small amount of concrete powder to stand firm, like
the original process did. After, the Earth which was excavated was dropped into a
cylindrical mold - wooden and exactly the same size as the original. A different, steel
mold was also added to make the excavation hole more exact. The extruding part of
the dirt is left to dry out for two days. Finally, the molds are removed leaving a
sculpture with the same dimensions as the original.
Sekine was interestingly able to see the recreation when completed, and spent time
admiring it, with him looking at the walls. It must have been an interesting
experience once again, remembering the original creation of such artwork 40 years
ago.

It took days to make the sculpture, even with tools. Imagine how long Sekine and his
group took with just shovels!
 Touring Ends of Eras
First point:
A stardate is a fictional method/system of time measurement developed for the series
Star Trek. Stardates are commonly used at the beginning of a log voice-over. An
example would be the “Captain’s log”, in which the first words are: “captain’s log stardate
twenty to sixty three point two”. Stardates were inspired by the Modified Julian date
system, which is used by astronomers. Producers and writers of the series had used
different dating methods, which makes it impossible to convert all stardates to regular
dates. This is convenient to the series since stardates were originally intended to avoid
specifying exactly when Star Trek takes place.

The Japanese Calendar. The solar calendar (Gregorian calendar) became the official
calendar of Japan in 1872. Until then, the Japanese used the former lunar calendar,
which is based on techniques developed in China. In the former lunar calendar, a new
moon marked a new month, while a full moon marked the middle of a month. There were
also only 354 days in a year.
Japan also uses an era system for denoting years. For example, the Heisei era
(1989-2019), or the Reiwa era, which is the era right now. There are 248 era names. Era
names start when a new leader takes over (most important part). For example, the reiwa
era started when Emperor Akihito abdicated and his son Naruhito took over.
Japan also has this tradition Japan has called Zodiac Animals. There are 12 Zodiac
Animals, from a dog to a dragon, and they form a 12-year-cycle. There are different
orders to the Zodiac Animals in different places, which makes sense since the tradition
originally came from China, but it spread to other countries in the region.
Japan’s traditional calendar also has 12 months in a year, however each month starts
later than the month in the solar calendar. For example, the first month will start in late
January or early February.
Another unique thing in Japan is the five sekku. The five sekku are seasonal festivals
that take place on auspicious days. Here is a list of all of the five sekku:
1. On January 7 (jinjitsu no sekku), people eat nanakusa-gayu, which is traditionally
associated with prayers of harvests and health for the rest of the year.
2. March 3 (momo no sekku), which is also called the Hinamatsuri, which is a doll
festival celebrating daughters and the healthy growth of girls.
3. May 5 (tango no sekku), is the boy’s day, however the modern national holiday
depicts it as Children’s day.
4. July 7 (tanabata), is the star festival, in which it is common to write wishes on
colored papers.
5. September 9 (chōyō no sekku), is the least known festival, in which you can
commonly see chrysanthemums (‫ )חרצית‬at temples.
The 24 sekki are traditional ways of expressing seasons in Japan and China. Each sekki
lasts 15 days and has a different meaning. The tradition has originally come from China,
so Japan has a few adaptations. For example, in Japan they have divided all of the sekki
into three, so there are 72 micro seasons.
The Days of Fortune tradition is a repeated 6 day sequence, that says if each day is
auspicious. It is mostly used for planning events like weddings and such.

“Give Us Our Eleven Days”. In 1752, Britain changed their calendar from the Julian
calendar to the Gregorian calendar (the international calendar). The 11 days in the
sentence refer to the 11 days of September skipped during the process of changing
calendars.
The problem with the Julian calendar was changed because it has a miscalculation,
leading to the Easter date being affected. To get over this problem, Britain changed the
calendar to the Gregorian calendar.
In order to synchronize with the Gregorian calendar, it was necessary to correct it by 11
days, and it was decided that Wednesday 2nd September 1752 would be followed by
Thursday 14th September 1752. This led to many different thoughts and worries, like
their lives being shortened, and the dates of holy days changing, which are not true.

The Julian calendar is a solar calendar, which is a calendar with 365 and a quarter days
each year, invented in 46 BC by Julius Caesar, which is the reason for the calendar's
name. Nowadays, the calendar is almost only used for religious means. It was widely
used for more than 1600 years, up until 1582 when the Gregorian calendar was
invented.

The Gregorian calendar is today’s international calendar. It is a solar calendar which

consists of 12 months with 28-31 days in each month. As said, it is the international
calendar and was invented by Pope Gregory XIII, which gives it his name.

The Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri calendar and the Muslim calendar, is a lunar
calendar, which is a calendar based on the moon, in which there are 12 lunar months in
one year, which consists of 354 or 355 days. As the name says, the people who use this
calendar are Muslims all over the world.

The Korean calendar is a Lunisolar calendar, which is a calendar type which combines
the lunar calendar and the solar calendar. This calendar is different since the dates are
calculated from Korea’s meridian, and their festivals are based in Korean culture.

The Rumi calendar, which translates from Turkey into the “Roman calendar”, is a solar
based calendar based on the Julian calendar, and has 365 or 366 days in a year. It was
used by the Ottoman empire, and by the Republic of Turkey until 1926.

The Hindu calendar is a lunisolar calendar once used by the Indian subcontinent and
Southeast Asia. It is a system based on the moon and consists of 354 days and 12 lunar
months in each year, compared to the 365 days in the Gregorian calendar. Because of
that the Hindu calendar has an extra month every three years called “Adhik”.
The Nepali calendar, also known as the Vikram Samvat (or Sambat), is a Hindu calendar
which was used by the Indian subcontinent, and still used in several states. It is a solar
calendar with 12 to 13 lunar months each year. The year count of the calendar is 57
years ahead of the Gregorian calendar, since the Nepali calendar doesn’t include leap
years as regularly as the Gregorian calendar.

The Mayan calendar is a calendar system used in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica and in

many modern communities in the Guatemalan highlands. The most known calendars of
the system are the Haab calendar, which is a solar calendar which has 19 months and
365 days in a year, with 18 months having 20 days and 1 month having 5 days, and the
Maya sacred calendar which is also called the Tzolk’in for short, which does not have
months, and has 13 glyphs with each glyph consisting of 20 days, so there are 260 days
a year. This calendar is said to be created by the Mayan gods who used their knowledge
of astronomy and mathematics to create one of the most accurate calendar systems in
human history, referring to the Mayan calendar (no).

Second point
Bill Clinton’s speech
In the year 1996 at the time, US president Bill Clinton gave an Inaugural Address, which
is the first speech someone gives when starting an important new job, trying to amaze
every single person in the audience. The speech was mainly about America. About
America's past, its future, its future goals, its future challenges, that everyone needs to
sacrifice himself for the others and also about American achievements. There are two
main things the WSC wants us to know here. In Clinton’s speech he said “Ten years ago,
the Internet was the mystical province of physicists; today, it is a commonplace
encyclopedia for millions of schoolchildren.”. What the WSC wants us to know from this is
that from the speech, from that line we can know what people in the 1990s thought
about their past, how they reimagined their world (although I don’t really get it, you can
just ask someone who was alive in the 1990s). The second important thing he
mentioned was that “The world is no longer divided into two hostile camps” and that it
was the very first time in history that more countries were under democracy than
dictatorship.
This refers to Francis Fukuhyama’s theory, called the end of history.

Francis Fukuyama’s Theory- The end of History

In the year 1989, Francis Fukuyama created his theory called “The End of History”. His
theory caused so much controversy that he was forced to expand his 18-page article
into a book in 1992, called “The End of History and the Last Man”. So what exactly is this
theory that caused so much controversy? Fukuyama’s argument was that the ideal form
of political organization is liberal democratic states tied to market economies, and that if
the world would adopt this type of government it would lead to “the end of history”. Why
did I put the “ “? It is because when Fukuyama says “the end of history”, he means “the
end of modernisation” or “the end of development”. So basically what he is saying is that
liberal democracy would lead to “the end of history”, or in other words, liberal democracy
is the final form of human government, and will lead to the end point of humanity's
sociocultural evolution and political struggle.
For Fukuyama, liberal democracy state, has three requirements. The first is that it is
democratic (we all know what a democratic state is (I hope (even I know))). The second
requirement is that the state has to be strong enough to enforce its laws and administer
services. And lastly is that the state, including its highest representatives, is contained
by the law. The leaders of a liberal democracy state aren't above the law. In a recent
article, Fukuyama argues about the problems with states that refuse to liberal
democracy (referring to Russia and China). He first says that those states rely on a
single leader or small leadership, which guarantees bad decisions being made. Secondly
he says that the absence of public participation in any political processes leads to the
support of the leaders being weak and can evaporate at any moment.
After that, the article tells us about an accusation Fukuyama has been accused of many
times. Fukuyama has been accused of reifying and valorising a particular model of
government, specifically the US, as embodying the perfect form of the modern state.
However Fukuyama has mentioned several times the failures of the US and how they
combined liberalism with neoliberalism. The article then proceeds to talk about
limitations of LD. Although LD is considered as the ideal government by Fukuyama,
“But the devil, as always, is in the details”, says the article, and Fukuyama
sometimes passes over those in silence. An example of a time where he did
acknowledge a problem is when he was asked how to solve the inherent tension
between the strength of a LD state and between the freedom of its citizens. To that
Fukuyama says that the state needs to find a balance where you still stand in the LD
requirement and still give freedom to your citizens.

Third point
After the Ball is a popular song from 1891 by Charles K. Harris. The song depicts a story
in which an uncle tells his niece why he has never married. He saw his sweetheart
kissing another man at a ball, and he refused to listen to her explanation. Many years
later, after the woman had died, he discovered that the man was her brother. In 1892 the
song sold over two million copies of sheet music, which made it the most successful
song of its era, which then was measured by the sales of sheet music. The song wasn’t
an immediate success. The song was originally written for “the minstrel show” but didn’t
succeed, however Harris didn’t give up and published it in “A Trip to Chinatown”, which is
a musical comedy, and then it got popular. The song’s popularity rose even more when
the song was performed by John Phillip Sousa and his band in 1893 at World’s Fair in
Chicago.
Charles Kassel Harris was a well-known American songwriter (also Jewish). Throughout
his long career Harris published more than 300 songs and advanced the new genre at
the time called popular music. He was also one of the first of “Tin Pan Alley”, which was a
group of music publishers and songwriters from New York that dominated the popular
music of the US in late 19th century and early 20th century (although he lived through
the years 1867- 1930).
Freedom! 90 is a song by George Michael from 1990. The song’s backing beat is a sample
of James Brown’s song “Funky Drummer” and the 90 in the end of the name of the song
is to prevent confusion with Michael’s former band “Wham!” song “Freedom”. The song
peaked at no.8 on the US best 100 songs. The song depicts Michael’s success with
Wham!, but also shows that he is a new man who is less serious about the music
business than he had been before.
George Michael, also known as Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou (his real name) was an
English singer and songwriter. He was considered a pop culture icon and is one of the
best selling musicians of all time.

Losing My Religion is a song by R.E.M, released in 1991. It was built on a “mandolin riff”
and was written by the lead singer Michael Stipe. The song is about a one sided love. The
writer of the song loves someone, and then starts to imagine that she is giving him
hints, he thought of everything she did as a romantic act and as here giving him hints

😢
that she loves him. However then he realizes that he was “dreaming” and that he was
just imagining and over exaggerating (sad ). In the song (in South America in general),
“Losing My Religion” means “to lose composure or control”.
R.E.M was a rock band that consisted of drummer Bill Berry, guitarist Peter Buck, bassist
Mike Mills, and lead vocalist Michael Stipe. The band originated in Athens, Georgia (US
state) and were one of the first alternative rock bands, which is a category of rock
music.

Brændt (burnt in Danish) is a song by Lis Sørensen from 1993, and is one of the most
popular pop songs of the 90s. The song depicts the heartbreak, the feelings and the
conflict you feel when experiencing the end of a romantic relationship. The song was
developed into a song called Torn by Ednaswap which later became one of the most
popular pop songs in the 90s
(If you ask me she got robbed).
Lis Sørensen is a Danish pop/rock songwriter and singer. She is most known for creating
the first version of Ednaswap’s song Torn which was made popular by Natalie Imburglia.

Pink Flamingo is a song by Alyona Sviridova released in 1994. The clip of the song was
considered as one of the best and the song got a new wave of popularity in 2021 when
the Russian group “Cream Soda” with Sviridova created a remake of the song.

Black Hole Sun is a song by the band Soundgarden. The song got many great
achievements including number two on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart and the
number-one track of 1994 for that listing. There isn’t really a meaning behind the song…
You see the song’s origin was when Chris Cornell was driving and heard something a

💀
news anchor said on TV but he heard wrong. What he heard was 'blah blah blah black
hole sun blah blah blah' (how is bro hearing ), and thought that it would be a really
cool song title, so he tried really hard to not forget the ideas he thought of (not only the
name, he also thought about the actual music). So the song invites different
interpretations and everyone can think of it how they want.
Soundgarden was a very popular American rock band that helped to popularize grudge
music. (They were a overall a very good band, but nothing out of the ordinary)
Singing in My Sleep is a song by the band Semisonic from 1998. The song was written by
Dan Wilson and produced by Nick Launay. It reached no. 11 on the Billboard Modern Rock
Tracks chart and number 31 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. The song talks about
a special mixtape the guy in the song got from a girl which led to him being obsessed
with her. He was so obsessed with her that he started to hear her singing when he was
sleeping, which gives the song its name. When Wilson got asked if there was a real tape
that inspired this song he replied: "Yeah, there were a couple. Probably three from
different people in my life that I had always been very struck by."
Semisonic is an American rock band from Minneapolis 1995. The band consists of Dan
Wilson, John Munson and Jacob Slichter. They are most known for their single “Closing
Time”, however they also had more international successes such as “Singing in My
Sleep” and “Secret Smile”.

I Saved the World Today is a song by the pop music duo Eurythmics. The song’s origin
goes like this. Andy Wright, the producer of the song first met Annie Lennox, the girl that
sings the song, when she was sitting at a piano playing something, which was
developed into “I Saved the World Today”. They went to a studio in which the song was
quickly assembled. Annie started recording on the piano, Andy made a beat and Dave
came up with a guitar part, and the song emerged.
Eurythmics were a British pop duo formed in 1980 consisting of Annie Lennox and Dave
Stewart. To create the song I saved the world they teamed up with Andy Wright, who is a
London based music producer and songwriter.
 Noah’s Archaeology
First point:
Richard 3 remains were found in a car park: Richard 3 met his end at the battle of
Bosworth, in 1485. After his death, he was buried at Greyfriars church in the city of
Leicester, though the church was destroyed during the rule of Henry 8. In 2012 a search
for the body began, initiated by the Looking for Richard project with the support of the
Richard Society and University of Leicester Archaeological Services, working with
Leicester city council. After an analysis, they were sure that the church was in the area
of a parking lot. After looking at the injuries of the skeleton, the age of the bones at
death, and a DNA test with two descendants, it had been concluded that the skeleton
was that of Richard 3. The remains were reburied at Leicester Cathedral in 2015. An
analysis showed that he had a common form of scoliosis

2000-year-old Buddhist temple unearthed in Pakistan: archaeologists in northwest

Pakistan’s swat valley have unearthed a 2000-year-old Buddhist temple that could be
one of the oldest in the country. Located in Barikot, the structure is likely from the
second century B.C.E. It was built on top of an earlier temple from the third century
B.C.E. Luca Maria Olivieri, an archaeologist, led the dig with the International Association
for Mediterranean and Oriental Studies. The excavation site is in the historical region of
Gandhara. The temple’s ruins stand around ten feet tall; they consist of a ceremonial
platform that was once topped by a stupa (a Buddhist monument usually housing
sacred relics associated with Buddha or other saintly persons), it contains a room or cell
for monks, the podium of a column or pillar, a staircase, vestibule rooms, and a public
courtyard that overlooked a road. Italian archaeologists have been digging in the Swat
Valley since 1955. Since then, excavations in Barikot have revealed two other Buddhist
sanctuaries along a road that connected the city center to the gates. The findings led
the researchers to speculate that they’d found a “street of temples,”

Possibly the fastest human in history: the footprint could belong to the fastest man in
our known history. It was left by an aboriginal (indigenous Australian) hunter who
crossed a muddy wetland in New South Wales 20,000 years ago. This wetland is now
dried up and belongs to Mungo National Park. It has been studied since 2003 when Mary
Pappen Jr. spotted it, and scientists have since found 700 fossils. The quality of the
fossil was surprisingly good. It turns out that the tracks belonged to several groups who
crossed the wetland. One man from these groups may still hold the record for fastest
runner. Steve Webb, a biological archaeologist calculated that the hunter was running at
37 kilometers an hour. But this measure comes from only one print and it is misleading.
We may never know if he truly was the fastest man, but it proves he was at least an elite
athlete.

Second point:
Richard 3 play: Richard III is a play by William Shakespeare. It was written between
1592-1594. People divide Shakespeare’s plays into categories and this play is labeled as
a ‘history’ though some consider it a ‘tragedy’. The play depicts the short reign of King
Richard III of England and it concludes Shakespeare’s first tetralogy ( a work made of
four distinct works).
Richard 3 met his end at the battle of Bosworth, in 1485.
Globe Theatre staged a show of the play but they cast a woman as Richard and she
doesn't even have scoliosis or a back disability (how sad) like the king and many people
got mad at that and said that this was a misrepresentation that only brings harm.

Third point:
Ruins of Ostia Antika: the ruins of Ostia Antica are on the outskirts of Rome, it has
hundreds of 2,000-year-old buildings spread over hundreds of acres. It has always been
overshadowed by Pompeii, a city frozen in time by volcanic ash. The best way to get
there is with the “trenino”, an electric-powered train properly known as “Ferrovia
Elettrica Roma-Ostia Lido.” The city is open from 8:30 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. in summer and
closes earlier in winter. There is a small but interesting museum adjoining the ruins,
containing statues and other items excavated in Ostia Antica. Because it is not so
popular there aren't any vendors and little to no people. The mile-long Decumanus
Maximus, the city’s main road whose paving stones still bear the grooves worn by
ancient carts and veered off into smaller streets lined with the brick remains of
apartment houses, shops, warehouses, and the city’s temple-dominated forum. A visit
to Ostia Antica gives a sense of ordinary life long ago, it was mostly a place of workers
and shop owners and many kinds of other jobs. In the second century A.D., more than
80,000 people lived there. These days, visitors can wander through the ruins of the
brick buildings, some apartment buildings still stand three stories tall. You can climb the
steep stone steps of the outdoor theater to get a bird’s eye view of the ruins. Yet as the
Roman Empire declined, so did Ostia Antica, which was eventually abandoned. Over the
centuries, tidal mud and blowing dirt/sand covered much of the city, helping to preserve
it.

Pompeii and its people: buried under the ash of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, Pompeii was
discovered in the 18th century. Since then it has been a unique and fascinating window
into Roman life. One of the experts on the subject is Professor Eric Poehler, he has
spent years studying tiny clues in Pompeii's streets, like its network of one way streets
all across the city. It's incredible to be able to picture the movements in Pompeii's
streets. One of the rare Pompeians for whom they've been able to piece together a solid
biography, he was an entrepreneur in the trade of fish sauce (one of the most commonly
consumed products of the ancient diet). Through excavating a lower-class
neighborhood, we've realized that the fish sauce trade history was more complex than
we thought. Archeologists are taking X-rays and high-resolution photos of the plaster
casts to uncover information, with the well-preserved cast of one young man, they are
even able to reconstruct his face. By studying the Pompeian's trash, archeologists have
learned that they had a rich and varied diet including songbirds, fish, pork, and more. We
can learn about everyday Pompeian life, including the makeup they used, how citizens
reveled in animal fights, executions, and the gladiator combat that took place in the
city's most imposing structure, the amphitheater. With every discovery and encounter
comes the realization that these people from 2000 years ago aren't that different from
our society today.
The eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD destroyed the Roman cities of Pompeii,
Herculaneum, Oplontis, Stabiae, and several other settlements. The eruption ejected a
cloud of stones, ashes, and volcanic gas at a height of 33 km.

Fourth point:
The archaeological method: excavations differ depending on the remains in question
but the unifying factors of the modern method are: caution and recordkeeping great
care is taken to remove and document the location while preserving and recording any
finds. When archeologists begin an excavation they first create a grid system to help
record where things are underground, and then they move down one trowel at a time.
They sieve everything that comes out to recover every artifact. What’s found is
documented, photographed, and bagged, if it is ideal for radiocarbon dating they are
placed in tin foil. They dig down until they reach a soil change and record that to
correlate an artifact's surroundings. Photographs, notes, drawings, and GPS
measurements are made to note an artifact's position from above, from the side, and in
relation to other objects. Then the report takes place, it's important to publish the
findings and analyzes so further research can take place. Last, artifacts are cleaned and
preserved for the future.
The Girsu project: archaeologists have discovered the 4,500-year-old remains of a lost
palace from the ancient Sumerian city of Girsu in southern Iraq. Researchers used drone
photography to identify the remains of an unknown complex at Tablet Hill in Tello Iraq,
which had functioned as an archaeology site since the 19th century. It is one of the
most important heritage sites in the world since Sumerians were one of the first
civilizations in the ancient world. Previously, 200 cuneiform tablets have been found
there. Archaeologists also discovered the Eninnu temple for the Sumerian god Ningirsu.
It was one of the most important temples in Mesopotamia. It was an initiative by Iraq’s
State Board of Antiquities and Heritage and the British Museum with funding from the
Getty Trust. Girsu project director Dr. Sebastien Rey said the discovery made him feel
validated because at the beginning, in 2016, no one believed in him and told him how he
was wasting his time and UK government money. He had a few supporters so he kept
going. He said, “Even if we had not discovered the temple it still would have been an
amazing experience but the cherry on the cake was the temple.”

Fifth point:
T.rex with feathers???: the classic image of tyrannosaurus rex is a reptilian monster, a

😮
green or brown scale-covered monster like an overgrown lizard. But in recent years a
new image became more and more popular, a feathered covered t.rex . There is not
yet any direct evidence of feathers on a T.rex skeleton. This isn't surprising because
Feathers, muscle, skin, internal organs, and other soft structures aren’t often preserved
as fossils. Most fossils are of hard objects like bones that can turn to rock and survive all
this time. In China, in the early Cretaceous (145 to 66 million years ago), volcanic
eruptions buried entire ecosystems, similar to how Pompeii was buried by Mount
Vesuvius. Many of these dinosaur skeletons are
covered in feathers, including tyrannosaurs who are close cousins of t.rex. This means
the ancestors of the t.rex had feathers which means it probably did too.

Paleoart: paleoart is any original work that attempts to depict prehistoric life according
to scientific evidence. Works of paleoart may be representations of fossil remains or
imagined depictions of living creatures and their ecosystems. While paleoart is typically
defined as being scientifically informed, it is often the basis of depictions of prehistoric
animals in popular culture.
The link only shows examples of paintings and not actual information so here are a few
of them

Sixth point:
Rosetta stone: Rosetta stone: the rosetta stone is a stele of granodiorite with three
versions of a decree written in ancient Egyptian (hieroglyphics), demotic, and ancient
Greek. There is almost no difference between the versions making it the key to
understanding ancient Egyptian scripts. It was carved during the Hellenistic period after
it was moved around it ended up as building material for Fort Jullien in the Nile Delta. It
was found there in 1799 by a French officer during the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt. It
was the first ancient Egyptian text recovered in modern times. There was much interest
in deciphering the hieroglyphic script, plaster casts began going around European
museums and scholars. In 1801 the British took the stone after they defeated France.
The complete translation of the Greek text was published in 1803 and the Egyptian
scripts were translated in Paris in 1822.
It helped our understanding of history by being the first ancient Egyptian script found
and translated

Taposiris Magna stele: a 2,200-year-old limestone stele has been found at Taposiris
Magna archaeological site near Alexandria in Egypt. The finding dates to the reign of
Ptolemy V 204 to 180 B.C. The stele has hieroglyphs and a translation to a demotic
script. The stele resembles the Rosetta stone, made in the ninth year of Ptolemy V’s
reign, two years after the Taposiris Magna stele was inscribed. The stele is an exact copy
of a different stele which reflects the Ptolemy V’s offering a huge area to the goddess
Isis and her priests.

Borobudur: Borobudur is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in central Java in

Indonesia. It is the largest Buddhist temple, consisting of nine stacked platforms topped
by a central dome, and has 504 Buddha statues in it and 72 more statues surrounding it.
It was built between 778 and 850 AD. The temple is a place for Buddhist pilgrimage that
starts at the base and goes up the monument with 1,460 narrative panels on the walls. It
was abandoned following the 14th-century decline of Hindu kingdoms in Java and
conversion to Islam. Worldwide knowledge of the monument was sparked in 1814 by Sir
Thomas Stamford Raffles, the British ruler of Java in that era who was advised of its
location by native Indonesians. It has gone through many restorations, the largest of
which happened in 1983 by the Indonesian government and UNESCO.

Petra: Petra is a historical and archaeological city in southern Jordan. Famous for its
rock-cut architecture, Petra is also called the “Rose City” because of the color of the
sandstone from which it is carved. The area has been inhabited from as early as 7,000
BC. The Nabataeans settled in Petra as early as the 4th century BC yet archaeological
work only found evidence of Nabataean presence in the second century BC by which it
had become their capital. The Nabataeans were nomadic Arabs. Petra was a major
regional trading hub, the trading business became the focus of their wealth. They were
skillful in harvesting rainwater, agriculture, and stone carving. Petra flourished in the 1st
century AD with a peak of an estimated 20,000 inhabitants. Although the Nabataean
kingdom was controlled by the Roman Empire in the first century BC, only in 106 AD that
it lost its independence. Petra fell to the Romans who renamed it Arabia Petraea. Petra's
importance declined as sea trade routes emerged, and after an earthquake in 363
destroyed many structures. By the early Islamic era, it was abandoned except for a
handful of nomads. It remained unknown to the Western world until 1812 when Swiss
traveler Johann Ludwig Burckhardt rediscovered it.

Sutton Hoo: Sutton Hoo is the site of two Anglo-Saxon (cultural groups that inhabited
England) cemeteries dating from the 6th to 7th centuries in near Suffolk, England.
Archaeologists have been excavating the area since 1938 when a ship burial (graveyard
but they use boats as tombs) containing wealth of Anglo-Saxon artifacts was
discovered. The site is important in establishing the history of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom
of East Anglia as well as illuminating the Anglo-Saxons during a period that lacks
historical documentation. The site was first excavated by Basil Brown but when its
importance became apparent, national experts took over. The artifacts the
archaeologists found in the burial chamber include gems, weapons, and more from the
Eastern Roman Empire. The ship burial was compared to the Old English poem ‘Beowulf’
which has archaeological parallels to some of the Sutton Hoo finds. Scholars believe the
king of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom Raewald is most likely the person buried in the ship.
Other burials were revealed during the 1960s and 1980s. There is a visitor center that
contains original artifacts, replicas of finds, and a reconstruction of the ship burial
chamber. Most of the finds and objects are now held by the British Museum.

Aztec calendar stone: a circular stone measuring 3.7 meters in diameter and weighing
25 tons was uncovered in Mexico City in 1790 and is currently on display in the National
Museum of Anthropology in Mexico City. The face of the Aztec sun god, Tonatiuh,
appears at the center of the stone, surrounded by four panels. These are signs that
represent the 20 days of the Aztec month. It was carved between 1502 and 1521.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_sun_stone#/media/File:Sunstone_annotations.pn
g
I would suggest that you look at this picture for a better understanding of what it looked
like.

Ocomtún: Ocomtún is an ancient city located on the Yucatan Peninsula in the Mexican
state of Campeche. Archaeologists from Mexico's National Institute of Anthropology and
History announced the discovery of the city in June 2023, after finding the ruins of
several pyramid structures measuring approximately 15 meters in height in a relatively
unexplored area of the state. Analysis of pottery fragments found in the area indicates
the area was inhabited by the Maya people between 600 CE and 800 CE, and that the
city fell into ruin around 1000 CE, coinciding with the Classic Maya collapse (decline of
Mayan civilization). Archaeologists named the site Ocomtún after the Mayan word for
stone column.

Montevideo Maru: Montevideo Maru was a merchant ship of the Empire of Japan.
Launched in 1926, it was pressed into service as a military transport during World War II.
It was sunk by an American submarine on 1 July 1942, drowning 1,054 people, mostly
Australian prisoners of war and civilians who were being transported from Rabaul, the
former Australian territory of New Guinea, to Hainan in China. The sinking is considered
the worst marine disaster in Australia's history. The wreck of the Montevideo Maru was
discovered on 18 April 2023.

HMS Endurance: Endurance was the three-masted ship in which Sir Ernest Shackleton
and a crew of 27 men sailed on the 1914-1917 imperial trans-arctic expedition. The ship
was bought by Shackleton in January 1914 for the expedition, which would be her first
voyage. A year later, she became trapped in pack ice (ice not connected to ant
shoreline) and sank in the Weddell Sea off Antarctica in November 1915. All of the crew
survived the sinking and were eventually rescued in 1916. The wreck of Endurance was
discovered on 5 March 2022, nearly 107 years after she sank, by the search team
Endurance22. She lies 3,008 meters deep, and is in "a brilliant state of preservation".

Lucy: AL 288-1, commonly known as Lucy is a collection of several hundred pieces of

fossilized bone comprising 40 of the skeleton of a female of the hominin species
Australopithecus afarensis (basically somewhere between a human and a chimpanzee).
It was discovered in 1974 in Ethiopia. Lucy dates to about 3.2 million years ago. The
skeleton presents a small skull like non-hominin apes (regular monkeys) and evidence of
a walking gait (walking pattern) that was bipedal like humans, this combination supports
the view of human evolution that bipedalism came before the increase in brain size.
Lucy was named after the song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" by the Beatles. Lucy
became famous worldwide, and the story of her discovery and reconstruction was
published in a book. After a tour around the U.S., the fossils were returned to Ethiopia in
2013 and later exhibitions used casts.

Ardi: Ardi is the designation of the fossilized skeletal remains of a subtype of hominin
(again somewhere between a chimpanzee and a human) from Ethiopia 4.4 million years
ago. Thought to be an early human-like female anthropoid (a type of ape that resembles
humans more than other monkeys). It is the most complete early hominid (humans and
other great apes) specimen, with most of the skull, teeth, pelvis, hands, and feet, more
complete than the previously known Australopithecus afarensis specimen called "Lucy."
125 different pieces of fossilize bone were found. The skeleton was found in Ethiopia in
1994.

Java Man: Java Man is an early human fossil discovered in 1891 and 1892 on the island
of Java, Indonesia. Estimated to be between 700,000 and 1,490,000 years old. Led by
Eugene Dubois, the excavation team found a tooth, a skullcap, and a thigh bone.
Arguing that the fossils represented the “missing link” between humans and apes,
Dubois gave it the scientific name Anthropopithecus erectus and later renamed it
Pithecanthropus erectus. The fossil started a lot of controversy. Only a few accepted
that Java Man was a transitional form between apes and humans. Dome dismissed it as
apes and others as modern humans, whereas many scientists considered Java Man as a
side branch of evolution unrelated to humans. Eventually, similarities between Java Man
and a different fossil led Ernst Mayr to rename both Homo erectus, placing them directly
in the human evolutionary tree. To distinguish Java Man from other Homo erectus
populations, some scientists began to regard it as a subspecies, Homo erectus erectus,
in the 1970s.

Taung Child: the Taung Child is the fossilized skull of a young Australopithecus
africanus (extinct species of the Hominini, somewhere between chimpanzee and
human). It was discovered in 1924 by miners working for the Northern Lime Company in
Tuand, South Africa. Raymond Dart described it as a new species in a journal in 1925.
Dean Falk, a specialist in brain evolution, has called it "the most important
anthropological fossil of the twentieth century."
Oldowan tool kit: the Oldowan was a widespread stone tool used from 2.9 to 1.7 million
years ago. These early tools were simple, usually made with one or a few flakes chipped
off by another stone. It was used by Hominins (early humans that are close to monkeys)
across much of Africa. The site of Olduvai in Tanzania where the first Oldowan stone
tools were discovered. Some experts refer to it as ‘Mode 1’ (pebble tools). There have
been some attempts to classify Oldowan tools and it is still debated. It is not known for
sure which species of Hominin created and used Oldowan tools.

Paranthropus robustus: Paranthropus robustus is a species of robust (stronger and

heavier build) Hominina (you get it by now, early monkey-like humans) from South
Africa, about 2 to 1 million years ago. It was discovered in 1938 and was named
Parathropus which is also a genus type though some argued that it is not different at all
from Australopithecus (early Hominins) so it has been renamed Australopithecus
robustus yet many still refer to it as ‘P. robustus. They are characterized by heavily built
skulls as well as inflated cheek teeth. Males had more heavily built skulls than females.
The species had differences between males and females that include height, weight,
and brain volume, males are superior in all of those. P. robustus had a less efficient
walking ability than modern humans. It may have used bones as tools.

Tujiaaspis vividus: also known as galeaspida, Tujiaaspis vividus is an extinct taxon (one
or more populations of an organism or organisms) of jawless marine and freshwater fish.
It lived in shallow, fresh water and marine environments 430 to 370 million years ago in
what is now Southern China, Tibet, and Vietnam. It was described in 2022 as having a
precursor condition to the form of paired fins seen in other species.

Seventh point:
The Vesuvius Challenge: Elon Musk will provide financial support to a project that uses
AI to decode ancient scrolls. The project is called the Vesuvius Challenge, it is a
competition to read ancient scrolls launched in 2023. A team of three students won the
700,000 dollar prize on 8.2.2024 after using AI to read the hidden text of charred scrolls
that were buried when Mount Vesuvius erupted nearly 2,000 years ago. More than a
thousand scrolls were retrieved in the 18th century, but the eruption meant that a lot of
the ink was unreadable and the scrolls would crumble when opened. Thanks to AI, the
Herculaneum Papyri, a set of ancient papyrus scrolls charred by the eruption, could be
virtually unwrapped and AI could detect the presence of ink. In reaction, Elon Musk said
on X that he would support the project. The next phase of the project is to enable the
team to read entire scrolls.

AI to translate footage: we can use AI to translate what we are saying into different
languages without us even knowing any other language. The AI video sounds and looks
just like anyone, as long as there is a video of someone talking it can be translated into a
video of them saying anything in other languages.

Eighth point:
The Library of Alexandria’s destruction: Alexandria was founded by Alexander the
Great, though his successor, Ptolemy I founded the Library of Alexandria. It was a shrine
for the Muses as well as a place for study. It is estimated that the library held over half a
million documents. The library was so big that it had another branch library at the
temple of Serapis. There are many theories on who destroyed the Library of Alexandria,
one person that's being blamed is Julius Caesar. He was pursuing Egypt when he
suddenly got cut off by an Egyptian fleet at Alexandria. He ordered that the ships in the
harbor be set on fire, and that fire spread and destroyed the area where the great library
stood. Though if he was solely to blame there would probably been documentation on
the affair that would exist today. The second theory is a little more complex. Theophilus
was the patriarch of the city and during his reign, the Temple of Serapis was converted
into a Christian church around 391 AD, and many documents were likely destroyed then.
After he died his nephew became the patriarch and shortly after riots broke out when a
Christian monk was executed after Hypatia, a female philosopher and daughter of the
last member of the Library of Alexandria, influenced the city prefect to kill the monk.
There were Christians, Jews, and Pagans in the city. Shortly after, a group of Jews lured
more Christians by proclaiming the Church was on fire. When the Christians rushed out
the Jews murdered them. After that, the Christians retaliated against the Jews and
Pagans, one of which was Hypatia. The Christians murdered her. Some consider her
death as the final destruction of the Library, although some still blame Theophilus for
destroying the last of the scrolls. The final individual who gets blamed is the Muslim
Caliph Omar. when the Muslims took Alexandria Caliph Omar told the conquering general
that the library either contradicted the Koran or supported it. It was rumored that texts
were destroyed to heat bathhouses in the city. It is said that it took an additional six
months to burn all the documents. Though Caliph’s quote and the doubtable fact that it
supposedly took six months to burn the documents weren't written down until 300
years after that. The author of these facts blaming Omar is a bishop who wrote a lot
about Muslim atrocities without much historical documentation. The real tragedy of
course is not the uncertainty of knowing who to blame for the Library's destruction but
that so much of ancient history, literature, and learning was lost forever.

The drowning of the House of Wisdom: during the 600s AD the Caliph (the leader) of
the Umayyad dynasty collected a large number of books in Damascus. He translated
most foreign works into Arabic, which turned the Arab world towards development.
Hundreds of years later the Caliph of the Abbasid empire accounted Bagdad the new
capital. His predecessor laid the foundation of a palace library where scholars from all
around the world learned. Their works were translated and stored in that library, this
new library was called the House of Wisdom. This library housed the most extensive
book collection unrivaled in the world. Five hundred years later, the Mongols attacked
Bagdad and after they refused to surrender the Mongols called for a siege on the area
for twelve days. The destruction was unimaginable, and during this siege, many books
were burnt while the leather covers were turned into sandals, but most of the books
were thrown into the Tigris River. The amount of books thrown away was so large that
the river turned black from the ink for half a year. And thus the House of Wisdom was
destroyed

Top ten biggest libraries in the world: these are the biggest libraries in the world
10. The Danish Royal Library- this is the national library of Denmark and the largest
library in Nordic countries (Denmark, Norway, etc..). It has 30.2 million items, it holds
nearly all printed Danish works dating back to 1482. It has been a legal deposit library
since 1697.
9. The National Library of China- This is the largest library in Asia, holding 33.78 million
items. It has been a legal deposit library since 1916. It holds the largest collection of
Chinese documents in the world
8. National Diet Library- the National Diet Library of Japan was established in 1948 to
assist members of the National Diet (Japan’s legal authority) in their study. It has 35.6
million items, including many Japanese political documents, maps, and rare books
dating up to the Edo dynasty and the Chinese Ching dynasty. It is Japan’s national
library with two facilities in Tokyo and Kyoto and several others across Japan. It is open
to the general public.
7. National Library of Russia- This library is in St. Petersburg and is the oldest public
library in the nation, ever since 1795. It has over 36.5 million items and it has 80,000
electronic books available to read online.
6. Bibliotheque Nationale de France- it dates to 1368 and moved location several times
and it has been in Paris since 1996. They banned wifi but they reversed their decision in
2021. It has over 40 million items and membership is open to everyone over 16.
5. Russian State Library- it is located in Moscow. It has over 275 km of shelves with more
than 43 million items. It was founded in 1862 and reorganized by Lenin. It is the national
book depository in Russia, access is open to everyone over 18, even non-residents.
4. New York Public Library- the library has been featured in several films and literature
works. It has nearly 52 million items and 17 million members. It is part of the Google
Books Library Project and its digital collection is available online. You can call or text
them a question and they will answer it.
3. Library and Archives Canada- it was established in 2004, it combined the function of
the National Archives of Canada and the National Library of Canada founded in 1953. It
has the oldest surviving document ever printed in Australia discovered by one of the
librarians for rare books and presented by the Prime Minister to the Australian people. It
is located in Ottawa.
See? Now you know something else about Canada other than maple syrup and frigid
winters (actual line from the article).
2. British Library- its collection currently stands at more than 150 million items. It acts
as a legal deposit library and therefore automatically receives a copy of every
publication produced in the UK and Ireland, adding 3 million new items every year. Over
16,000 people use the library on-site and online daily.
1. The Library of Congress- With a catalog size of over 160 million items and a budget of
over US$600 million per year. The Library of Congress is the biggest in the world both by
catalog size and budget. It is officially meant for use by the Congress of the United
States, and it is also open for academic research to anyone. It is housed in 3 buildings on
the Capitol. Founded in 1800, it was burnt by the British in 1814 and had its catalog
restored by buying Thomas Jefferson’s private collection. Its impressive holdings
include the rough draft of the Declaration of Independence. The Library of Congress
offers free guided tours.

Ninth point:
Muzeon Park of Arts: this park is the final resting place for many of the Soviet statues
from Russia’s parks following the collapse of Communism. Founded in 1992 the park
collected monuments for over 20 years. It has more than 700 sculptures of Lenin, Red
Army monuments, and Stalin statues. In 2013 it became a pedestrian zone and part of
the Muzeon park.

Monuments of fallen regimes: while the US was trying to deal with over a thousand
symbols of the confederacy, other nations have taken more decisive actions. Donald
Trump said the removal of Confederate monuments would lead to the removal of
monuments of the founding fathers, though many think that these monuments should
be removed because they represent a legacy of slavery and racism. Most Confederate
monuments are from the early 20th century and at the height of the civil rights
movement. In post-World War II, Nazi symbols were ordered demolished by the Allied
Control Council and any further Nazi symbols or propaganda was also banned. Germany
would later insert this ban into their criminal code. The headquarters of the Nazi secret
police and other grounds were razed and in the 1980s, turned into an exhibition. Leading
up to and following the fall of the Soviet Union, numerous monuments of Soviet icons
such as Lenin and Stalin were destroyed. Many of these statues now reside in the
Muzeon Park of the Arts. Similar parks exist in the rest of the former Soviet Union. In
Budapest a similar park exists and 42 pieces of art from the post-WWII communist era
are on display. The park’s architect says that these statues are still a part of Hungary’s
history. In Spain, a law was passed to provide recognition for those who suffered during
the Civil War. The law makes the government remove monuments regarding the military
uprising, civil war, or dictatorship. The last statue of the dictator Francisco Franco was
removed from the mainland in 2008. Franco’s tomb is protected under the law and the
monument is a mass grave for people from both sides. The site attracts tourists and
fascists.

Taking down racist statues: Richmond, Virginia, removed Confederate generals after
protests. In an open-air industrial area lies the remains of Confederate statues. The
storage area is a carefully organized graveyard of America's racist past. The stone and
bronze generals and politicians were removed from the streets after the aftermath of
protests that broke out in 2020 following the murder of George Floyd. Richmond
transferred the ownership of the fallen memorials to the Black History Museum and
Cultural Center of Virginia. The museum’s director said that a decision will be made in
agreement with the community and that she doesn't want the statues in the museum’s
headquarters. She also said that it will take a long time. The statues as they were after
the attacks that took place in 2020, decorated with graffiti invoking the Black Lives
Matter movement. The bronze figures are wrapped in white plastic to avoid attracting
the attention of drivers from the nearby highway. Disassembly and storage was done by
Devon Henry. He says that every time he had to remove a statue, authorities gave him
24-hour security, that he had to wear a bulletproof vest, and that every time they
removed a statue they would get death threats. His job was finished after he took down
a statue of AP Hill who was second-in-command of the Confederate army. The only
monument currently on display is a statue of the Confederate president Jefferson
Davis, it was ruined by protesters during the 2020 protests. Bill Martin who is in charge
of the museum said that displaying the statue without cleaning it caused a lot of
reaction and many people expressed their disgust. In the exhibition, some panels tell the
story of how the monument came down and how Confederacy supporters developed
the Lost Cause mythology to justify their loss. In the museum, there is a survey for
visitors to participate in about the future of these racist statues. There are six options:
store them, relocate them, exhibit them in a museum, reuse the material to create other
works of art, or simply destroy them. The percentage of African Americans who want
the removal and the percentage of those who don't care is the same, 40 percent. The
statue of Davis is transferred to LA, where two museums are preparing an exhibition
that will display the ruined Confederate monuments around the country, alongside
works by African American artists.

The Confederacy- those who warred against the US in the Civil War, mainly the South,
those who didn't want to give black people rights.
Reimagine, If You Will
The Sandman
"The Sandman" began as a comic book series created by writer Neil Gaiman,
published by DC Comics under its Vertigo imprint. The series originally ran for
75 issues from 1989 to 1996 and has since become one of the most celebrated
and influential works in the comic book medium.
The story follows Dream, also known as Morpheus, one of the Endless, a group
of powerful beings that embody universal concepts such as Death, Destiny, and
Desire. Dream is the lord of the Dreaming, a realm that encompasses all
dreams and nightmares. The series explores various themes including
mythology, literature, history, and the nature of storytelling itself.
Gaiman's storytelling in "The Sandman" is known for its rich, multi-layered
narrative, complex characters, and blending of different genres and
storytelling techniques. The series features a diverse cast of characters, both
human and supernatural, and includes appearances by historical figures,
mythological beings, and characters from DC Comics.
The Netflix series adaptation of "The Sandman" is a live-action television series
based on Gaiman's comic. The series was developed by Allan Heinberg and
Gaiman serves as an executive producer. It aims to bring the rich and complex
world of "The Sandman" to life on screen, while also expanding and
reinterpreting elements of the original comic for a new audience.
The Netflix series has received praise for its faithful adaptation of the source
material, its casting, production design, and visual effects. It has also been
noted for its ambition in tackling the complex and often dark themes of the
original comic.
Overall, both the comic and the Netflix series of "The Sandman" are highly
regarded for their storytelling, creativity, and exploration of deep
philosophical and mythological themes.

The Sandman
In episode five of Netflix's "The Sandman," titled "24/7," the showrunners paid
special attention to the setting of the gory climax. Unlike the comic, the show
had the advantage of time to fill, with actors moving around and speaking,
rather than a narrator to convey information. Neil Gaiman, the creator of "The
Sandman," explained in an interview that they focused on using amazing
actors and an accurate set to bring the story to life.

The diner featured in the episode was designed based on a real location in Salt
Lake City, which had long since closed down but had a devoted website.
Gaiman and the production team were able to reproduce the diner's menu and
style for the show. Jon Gary Steele, the production designer, described the
process of reconstructing the diner as great fun, drawing inspiration from
images of iconic eateries in books, magazines, and paintings, including
Edward Hopper's famous painting "Nighthawks."

Steele aimed to create a slice of Americana that felt truthful and nostalgic,
using deep, dark colors and weird, lime-greenish tiles. The glass dividers were
also an important feature, adding to the dark yet beautiful aesthetic of the
diner. Despite the option to age the diner to make it look more worn, the
production team chose to keep it looking clean and well-maintained.

The episode is based on the story "24 Hours" from "The Sandman" #6, which
features the sadistic character John Dee, also known as Doctor Destiny in the
DC Universe. Dee exposes innocent diner-goers to the seductive wish-inducing
power of Morpheus' Dreamstone, unleashing their untamed, lusty, and violent
sides. The story is considered one of the most disturbing moments in "The
Sandman" by fans.

Edward Hopper's Nighthawks

Nighthawks is a famous painting by Edward Hopper in 1942, being one of the
most iconic American works of the 1900s - known for its portrayal of
existential contemplation. The artist, Edward Hopper, was a prominent
American realist painter known for depictions of life and architecture. The
painting is associated with American Realism, being 84.1 x 152.4 cm in
dimensions.
This painting depicts a scene in a late-night dine in an urban setting,
where the main focus is the painting on the counter with a curve where a man
and woman sit. They appear to be a couple pondering things, although there is
a sense of emotional distance as well. Behind the counter is an attendant who
also seems to be daydreaming in the bathe of the artificial light, while the
exterior is dark. There’s also another person dressed well separated from the
couple. There is also an eerie outside, with barren streets outside and
buildings dark. The sharpness of the buildings also adds a sense of anonymity,
giving the piece overall a quiet tension feeling.
The painting is often seen as a representation of urban loneliness and
disconnection between individual and society. It is also interpreted as a
commentary on the human condition and alienation. The lighted diner in
contrast to the dark outside also provides a contrast, suggesting the diner as a
safe zone for people. Finally, the lack of an entrance makes it seem the
characters are trapped in their moment.
All of the hidden meanings and ideas behind the painting makes this
one of Edwards’ most celebrated and iconic works, being a recognizable image
in American art and a deep reference to pop culture and society.
It was sold to the Art Institute of Chicago for 3k within months of its
completion.

Banksy - Are you using that chair aka, the british shirtless guy

When first seeing this image, it looks

like a joke. It is set in the same place as the original Nighthawks, with the same
bar/cafeteria. However, instead of nothing else outside of the bar, there is a
threatening, fat man only wearing underwear with two plastic chairs laying
down next to him. It can be inferred that the man threw the chairs at the
cracked glass of the bar, and is pointing to the people inside.
 Banksy, like Edward, is not shy to speak about the problems and issues
of today's world. A famous anonymous artist most known for the one image of
a girl letting go of a balloon, he represents real world problems in his art as
well. It is most likely that the man outside represents the upset British working
class demanding representation, and a seat at the elite’s table.

Gottfried Helnwein - Boulevard of Broken Dreams

The website is comical because it

seems like a website designed for a teacher to use with their students.
The painting is named Nighthawks: Boulevard of Broken Dreams and
depicts a re-imagination of the original Nighthawks. Created by Austrian
Painter[0_0] Gottfried Helnwein, it shows the scene of a late night in a diner in
the US during the 1950s. Again, the people are the same, with the two men, one
woman, and barman, however they have different expressions. The two men
at the counter are upset, but the woman is cheerful and the barman is
mockingly happy. The atmosphere of the painting is still bleak and lonely.
The four people in this painting are notably American rock stars, with
Elvis being the barman, the two men being James Dean and Humphey Bogart,
and the woman being Marilyn Monroe. The most notable part of the painting
is the change of the characters, otherwise the scene is almost identical.
Red Grooms - Nighthawks Revisited

There is about zero information

about this one, because the exhibition website doesn’t exist - with all left a
picture of the image, and its upload date on April 28th, 2011. The drawing itself
was coloured with pencils on paper, being 44x74.5 inches and drawn in 1980.
It is a collection of Lysiane Luong Grooms.
The scene is much different in this version of the painting, seemingly a
more modern update on it. Instead of a barren outside, a few people can be
seen walking outside, with a cat in the middle of a road. A car is also parked
next to the bar, with a blonde haired person in it. There is some trash scattered
around, as well as a stray cat next to a garbage bin. And perhaps most
interesting is the interior, where while the couple and another man are still in
the bar, so is one other person - a seemingly old man. The barman is also
ginger.
This painting could, instead of represent loneliness and alienation like
the original, a more involved version of the world today. It has a chaotic, active
scene, with many more details and events taking place. This could symbolize
how the world is becoming more busy.
Moebius - Nighthawks

The given article tells us a little

about the original Nighthawks, but they are mainly portions we already
covered. They also showed a Simpsons episode scene inspired by the painting,
as well as a lego recreation which blew up in 2010. Jean Giraud, aka Moebius,
created his version of the painting in 1993 for a mixed exhibition paying
tribute to Edward Hopper. The new interpretation/remix is in watercolor, and
mixes reality with fantasy.
The main difference between the original and Moebius’ take is the
outside scenery. While the inside bar looks fairly the same, except for
everyone in the bar staring outside, the outside is scattered with rocks around,
and a barren landscape rid of any buildings. The one notable piece is a large
rock with a squiggly, colorful thing (It’s really hard to describe) protruding
from it. Everyone is watching in awe. This depiction seems to move the
original bar into an alien planet landscape - although the outside is still fairly
dark.

Yuri Pimenov
Yuri Pimenov was a prominent Soviet painter and graphic artist known for his
contributions to the Soviet art scene during the first half of the 20th century.
He was born on October 19, 1903, in Moscow, Russia, and died on March 18,
1977, in the same city.
Pimenov is best known for his paintings depicting everyday life in the Soviet
Union, particularly scenes of urban life in Moscow. He was associated with the
art movement known as Socialist Realism, which was the officially approved
style of art in the Soviet Union, emphasizing realistic depictions of Soviet life
in a positive light.
Pimenov's style was characterized by its bright colors, dynamic compositions,
and attention to detail. He often depicted scenes of city streets, cafes, parks,
and leisure activities, capturing the spirit of everyday life in Soviet society.
Some of his most famous works include "New Moscow" (1937), "Football"
(1936), and "First of May" (1950).
In addition to his paintings, Pimenov was also a skilled graphic artist, creating
posters, illustrations, and designs for books and magazines. His work was
highly regarded during his lifetime and continues to be celebrated for its
vibrant depiction of Soviet life and its contribution to the cultural heritage of
Russia.

New Moscow
This luminous and poetic image of the capital was created in the uneasy year
of 1937 as Stalin’s “Great Terror” was at its height and the leader was pushing
ahead with his fundamental reconstruction of Moscow. In Pimenov’s work we
see a fabulous city veiled in a golden haze, viewed from an unusual
perspective – we are sitting in the back seat of a convertible. The car is driven
by a young woman in a beautiful floaty dress. It’s symbolic how Pimenov
draws a parallel between her and the newly reconstructed capital: the renewal
of the city is the logical follow-up to the renewal of the society. These two
themes – a modern city and a modern woman – were present in Pimenov’s late
artworks as well. In this hall you can also notice his artwork “Stewardess' ',
created by Pimenov in 1973 that develops the plot of “New Moscow” further.
this criticism
Condorito is a Chilean comic strip character created in 1949 as a response to
Walt Disney's idealized portrayal of South America. He is a mischievous,
down-on-his-luck condor living in the town of Pelotillehue. The comic strip
reflects Chilean culture and society, often satirizing its politics, social issues,
and everyday challenges.
Condorito's world is vivid and specific, populated by quirky characters like
Don Máximo Tacaño, Ungenio, and Garganta de Lata, each representing
different aspects of Chilean life. His girlfriend Yayita, her parents, and his
friends Don Chuma and Huevoduro are also central characters. The town of
Pelotillehue is a lived-in place with its own traditions, including an intense
soccer rivalry with Buenas Peras and a patron saint, San Guchito, who is
depicted holding a sandwich.
The comic strip is known for its humor, which includes wordplay, puns, and
situational comedy. One of its iconic features is the use of the word "Plop!" as a
punchline, which has become a signature of the comic. Despite its popularity
in Latin America, the recent film adaptation has been criticized for watering
down Condorito's unique charm and humor in an attempt to appeal to a wider
audience.
Overall, Condorito has become a cultural icon in Chile, representing the
country's goodwill, humor, and capacity for mischief. His enduring popularity
reflects his ability to capture the essence of Chilean life and society in a
humorous and insightful way.

Metropolis
"Metropolis" is a landmark science fiction film directed by Fritz Lang, released
in 1927. It is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential films
in cinema history. The film is set in a futuristic city where society is divided
into two classes: the wealthy elite who live in luxury above ground and the
oppressed working class who toil in the underground factories that power the
city.
The story follows Freder, the privileged son of the city's ruler, who becomes
aware of the plight of the workers after falling in love with Maria, a woman
from the lower class. He discovers the oppressive conditions in which the
workers live and work, and resolves to help them. Meanwhile, his father, Joh
Fredersen, seeks to maintain control over the city by any means necessary.
"Metropolis" is known for its groundbreaking special effects, innovative use of
miniatures and sets, and its elaborate production design. The film's depiction
of a futuristic cityscape has had a lasting impact on the science fiction genre,
influencing countless films, TV shows, and other works of art.
"Metropolis" also explores themes of class struggle, technology, and the human
condition, making it a deeply resonant and thought-provoking work. Despite
its initial critical reception, which was mixed, the film has since been
reevaluated and is now widely celebrated for its artistic achievement and
cultural significance.

was restored to its original length in 2010

For decades, Fritz Lang's "Metropolis" was a cinematic legend, with its
full-length version, roughly two and a half hours long, missing since shortly
after its 1927 Berlin premiere. About an hour of footage was removed,
presumed lost. However, in 2008, an Argentine film archivist named Fernando
Peña discovered a full-length copy in the Museo del Cine in Buenos Aires, part
of a collection donated by a film critic, Manuel Peña Rodríguez. The film had
been part of a private archive, and its existence in Buenos Aires was due to a
fortunate decision by an Argentine distributor, Adolfo Wilson, who purchased
the rights and brought the reels back from Berlin.
The newly found footage, about 25 minutes long, was first shown at the Berlin
Film Festival and is now integrated into a restored version of the film, billed as
"The Complete Metropolis." This version, released in 2010, is a culmination of
an 80-year quest and provides a more complete and comprehensible vision of
Lang's dystopian masterpiece. The restored scenes include subplots and
character developments that were missing from the previously known
versions, such as the expanded role of the "Thin Man" character, revealing him
to be a spy and detective rather than a mere butler.
The restoration process involved digital technology to address artifacts and
damage from earlier transfers. Despite the challenges, the restoration has
brought new depth and focus to the film, changing its tone and genre. While
originally seen as a science fiction film, the restored version now encompasses
many genres and is viewed more as an epic about timeless conflicts.
The discovery of the full-length version of "Metropolis" is part of a broader
effort by the Museo del Cine in Buenos Aires to examine and preserve its
collection. The museum has also uncovered other lost or rare films, including a
Soviet-era silent film and three American films previously thought lost. These
discoveries highlight the importance of film preservation and the ongoing
efforts to uncover and restore cinematic treasures.
Overall, the restoration of "Metropolis" represents a significant achievement in
film preservation and a triumph for film historians and enthusiasts alike,
finally allowing audiences to experience Lang's visionary work in its intended
form.

Fritz Lang
Fritz Lang was a visionary filmmaker whose career spanned from the silent
era to the early days of sound cinema. Born in Austria in 1890, Lang began his
career in Germany, where he made a name for himself with visually stunning
and thematically rich films. His masterpiece, "Metropolis" (1927), is a
landmark of science fiction cinema, known for its groundbreaking special
effects and dystopian vision of the future.
Lang's films often explored dark and complex themes, such as crime, justice,
and the nature of evil. In "M" (1931), he created one of the first and most
chilling portrayals of a serial killer on screen. This psychological thriller is
widely regarded as one of the greatest films ever made.
In 1934, Lang fled Nazi Germany and moved to the United States, where he
continued to make films that reflected his unique vision and style. His
American films, such as "Fury" (1936) and "The Big Heat" (1953), were marked
by their gritty realism and moral ambiguity.
Throughout his career, Lang's work was characterized by his meticulous
attention to detail, innovative use of camera techniques, and ability to create
suspenseful and atmospheric films. His influence can be seen in the work of
many later filmmakers, and he is considered one of the true masters of
cinema.

characterizations that were missing in earlier surviving copies

The restored version of Fritz Lang's "Metropolis" brings back a cinematic
masterpiece in its full glory, showcasing crisp and clear images that were
previously unseen. The film, originally released in 1927, presents a futuristic
city divided into two classes: the wealthy elite living above ground in luxury
and the oppressed workers toiling underground. This dystopian vision of a
society marked by social inequality and industrial exploitation resonated
strongly with audiences of the time, reflecting the era's concerns about class
struggle and technological advancement.
Lang's film is celebrated for its groundbreaking visuals and set designs, which
have influenced countless films in the science fiction genre. The towering
cityscapes, elaborate machinery, and striking special effects create a visually
stunning world that has become iconic in cinema history. The film's themes of
oppression, rebellion, and the power of technology are conveyed through a
mix of dramatic storytelling and visual symbolism, making it a powerful and
enduring work of art.
The restoration of "Metropolis" was a painstaking process that involved the
discovery of additional footage in Buenos Aires in 2008. This newly found
footage, totaling about 30 minutes, adds depth to the film's narrative and
characters, revealing subplots and motivations that were previously unclear.
The restored version runs approximately 150 minutes, making it closer to
Lang's original vision for the film.
The film's production was a massive undertaking, with Lang employing
thousands of extras and elaborate special effects to create its futuristic world.
The visual effects, created by Eugene Schufftan and Karl Freund, were
groundbreaking for their time and continue to impress audiences today.
Despite its technical achievements, "Metropolis" is also remembered for its
controversial production methods. Lang's demanding directorial style led to
harsh treatment of his cast and crew, including dangerous stunts and grueling
working conditions. This intensity, however, contributed to the film's enduring
legacy and its status as a classic of silent cinema.
Overall, "Metropolis" remains a landmark film in cinema history, a testament
to Fritz Lang's visionary storytelling and innovative filmmaking techniques. Its
themes of social justice, technological progress, and human resilience continue
to resonate with audiences around the world, making it a timeless work of art.

Prokofiev - Romeo and Juliet - Montagues And Capulets

lost and recreated
Franco Zeffirelli's Romeo & Juliet (World Premiere Digital Recording of the
Complete Film Score) Review by William Ruhlmann
Producer James Fitzpatrick and conductor Nic Raine have undertaken a major
job of restoration in preparing their new recording of Nino Rota's score for the
1968 Franco Zeffirelli film adaptation of Romeo & Juliet. Apparently, Rota's
original manuscript is long lost, and they were forced to reconstruct the score
by ear, listening to the soundtrack of the film. The result is a much more
complete rendering of the memorable music than was heard on the
million-selling Capitol Records soundtrack album. Of course, the chief
attraction remains the "Love Theme" (aka "A Time for Us"), which is repeated
several times, but one is also impressed by the elements of Renaissance period
music that are included and by the overall beauty of the work. The Prague
Philharmonic Orchestra is actually somewhat larger than the group Rota used
to perform the film's music, but the score's delicacy is not lost, and this
remains one of the more poignant and moving collections of music ever
written for a Shakespeare production, as well as a gem in Rota's repertoire.

Marcel Duchamp’s Fountain

Marcel Duchamp's impact on modern art is difficult to overstate. His
provocative "readymades," most famously exemplified by Fountain, a urinal
he submitted as art, challenged fundamental notions of artistic creation and
the role of the artist. The controversy surrounding Fountain's rejection from
an exhibition in 1917 sparked discussions about the nature of art itself,
questioning what could be considered art and who had the authority to define
it.
Duchamp's influence extended far beyond the initial shock of his readymades.
He is often regarded as the father of conceptual art, a movement that
prioritizes ideas over aesthetics or craftsmanship. Duchamp's emphasis on the
intellectual and philosophical aspects of art paved the way for later artists to
explore unconventional materials and approaches, fundamentally changing
the trajectory of modern art.
The exhibition "Some Aesthetic Decisions: A Centennial Celebration of Marcel
Duchamp's 'Fountain'" at the NSU Art Museum in Fort Lauderdale, Florida,
highlighted Duchamp's enduring impact on contemporary art. Artists like
Sherrie Levine, Mike Bidlo, and Rachel Lachowicz responded to Duchamp's
work by creating their interpretations of Fountain, using materials such as
bronze and lipstick to reimagine the iconic urinal.
Moreover, Duchamp's concept of the readymade inspired artists to reconsider
the role of everyday objects in art. Andy Warhol's Brillo boxes and Joseph
Kosuth's neon sign "AN OBJECT SELF-DEFINED" exemplify this exploration,
blurring the lines between art and ordinary objects and challenging viewers to
reconsider their preconceptions.
One of the most intriguing aspects of Duchamp's work is the ambiguity and
mystery that surrounds it. The authenticity of Fountain as a readymade, as
well as the possibility that its true creator was the Baroness Elsa von
Freytag-Loringhoven, adds layers of complexity to Duchamp's art.
Additionally, Duchamp's use of the alter ego Rrose Sélavy further complicates
his artistic identity, blurring the lines between reality and fiction.
Duchamp's final work, Étant Donnés, is another enigmatic piece that continues
to fascinate art historians and enthusiasts. Completed in secret over 20 years,
Étant Donnés features a tableau vivant with a naked female mannequin
visible through a peephole. Serkan Özkaya's experiment with Étant Donnés,
suggesting that the peephole might function as a camera obscura, highlights
the enduring intrigue and mystery of Duchamp's art.

Overall, Duchamp's legacy is one of profound influence and innovation. His

willingness to challenge conventions and push boundaries continues to inspire
artists to think critically about art and its place in society, ensuring that his
impact on the art world will endure for generations to come.
Marcel Duchamp
Marcel Duchamp (1887-1968) was a French-American artist best known for his
groundbreaking contributions to modern and conceptual art. He is
particularly renowned for his "readymades," ordinary objects that he selected
and presented as art. One of his most famous readymades is "Fountain," a
urinal he submitted to an art exhibition in 1917.
Duchamp's work challenged traditional notions of art, emphasizing the role of
the artist's concept over craftsmanship. He believed that art should be about
ideas rather than skill, and his work had a profound influence on the
development of contemporary art.
Aside from his readymades, Duchamp was also known for his association with
Dadaism, an avant-garde art movement that emerged during World War I.
Duchamp's irreverent approach to art and his willingness to challenge artistic
conventions made him a key figure in the Dada movement.
Later in his career, Duchamp became increasingly interested in the concept of
the "anti-retinal," art that is more about the mind than the eye. This led him to
create works like "Étant donnés," a complex installation that he worked on in
secret for over 20 years.
Duchamp's ideas and work continue to influence artists to this day, and he is
widely regarded as one of the most important and innovative artists of the
20th century.

The original may also not have been by Marcel Duchamp.

The difficulty in accepting the intellectual and creative authority of women
artists and writers stems from deeply ingrained cultural biases and
stereotypes that prioritize masculinity and devalue femininity. Throughout
history, art and literature created by men have often been viewed as more
serious, profound, and worthy of recognition, while works by women have
been dismissed as emotional, trivial, or lacking in depth.
One example of this bias is the case of Lee Krasner, an artist overshadowed by
her husband, Jackson Pollock, for decades. Krasner's influence on Pollock's
work was substantial, yet her contributions were largely unrecognized until
much later. Similarly, Simone de Beauvoir, a pioneering philosopher and
writer, had her original ideas often attributed to Jean-Paul Sartre, her male
counterpart and partner.
In the art world, the Italian baroque painter Artemisia Gentileschi faced
challenges in having her work recognized as her own, rather than attributed
to her father. It took centuries for art historians to acknowledge her talent and
give her the credit she deserved.
The case of Marcel Duchamp's "Fountain" is particularly illustrative of these
biases. While Duchamp is hailed as a genius for his creation of this
controversial artwork, there is evidence to suggest that the true originator
may have been Baroness Elsa von Freytag-Loringhoven, a poet and artist
whose contributions to the Dada movement have been marginalized in art
history.
Despite scholarly research and exhibitions presenting compelling arguments
for von Freytag-Loringhoven's authorship of "Fountain," museums and art
institutions have been slow to acknowledge her role. This reluctance reflects a
broader pattern of dismissing women's contributions and upholding male
authority in the arts.
In conclusion, the struggle for women artists and writers to have their
intellectual and creative authority recognized is a complex issue rooted in
historical biases and cultural perceptions. It highlights the need for a more
inclusive and equitable approach to art history and criticism, one that
acknowledges and celebrates the diverse contributions of artists and thinkers
regardless of gender.

Fountain (Buddha) | Sherrie Levine

Sherrie Levine is known for appropriating the work of canonical male artists
in order to deconstruct accepted art-historical concepts like originality,
authenticity, authorship, and the purity of medium and suggest their inherent
mutability.
Over a decade after she began reproducing works by famous male artists such
as Constantin Brancusi, Walker Evans, and Willem de Kooning, Levine created
a cast bronze replica of Marcel Duchamp’s Fountain, 1917, one of the first
readymade sculptures, a commercially manufactured urinal that Duchamp
removed from a functional context and presented as a work of art. In Levine’s
Fountain (Buddha), she recasts Duchamp’s work in a critical light, challenging
the nearly universal acceptance and celebration of Duchamp’s early
twentieth-century radicalism. Levine subverts the everyday quality of
Duchamp’s readymade by casting the work in bronze, a valuable material with
strong currency in the history of sculpture. Levine collapses multiple
associations within this work, as the low-culture urinal is presented as a
bronze masterwork. The title points to the visual similarity of the upturned
urinal with Buddhist reliquary sculptures, offering many pathways for
reconsidering the original work.
Fountain (Buddha) is one of several works in the ICA/Boston collection that
critique accepted notions of artistic creativity, the authenticity and
commodification of the art object, and the nature of the art-historical canon.

Fractured Fountain | Mike Bidlo

NOT Duchamp: Fountain and Bottle Rack is an exhibition by appropriation
artist Mike Bidlo, held at Francis M. Naumann Fine Art in New York. The
exhibition features Bidlo's replicas of Marcel Duchamp's readymades,
specifically his Bottle Rack from 1914 and his infamous Fountain from 1917.
Bidlo's reproductions are not exact copies; instead, he transforms the original
objects, such as casting the Fountain in solid bronze after smashing and
reassembling it. The exhibition also includes an installation designed by Bidlo,
featuring black-and-white images from Marsden Hartley's The Warriors,
which were used as wallpaper in the gallery.
Bidlo is known for his appropriation art, where he intentionally replicates the
works of other artists, often adding variations. His work is considered an
integral part of his own artistic production and is signed with his handprint,
clearly distinguishing it from the original works. Despite his meticulous
research and dedication to recreating the works of other artists, Bidlo's
appropriations are often not recognized as separate from the source material.
Bidlo's artistic practice extends beyond Duchamp, as he has replicated works
by other renowned artists of the 20th century, including Pablo Picasso, Paul
Cézanne, and Andy Warhol. His approach to appropriation is seen as a form of
"social sculpture," where he immerses himself in the art and life of the artists
he replicates, much like a method actor preparing for a role.

Overall, NOT Duchamp: Fountain and Bottle Rack showcases Bidlo's skill in
appropriation art and raises questions about authorship, originality, and the
nature of art in contemporary society.

(maybe they should use kintsugi

on it or sum)

Untitled (Lipstick Urinals) | Rachel Lachowicz

Rachel Lachowicz is known for her witty take on the male-dominated world of
modernism and is considered a feminist, a minimalist, post-modernist, and a
conceptualist. Her work is a study of recontextualizing canonical works of art
by famous male artists using unorthodox materials such as eye shadow, face
powder, and lipstick for her sculptures.
In Untitled (Lipstick Urinals), Lachowicz explores social constructions of
gender by juxtaposing the feminine associations of color and lipstick with the
appropriation of Marcel Duchamp’s overtly masculine and seminal
readymade, Fountain (1917). Here Lachowicz casts three miniature urinals
created from bright red lipstick. The result is a complex riddle of femininity
versus masculinity mixed with a satirical yet reverential salute to the history
of art.

dusty dioramas
Aaron Delehanty is an artist whose work with dioramas is a meticulous blend
of art and science, aiming to transport viewers to specific moments in time
and space. His career began at the Field Museum in Chicago, where he
constructed dioramas that captured the essence of various ecosystems and
historical scenes. Delehanty's process involves extensive research and
collaboration with experts to ensure accuracy in every detail, from the flora
and fauna to the geological features.
One of the key aspects of Delehanty's work is the historical context he provides
through his dioramas. For example, his depiction of the Hemudu culture in
eastern China from 5500 BC to 3300 BC goes beyond mere representation; it
conveys the way of life, the relationship with the environment, and the
cultural practices of this ancient civilization. By meticulously recreating the
village near the Yangtze River, complete with stilt homes and interactions with
water bodies, Delehanty offers a glimpse into the complex culture of the
Hemudu people.
Another important aspect of Delehanty's work is his attention to detail. Each
element in his dioramas, whether it's a plant, an animal, or a rock, is carefully
crafted to mimic its real-life counterpart. He uses a variety of materials and
techniques to achieve this level of realism, often spending months on a single
diorama. His dedication to accuracy and authenticity is evident in every aspect
of his work, from the paintings of the backdrop to the texture of the soil.
Delehanty's work also highlights the intersection of art and conservation.
While early dioramas were created using hunted animals, they were born out
of a desire to protect and preserve the natural world. Delehanty's dioramas
serve a similar purpose, educating viewers about endangered species and
ecosystems and inspiring them to take action to protect them.
Overall, Aaron Delehanty's work is a testament to the power of art to educate,
inspire, and create a deeper understanding of the world around us. His
dioramas are not just static displays but immersive experiences that transport
viewers to different times and places, inviting them to explore and learn about
the wonders of the natural world.

Consider the Spanish Village in Barcelona

Poble Espanyol in Barcelona is a charming open-air museum at the foot of
Montjuïc, featuring 117 recreated buildings from various regions of Spain.
Established for the 1929 World's Fair, the museum offers visitors a unique
opportunity to experience the diverse architecture, craftsmanship, and cuisine
of Spain in a single location.
Visitors can stroll through the complex, which is designed like an Iberian
village, complete with typical houses, streets, a town hall, schools, shops, and
restaurants. The museum also includes a monastery and a museum featuring
works by renowned artists such as Picasso, Dalí, and Miró.
One of the highlights of Poble Espanyol is the opportunity to watch craftsmen
at work, producing unique products such as leather goods, jewelry, and
guitars. Visitors can also enjoy local cuisine at several restaurants and relax in
a picnic area.
The museum offers multimedia experiences, allowing visitors to immerse
themselves in the sights, sounds, and smells of different regions of Spain.
Special exhibits showcase the country's cultural customs and festivals,
providing insight into the rich heritage of the Spanish people.
Poble Espanyol's history dates back to its construction for the 1929 World's
Fair, with blueprints designed by Puig i Cadafalch and implemented by his
students. Despite initial plans to demolish the village after the fair, it was saved
by popular demand and has since been restored and modernized.
Today, Poble Espanyol offers visitors a unique and immersive experience,
providing a glimpse into the soul of Spain and allowing them to explore the
country's rich cultural heritage in a single visit.

Don Quixote
"Don Quixote" is a novel written by Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes and
published in two parts in 1605 and 1615. It is considered one of the greatest
works of fiction ever written and a classic of Western literature. The novel tells
the story of a man named Alonso Quixano who becomes so obsessed with
reading chivalric romances that he decides to become a knight-errant himself,
under the name Don Quixote. He recruits a simple farmer, Sancho Panza, as
his squire(‫ )מתלמד‬and sets out on a series of adventures to revive chivalry and
right the wrongs of the world.
The novel is a satire of the romantic tales of chivalry popular at the time, as
well as a commentary on the nature of reality and illusion. Don Quixote's
adventures are often comical and absurd, as he mistakes windmills for giants,
innkeepers for lords, and commoners for royalty. Despite his delusions, Don
Quixote is portrayed with sympathy and humanity, and his character has
become a symbol of idealism and the quest for the impossible dream.
The novel is also notable for its innovative narrative style, which blends
elements of comedy, tragedy, and realism. Cervantes frequently breaks the
fourth wall and includes metafictional elements, such as characters who are
aware that they are in a book.
"Don Quixote" has been translated into numerous languages and has inspired
countless adaptations, including plays, operas, ballets, and films. It remains a
landmark work of literature that continues to resonate with readers around
the world.

At Heritage Park in Calgary

Heritage Park in Calgary is a vast living museum, spread over 127 acres,
making it the largest of its kind in Canada. It offers a unique and immersive
experience into the history of Calgary and Alberta, with over 200 exhibits and
attractions. The park is meticulously designed, with heritage buildings from
around Alberta and employees and volunteers dressed in period costumes,
adding to the authenticity of the experience.
Visitors can explore the park's grounds, which are beautifully landscaped and
filled with lush gardens, providing plenty of photo opportunities. The park
also features a variety of activities for families, including a ride on a steam
engine train, live theatre performances, and interactive exhibits.
One of the highlights of Heritage Park is its attention to detail. The buildings,
furnishings, and even the food served in the park are all historically accurate,
allowing visitors to truly step back in time. The park also offers educational
programs and workshops, making it a great destination for school groups and
history enthusiasts.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Heritage Park has implemented strict safety
measures, including mandatory mask-wearing and pre-purchased tickets with
specific entry times. Despite these challenges, the park has continued to
provide a safe and enjoyable experience for visitors.
Overall, Heritage Park is a beloved destination in Calgary, offering a unique
blend of history, education, and entertainment for visitors of all ages.

the Millennium City Park in Kaifeng

Millennium City Park is a sprawling historical and cultural theme park
situated on the western shores of the picturesque Longting Lake in Kaifeng,
China. Established in July 1992 and officially opened to the public on October
28, 1998, the park spans an impressive 600Mu (approximately 99 acres) and
stands as a testament to the rich history and heritage of the ancient Chinese
city of Kaifeng.
The park is a living tribute to "The Millennium City," a renowned painting
created by Zhang Zeduan, a celebrated artist from the Northern Song Dynasty.
This masterpiece offers a vivid depiction of the social life, customs, and
architectural marvels of Kaifeng during that era. By exploring Millennium City
Park, visitors can immerse themselves in the essence of Kaifeng's ancient past
and gain a deeper understanding of its historical significance.
One of the most captivating features of Millennium City Park is its ability to
transport visitors back in time, offering a glimpse into the vibrant and bustling
streets of Kaifeng as they once were. Along the banks of the Bianhe River,
visitors can marvel at the array of shops, hotels, mansions, and houses that
once lined these historic streets. The park's meticulous attention to detail and
faithful recreation of ancient architecture create an immersive experience
that truly brings history to life.
One of the highlights of a visit to Millennium City Park is the imperial tree
garden located along the Bianhe River. Here, visitors can stroll along flat
bluestone pathways and admire the majestic imperial halls set amidst the
tranquil beauty of the river and the surrounding trees. This area provides a
glimpse into the grandeur and opulence of imperial life in Kaifeng during the
Northern Song Dynasty.
Overall, Millennium City Park offers a captivating journey through time,
allowing visitors to step back in time and experience the rich history and
culture of ancient Kaifeng. Whether exploring the bustling streets or
wandering through the serene imperial gardens, a visit to Millennium City
Park is sure to leave a lasting impression and a deeper appreciation for the
rich cultural heritage of China.

The Song Dynasty

The Song Dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China that lasted from 960 to
1279 AD. It was divided into two periods: the Northern Song (960-1127) and the
Southern Song (1127-1279). The Song Dynasty is known for its significant
cultural and technological advancements, economic prosperity, and military
innovations.
During the Song Dynasty, China experienced a golden age of arts and culture.
Poetry, painting, calligraphy, and literature flourished, with artists and
scholars producing some of the most celebrated works in Chinese history. The
era saw the rise of famous poets like Su Shi (Su Dongpo) and Li Qingzhao, as
well as renowned painters such as Fan Kuan and Guo Xi.
Technological advancements also characterized the Song Dynasty. The
invention of movable type printing by Bi Sheng in the 11th century
revolutionized the production of books, making them more accessible to the
general population. The development of gunpowder, compasses, and
advancements in agriculture and engineering further contributed to the
dynasty's prosperity.
Economically, the Song Dynasty was a period of growth and innovation. The
government implemented policies that promoted trade and commerce, leading
to the growth of a prosperous merchant class. The use of paper money became
widespread, making trade and transactions more efficient.
However, the Song Dynasty also faced challenges. The dynasty struggled with
invasions from nomadic tribes from the north, leading to the eventual fall of
the Northern Song Dynasty to the Jurchen Jin Dynasty in 1127. The Southern
Song Dynasty continued to rule from the city of Hangzhou but faced continued
pressure from the Mongol Empire. In 1279, the Song Dynasty was overthrown
by the Mongol ruler Kublai Khan, leading to the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty
in China. Despite its eventual fall, the Song Dynasty is remembered as a period
of great cultural, technological, and economic achievement in Chinese history.

Kona Coffee Living History Farm

Stroll through this award-winning, historic farm that tells the story of Kona’s
coffee pioneers during the early 20th century. A self-guided experience, you’re
free to walk among the coffee trees, meet a “Kona Nightingale”, or watch how
farmers used the kuriba and hoshidana to mill and dry their world-famous
coffee. Visit the original 1920’s farmhouse where you may find the homemaker
starting the fire to cook rice or making musubi for the farmer’s lunch.
Living history gives visitors an opportunity to experience history brought to
life by costumed interpreters who demonstrate traditional crafts, agricultural
activities, and the everyday tasks of people from the past. Talk story along the
way with the farm’s living history interpreters and discover the story behind
Kona’s gourmet crop.
The Kona Coffee Living History Farm is a must see Hawaii attraction and the
only living history coffee farm in the nation. It received a 2020 Travelers’
Choice Award from TripAdvisor, which means its in the top 10 percent of
Farms and History Museums in the world based on reviews!

Consider Plimoth Patuxet (formerly Plymouth Plantation) in

Massachusetts
Plimoth Plantation in Plymouth, Massachusetts, is a renowned living history
museum offering a vivid glimpse into the daily life of early English settlers and
the indigenous Wampanoag people. Founded in 1947, the museum
meticulously recreates a 17th-century English Village, complete with
period-appropriate buildings, furnishings, and costumed interpreters.
The English Village represents the Plymouth Colony as it was in 1627, featuring
timber-framed houses with thatched roofs, working kitchens, and gardens.
Actors, portraying historical residents, engage visitors in conversations about
their daily lives, customs, and challenges. The village also includes a two-story
fort, providing a panoramic view of the surroundings and serving as a perfect
spot for photographs.
The plantation's barns are home to rare and historic breeds of livestock, such
as cows, goats, sheep, chickens, and turkeys. Plimoth Plantation actively
participates in preserving these endangered breeds.
In addition to the English Village, the museum features a Wampanoag
Homesite, which authentically represents the homes and lifestyle of the
indigenous Wampanoag people. The site includes traditional wetu huts made
of wattle and daub, where staff members dressed in traditional attire
demonstrate ancient crafts and activities.
Visitors can also explore the Mayflower II, a full-scale reproduction of the ship
that carried the Pilgrims to Plymouth in 1620. The Mayflower II offers a
fascinating look into the cramped and challenging conditions endured by the
Pilgrims during their voyage.
Plimoth Plantation provides a comprehensive and immersive experience,
allowing visitors to engage with history in a meaningful and educational way.
It offers a unique opportunity to step back in time and gain a deeper
understanding of the challenges and triumphs of early American settlers.

The museum has been criticized for overlooking

The Plimoth Patuxet Museums in Plymouth, Massachusetts, have come under
scrutiny from members of the Wampanoag community and their supporters,
who are calling for a boycott. They claim that the museum, which features
Colonial reenactors portraying life in Plymouth, has not fulfilled its promise of
creating a "bi-cultural museum" that equally represents both European and
Indigenous perspectives.
Critics say that the museum's "Historic Patuxet Homesite," focusing on
traditional Indigenous life, is too small, in need of repairs, and staffed by
workers who are not from local tribes. Despite changing its name from
Plimoth Plantation to Plimoth Patuxet in 2018 to reflect a more balanced
perspective, critics argue that the museum has not changed its attitude toward
Indigenous representation.
In response, the museum has stated that it has expanded the outdoor
Wampanoag exhibit, raised funds for a new Indigenous programs building,
and has initiatives in place to recruit and retain staff from Native
communities. They have also received grants to boost Native American
education programming and have hired an Aquinnah Wampanoag as the
director of Algonquian Exhibits and Interpretation.
Former museum staffers and members of the Wampanoag community claim
that museum officials have ignored suggestions for modernizing and
expanding the outdoor exhibit. They also cite low pay and poor working
conditions as factors leading to the departure of many Native staffers.
Critics worry about the impact on non-Indigenous visitors, especially students
on school field trips, and encourage teachers to seek culturally and historically
accurate programs from Native communities directly.
Overall, the controversy highlights ongoing tensions over how Indigenous
history and culture are represented in museums and educational settings.

Howick Historical Village

The Howick Historical Village is a living museum located in the suburb of
Howick in Auckland, New Zealand. It offers a glimpse into New Zealand's past,
specifically focusing on the period between 1840 and 1880. The village is set on
seven acres of land and features over 30 original or replica buildings,
showcasing various aspects of life in early New Zealand.
Visitors to the Howick Historical Village can explore the village at their own
pace or join guided tours led by costumed interpreters. The buildings in the
village include a schoolhouse, church, blacksmith shop, and general store,
among others. These buildings are furnished and decorated to reflect the time
period they represent, providing an immersive experience of life in
19th-century New Zealand.
One of the highlights of the Howick Historical Village is the Fencible Cottage,
which is an original cottage built in 1840 by one of the Fencible soldiers who
came to New Zealand to defend the early settlers. The cottage has been
restored and furnished to show how a typical Fencible family would have
lived during that time.
Throughout the year, the Howick Historical Village hosts various events and
activities, such as traditional craft demonstrations, reenactments, and holiday
programs. These events help bring the history of the village to life and provide
visitors with a deeper understanding of the past.
Overall, the Howick Historical Village offers a unique and educational
experience for visitors of all ages, allowing them to step back in time and
experience a slice of early New Zealand history.

Wild pigs
Wild pigs, also known as feral pigs or wild boars, are descendants of domestic
pigs that have escaped or been released into the wild. They are found in
various regions around the world, including North and South America,
Europe, Asia, and Australia. Wild pigs are known for their adaptability and
can thrive in a wide range of habitats, from forests and grasslands to wetlands
and agricultural areas.
These animals are highly intelligent and have a keen sense of smell, which
they use to locate food, including roots, tubers, insects, small mammals, and
carrion. They are omnivorous and will eat almost anything they come across,
making them opportunistic feeders.
Wild pigs are known for their destructive behavior, as they can damage crops,
uproot vegetation, and disturb soil. They also pose a threat to native wildlife
and ecosystems, as they compete with native species for food and habitat.
Additionally, wild pigs can carry diseases that can be transmitted to livestock
and humans.
Efforts to control wild pig populations include hunting, trapping, and fencing.
However, their adaptability and reproductive capabilities make them a
challenging species to manage.

gamier hens
“game hens," also known as Cornish game hens or poussin. Game hens are not
a distinct breed but rather a young chicken, typically less than five weeks old,
that is slaughtered for its tender meat. They are often confused with game
birds, such as quail or partridge, due to their name.
Game hens are small in size, usually weighing between 1 and 2 pounds (450 to
900 grams). They have a tender texture and a mild, slightly gamey flavor
compared to regular chicken. Because of their small size, they are often served
whole, making for an elegant presentation on the plate.
These birds are versatile and can be cooked in various ways, including
roasting, grilling, or braising. They are often stuffed with herbs, spices, or
vegetables to enhance their flavor. Game hens are popular for special
occasions or intimate dinners due to their unique presentation and rich taste.

an annual Spanish Days Festival in the California city of Santa Barbara

Old Spanish Days in Santa Barbara, also known as Fiesta, is a beloved tradition
celebrating the city's history, culture, and heritage. The festival takes place
over five days in August and features events that highlight the rich cultural
heritage of Santa Barbara, including American Indian, Spanish, Mexican, and
early American influences. Visitors can enjoy authentic music, dance
performances, and explore mercados offering delicious treats. The festival
includes parades, carnivals, rodeos, and other family-friendly activities. Events
are held at various historic venues and parks around Santa Barbara, such as
Old Mission Santa Barbara and the Santa Barbara County Courthouse. Live
music and entertainment, including bands, mariachi, and traditional dance
performances, are featured throughout the festival. Food and drink play a
significant role in Fiesta, with a variety of Spanish and Mexican-American
foods available at mercados and Mexican markets, as well as in local
restaurants and bars offering special Fiesta-themed menus and drink specials.

Timket Festival in Ethiopia

Timkat is a spectacular religious festival in Ethiopia, celebrating the baptism of
Jesus by John the Baptist. It is unique to Ethiopia and is celebrated annually on
January 19th (or 20th in leap years). The festival includes a mass baptism(‫)טבילה‬
at various waterfronts or sacred pools around the country, with Lalibela,
Gondar, and Addis Ababa being popular locations.
During Timkat, Ethiopians wear traditional white clothes and gather at the
waterfront at dawn for the ceremony. The water is blessed by a priest, and
participants are sprinkled with it or may even submerge themselves in it.
Timkat is a visually stunning and spiritually significant event, offering a
glimpse into ancient traditions and a deep sense of community.
The festival is both public and private, serving as a rite of passage for young
men choosing the path of priesthood. It is a culmination of years of spiritual
learning and dedication, with trainee priests having to prove their worthiness
until the last minute.
Lalibela is a key location for Timkat, known for its 11 rock-hewn churches and
as a hub for ordination. Other cities like Addis Ababa, Gondar, and Mekelle
also celebrate Timkat, each offering a unique experience of the festival.
The Ark of the Covenant plays a central role in Timkat. It is a sacred artefact
containing the Ten Commandments, and replicas are brought out during the
festival. Pilgrims aim to get close to the tabot (replicas) as a way of getting
closer to God.
Timkat has become a popular attraction for visitors to Ethiopia, with many
small group tours including it in their itineraries. Joining in the celebrations in
cities like Mekelle, Lalibela, Addis Ababa, and Gondar offers a unique cultural
experience.

Naadam Festival in Mongolia

Naadam is a national festival celebrated every year from 11 to 13 July across
Mongolia that focuses on three traditional games: horseracing, wrestling and
archery. Mongolian Naadam is inseparably connected to the nomadic
civilization of the Mongols, who have long practiced pastoralism on Central
Asia’s vast steppe. Oral traditions, performing arts, national cuisine,
craftsmanship, and cultural forms such as long song, Khöömei overtone
singing, Bie biyelgee dance and Morin khuur fiddle also feature prominently
during Naadam. Mongolians follow special rituals and practices during the
festival, such as wearing unique costumes and using distinctive tools and
sporting items. Festival participants revere the sportsmen, sportswomen, and
children who compete, and winners are rewarded titles for their
achievements. Ritual praise songs and poems are dedicated to the contestants
in the events. Everyone is allowed and encouraged to participate in Naadam,
thus nurturing community involvement and togetherness. The three types of
sports are directly linked with the lifestyles and living conditions of the
Mongols and their transmission is traditionally undertaken through
home-schooling by family members, although formalized training regimens
have recently developed for wrestling and archery. The rituals and customs of
Naadam also accentuate respect for nature and the environment.
Naadam is the most famous festival in Mongolia, often referred to as the
"Three Games of Men" or "World Nomad Games." It is celebrated across the
country in July, with the main event taking place in the capital city of
Ulaanbaatar. The festival is a centuries-old tradition that showcases the
nomadic culture and heritage of Mongolia.
Naadam features three main sports: wrestling, horse racing, and archery.
These sports are deeply rooted in Mongolian history and are considered
essential skills for nomadic life. In addition to the sports competitions,
Naadam also includes cultural performances, traditional music, dancing, and
food.
Wrestling (Bökh) is the most popular and prestigious event of Naadam.
Mongolian wrestling is unique, with no weight categories, and the aim is to
make your opponent touch the ground with any part of their body other than
their feet or hands. The wrestlers wear traditional clothing called "zodog" and
"shuudag" and perform ritualistic gestures before each match.
Horse racing is another highlight of Naadam, with races taking place outside
the city. The races can be long-distance, covering up to 30 kilometers, and
involve children as young as five years old riding the horses. Horse racing is
not just about speed but also about the skill of the jockeys in handling the
horses.
Archery is the third traditional sport of Naadam. Unlike Western archery,
Mongolian archery involves shooting at small targets from a distance of 75
meters for men and 65 meters for women. The bows used are made of wood,
horn, and sinew, and the arrows have feather fletchings.
In addition to the sports competitions, Naadam also includes other cultural
events and activities. There are performances of traditional Mongolian music
and dance, as well as displays of traditional crafts and clothing. Visitors can
also enjoy traditional Mongolian food and drink, including airag (fermented
mare's milk) and buuz (steamed dumplings).
Naadam is not just a festival but also a celebration of Mongolian identity and
pride. It is a time for people to come together, celebrate their culture, and
honor their heritage.

Ravenna Railroad Festival in Kentucky

The Ravenna Railroad Festival in Kentucky is an annual celebration that
typically takes place over several days, featuring a variety of activities, events,
and attractions for attendees of all ages. The festival is known for its lively
atmosphere, rich history, and community spirit.
The festival usually kicks off with an opening ceremony, followed by a parade
that showcases local organizations, businesses, and community groups. The
parade often features marching bands, colorful floats, classic cars, and other
participants, creating a festive and vibrant atmosphere.
Throughout the festival, attendees can enjoy live music performances from
local bands and musicians, offering a mix of genres to suit different tastes.
There are also typically carnival rides and games for children and families to
enjoy, adding to the fun and excitement of the event.
Food vendors are a big part of the festival, offering a wide range of delicious
treats and meals. Visitors can indulge in classic festival fare such as funnel
cakes, cotton candy, and corn dogs, as well as other local favorites.
One of the highlights of the Ravenna Railroad Festival is its focus on the town's
railroad history. The festival often includes historical displays and exhibits
showcasing the importance of the railroad industry to Ravenna and its
development. There may also be tours of local railroad-related attractions,
providing festival-goers with an opportunity to learn more about the town's
heritage.
Overall, the Ravenna Railroad Festival is a celebration of community pride and
spirit, offering a mix of entertainment, history, and family-friendly fun. It's a
time for residents and visitors alike to come together, enjoy the festivities, and
celebrate everything that makes Ravenna a special place.

Mid-Autumn Festivals that feature char-grillers

The Mid-Autumn Festival barbecue craze in Taiwan has a fascinating and
relatively recent origin, rooted in a fierce advertising competition between
two of the country's major soy sauce manufacturers, Wan Ja Shan Food and
Kimlan Food, in the mid-1980s.
The practice of barbecuing during the Mid-Autumn Festival, a tradition that
has now become synonymous with the festival in Taiwan, actually began
around three decades ago. Wan Ja Shan Food kicked off the trend in 1986 with
a bold television commercial for its Wan Ja Shan Barbecue Sauce. The
commercial, featuring the slogan "When one household grills on the barbecue,
ten thousand families smell the aroma," aimed to associate its sauce with the
festive spirit of the Mid-Autumn Festival. It starred popular celebrity Chang
Yung-yung, adding star power to the campaign.
Not to be outdone, Kimlan Food entered the fray three years later with its own
television commercial promoting Bar-BQ Sauce. The ad featured
mouth-watering footage of food being generously coated with barbecue sauce,
set to an infectious jingle. This sparked a competitive advertising war,
prompting Wan Ja Shan Food to respond with an updated version of its
original commercial, ensuring that the barbecue craze continued to capture
the public's imagination.
Around the same time, supermarkets and wholesalers began offering
discounts on barbecue ingredients and supplies in the lead-up to the festival,
further fueling the trend. This combined effort gradually cemented the
association between barbecuing and the Mid-Autumn Festival in the minds of
the Taiwanese public.
Today, barbecuing has become the quintessential activity associated with the
Mid-Autumn Festival in Taiwan. People gather around disposable grills on the
roadside, cooking a variety of foods such as Chinese sausages, pig's blood cake,
and Taiwanese-style tempura over charcoal fires. While the barbecue industry
dominates the festival, traditional items like moon cakes and seasonal pomelos
are still significant during the holiday period.
The evolution of the Mid-Autumn Festival in Taiwan highlights the profound
impact that advertising and commercialization can have on cultural traditions.
What began as a marketing strategy to promote barbecue sauce has
transformed into a cherished festival tradition, demonstrating the power of
advertising to shape and redefine cultural practices.

the mandate for chocolates

Valentine's Day in Japan has a unique history and cultural significance,
distinct from the Western celebration. It began in 1936 when a
Japanese-Russian chocolate company, Morozoff Ltd., ran an ad targeting
foreigners in Tokyo. The practice of giving heart-shaped chocolates gained
popularity in 1953, thanks to the same company. However, it was Isetan
department store's 1958 Valentine's sale that truly integrated the holiday into
Japanese culture.
In Japan, Valentine's Day is mainly about women giving chocolates to men.
This tradition began with a mistranslation in one of the early campaigns,
where a chocolate company executive mistakenly stated that Valentine's Day
was an opportunity for women to express their appreciation for men. This led
to the custom of women giving chocolates, particularly to co-workers, bosses,
and other men in their lives.
Unlike in Western countries, where gifts like cards, flowers, and dinner dates
are common, Japanese Valentine's Day revolves around giving the right
amount and quality of chocolate to each person. Japanese chocolate
companies make half of their annual sales in the week leading up to
Valentine's Day, emphasizing the significance of this tradition.
There are four main categories of chocolate gifts given on Valentine's Day in
Japan:
​ -Giri-Chocolate (義理チョコ): This is the "Obligation Chocolate" given to
bosses, co-workers, and others out of obligation rather than personal
affection.
​ -Tomo-Chocolate (友チョコ): This category includes "Friends Chocolate"
given to friends, both male and female.
​ -Honmei-Chocolate (本命チョコ): This is the chocolate given to a lover or
someone the giver wishes to confess their love to. It is the most similar
to Western Valentine's Day gifts.
​ -Jibun-Chocolate (自分チョコ): This is "Self Chocolate" that individuals buy
for themselves to treat themselves.
In 1978, Japan introduced White Day on March 14th as a response to
Valentine's Day. On White Day, men are expected to return gifts to women,
typically two or three times the value of the gifts they received on Valentine's
Day. White chocolate is often given on White Day due to its name.
Overall, while the traditions of Valentine's Day in Japan differ from those in
Western countries, the holiday serves as a time for expressing appreciation
and affection for others.

very expensive 15 birthday parties

A quinceañera, or a girl's 15th birthday celebration in Latino culture, is a
deeply meaningful event symbolizing her transition from childhood to
womanhood. Families often invest considerable time and resources into
planning this milestone, with some beginning preparations a year in advance
and saving up for the event from the child's birth. While some families opt for
more modest celebrations at home with budgets ranging from $2,000 to $4,000,
others go all out, spending anywhere from $4,000 to $15,000 on a lavish
quinceañera.
To assist families in planning these elaborate celebrations, Quinceañera
magazine, under the direction of Norma Capitanachi, has introduced the
"Quinceañera Expo." This event serves as a comprehensive resource, bringing
together over 80 vendors in 18 cities across the United States. At the expo,
families can find everything they need for the quinceañera, from cakes and
invitations to venue ideas and inspiration. However, the highlight of the expo
is the fashion show, featuring 30 models showcasing the latest trends in
quinceañera dresses.
In Latino culture, appearance is paramount, especially during such a
significant celebration. Girls want to feel like princesses on their quinceañera,
and the dress is a crucial part of achieving this look. Quinceañera dresses are
elaborate ball gowns that can cost anywhere from $300 to $5,000. Additionally,
the tiara ceremony, where parents place a tiara on their daughter's head, and
the "changing of the shoes," symbolizing the transition from flats to high heels,
are important traditions observed during these celebrations.

Dreamland Wax Museum

The Dreamland Wax Museum, located in downtown Boston, opened with a
splash, featuring over 100 lifelike wax figures of notable public figures,
including President Donald Trump, Michael Jackson, and Matt Damon. Unlike
traditional wax museums, Dreamland allows visitors to interact with the
figures, encouraging selfies and close encounters. The museum's focus on
interaction sets it apart from others, aiming to create a more engaging
experience for visitors.
Owned by Dreamz Entertainment, a Brazilian company with a successful track
record in Central and South America, Dreamland marks their first venture
into the U.S. market. The museum's location near City Hall Plaza and Faneuil
Hall, in the heart of historic Boston, makes it an ideal spot for tourists and
locals alike.
In addition to entertainment figures like Katy Perry and Snoop Dogg,
Dreamland features an educational component, with exhibits dedicated to
historical and academic figures, including all 44 U.S. presidents. The museum's
partnership with Cuseum, an app company, enhances the experience by
providing interactive mobile experiences for visitors.
Dreamland plans to continue expanding its collection, with a focus on adding
more local celebrities and figures. The meticulous process of creating each
wax figure involves taking measurements and can take up to six months.
Overall, Dreamland offers a unique and immersive experience that blends
entertainment with education, making it a must-visit destination in Boston.

Santa Claus
Santa Claus, also known as Saint Nicholas or Kris Kringle(TOBIIII 0_0 ), is a
legendary figure who is said to bring gifts to well-behaved children on
Christmas Eve. The modern depiction of Santa Claus is derived from the Dutch
figure of Sinterklaas, which is in turn based on Saint Nicholas, a 4th-century
Christian bishop known for his generosity and gift-giving. The name "Santa
Claus" is an anglicized version of "Sinterklaas."
The image of Santa Claus as we know him today, with a red suit trimmed with
white fur, a long white beard, and a sack of toys, was popularized in the 19th
century by the poem "A Visit from St. Nicholas" (more commonly known as
"The Night Before Christmas") and by the illustrations of Thomas Nast.
According to tradition, Santa Claus lives at the North Pole, where he oversees a
workshop staffed by elves who help him make toys for children around the
world.
One of the most enduring symbols of Christmas, Santa Claus plays a central
role in the holiday celebrations of many cultures. Children often write letters
to Santa Claus with their Christmas wishes, and on Christmas Eve, it is
customary to leave out cookies and milk for Santa Claus as a thank-you for his
gifts. The image of Santa Claus flying in a sleigh pulled by reindeer, including
the most famous reindeer of all, Rudolph, is a popular part of the Christmas
mythos. Santa Claus is a beloved figure who embodies the spirit of giving and
generosity that is central to the Christmas season.

Character.AI - allows you to chat with historical figures

Character.AI is a novel tool that enables users to engage in conversations with
digital replicas of various individuals, whether they are historical figures,
celebrities, or fictional characters. Founded by former Google researchers
Daniel De Freitas and Noam Shazeer, Character.AI operates similarly to
ChatGPT, utilizing data from articles, news stories, books, and other digital
sources to craft responses that are plausible for the chosen character.
One of the key distinctions of Character.AI is its focus on entertainment rather
than factual information. The website explicitly states, "Everything characters
say is made up!" This positioning underscores the tool's primary purpose: to
provide amusement, emotional support, idea generation, and fuel creativity.
Unlike ChatGPT, which aims to serve as a versatile conversational partner and
information source, Character.AI is not intended to be a substitute for human
interaction or research. The creators of Character.AI emphasize that the tool is
designed for fun and should not be relied upon for factual or authoritative
information.
A notable feature of Character.AI is its ability to translate complex ideas and
theories into ordinary English. This functionality can be particularly useful for
individuals studying historical texts or philosophical works, as it provides a
more accessible interpretation of the content.
Character AI is a technology that involves using artificial intelligence (AI) to
create, develop, or enhance characters in various forms of media, such as
video games, movies, or virtual reality experiences. This technology aims to
make characters more lifelike, relatable, and engaging for audiences by
enabling them to exhibit more complex behaviors, emotions, and interactions.
Character AI can be used to generate dialogue, control facial expressions and
body movements, and make decisions based on the character's personality
traits and the context of the story or game. For example, in a video game,
character AI can be used to create non-player characters (NPCs) that respond
to the player's actions in a realistic and dynamic way, making the game more
immersive and challenging.
In film and animation, character AI can be used to streamline the animation
process by automating certain aspects of character movement and expression,
reducing the need for manual animation work. It can also be used to create
digital doubles of actors for stunts or scenes that would be too dangerous or
expensive to film with real actors.
Overall, character AI has the potential to revolutionize the way characters are
created and portrayed in media, allowing for more compelling and interactive
storytelling experiences.

William Shatner
Star Trek star William Shatner, approaching his 93rd birthday, is considering
his legacy and how it can continue after he's gone. In a recent interview,
Shatner discussed the possibility of an AI version of his character, James T.
Kirk, being used in a Star Trek production. He expressed openness to the idea
if his family approves after his passing, mentioning a past strike regarding
actors' control over their likenesses in AI.
Shatner last officially portrayed Kirk in 1994's Star Trek: Generations, with
discussions about a return in Star Trek: Enterprise and the 2009 Star Trek
movie not coming to fruition. As he enters his tenth decade, Shatner is
contemplating his legacy, with a new documentary set to release on his
birthday. He humorously remarked at San Diego Comic-Con 2022 that the
timing of the documentary is ideal for increasing the value of his autographs,
but he also acknowledges that his time is limited, whether it's in the near
future or a decade from now.

Review this service from the Chinese company Super Brain

Grieving relatives in China are using AI to create lifelike avatars of their
deceased loved ones, known as "ghost bots," sparking a debate on mainland
social media. Services cost between 5,000 and 10,000 yuan and can create
basic avatars mimicking the thinking and speech patterns of the deceased.
Super Brain, an AI firm, has helped thousands of families digitally revive their
loved ones from as little as 30 seconds of audiovisual material, with more than
half of their clients being elderly parents who lost their children. The AI
healing service offers cloned voices for a chatbox, a digital portrait for an
intelligent speech function, and a 3D digital human model. Clients provide
photos, videos, and audio recordings of the deceased to enhance the cloning
effect. The service has been viewed as therapeutic by some, providing comfort
to those who have lost a loved one, while others question the impact of
pretending not to have lost someone.
 Old Histories in New
Bottles
most popular sources of script ideas in Hollywood
Over the past two decades, there has been a notable increase in the number of
movies based on real-life events released in American cinemas. In 1996, only
7.7% of movies were based on real events, compared to 27.2% twenty years
later. This rise has led to questions about the impact on other script sources,
with original screenplays holding steady at just over half of all movies
released.
Despite the increase in the number of real-life movies, their share of box office
revenue has not grown at the same rate. In the five years between 1996 and
2000, real-life stories accounted for an average of 5.5% of the US box office,
compared to 10.2% in the five years between 2011 and 2015. This suggests that
while more movies based on real life events are being made, they are not
always as financially successful as other genres.
The increase in real-life movies has primarily been in lower-budget
filmmaking, with only 2.9% of movies budgeted over $100 million being based
on actual events. This means that many of these movies may have passed
under the radar of most moviegoers due to lower marketing budgets and
fewer cinema screens.
Real-life movies also vary by genre, with dramas having the highest share of
real-life events and romantic comedies being the least likely to be based on
real life. This could reflect Hollywood's standards for romance or the desire
for escapism among romantic genre fans.
Internationally, Canadian filmmakers have based their movies on real-life
events 24% of the time between 1996 and 2015, which is higher than many
other countries studied. Israeli and German filmmakers, in particular, have a
higher percentage of movies based on real-life events (30% and 35%,
respectively).
Overall, while there has been a significant increase in the number of movies
based on real-life events, their impact on the overall film industry and box
office revenue is nuanced, with factors such as budget, genre, and
international variations playing a role in their success and popularity.

What's the difference between "BASED ON" and "INSPIRED BY"

WHY DOES HOLLYWOOD LOVE TRUE STORIES SO MUCH?

True stories have an undeniable power over audiences, tapping into our innate
curiosity and desire to experience real-life events vicariously. Hollywood understands
this intrinsic appeal, evident in the industry's reliance on true stories, as reflected in
box office success, streaming metrics, and cultural impact. When a film or TV series is
based on true events, it instantly elevates interest levels among viewers who are
drawn to the authenticity and intrigue of real-life narratives. From historical dramas
to biopics, crime thrillers to inspirational tales, the spectrum of true story screenplays
available to screenwriters is vast and diverse. Whether exploring untold chapters of
history, delving into the lives of remarkable individuals, or unraveling mysteries that
gripped the public imagination, true stories offer endless possibilities for captivating
storytelling. Hollywood gravitates towards these narratives not only for their inherent
appeal but also for their marketing potential, leveraging the "based on a true story"
tag to attract audiences and streamline promotion efforts. In the hierarchy of
desirable cinematic stories, true stories hold a unique allure, blending the fascination
of reality with the storytelling prowess of fiction, making them an invaluable asset in
the filmmaker's arsenal.

THE FOUR DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRUE STORY SCRIPTS

Screenwriters have a range of options when it comes to crafting true story scripts, each
with its own set of freedoms, constraints, and creative possibilities. The first type, "Based
on a True Story," adheres closely to actual occurrences, with creative liberties taken
primarily in dialogue, character amalgamation, and event sequencing, while striving to
maintain fidelity to the real-life narrative. Films like "Schindler’s List" and "127 Hours"
exemplify this approach, aiming to depict events as faithfully as possible within the
confines of cinematic storytelling. On the other hand, "Inspired by a True Story" offers
greater latitude for creative interpretation, allowing writers to focus on specific elements
or emotions of the real story while weaving in fictional characters or events. "The Pursuit
of Happyness" is a notable example of this, blending factual elements with fictionalized
drama to craft a compelling narrative. "Based on True Events" scripts take historical
occurrences as their foundation, employing primarily fictional characters to tell a story
set within the context of real events, as seen in films like "Titanic," which uses the sinking
of the ship as a backdrop for fictional characters and drama. Finally, "Inspired by True
Events" scripts take even greater liberties, drawing inspiration from real-life incidents to
create entirely fictionalized narratives, such as "Top Gun," which builds its story around
the concept of a real flight school but features entirely fictional characters and events.
Each approach offers its own unique opportunities for storytelling, allowing
screenwriters to explore the rich tapestry of true events in cinema.

PUBLIC DOMAIN
The Public Domain encompasses creative works that are freely available for use by
anyone due to various factors such as copyright expiration, errors in copyright filing, or
the death of the copyright owner. In the United States, works published before 1923
automatically enter the public domain, granting unrestricted usage rights. However, due
to legislation enacted in 1998, no new works would enter the public domain until 2019,
with subsequent releases following a similar pattern. For works published after 1977,
copyright extends for 70 years after the author's death, complicating the timeline for
newer creations. While public domain characters and properties offer vast creative
potential, caution is necessary to avoid infringing on existing trademarks. For instance,
while Norse mythology characters are public domain, emulating specific trademarks
associated with modern interpretations, like Disney/Marvel's Thor, could lead to legal
issues. Therefore, while the content is available for use, it's crucial for creators to
navigate legal complexities carefully to ensure compliance and originality.

Untangling true crime

True crime saturates our screens and feeds, captivating audiences with tales of real-life
horrors. Despite its entertainment value, it's important to recognize that these stories
have real consequences. Mashable explores the fascination and guilt surrounding the
genre, shedding light on its dark underbelly.

One such story involves Patricia Wenskunas, a survivor of a brutal attack by Jeffrey
Kelavos, who drew inspiration from crime shows. Despite recorded evidence, the justice
system failed Wenskunas, leaving her disillusioned. She now advocates for victims
through her nonprofit, Crime Survivors Inc.
The true crime industry, thriving across various media platforms, raises ethical questions.
While it's lucrative and popular, it often exploits real tragedies without consent. Experts
point to the genre's explosive growth, driven by hits like Serial and Making a Murderer,
yet remain concerned about its unchecked influence.
Critics argue that true crime perpetuates stereotypes and neglects marginalized voices.
Despite its educational value, it can distort public perceptions of crime and justice. As
discussions around its impact evolve, advocates push for greater accountability and
inclusivity in storytelling.

The proliferation of amateur true crime creators, particularly in podcasting and on social
media, raises concerns about perpetuating biases. For instance, even covering
well-known white serial killers like Bundy can reinforce racial biases, as white
perpetrators often receive more complex backstories than Black perpetrators. This
portrayal can skew perceptions of the criminal justice system and contribute to racial
stereotypes.
As the true crime genre expands and diversifies, these issues may become more
pronounced with so many voices entering the space. Without the proper background,
creators may overlook the complexities of the justice system and the presence of racism
in certain cases, highlighting the need for responsibility and awareness.
Despite these challenges, true crime coverage also offers educational benefits by
shedding light on important criminal justice topics like false confessions, eyewitness
testimony, and wrongful convictions. Advocates like Marston emphasize the importance
of nuanced conversations that can occur within the genre, providing valuable insights
and awareness.
However, the genre's intersection with ongoing investigations presents ethical challenges,
as enthusiastic amateur detectives may inadvertently hinder professional investigations
by leaking sensitive information or diverting attention away from viable leads.
While some view true crime entertainment as exploitative or sensationalized, others, like
investigator Chris Cook, see it as an opportunity to engage with the public and potentially
uncover new leads or perspectives. Cook's experience with the Murder Mountain case
illustrates how true crime media can generate public interest and support for unresolved
cases.

Despite its potential pitfalls, true crime podcasts like True Crime Obsessed have cultivated
dedicated fan communities that provide a platform for processing and discussing dark
subject matter in a supportive environment. These podcasts offer a unique blend of
entertainment and empathy, resonating particularly with women who often find solace
in shared experiences of trauma.
Critics argue that true crime entertainment can perpetuate harmful narratives and
biases, but hosts like Pensavalle and Hinds strive to foster inclusive and respectful
discussions within their community. By encouraging audience engagement and
feedback, they aim to navigate the complexities of true crime storytelling responsibly.
Ultimately, the role of audiences in consuming true crime content extends beyond
passive consumption to active engagement and critical analysis. By holding creators and
media platforms accountable for ethical storytelling practices, viewers have the power to
shape the conversation around true crime and advocate for more respectful and
informed representations of crime and justice.
Makoto Shinkai’s 2022 film Suzume
Makoto Shinkai's new anime film "Suzume" has been highly praised for its
blend of fantasy and human drama. The story follows Suzume Iwato, a high
school student who embarks on a high-stakes adventure with a young man
named Souta, searching for mysterious doors among the ruins left by natural
disasters in Japan. The film explores themes of loss, resilience, and the impact
of natural disasters, particularly the 2011 Tohoku earthquake.
One of the unique elements of "Suzume" is the inclusion of a talking cat and a
man transformed into a walking three-legged chair, adding a whimsical touch
to the narrative. Shinkai aimed to create a film that balanced the heaviness of
its themes with entertainment value, incorporating bright colors, action,
humor, and tender moments.
The film's climax involves Suzume and Souta closing the doors that allow an
otherworldly worm to cause earthquakes, invoking a prayer to return the land
to the spirits that created it. This moment reflects on the process of grieving
and moving on from loss, a central theme in the film.
Shinkai also included a subplot involving Suzume's aunt, Tamaki, who
sacrificed much of her young adulthood to take care of Suzume after the
tsunami. This subplot adds a down-to-earth element to the fantasy film,
highlighting the broader impact of natural disasters on individuals and
communities.
While "Suzume" was primarily made for a Japanese audience, Shinkai hopes
that its exploration of how Japan deals with disaster will resonate with global
audiences. He notes that people around the world live with the constant
possibility of disasters, and through empathy and compassion, we can help
each other find the strength to keep on living in the face of adversity.

a deadly 2011 tsunami in Japan

The 2011 tsunami in Japan, also known as the Great East Japan Earthquake
and Tsunami, was a catastrophic natural disaster that struck northeastern
Japan on March 11, 2011. It was triggered by a massive magnitude 9.0
earthquake off the coast of Honshu, the country's main island.
The earthquake, one of the most powerful ever recorded, caused widespread
destruction, including the collapse of buildings, roads, and infrastructure.
However, the most devastating impact came from the ensuing tsunaa
The tsunami inundated coastal areas, sweeping away entire towns and
villages, damaging nuclear power plants, and causing a major nuclear
accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. The disaster resulted
in the loss of over 15,000 lives, with thousands more injured or missing.
The aftermath of the tsunami was marked by a massive humanitarian and
reconstruction effort, both domestically and internationally. The Japanese
government, along with the assistance of various organizations and countries,
worked tirelessly to provide aid, rebuild infrastructure, and support the
affected communities.
The 2011 tsunami in Japan serves as a stark reminder of the destructive power
of natural disasters and the importance of preparedness, response, and
resilience in the face of such events.

trigger warnings
The use of trigger warnings, or content warnings, has become widespread in
social media and other forms of communication, but there is ongoing debate
about their value and effectiveness. While proponents argue that trigger
warnings can help alert audiences to potentially distressing content and show
empathy to trauma survivors, research on their effectiveness is limited.
Some studies suggest that trigger warnings may have a marginal effect in
reducing distress, but others have found that they can actually amplify anxiety
or prolong the adverse impacts of recalling painful memories. Critics argue
that trigger warnings can encourage avoidance of trauma-related content,
which may hinder recovery from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Despite these concerns, many people continue to use trigger warnings out of
genuine concern for others' emotional well-being. For example, educators may
use trigger warnings to help students manage anxiety or PTSD symptoms
when discussing sensitive topics. Additionally, trigger warnings may be seen as
a way to offer some control in a world overwhelmed by traumatic news and
crisis fatigue.
However, some critics view the widespread use of trigger warnings as a form
of virtue signaling or a fear of being "canceled" in today's culture. They argue
that if trigger warnings are not actively helping, they should not be
encouraged. Furthermore, the practical challenges of accessing
trauma-informed care and the unaffordability of therapy in some countries
may limit the effectiveness of other forms of treatment, such as exposure
therapy.
Ultimately, more research is needed to understand the effectiveness of trigger
warnings and how they can be used in a way that balances the need for
consent and protection of vulnerable communities. It is important for both
proponents and opponents of trigger warnings to recognize the intent behind
their use and to continue exploring alternative ways of supporting trauma
survivors while ensuring that any solutions are backed by research and
evidence.

The Woman King

"The Woman King" is an historical epic film directed by Gina
Prince-Bythewood. The film stars Viola Davis and Thuso Mbedu and is inspired
by true events that took place in the Kingdom of Dahomey, which is
present-day Benin.
The story is set in the 18th century and follows Nanisca (played by Davis), the
general of an all-female military unit known as the Amazons, and Nawi
(played by Mbedu), her daughter. The Amazons were a group of fierce
warriors who fought against French colonial forces in West Africa.
Nanisca and Nawi must navigate the complexities of war and politics as they
lead their army against the French, who are determined to colonize their land.
The film explores themes of power, sacrifice, and the strength of women in the
face of adversity.
"The Woman King" is highly anticipated for its strong female leads, historical
significance, and powerful storytelling. It is expected to shed light on a
lesser-known part of African history and showcase the courage and resilience
of the women who fought to protect their kingdom.

Dahomey = West African kingdom located within present-day Benin

The plot dropped this complexity in favor of clear lines between good and
evil.
"The Woman King" is a Hollywood movie released in mid-September that
portrays the triumphs of the Goodies, the women warriors of the ancient
Kingdom of Dahomey in present-day Benin, West Africa. The film is an epic
historical drama that focuses on Nawi, a novice in the all-female regiment, as
she navigates the injustices of gender expectations, the camaraderie of her
fellow warriors, and the brutality of slave traders. The humanity of the
Dahomey women is portrayed in a superb manner.
However, the film has been met with controversy. The US far right has
condemned it for depicting black women murdering white men, leading to the
hashtag #BoycottWomanKing trending on social media. Critics have also
expressed concerns about the film's portrayal of 19th-century Dahomey
history, particularly regarding the misrepresentation of the slave trade.
One of the main criticisms of the film is its use of fiction to alter historical
events, particularly regarding King Guézo's role in the transatlantic slave
trade. Historians have pointed out that the film's portrayal of King Guézo
differs significantly from historical accounts, raising questions about the film's
accuracy.
Despite these controversies, the film has been praised for its portrayal of
African women and their role in history. It sheds light on a lesser-known part
of African history and celebrates the strength and resilience of the women
who fought to protect their kingdom.
In conclusion, while "The Woman King" has faced criticism for its historical
inaccuracies and controversial portrayal of events, it has also been praised for
its celebration of African women and their contributions to history. Whether
one chooses to watch it or not, the film raises important questions about the
representation of history in media and the need for accurate and nuanced
portrayals of African history.

Braveheart
"Braveheart" is a historical epic film directed by and starring Mel Gibson,
released in 1995. The film is a dramatized retelling of the life of William
Wallace, a Scottish warrior who led the Scots in the First War of Scottish
Independence against King Edward I of England in the late 13th century.
The story follows Wallace as he seeks to avenge the death of his wife, who was
killed by English soldiers, and leads a rebellion against English rule. Wallace's
military prowess and leadership inspire the Scottish clans to join his cause,
leading to a series of battles against the English army.
The film is known for its epic battle scenes, particularly the Battle of Stirling
Bridge and the Battle of Falkirk, as well as its portrayal of Wallace as a heroic
figure fighting for freedom and independence. However, the historical
accuracy of the film has been widely debated, with many historians pointing
out numerous inaccuracies and exaggerations in its depiction of events and
characters.
Despite its historical inaccuracies, "Braveheart" was a critical and commercial
success, winning five Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best
Director for Mel Gibson. The film's impact on popular culture has been
significant, and it remains one of the most well-known and influential
historical epics in cinema history.

Pocahontas
"Pocahontas" is a 1995 animated musical film produced by Walt Disney
Feature Animation. The film is inspired by the historical figure Pocahontas, a
Native American woman who played a key role in the early history of the
English settlement at Jamestown, Virginia.
In the film, Pocahontas is depicted as a free-spirited and adventurous young
woman who falls in love with John Smith, an English settler who arrives in
Virginia with the Jamestown expedition. The relationship between Pocahontas
and John Smith is central to the film's storyline, as it explores themes of
cultural differences, prejudice, and environmentalism.
"Pocahontas" received mixed reviews from critics, with praise for its
animation and music but criticism for its historical inaccuracies and
romanticized portrayal of events. Despite the controversy, the film was a
commercial success and won two Academy Awards for Best Original Song
("Colors of the Wind") and Best Original Score.
Over the years, "Pocahontas" has been both praised for its positive portrayal of
a strong female protagonist and criticized for its romanticized depiction of
history. The character of Pocahontas has become a cultural icon, representing
ideals of peace, harmony with nature, and the importance of understanding
and respecting different cultures.

For All Mankind

"For All Mankind" is a science fiction television series created by Ronald D.
Moore, Matt Wolpert, and Ben Nedivi. The series premiered on Apple TV+ in
November 2019 and has received critical acclaim for its storytelling, acting,
and production design.
The premise of "For All Mankind" is based on an alternate history where the
global space race of the 20th century never ended. In this alternate timeline,
the Soviet Union lands the first man on the moon, leading the United States to
redouble its efforts in space exploration. The series explores how this altered
history impacts the lives of astronauts, engineers, and their families, as well as
the geopolitical tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union.
The show's first season focuses on the early years of this alternate space race,
with subsequent seasons delving deeper into the technological advancements
and personal challenges faced by the characters. The series blends historical
events with fictional elements, creating a compelling narrative that imagines
what could have been if history had taken a different path.
"For All Mankind" has been praised for its attention to detail, especially in its
depiction of space technology and historical events. The show also explores
themes such as ambition, sacrifice, and the human spirit's drive to explore and
discover. The performances of its ensemble cast, including Joel Kinnaman,
Michael Dorman, and Sarah Jones, have been widely praised for their depth
and authenticity.
Overall, "For All Mankind" has been lauded as a thought-provoking and
engaging series that offers a unique take on the space race and its impact on
society.

Consider this newsreel from the show…

just watch the video i have no idea what to say 🙂
Guy Gavriel Kay
Guy Gavriel Kay is a Canadian author known for his fantasy fiction that often
incorporates elements of historical fiction and mythology. Born on November
7, 1954, in Weyburn, Saskatchewan, Kay studied law at the University of
Toronto but later decided to pursue a career in writing.
Kay's writing is characterized by its richly detailed world-building, complex
characters, and lyrical prose. He is known for his ability to create immersive
and vivid settings that draw heavily on real-world historical events and
cultures. Kay often explores themes such as power, love, loss, and the nature of
heroism in his works.
One of Kay's most notable works is "The Fionavar Tapestry," a trilogy that
blends elements of Celtic, Norse, and Arthurian mythology into a compelling
fantasy epic. The trilogy follows a group of students from our world who are
drawn into the magical land of Fionavar, where they become embroiled in a
struggle between good and evil.
Kay's other works include "Tigana," a novel set in a fantasy world inspired by
Renaissance Italy, and "The Sarantine Mosaic," a duology set in a world
reminiscent of the Byzantine Empire. He has also written standalone novels
such as "A Song for Arbonne," "The Lions of Al-Rassan," and "Under Heaven,"
all of which have been well-received by critics and readers alike.
Throughout his career, Kay has garnered numerous awards and accolades for
his work, including the World Fantasy Award for Best Novel for "The
Wandering Fire" and "The Darkest Road," the Aurora Award for Best Novel for
"The Lions of Al-Rassan" and "Ysabel," and the International Goliardos Award
for his body of work.
Kay's writing is admired for its depth, beauty, and emotional resonance,
making him one of the most respected authors in the fantasy genre. His works
continue to captivate readers around the world with their timeless themes and
captivating storytelling.

Kay’s method: to describe the world through the eyes of the people who
lived in any given era.
Guy Gavriel Kay is a renowned fantasy author known for his unique approach
to blending historical fiction with elements of fantasy. His first work, the
"Fionavar Tapestry" trilogy, was set in a pure fantasy world. However, after
this trilogy, Kay began to write novels inspired by historic eras such as the
Italian Renaissance and medieval China. He explained that this addition of
historical inspiration was not because fantasy was not enough for him, but
rather because he wanted to add an element to his work that combined the
fantastic with examination of periods of history, which he found to be new,
challenging, and compelling for readers.
Kay expressed a horror of repeating himself and a desire to avoid writing
what he jokingly called a "four volumes trilogy." He preferred to explore new
ideas and themes with each book, rather than revisiting the same concept
repeatedly. He also noted that while there was pressure from publishers,
agents, and the public to continue in the same universe, he felt the need to
keep his writing fresh and engaging by exploring different ideas and settings.
In his novels, Kay combines history and fantasy by allowing the characters to
have a validity to the beliefs of their time. For example, if he writes about a
time inspired by Tang Dynasty China, he includes elements like ghosts if the
people of that time believed in them. This approach allows modern readers to
see the world through the eyes of the characters, without feeling superior or
dismissive of their beliefs.
One of Kay's notable works, "Ysabel," explores the idea of how the past does
not really go away and how history and legends can still be powerful in the
present day. Inspired by the foundation myth of the city of Marseille, the book
examines how stories keep recurring and rhyming with the past.
In "Under Heaven" and "River of Stars," Kay delves into Chinese history,
specifically the Tang and Song Dynasties. These novels explore themes of
internal rebellion and external threats, highlighting how misinterpretations of
history can lead to destructive outcomes. Kay's interest in Chinese history was
sparked by the poetry of the Tang Dynasty and the fascinating historical
figures of that time.
Kay's novel "The Lions of Al-Rassan" is set in a world inspired by the
Reconquista and features characters like El Cid. It explores themes of cultural
conflict and the tragedy of holy war, reflecting on the importance of resisting
such conflicts. Kay believes that the book's themes are even more relevant
today, given the current global climate.
"Children of Earth and Sky" is set in a fantasy world inspired by medieval
Europe, specifically Venice, Dubrovnik, and Istanbul. It follows characters who
are not powerful figures but who navigate their lives during a major war. Kay
wanted to write a book that emotionally engaged readers and showed the
importance of ordinary lives in extraordinary times.
Overall, Guy Gavriel Kay's work is characterized by its depth, rich historical
detail, and exploration of complex themes. He blends history and fantasy in a
way that challenges readers to see the world from different perspectives and
reflects on the lessons of the past for the present day.

The Tang Dynasty

The Tang Dynasty was a golden age in Chinese history that lasted from 618 to
907 AD, often regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization. It was a time of
great prosperity, cultural flourishing, and military expansion. Here are some
key aspects of the Tang Dynasty:
​ Emperors: The Tang Dynasty had a series of strong emperors who
contributed to its success. Emperor Taizong and Emperor Xuanzong are
particularly renowned for their contributions to art, culture, and
governance.
​ Government: The Tang Dynasty implemented several reforms that
strengthened central governance. The dynasty's administration was
 based on the Confucian principles of meritocracy, with officials selected
through civil service examinations.
​ Culture and Arts: The Tang Dynasty is often considered the golden age of
Chinese poetry, with poets like Li Bai and Du Fu producing some of the
most famous works in Chinese literature. Tang art and music also
flourished during this period.
​ Religion: Buddhism experienced a golden age during the Tang Dynasty,
with the construction of numerous temples and the translation of
Buddhist scriptures into Chinese. The dynasty also supported Daoism
and Confucianism.
​ International Relations: The Tang Dynasty had extensive diplomatic and
trade relations with neighboring countries and regions, including Korea,
Japan, Central Asia, and the Middle East. The Silk Road, a major trade
route, flourished during this period.
​ Decline: Despite its early success, the Tang Dynasty began to decline in
the late 8th century due to factors such as military defeats, rebellions,
and economic troubles. The dynasty finally ended in 907 AD with the fall
of its last emperor, Emperor Ai.
The Tang Dynasty is remembered as a period of great cultural and artistic
achievement, as well as a time of political stability and economic prosperity.
Its influence can still be seen in modern Chinese culture and society.

Read this excerpt from his recent work, All the Seas of the World

A novel by GGK from 2022. It tells the story of two people who are sent to assassinate
some of the most dangerous men alive. One of them is a young woman who had been
abducted by pirates as a child and sold into years of servitude, far from her home. The
other is a man who was exiled as a boy with his family for their faith. They discuss
different things about life, like the loss of a home, how fates entangle and memories.
GGK tries to do what historians forget - tell the stories of the untold, of the invisible. He
researches the lower classes throughout history and learns things about them to
enlighten the readers with history they might’ve never even heard about - of tailors and
townsmen.
One of the novel's strengths lies in its exploration of complex characters and
their motivations. Nadia is driven by a desire for vengeance, but beneath her
hardened exterior lies a deep sense of loss and longing for a home she can
never return to. Rafel, on the other hand, is a man of faith who struggles with
his own demons and the choices he has made in the past.
The world-building in "All the Seas of the World" is also rich and immersive,
with Kay drawing inspiration from historical settings to create a vivid and
believable world. From the bustling streets of Abeneven to the vast expanses
of the Majriti coastline, the novel is filled with richly detailed landscapes and
cultures that add depth and complexity to the story.
At its core, "All the Seas of the World" is a story about the power of choice and
the resilience of the human spirit. It is a tale of redemption, forgiveness, and
the search for meaning in a world filled with darkness and uncertainty. Kay's
lyrical prose and masterful storytelling make this novel a compelling read that
will stay with readers long after they have turned the final page.

El Otro Oz
"El Otro Oz," or "The Other Oz," is a short story written by Jorge Luis Borges, an
Argentine writer known for his surreal and philosophical fiction. The story
was first published in 1974 in the collection "El libro de arena" ("The Book of
Sand").
In "El Otro Oz," Borges reimagines the world of L. Frank Baum's "The Wizard
of Oz" through his own unique lens. The story follows a man who is reading
"The Wizard of Oz" to his young daughter. As he reads, he begins to notice
subtle differences between the story he is reading and the one he remembers
from his own childhood.
In this alternate version of Oz, the characters and events are slightly altered,
creating a sense of disorientation and uncertainty. For example, the Tin
Woodman is replaced by a figure made of meat, and the Scarecrow is a man
who is constantly burning but never consumed.
Through these changes, Borges explores themes of memory, perception, and
the nature of reality. The story challenges the reader to question their own
understanding of familiar narratives and to consider the subjective nature of
truth.
Overall, "El Otro Oz" is a thought-provoking and imaginative reimagining of a
classic story, showcasing Borges' talent for blending fantasy with philosophical
inquiry.

The Wizard of Oz
"The Wizard of Oz" is a beloved children's novel written by L. Frank Baum,
first published in 1900. It tells the story of a young girl named Dorothy who is
swept away from her home in Kansas by a cyclone and finds herself in the
magical Land of Oz. Desperate to return home, she sets off on a journey to the
Emerald City to seek the help of the mysterious Wizard of Oz.
Along the way, Dorothy is joined by three companions: the Scarecrow, who
wishes for a brain; the Tin Woodman, who longs for a heart; and the Cowardly
Lion, who seeks courage. Together, they encounter various challenges and
adventures, including battles with wicked witches and encounters with
fantastical creatures.
Throughout their journey, Dorothy and her friends learn valuable lessons
about themselves and each other. They discover that the qualities they
seek—brains, heart, and courage—are already within them, and that true
strength comes from believing in oneself.
"The Wizard of Oz" is not only a classic tale of adventure and fantasy, but also
a story with deeper themes about friendship, self-discovery, and the power of
home and family. It has been adapted into numerous films, stage productions,
and other media, solidifying its place as one of the most enduring and beloved
stories in literature.

Ray Bradbury
Ray Bradbury (1920-2012) was an American author known for his imaginative
and visionary science fiction and fantasy works. He was born in Waukegan,
Illinois, and spent much of his childhood in nearby town of Green Town,
which he later used as the setting for many of his stories.
Bradbury's writing career began at a young age, and he became a full-time
writer in his twenties. He is best known for his novel "Fahrenheit 451,"
published in 1953, which depicts a dystopian society where books are banned
and "firemen" burn any that are found. The novel is a powerful commentary
on censorship and the importance of literature.
In addition to "Fahrenheit 451," Bradbury wrote numerous other novels, short
stories, plays, and poems. His work often explores themes of nostalgia,
childhood, the power of imagination, and the dangers of technology. He had a
distinctive writing style, characterized by poetic language, vivid imagery, and a
keen sense of atmosphere.
Some of Bradbury's other notable works include "The Martian Chronicles," a
series of interconnected stories about human colonization of Mars;
"Something Wicked This Way Comes," a dark fantasy novel about a mysterious
carnival; and "Dandelion Wine," a semi-autobiographical novel about a boy's
summer in Green Town.
Bradbury's work has had a profound influence on the science fiction and
fantasy genres, as well as on popular culture as a whole. He received
numerous awards and honors throughout his career, including a Pulitzer Prize
Special Citation in 2007 for his "distinguished, prolific, and deeply influential
career as an unmatched author of science fiction and fantasy."

“The Veldt”
"The Veldt" is a short story written by Ray Bradbury, first published in 1950 in
the anthology "The Illustrated Man." It tells the story of George and Lydia
Hadley, a couple who live in a technologically advanced house that does
everything for them, including raising their children, Peter and Wendy. The
most remarkable feature of the house is its nursery, which can create any
environment the children imagine.
The story begins with George and Lydia becoming concerned about the
nursery, as it has been displaying a lifelike African veldt, complete with lions,
which the children seem overly attached to. Despite their attempts to limit the
children's use of the nursery and encourage other activities, Peter and Wendy
become increasingly obsessed with the veldt, spending all their time there.
As the story progresses, the nursery's imagery becomes more vivid and
disturbing, culminating in a shocking and tragic conclusion that reveals the
dark consequences of relying too heavily on technology and neglecting
parental responsibilities.
"The Veldt" explores themes such as the dangers of technology, the impact of
virtual reality on human behavior, and the breakdown of family relationships.
It is considered one of Bradbury's most famous and unsettling short stories,
known for its eerie atmosphere and thought-provoking narrative.

Star Trek holodeck

In the world of Star Trek, the transporter is a fictional technology that is often
the subject of debate among science enthusiasts and scientists alike. One of the
key questions surrounding the transporter is whether it transports the actual
atoms of the target or a data stream that represents the particles and their
coordinates. This question raises broader philosophical and scientific issues
about the nature of human essence or soul—whether it has a physical nature
or can be reduced to mere data that can be stored or duplicated indefinitely.
In Star Trek: The Original Series (TOS), Captain Kirk explains the working
principle of the transporter as an "energy-matter scrambler," converting the
molecules in a person's body into energy, beaming them to another location,
and reassembling them back into their original pattern. This description
suggests that the transporter transfers the person's actual matter.
However, the Star Trek: The Next Generation (TNG) Technical Manual suggests
that the transporter transfers the object's matter, not just a data stream. This
means that a person being transported is not undergoing a destructive process
but is rather changing from a solid state to a matter stream state.
This idea is supported by instances in various Star Trek episodes where people
remain conscious or even move while in the transporter beam, suggesting that
they are alive throughout the process. Examples include Captain Kirk and
Saavik talking during transport in "Star Trek II," Jillian Taylor screaming
during transport in "Star Trek IV," and Picard speaking while dematerializing
in "TNG: Contagion."
Furthermore, in "Star Trek: Enterprise" (ENT), there is an episode ("Daedalus")
where a person's pattern remains intact in the transporter beam for 15 years,
indicating that a person in a transporter beam is alive the entire time.
Despite these explanations, there are instances in Star Trek where the
transporter seemingly duplicates a person or object. For example, in TNG's
"Second Chances," another Riker is created from a second transporter beam,
suggesting a duplication of matter. Similarly, in TOS' "The Enemy Within," one
Kirk is split into two individuals, indicating a duplication of the original
person.
This issue is further complicated by the concept of the Heisenberg
compensator, a device mentioned in Star Trek that supposedly resolves the
uncertainty principle's limitations on the transporter's ability to resolve
quantum states. However, it is unclear how this device would work or if it is
scientifically feasible.
Overall, the transporter in Star Trek presents a fascinating but scientifically
improbable technology. While it raises intriguing questions about the nature
of matter, consciousness, and identity, the concept remains firmly rooted in
science fiction rather than science fact.

-Brazilian Telephone - Miriam Greenberg

About The Author
Miriam Bird Greenberg is an American poet and writer. Her works explore themes of
violence, power, and the natural world. In addition to her poetry, Greenberg has written
essays and articles on a range of subjects, including environmental justice, labor, and
community organizing.

About The Poem

The poem describes a mother witnessing children, some hers, executing science
experiments in a bathtub in the orchard. The children are attaching electrodes to one of
them, which is standing in a bathtub of saltwater (which is a good conductor of
electricity). Each component was stolen by the children from different places - the salt
from her kitchen, the batteries from a motor home nearby, the battery terminals which
they cleaned with stolen steel wool. They all work on an experiment named “The
Brazilian Telephone”. The poet seems to be nostalgically reminiscing about her past and
about how her child/ren were stupid and young once, and how she witnessed this as a
mother. It could also try to evoke fear, as the experiment itself sounds threatening, and
the name is eerie and unexplained.

Poetic Techniques
● It’s a short story.
● Enjambment: Cutting a line off before its natural ending point. Almost the entire
poem is built this way, for example:
“gently attaches electrodes
to the nipples of the one
in the bath.“

-The Municipal Gallery Revisited - W. B. Yeats

About The Author

W. B. Yeats was an Irish poet and dramatist (1865-1939). He was born in Dublin, Ireland,
and grew up in a family that was deeply involved in the Irish cultural and political
revival known as the Celtic Revival. Yeats was heavily influenced by Irish mythology,
folklore, and symbolism, and his early poetry was characterized by a preoccupation with
the occult and the supernatural. Later in his career, he turned his attention to more
explicitly political themes, exploring the complex relationship between Ireland and
England, and advocating for Irish independence.

About The Poem

The poem describes Yeats’ experience at the art museum, seeing alleged reenactments of
history and its figures, and recognizing some familiar faces. It is divided into six stanzas,
and so I will explain each one separately.

One: Yeats describes a lot of paintings he sees around him of different figures in Irish
history. An ambush, pilgrims, some corrupt politicians staring at him with hysterical
pride. Memories of suppression and not good stuff.
Two: He starts to question the integrity of the paintings, saying they don’t describe the
Irish history he knows, but a fictional one. Then he sees a portrait of Maude Gonne, a
woman he once loved.
Three: He’s moved by the painting, and lowers his gaze, taking in the feelings.
Surrounding him are paintings of Irish history and people he knows, like Hugh Lane
which put together the collection in the museum, Augusta Gregory which was an
inspiration for some of his poems, and Hazel Lavery.
Four: He returns to Augusta’s painting, and his friend John Synge says it’s the greatest
since rembrandt. Yeats agrees but claims that it does not show him anything about the
woman he knew. He worries that with time, those who actually knew these people will
be gone, and all that will be left are these depictions- “approved patterns of women or
men” and not the same “excellence” that Yeats remembers today.
Five: His knees go weak. He admires the woman, how caring she was, the household she
built. But now she’s gone, and so is her child. “no fox can foul the lair the badger swept” -
the fox is a very smart animal in Irish tradition, and yet it still went down.
Six: He goes back to his friends and recalls how everything they said and did came from
the soil - from the land of Ireland itself. Everyone’s life is rooted in their land, whether it’s
the noble or the beggar’s. And so he takes one final glance at his well-rooted friend,
Synge, and tells the reader that if they want to get to know him (the author) they should
come to the museum and judge him by his friends and their goodness; they are the
beginning and end of his glory.

Poetic Techniques
● Anaphora: Creating a list using a to build statements upon one another and create
a story, for example: “A gentle questioning look that cannot hide A soul incapable
of remorse or rest; A revolutionary soldier kneeling to be blessed”
● Basic stuff like repetition, assonance (same vowel), consonance (same consonant)
and alliteration (repeated sounds).

“Buffalo Dusk” | Carl Sandburg (1920)

"Buffalo Dusk" by Carl Sandburg is a poem that reflects on the decline of the American
buffalo and the impact of human civilization on the natural world. The poem is set at
dusk, a time of day that symbolizes the end of the buffalo's existence on the American
plains. Through vivid imagery and evocative language, Sandburg conveys a sense of loss
and nostalgia for a vanishing way of life.
The poem begins with a description of the buffalo herd grazing on the plains, their
"shaggy heads" lowered as they feed. Sandburg uses imagery such as "the shadows play"
and "the red sun sets" to create a sense of the beauty and serenity of the scene. However,
this peaceful moment is interrupted by the arrival of the "pale pioneers," representing the
encroachment of civilization on the natural world.
As the poem progresses, Sandburg describes how the pioneers "hunted the buffalo" and
"drove them from the meadows." This imagery conveys a sense of violence and
destruction, as the buffalo are forced to flee from their natural habitat. The poem also
touches on the impact of this destruction on the Native American tribes who depended
on the buffalo for their survival, describing how they "wept" and "starved" as the buffalo
disappeared.
Sandburg concludes the poem with a reflection on the fate of the buffalo, noting that they
are now "gone" and "forgotten." This final image conveys a sense of loss and finality, as
the buffalo are erased from the landscape and memory of the American plains. Overall,
"Buffalo Dusk" is a poignant poem that explores themes of loss, destruction, and the
impact of human civilization on the natural world.

“My Castle in Spain” | John Hay (1871)

"My Castle in Spain" by John Milton Hay is a poem that reflects on the power of
imagination to create a world of beauty and wonder in the midst of everyday life. The
poem is structured as a series of quatrains, each describing a different aspect of the
speaker's imaginary castle in Spain.

In the opening stanza, the speaker describes the castle itself, with its "towers in the sunset
glow" and "walls with jewels inwrought." This imagery conveys a sense of grandeur and
opulence, suggesting that the castle is a place of beauty and luxury.

The second stanza describes the landscape surrounding the castle, with its "valleys fair
with golden grain" and "orchards, green with olive trees." This imagery creates a sense of
abundance and fertility, suggesting that the castle is situated in a rich and prosperous
land.
The third stanza describes the inhabitants of the castle, including "knights in armor" and
"ladies, fair and tall." This imagery evokes a sense of chivalry and romance, suggesting
that the castle is a place of noble deeds and courtly love.

In the final stanza, the speaker reveals that the castle is a product of his imagination,
describing it as a place "which never saw the light." This revelation adds a layer of
poignancy to the poem, suggesting that the castle exists only in the speaker's mind, as a
refuge from the harsh realities of the world.

Overall, "My Castle in Spain" is a poem that celebrates the power of imagination to create
beauty and wonder in our lives, even in the midst of everyday reality. It is a reminder
that, no matter how difficult life may be, we can always find solace and inspiration in the
world of our own making.

-At The Tomb Of Napoleon - Robert G. Ingersoll

About The Author

Robert G. Ingersoll (1833-1899) was an American lawyer, politician, and orator who is
best known for his lectures and speeches on agnosticism, free thought, and skepticism.
He was often referred to as "The Great Agnostic." Ingersoll was also an advocate for
human rights and social justice, and he spoke out against slavery, racism, and bigotry.

About The Poem (Essay)

The piece is a transcribed essay in which Ingersoll talks of visiting Napoleon’s grave and
recalling all the highpoints of his celebrated life. But after taking it in, including all the
human suffering that took place due to the actions of this man, Ingersoll decides that he
would rather live the life of a French peasant that lived a poor life - but one that had love
and family in it.

Poetic Techniques
● Many descriptions to depict the glory and honor of Napoleon. “I saw him putting
down the mob in the streets of Paris—I saw him at the head of the army of
Italy—I saw him crossing the bridge of Lodi with the tri-color in his hand…”

“Photograph From September 11” | Wisława Szymborska (2005)

"Photograph From September 11" by Wislawa Szymborska is a poignant poem that
reflects on the tragic events of September 11, 2001, in New York City. The poem uses a
photograph taken during the attacks on the World Trade Center as a focal point to
explore the broader themes of loss, memory, and the human experience in the face of
tragedy.
The poem begins by describing the scene captured in the photograph—a man falling
from one of the towers, presumably to his death. The speaker acknowledges the horror of
the moment, noting the contrast between the man's "vertical position" and the "earthly"
nature of his fate. This sets the tone for the rest of the poem, which grapples with the
incomprehensible nature of the tragedy.
As the poem progresses, the speaker reflects on the limitations of language in capturing
the full weight of the event. The speaker acknowledges that "words were not meant / to
play such a part," suggesting that no amount of language can truly convey the magnitude
of the loss.
Despite this, the speaker also acknowledges the power of the image to evoke emotion and
provoke reflection. The speaker notes that the photograph "isn't worth the paper / it's
printed on," yet it continues to hold a profound significance as a testament to the human
experience of tragedy.
In the final lines of the poem, the speaker reflects on the lasting impact of the event,
noting that "the thousands of words spoken / are powerless / against the one /
photographed." This suggests that while words may fail to fully capture the tragedy of
September 11, the image captured in the photograph remains a powerful symbol of the
human experience in the face of loss and tragedy.
Overall, "Photograph From September 11" is a moving and thought-provoking poem that
uses a single photograph as a lens through which to explore the broader themes of loss,
memory, and the human experience in the aftermath of tragedy. It is a testament to the
enduring power of images to evoke emotion and provoke reflection, even in the face of
unspeakable loss.

-A Brief History Of Toa Payoh - Koh Buck Song

About The Author

Koh Buck Song is a Singaporean writer, editor, poet and journalist. He has edited,
co-edited and authored books of fiction, non-fiction and poems. He is also a consultant in
areas of branding, communications strategy and corporate social responsibility.

About The Poem

The poem speaks of national history and colonization. Song rebels against the claim that
Toa Payoh, a town in Singapore founded in 1960, has no history. Its name translates to
“big swamp”, correlating to how the town was indeed an area of big swamps in the past.
Song talks about how those swamps became rivers and lakes, and how the town grew
and was a pioneer in its time; Yet it’s mostly appreciated by the town’s local museum, and
not much outside of its borders. He lists many innovations that happened in Toa Payoh,
especially relative to the time it was founded - featured bus terminals, hosted south asian
olympic games, was one of the first satellite towns in Singapore, was rich in rice and
resource and cared for its townsmen.

There are then some mentions of colonizing and modernization - even though the British
colonized Singapore for over 140 years, it does not seem as if Toa Payoh was subject to
foreign rules and kept on developing. And so, perhaps the lines about stripping the town
of its origins and modernizing it is referring to the townspeople renovating and
renewing!

Poetic Techniques (no more fancy pants names)

● Lists: listing a lot of things puts an emphasis on the main subject (Toa Payoh).
“town center, bus terminal, the first SEAP Games, the emporium’s sacks of fragrant
rice…”
● Rhyming: “in our History's eye, growth is so swift, rebirth also, gets short shrift.”

“The Czar's Last Christmas Letter” | Norman Dubie (1977)

"The Czar's Last Christmas Letter" by Norman Dubie is a poignant and haunting poem
that imagines the final moments of Nicholas II, the last Emperor of Russia, before his
execution following the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The poem is written in the form of
a letter supposedly written by Nicholas II to his mother, the Dowager Empress Maria
Feodorovna, on Christmas Day, 1917.

The poem opens with the Czar reflecting on his current situation, acknowledging that he
is writing his last letter to his mother before his impending death. He expresses regret
and sorrow for the events that have led to his downfall, recognizing the mistakes he has
made as a ruler. Despite his regrets, the Czar maintains a sense of dignity and
resignation, accepting his fate with a sense of solemnity.

Throughout the poem, there is a sense of nostalgia for the past, as the Czar reflects on
happier times and memories with his family. He expresses a deep longing for the comfort
and familiarity of his former life, lamenting the loss of his throne and the separation
from his loved ones.

The poem also touches on broader themes of power, revolution, and the passage of time.
The Czar reflects on the transient nature of power and the inevitability of change,
acknowledging that his reign has come to an end and that a new era is dawning in
Russia.
In the final stanza, the Czar addresses his mother directly, expressing his love and
gratitude for her support and guidance throughout his life. He acknowledges the pain
that his death will cause her but expresses hope that she will find solace in her faith and
in the knowledge that he has done his best as a ruler.

Overall, "The Czar's Last Christmas Letter" is a powerful and moving poem that offers a
glimpse into the mind of a fallen monarch facing his mortality with grace and dignity. It
is a poignant meditation on power, loss, and the enduring bonds of family and faith.
“This is a Photograph of Me” | Margaret Atwood (1964)
"This is a Photograph of Me" by Margaret Atwood is a thought-provoking and enigmatic
poem that explores themes of identity, perception, and the passage of time. The poem is
written in the first person, with the speaker describing a photograph of herself that is
being examined by someone else, presumably the reader.

The poem opens with a description of the photograph, which shows a house near a lake.
The speaker then reveals that she is also in the photograph, standing "off to the side,"
almost invisible against the backdrop of the landscape. This juxtaposition of the speaker's
presence and absence in the photograph sets the tone for the rest of the poem, which
explores the complex relationship between the self and its representation.

As the poem progresses, the speaker reflects on the photograph and her own identity,
suggesting that the image captured in the photograph is not a true reflection of who she
is. She describes herself as "shadow, a parenthesis," suggesting a sense of invisibility or
insignificance. This idea is further reinforced by the description of the photograph as
"black and white," implying a lack of depth or complexity.

The poem's title, "This is a Photograph of Me," is both a statement of fact and a paradox.
On one level, the photograph is indeed a representation of the speaker, capturing a
moment in time. However, the poem also suggests that the photograph is not a true
reflection of the speaker's inner self, which remains hidden and elusive.
Overall, "This is a Photograph of Me" is a haunting and introspective poem that raises
questions about the nature of identity and the ways in which we are perceived by others.
It invites readers to consider the complexity of the self and the limitations of
representation, challenging us to look beyond the surface and see the deeper truths that
lie beneath.
 Call of Duty-Free
First point:
Food stuff - One of the most popular activities for visitors in Thailand is to take part in a
cooking class. This random woman and her boyfriend did a cooking class. They booked
the cooking station with an app called Cookly, but you can also use Airbnb Experiences
or ask your hotel/hostel staff to recommend a class. They chose a course called “Baan
Farm Thai Cooking School”. They were picked up from their hotel, after that they were
driven to a farm in the countryside, after that they cooked for three hours and made five
dishes. Most classes take half a day and you will make 3 - 5 dishes, which costs 32
dollars which is standard. Most classes emailed all participants an e-book afterward,
which included over 20 recipes,

Tang dresses - The city of Chang'an (capital of the Tang Dynasty (618-907)) is a city with
over 3,100 years of history, offering the feeling of real-world time travel through its
history-inspired entertainment. This article follows the author traveling to this city,
when he arrives he is greeted by a large amount of stores that sell Tang-style dresses
and makeup, and a lot of women who wear dresses, this type of clothing isn't exclusive
to girls. Because of the increase in popularity and interest in this culture During the past
May Day holidays, the city witnessed 13.3 million trips and achieved a tourist income of
10.7 billion yuan ($1.5 billion).

Ninja village - the Shiga prefecture is known because of many things: lake Biwa, the
largest lake in Japan, its beef and mushrooms (omi wagyu is made there), and one of its
towns: Koga, which is considered to be the homeland of ninja, if you wish to learn more
about Japanese ninjas, you can visit the Koga ninja village in which you can rent a full
ninja costume and learn how to throw shurikens properly, there is also an obstacle
course that covers the “basic ninja skills” like climbing walls or gliding across water
using improvised tools. Those who partake in the “training” will receive a scroll
indicating their initiation into the ninja tribe. This place is close to “Ninjutsu Yashiki”
(ninja house) which is 300 years old and used to house actual ninjas, in the place there
are complex traps and hiding spots, as well as a shuriken throwing range, and you can
also drive for about an hour to Iga city where you can eat at “Ninja Fujiissui” in it you can
eat the food that ninja ate while looking at vast amounts of ninja memorabilia. You can
also eat hyorogan, which is a natural ‘energy pill’ that the ninja used to take, made of a
crushed blend of rice, vegetables, herbs, and seeds, and some sugar. It is said that
ninjas used to eat 30 of these marble-sized balls a day for their nutrition.

Place branding - “Destination branding is about identifying the destination’s strongest

and most competitively appealing assets in the eyes of its prospective visitors, building
a story from these that makes the destination stand out above its competitors, and
running this narrative consistently through all marketing communications.” says the
article

● Iceland - in 2010 after Mount Eyjafjallajökul erupted the reputation of Iceland as

a tourist destination plummeted, to encourage people to still go to Iceland, the
Icelandic government created the “inspired by Iceland” brand, one of the first
campaigns it was “Iceland hour” in which Icelandic people share stories about
their country, the project was a success and saw a return of investment of 61:1.
Similar things happened during the coronavirus, to make sure that when it would
be possible people will travel to Iceland the “Joyscrol” campaign and
“LooksLikeYouNeedIceland” campaign hashtag, using humor, positivity, and
personality.
● Not so great Britain - after the 2012 London Olympics, to leverage the publicity
and the number of visitors they got, they created a champion called “Bond is
Great Britain” In it, they collabed with the movie James Bond: Skyfall, in it they
created a web page that in it you could see where is located the iconic landmarks
from the movie, in 2014 they did a similar thing with the campaign “Paddington is
great Britain” and invited tourist to “see Britain through Paddington eyes”.
● British Columbia (Canada) - for the last 30 years they got the slogan “ Super,
Natural British Columbia” which emphasizes the nature in the place, The brand
promises that “from massive mountain ranges and windswept beaches to
rainforests overflowing with life” because of the success of the slogan, aside
from some visual and artistic changes, it didn't change at all.
● Paris - even during covid, Paris still ranked as the number one most desired place
to visit. To achieve such a high ranking, Paris had to not only already be one of
the best-known cities in the world, but it also had to embrace its existing
reputation as a popular tourist destination with attractions and a rich local
culture.
● Costa Rica - in 2019 they earned the title of “best place branding” because their
slogan maintains that the people of Costa Rica are “the essence”.

Obscure local challenges - The I ♥ NY logo was launched in the 1970s. More than 50
years later, New York has just updated its iconic branding – not for the first time – to say
We ♥ NY as part of an attempt to revitalize the city after COVID lockdowns (Although
many people didn't like the change),this shows us that place branding is mostly the
ideas of the people in it . There is a city named Glasgow in Scotland, their slogan is
“people make Glasgow” doesn't really say something about the place itself (although
places rarely can change their image). Sometimes places use their branding to help a
cause, for example in 2019 Iceland. The country launched a “premium tap water” brand
to encourage residents and visitors to go plastic-free while in Iceland by drinking its tap
water. Another example is Palau, (a Micronesian island in the western Pacific ocean) in
2017 its government started to require all visitors to sign a pledge to be “ecologically
and culturally responsible” before they could set foot in the country. Another example is
the Faroe Islands (located in the north Atlantic), took a slightly different approach in
2019 by declaring itself “closed for maintenance, open for voluntourism”. This initiative
was used by islanders and local businesses to promote community cohesion.
lienate residents - Around the globe, travel and tourism generated about $7.6 trillion
(about 10% of the world’s entire GDP, or GWP) and was responsible for 277 million jobs
(roughly one in 11) in 2014, according to statistics published in a report by the World
Travel & Tourism Council. Many places try to be successful tourist attractions, for
example: austin (the capital of texas) also wanted to make a bit of tourism money (I ♥ NY
make around 30 million dollars a year) sadly the city is overshadowed by bigger cities
like Dallas and Houston, to solve this problem in 1987 they created SXSW (South by
Southwest, music festival) because of it they became the fastest-growing city in the
United States, and in 2014 its total of leisure and business travelers exceeded 45 million.
Austin is an example why action speaks louder than words
World slogan map -
https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/40d72919800461180e5a21a28bd8b28824f090ac/0_0
_4500_2189/master/4500.png?width=1900&dpr=1&s=none

Third point:
Kazakhstan Immigration Officers Say NZ is not a Country
Recently, a 28-year-old tourist from New Zealand named Chloe Phillips-Harris got
arrested by Kazakhstan immigration officers after she arrived in Kazakhstan. She was
assured that she would be able to enter Kazakhstan with a Kiwi passport, however when
she got to Kazakhstan, officials at the airport told her that she couldn’t enter without an
Australian passport. The reason for that is that NZ was missing from the map of the
world in the room she was interrogated in, which led to the officials saying that “NZ is
clearly a part of Australia”, and made it impossible for Chloe to explain to the Kazakhstan
officials that her home country really existed. She said she should've bribed her way out
of this situation, but she was too late and she got locked in a guard room for a day and a
half. It was an empty room with a bed, without any food or water, however the guards
were nice and at midnight they gave her a drink and even let her walk around the
immigration room. After a day and a half she was able to get out with the help of
contacts in Kazakhstan and enter the country, in which she stayed for half a year, and
said that she would love to return to Kazakhstan and that Kazakhstan has huge
potential.

New Zealand’s Flag Debate

NZ’s flag consists of three parts. The royal blue background, which is meant to represent
the sea and the sky, the four red stars, which are the Southern cross, and the Union flag,
which is a legacy of New Zealand's identity as a British protectorate. This is NZ’s first
reason for wanting to switch their flag. You see, NZ had been
completely independent since the year 1947 and for many
NZers the Union Flag is a reminder of the colonial era. Problem
number two is the confusion between the NZ flag and the
Australian flag, with both of them being very similar to each
other. Mr John Key, the prime minister of NZ at the time, promised to put the issue to
the people. And as he promised, in the year 2015 the official Flag Consideration Project
panel invited absolutely anyone to suggest a design for a new flag. They had a total of
10,292 flags, and you can say not all of them were completely serious… Although some
of those like “Laser Kiwi” did become icons of the country.
Anyways, a lot of NZers thought that they can’t just switch
flags like that, and that would disrespect all of the soldiers
who died under this flag etc, and what they got in response is
that they could still use the existing flag if they wanted, which
they said was “a poor attempt to sideline" them. And in
August 2015, a list of 39 flags, with one being removed
because of copyright reasons, had been published. A few weeks later, the four finalists
have been chosen, with two of them designed by the same man. A lot of NZers weren’t
happy with the four finalists and were starting to be scared that one of these flags
would become their national flag and wanted to stay with the same flag. While all of that
was happening, a rebellion was happening to add a fifth flag to the finalists list called
the Red Peak, which wasn’t accepted at first, however there were too many people to
ignore and the Red Peak was added to the finalists. Red Peak had advantages since it
was pretty easy to draw and with colors and shapes that represent the nation. Now it
was time to choose which of the five flags the citizens would want if the flag were to
change. 1.5 million people chose, and with over 50% of the votes, Silver Fern (Black,
White and Blue) had been chosen, and was placed across the country so people could
get a feel for it. In March 2016, a ballot started asking if the chosen flag should officially
be the new NZ flag. More than 2 million votes were sent and the outcome was that 59%
of the people wanted to stay with the current flag and thought that the NZ$23m was
just "a distraction and a waste of money".

Fourth point
Gastrodiplomacy, also known as Culinary diplomacy, is a term that means “stomach
diplomacy”. In other words, it is the art of using food to win hearts and minds, make
friends and influence people. It was firstly used in 2002 by the Thai government in order
to increase the number of Thai restaurants around the world. Most of the article is just
examples and some main points, so let’s go over all the main points of gastrodiplomacy:
- Gastrodiplomacy is used by creating global campaigns meant to increase interest
in the country’s food and their food culture.
- Although the term gastrodiplomacy is new, food has been used a lot throughout
the years in official encounters, negotiations etc.
- It is also mentioned how gastrodiplomacy can cause diplomatic embarrassment.
The best way to explain this is by an example. Donald Trump, former U.S
president, who dislikes vegetables, had recently visited India. During his visit he
had a menu by Indian chefs prepared to please him. It was all good until they
visited Gandhi Ashram, a place in the city of Ahmedabad, where Trump got
samosas with broccoli and corn, instead of the traditional potatoes and peas.
Trump did not try anything from the menu since he dislikes vegetables, as
mentioned.
 - Gastrodiplomacy (campaigns) is mostly used by mid-sized countries that will
have a hard time getting themselves noticed globally. Gastrodiplomacy not only
allows them to improve the ways other countries see them, but also gives them
foreign customers, companies, and investors, which will help those countries'
economic system.
- Gastrodiplomacy allows food, ingredients, culinary professionals, and others to
circulate around the world and reach other countries and audiences.
- Gastrodiplomacy is majorly relying on social media. You see, gastrodiplomacy is
set to people who love food and share it on the internet, and are financially
capable of buying imported products, and can travel abroad. Those people share
the country's food and promote the country.
- Gastrodiplomacy can contribute to the country's unity and pride around food in
the countries that do use it.
- You can’t predict gastrodiplomacy’s outcome. There are a lot of factors that
affect gastrodiplomacy's outcome. For example, some people will be interested in
a taco stand and its culture, and some won’t. This makes it even harder for
mid-sized countries since they aren’t that visible and the limited numbers of
people that have families in their countries.

The Global Thai Program

The Global Thai program is the earliest example for gastrodiplomacy. It was started in
2002 by the Thai government in order to increase the number of Thai restaurants all
over the world. The number of Thai restaurants in America has gone from around 2000
to over 5000. Some will say that it is just because the Thai food is just good, or that it is
the Americans that love Thai food, but the answer is way simpler. The Thai government
paid for it. They paid money so the presence of Thai food all over the world will increase,
which will strengthen their income from export and tourism. The government has
created three types of prototype restaurants, which investors could choose as a sort of
pre-planned restaurant plan. These prototypes had planned menu offerings and even
already chose the aesthetics. The three types of prototype restaurants were: Elephant
Jump, the cheaper one which would be more like fast food, Cool Basil, the mid-priced
option, and the Golden Leaf, which is the expensive option which will include “authentic
Thai fabrics and objets d’art”. They also researched local tastes around the world, sent
Thai cooking institutes abroad to train chefs at foreign restaurants, and even offered
loans for Thai people to open Thai restaurants abroad, and more… As we know, it worked!
At the start of the program, the number of restaurants outside of Thailand was 5500
and today there are over 15000. Now that they have lots of restaurants all over the
world, they want to maintain their quality. So what they did was that they selected Thai
restaurants in the US and gave them the award “Thai Select”, which means that the
restaurant has good quality and authenticity. Now that they have all of the US- loving
Thai food, the Global Thai Program tries to reach other regions, especially in the Middle
East.

The Global Hansik (Korean food) Campaign is a Korean campaign with the goal of making
Korean food into one of the five most popular cuisines in the world by 2017. It started in
2008 when Chang Tae-pyung, the South Korean Minister of Food, Agricul-ture, Forestry,
and Fisheries, announced the campaign at the 2008 Korea Food Exhibition. The
campaign gave the chefs instructions and made restaurants as cultural centers and
cooks as diplomats promoting the “Korean brand”.

Cocina Peruana Para el Mundo or the Peruvian Cuisine for the World campaign in
English, is a Peruvian web based campaign with the goal of getting Peru to compete in
the World Culinary Awards (WCA), which succeeded and in the year 2023 Peru won the
competition.

Malaysia Kitchen for the World is a Malaysian campaign that started in the year 2010,
which aims to educate and inform British consumers about the inspiring world of
Malaysian cuisine.

Taste of Taiwan is a campaign with the goal of making Taiwan food popular all over the
world and is the first time a systematic approach to promoting Taiwan’s food at home
and abroad has been undertaken.

Pyongyang Restaurant is a Korean restaurant chain owned by North Korea's government

and named after the capital of North Korea, with around 130 locations worldwide. The
restaurants offer the visitors a rare glimpse into the reclusive nation's culture.

Sixth point:
Ninjas: the legend of the ninja captures our popular imagination, but our image of
stealthy Japanese warriors is based on nuggets of historical truth under mountains of
myth. A Japanese university opened the first international ninja research center,
located in Iga where a ninja “school” existed in the 19th century. The new research
center will house not only historical documents related to the ninja but also hundreds of
novels, movies, and cartoons that have helped to forge the modern image of the
black-clad assassin. Like any good legend, the image of the ninja was crafted over
centuries of storytelling and colorful exaggeration. Starting more than 300 years ago,
Japanese people in the Iga region began taking elements of traditional warfare that
exist in all cultures like spying, deception, and assassination, and assigning them to a
secretive brotherhood of Japanese warriors called shinobi. In Japanese, shinobi means
“in secret” and the earliest account of ninja activity specifically uses the word. It is a
description of mercenaries attacking a castle. In the 16th century, the word shinobi was
used as an adverb to describe any activity carried out in secret. In the monk's account,
the invaders could have been mercenaries, common thieves, or highly trained warriors.
All we know is that they acted "in secret." You start seeing exaggerated stories about Iga
warriors in which shinobi the adverb becomes shinobi the noun. They are taking real
events but from being done in secret it's done by secret people. The biggest challenge in
separating ninja truth from myth is a lack of reliable primary sources. The new center
tries to understand how these attackers became a global cultural wonder. The birth of
the ninja myth starts with those exaggerated shinobi stories of the 17th century, spread
by members of the Japanese warrior class, who were feeling a little underappreciated
since widespread fighting in Japan largely ceased by 1615. Next was a series of
18th-century military manuals concerned with spying techniques. Around the same
time, Japanese artists created some famous woodblock prints of people dressed in
black carrying out assassinations, that's where the idea of ninjas took off even without
them being about ninjas specifically. In the mid-20th century, Iga promoted itself as the
land of ninjas and even took shuriken drawings and revived them as ninja weapons.
They also made a museum, novels, and films about ninjas and that became the standard
ninja. The modern ninja legend was sealed by the 1962 film "Shinobi no Mono," which
depicted everything we associate with the ninja myth: the black robes and specialized
weapons, a strict code of secrecy, almost "superhuman" martial arts skills, and selfless
sacrifice.

Ninjas wanted: Central Japan's Aichi governor said it is hiring full-time ninjas to
promote tourism. Newly hired ninjas will receive a one-year contract with 1,500 dollars a
month, they will also need to perform acrobatics, use shurikens, and take photographs.
Japanese speaking ability is preferable, but non-Japanese individuals passionate about
history and tourism are welcome as the troupe will sometimes perform in English. They
also need to be athletic, being able to perform dance moves, and more. Nowadays ninjas
are mostly confined to history books and fiction. But they are also used to promote Iga,
which was once home to many ninjas.

Hakuna Matata: “Hakuna matata” is a Swahili phrase that roughly means “No worries”. It
is
formed by the words hakuna (there is not here) and matata (plural form of problem). The
phrase has been popularized by its use in The Lion King, so it is heard often at resorts,
hotels, and other places appealing to the tourist trade. The phrase is in more common
use in Zanzibar and Kenya. The phrase is uncommon among native speakers of Swahili
in Tanzania, who prefer the phrase “hamna shida” in the north and “hamna tabu” in the
south.

Seventh point:
Chinatown’s history: Chinatown looks authentic but it isn't. Its architecture is a stage
set, created by white architects after the 1906 earthquake and fire. As a neighborhood,
Chinatown is almost as old as San Francisco itself. The first Chinese arrived in 1848, at
the start of the Gold Rush, and settled around Sacramento Street. Although the Chinese
were initially welcomed, relations between the immigrants and white San Franciscans
soon deteriorated. Hate started to grow because most immigrants did not attempt to fit
in, they came to make money and return to China. Chinatown soon became a ghetto,
one created both by white racism and by Chinese separatism. However anti-Chinese
feelings did not explode until the 1870s when working-class whites rioted over job
competition from low-paid Chinese. In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion
Act, which froze almost all Chinese immigration for decades. Many regarded Chinatown
as the shame of the city and after anti-Chinese riots, calls to get rid of the district
altogether grew louder. In 1890, the city declared Chinatown a health menace and
ordered its residents to relocate to a special site out of the city. This didn't happen
though. After the 1906 fire destroyed Chinatown, city officials were sure that the old
district would never be rebuilt. However, merchants were able to not only rebuild but
improve the district just two years later. The biggest change was to its architecture. The
pre-quake Chinatown resembled other San Francisco neighborhoods, with mostly drab
and conventional buildings. The post-quake Chinatown was self-consciously exotic,
filled with buildings that evoked an Asian-like feeling. As long as Chinatown was seen as
an unhealthy, sin-filled district, it would remain under political threat. There was a lot of
money that could be made by presenting the neighborhood as an exotic destination.
even before the earthquake, Chinese American notables argued that Chinatown should
be rebranded as an “Oriental city”. The new Chinatown’s architectural style is not
authentically Chinese, its design elements are decorative, not functional. Architects
didn't know much about Asian architecture and they tried to transform ancient Asian
buildings into modern ones using Western methods. They created something like an act,
forms that in traditional Chinese architecture serve structural functions were used as
decorations. The new Chinatown’s pseudo-Orientalism reaches its fullest expression in
the temple featured there. The neighborhood’s makeover worked. Cash registers in the
new, exotic Chinatown jingled, and never again did city officials try to remove the
district. And now it is San Francisco’s biggest tourist attraction.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiX3hTPGoCg The video talks about the same
things as my summery but watch it anyways.

Eighth point:
Dark tourism: some tourists have a liking for places that are historically associated with
death and tragedy. This practice is called dark tourism but it's not a new thing, people
have always been drawn to death, like public hangings and gladiatorial games. The
motivations of tourists in visiting dark tourist locations often come down to four
common themes, Curiosity appears to be the biggest factor, but personal connection
also matters. Many tourists take part because they feel connected to the events that
transpired at a particular location. Others visit for educational purposes, while some just
happen to be in the same place and decide to participate after seeing something that
might be of interest. Some even celebrate the life of a celebrity while visiting their
grave. Many people view dark tourism differently. It can interfere with our sense of
mortality through the death of others. a fascination with death in itself might not be the
primary motive for visiting dark tourism sites; it likely has more to do with an individual's
interest in cultural heritage and education. Dark tourism is often frowned upon. In many
ways, the industry is all about managing our collective memory and providing a
memorialized afterlife to those who died tragically or untimely. the practice can be
considered a "touristification" of the places and people steeped in death and tragedy. At
its core, there is an element of dark tourism that knowingly exploits our fascination with
hideous things, mixing up complicated ethical and moral issues about our behavior. dark
tourism isn’t necessarily a bad thing as long as it’s properly managed. The increase in
tourism can be used to restore or maintain facilities in dark tourism locations, but it
should not destroy or diminish the integrity of the location over time. The overall
concern that we should have with dark tourism is making sure that we are being
ethically and morally upright in the marketing and use of these locations as dark tourism
destinations.

How children interpret dark tourism: Mary Margaret Kerr, a professor at the University
of Pittsburgh School of Education and Pitt's Department of Psychiatry has long been
curious about how children make meaning of horrific events. For decades, she has led
crisis teams responding to tragedies such as school deaths, accidents, natural
disasters, and more. Her team now works to improve children's and youth's experiences
at tourism sites associated with death, human suffering, or difficult heritage. Kerr is not
opposed to children visiting many of these destinations. However, she said, it can be
problematic when exhibits and explanations are not designed with children in mind. She
said it is problematic because children don't have a full understanding of death and they
explore things differently from adults so they might act in a way that is not appropriate.
She also wrote a paper about childhood experiences at dark tourism sites. Kerr also
asked to help explain 9/11 (hehe) to children who visit the site with their parents. The
result was a new program that encourages children 6-12 to explore the site in many
different ways. "Historically, researchers have overlooked young tourists, so we wanted
to provide a guide," Kerr said. She made a framework to encourage researchers to pay
attention to children’s experiences. She got information from many dark tourism sites
across the U.S. The model describes different aspects of a child's experience that
researchers and others might consider. These factors include what young tourists know
or believe before they tour, what kinds of exhibits and interpretations they may see and
react to, and how their interactions with staff and other visitors influence their visit. She
thinks this can benefit schools that take kids on field trips, and it will assist tour
companies in creating appropriate exhibits.

Alcatraz: Alcatraz was a maximum security federal prison on Alcatraz Island off the
coast of San Francisco, California. The main prison was built in 1910 to 1812 as a U.S.
Army military prison. It was used as a prison by the federal Bureau of Prisons (U.S.
federal law enforcement agency) in 1934 after the buildings were modernized and had a
security increase. Given this high security and the island's location in the cold waters
and strong currents of San Francisco Bay, prison operators believed Alcatraz to be
escape-proof and America's most secure prison. The prison closed in 1963, but Alcatraz
was reopened as a public museum.
Hiroshima: Hiroshima was founded in 1589 as a castle town on the Ōta River delta.
Following the Meiji Restoration in 1868, Hiroshima rapidly transformed into a major
urban center and industrial hub. In 1889, Hiroshima officially gained city status. The city
was a center of military activities during the imperial era, playing significant roles in
multiple wars including the two World Wars. Hiroshima was the first military target of a
nuclear weapon in history. it was bombed by the United States Army Air Forces in 1945
during the Pacific theater (the part of WWII fought in eastern Asia) of World War II. Most
of Hiroshima was destroyed and between 90,000 and 166,000 people died as a result of
the blast and its effects. The Hiroshima Peace Memorial serves as a memorial of the
bombing, the city was rebuilt after the war.

Ground zero: there are two possible meanings to ground zero. it's a point on the Earth’s
surface directly below a nuclear explosion, but the most logical and second meaning is
9/11. During the September 11 attacks in 2001, two aircraft were hijacked by 10 al-Qaeda
terrorists and were flown into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center in New York
City, causing massive damage and starting fires that caused the weakened 110-story
skyscrapers to collapse. The destroyed World Trade Center site soon became known as
"ground zero". The site has been reconstructed and the National September 11 Memorial
and Museum was built.

Ford’s Theater: the theater is located in Washington D.C. It was opened in 1863. The
theater is best known for being the site of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. On
April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth entered the theater box where Lincoln was watching a
play, he slipped out a single shot derringer from his pocket and fired at Lincoln’s head.
Lincoln died the next morning. The theater was later used as a warehouse and
government office building. In 1893, part of its interior flooring collapsed, causing 22
deaths, and needed repairs were made. The building became a museum in 1932, and it
was renovated and reopened as a theater in 1968. The Petersen House and the theater
are preserved together as Ford's Theatre National Historic Site.

Chernobyl: the Chernobyl disaster began in 1986 with the explosion of a reactor of the
Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, near the city of Pripyat in north Ukrainian SSR in the
Soviet Union. It is rated seven on the international nuclear event scale (the maximum
amount). It is considered the worst nuclear disaster in history. The reactor was prepared
for a turbine test, upon successful completion of the test the reactor was shut down for
maintenance. This action resulted in a power surge at the base of the reactor which
caused parts of it to break and loss of the coolant (cooling liquid). This process led to a
steam explosion and a nuclear meltdown which destroyed the containment building.
This led to a reactor core fire that lasted a few weeks and airborne radioactive
contaminants (the presence of radioactive substances on surfaces or within solids,
liquids, and gasses) were spread throughout the USSR and Europe. More than 100,000
people were evacuated from the explosion zone (30km radius). Many workers were
hospitalized and had syndromes of acute radiation syndrome (health effects caused by
exposure to radiation). A UN committee found that fewer than 100 deaths have resulted
from the fallout. Following the disaster, Pripyat was abandoned and eventually replaced
by a new city. There is a sarcophagus built to reduce radioactive contamination and it
provides radiological protection for the crews of the undamaged reactors at the site.
Currently, the site is being restored and clean-up is supposed to be completed by 2065.

Pompeii: Pompeii was an ancient city near Naples today. The city was almost
completely preserved to due it being buried under the ash of the Mount Vesuvius
eruption in 79 AD, including the people. Today you can visit Pompeii and see how
ancient Romans lived. I summarized more about it in Noah’s Archeology.

Paris catacombs: the catacombs of Paris are underground rooms in Paris that hold the
remains of more than six million people. They were created to eliminate the effects of
the city’s overflowing cemeteries. There was so much rotting flesh in cemeteries that it
caused many people to fall ill and die, thus adding to the problem. The breaking down of
walls in the largest cemetery at the time added a sense of emergency to the
cemetery-eliminating measure. From 1786, every night, covered wagons transferred
remains from cemeteries to a mine shaft. It was largely forgotten until it became a place
for concerts and other private events in the early 19th century, after renovations.
Although the ossuary (place for human skeletal remains) compromises only a small part
of the mines of Paris, many refer to the entire tunnel network as the catacombs. It was
opened to the public in 1874 and has been a museum since 2013.

Auschwitz: Auschwitz was a complex of over 40 concentration camps and

extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in Poland during WWII and the
Holocaust. In 1939 the SS (nazi operation) converted Auschwitz into a prisoner-of-war
camp. Prisoners were beaten, tortured, and executed for almost any reason. In 1941 the
first gassings of Polish and Soviet prisoners took place. From 1942 to 1944 freight trains
delivered Jews from all over German-occupied Europe to its gas chambers. Of the 1.3
million people sent to Auschwitz 1.1 of them were murdered. 144 prisoners managed to
escape. As the Soviet Red Army approached Auschwitz in 1945, the SS sent most of the
camp’s population west on a death march to camps inside Germany and Austria. The
Soviets entered the camp on January 27, 1945, and it has been the International
Holocaust Remembrance Day since 2005. After the war, many survivors wrote memoirs
of their experiences. In 1947 the site became a museum. The museum exhibits mug
shots, shoes, and other things taken from prisoners as well as other objects related to
the killing.
Titanic: RMS Titanic was a British passenger and mail-carrying ocean liner, operated by
the White Star Line, that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean on 15 April 1912 as a result of
striking an iceberg during her maiden voyage from Southampton, England, to New York
City, United States. Of the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, about 1,500
died, making it the deadliest sinking of a single ship up to that time. The disaster drew
public attention, spurred major changes in maritime safety regulations, and inspired
many artistic works including that one movie that everyone remembers.
 Here We Went Again
First point:
oriental riff: the oriental riff, also known as the east asian riff, is a musical riff or phrase
that is often used in Western culture as a trope to represent East Asia or Southeast Asia.
The oriental riff is a Western creation. The first known example of it, showing a similar
tone is the ‘Aladdin quick step’ from 1847 featured in several shows. In the 1930s a
couple of cartoons used the tune to accompany stereotypes of East Asians. The oriental
riff has been included in numerous musical works in Western music. The riff has also
been used in some Japanese competitions, particularly in video games.

Arabian riff: also known as The Streets of Cairo and other names, is a well-known
melody published in various forms in the 19th century. There is a clear resemblance
between the riff and the French song “Colin Prend sa hotte”, whose first five notes are
identical. A version of the riff was published in 1845 by Franz Hunten as ‘melodie arabe’.
The melody was described as an Arabian song. The riff was used in an attraction called
“A Street in Cairo” which featured snake charmers, camel riders, and dancers. Since the
piece is not copyrighted it has been a basis for numerous songs, especially in the early
20th century.

Hijaz scale: also called the Phrygian dominant scale, is the fifth mode of the harmonic
minor scale, the fifth being dominant. The scale occurs in Indian, Middle Eastern, Balkan,
Eastern European, and Central Asian cultures, and flamenco music. It is common in
Arabic and Egyptian music and used in Hebrew prayers and klezmer music. It is
sometimes called the Spanish Phrygian scale and it is common in flamenco music, it can
be found in traditional Spanish songs. everywhere in Spain to varying amounts, but
especially in southern and central areas of the country. Versions of the scale have a
distinct sound used in “Hava Nagila” and several other music.

Andalusian cadence: the Andalusian cadence is a term adopted from flamenco music
for a chord progression comprising four chords descending stepwise (IV III II I)
progression with respect to the Phrygian mode or (I VII VI V) progression with respect to
the aeolian mode. It is also known as the minor descending tetrachord. Traceable back
to the Renaissance, its sonorities made it one of the most popular progressions in
classical music. The Andalusian cadence is regarded as a modulation between the
Phrygian mode and the Phrygian dominant mode. Despite the name it is not a true
cadence, it is often used as an ostinato. It is probably based on a popular melodic
pattern of ancient Greece, called the diatonic tetrachord. The sequence resembles the
bass line of the chord progression developed centuries later. A sequence close to the
Greek tetrachord might have been known in southern Spain and spread from there
through Western Europe.
Tarantella Napoletana: the tarantella napoletana is the tarantella associated with
Naples. It is familiar to North American viewers of popular media as basically an Italian
musical riff or melody. It is included in a variety of songs from band songs to video
games.
Tarantella- is a group of various Italian folk dances. In the Italian province of Taranto, the
bite of a common type of wolf spider called tarantula led to a hysterical condition called
tarantism, which influenced the dance. Some believe the dance is a survival from a
Dianic cult (the god of nature).
Jarabe Tapatio: jarabe tapatio, often called the Mexican head dance, is the national
dance of Mexico. It originated as a courtship (a period wherein a couple gets to know
each other before being romantically committed) dance in Guadalajara, during the 19th
century. However, it can be traced back to the Spanish zambra, which was popular
during the times of viceroyalty (new Spain). Their steps are characterized by stepping
around the brim of their partners’s hat. The standard music of the jarabe tapatio was
composed by Jesus Gonzalez Rubio in the 19th century, though its more common
instrumental arrangement is from the 1920s. Sometimes it's confused with la raspa,
another Mexican dance. Nowadays the music is performed mostly by mariachi bands.

Yodeling: yodeling is a form of singing which involves repeated and rapid changes of
pitch between the low-pitched chest register and the high-pitched head register. The
English word for yodel is derived from the German word jodeln. This vocal technique is
used in many cultures worldwide. Yodeling was used by herders calling their flocks in
the central Alps was a longtime tradition in Europe, and became popular in the 1830s as
entertainment in theaters. In Europe, yodeling is still a major feature in folk music from
Switzerland, Austria, and southern Germany. In 1928, blending alpine yodeling and
African-American work, blues musical tradition, and traditional folk music. Jimmie
Rodgers introduced the term blue yodel which is sometimes used to differentiate
Austrian yodeling from the American form of yodeling

Renaissance lute: a lute is any plucked string instrument with a

neck and a deep round back enclosing a hollow cavity, usually
with a sound hole or opening in the body. The term also refers to
an instrument from the family of European lutes. The strings are
attached to pegs or posts at the end of the neck, which have
some type of turning mechanism to enable the player to tighten
the tension on the string or loosen the tension before playing.
The lute is plucked or strummed with one hand while the other
hand "frets" (presses down) the strings on the neck's
fingerboard. By pressing the strings on different places of the
fingerboard, the player can shorten or lengthen the part of the
string that is vibrating, thus producing higher or lower pitches. It was the most
important instrument for music in the Renaissance.

Second point:
Biopics: a biographical film or biopic is a film that dramatizes the life of a non-fictional
or historically-based person. Such films show the life of a historical person and use the
real name of the character. They are different from docudrama films and historical
drama films in that they attempt to tell a single person’s life story or at least the most
historically important years of their lives.

Bill & Ted’s Excellent Adventure: Bill and Ted’s Excellent Adventure is a 1989 American
science fiction comedy film directed by Stephen Herek and written by Chris Matheson
and Ed Solomon. It is the first installment in the Bill and Ted franchise, starring Keanu
Reeves, Alex Winter, and George Carlin. It follows Bill and Ted, who travel through time to
assemble historical figures for their high school history presentation. The movie
received positive reviews and was a modest success at the box office, earning 40 million
dollars against a 10 million dollar budget.
Napoleon: he has 180 movies made about him because he is so popular.

Third point:
Into Bondage: Into Bondage was made in 1946 by Aaron Douglas. The painting depicts
enslaved Africans bound for the Americas. It shows a few shackled figures walking
toward slave ships on the horizon. A lone woman raises her hands, guiding the viewer’s
eyes to the ships. The male figure in the center looks towards a beam of light emanating
from a red star in the colored sky.
Aaron Douglas was born in 1899 and died in 1979. He was an American painter,
illustrator, and visual arts educator. He created paintings that addressed social issues
around race and oppression in the United States.

Lyn-y-cau, cader idris: lyn-y-cau, cader idris is a painting by Richard Wilson from 1774.
The picture shows the lake of Lyn-y-cau on the mountain of Cader Idris in north Wales.
The picture has a rugged and uncultivated scenery which was not popular. Richard
Wilson was one of the first to adapt to this sort of scenery in landscape painting. Richard
Wilson invented landscape features like showing the image from a high point and a
heightened composition. In the painting, there appears to be some sort of humanoid
figure on the mountain.
The Oxbow: View from Mount Holyoke, Northampton, Massachusetts, after a
Thunderstorm commonly known as The Oxbow is an American landscape painting made
by Thomas Cole in 1836. The painting depicts a romantic panorama (wide view of a
place) of the Connecticut River Valley just after a thunderstorm. It has been interpreted
as a confrontation between wilderness and civilization. On the right side, there is a
peaceful field far away, and on the left, there are a lot of dark trees and a broken tree,
also there is a thundercloud that seems like a wall on the left.
Thomas Cole was an English-born American artist and the founder of the Hudson River
School art movement. Cole is widely regarded as the first significant American
landscape painter. He was known for his romantic landscape and history paintings.

The Fighting Temeraire: The Fighting Temeraire is a painting by J.M.W Turner in 1839.
The painting shows the final journey of the ‘Temeraire’ as it is towed by a smaller darker
steam tug ship along the river Thames in southeast London, where it was to be
scrapped. The warship played a distinguished role in the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. It's
unlikely that Turner witnessed the ship being towed, he probably imaginatively
recreated the scene in his painting. Set against a blazing sunset, the last voyage of the
Temeraire takes on a greater symbolic meaning, as the age of sail gives way to the age
of steam. In 2005, the painting was voted the nation’s favorite painting in England.
Joseph Mallord William Turner was born in 1775 and died in 1851. He was an English
Romantic painter, printmaker, and watercolorist. He is known for his expressive coloring,
imaginative llandscapes, and often violent marine paintings.
Edge of Town (Krumau Town Crescent): this painting is a famous oil painting,
originally by Austrian artist Egon Schiele in 1918, with the style of expressionism. This
kind of landscape oil painting is very common in visual art. This painting depicts a town
with colorful houses and trees, and the citizens of the town in an abstract sort of way.

Fourth point:
Si vas para Chile: this is a song composed in 1942 and is one of the most popular songs
in Chilean music. It has been covered by many artists. The song takes the form of a
conversation between a Chilean living abroad and a person who is going to visit Chile.
The Chilean asks the traveler to visit the woman he loves to express his feelings from
afar. He gives directions to arrive at his beloved's home

Kalinka: Kalinka is a Russian folk-style song (a genre that includes traditional folk music)
written in 1860 by Ivan Larionov. The song refers to the ‘kalinka’ which is the snowball
tree. It has a speedy tempo and light-hearted lyrics, the main refrain increases in tempo
each time it is sung.

My little town of Belz: This song expresses the longing for Jewish life in Bălţi,
Bessarabia, Moldova. It also tells the story of the community. The words were written by
the actor Jacob Jacobs, and the melody was composed by Alexander Olshanetsky
Alexander was an American writer and violinist, while Jacobs was a Belgium writer.
The Isle of Innisfree: this is a song composed by Dick Farrelly. He got inspiration while
on a bus ride from county Meath to Dublin. The lyrics of the song express the longings
of an Irish emigrant for his native land (Ireland). The song became a worldwide hit for
Bing Crosby in 1952. The song is often confused with the poem ‘Lake Isle of Innisfree’
which talks about an uninhabited island while Farrelly’s Innisfree represents Ireland as a
whole. Bing Crosby was an American singer, actor, television producer, television and
radio personality, and businessman. The first multimedia star, he was one of the most
popular and influential musical artists of the 20th century worldwide.

Bonjour Vietnam: Bonjour Vietnam is a song in French composed by Marc Lavoine and
recorded by Vietnamese singer Quynj Anh in 2006, Lavoine wrote this song to her as a
gift. The song talks about the longing of an Overseas Vietnamese for her homeland. The
song received favorable acclaim from Vietnamese communities, both at home and
abroad
Hello Vietnam: hello Vietnam is a translation of the song Bonjour Vietnam from 2008,
with the same meaning. The original song was translated due to its popularity.

Fifth point:
Zilizopendwa: Zilizopendwa is a popular music genre from Kenya that originated in the
1950s. It is a fusion of traditional African music, Congolese rumba, and other influences
from around the world. The genre is characterized by its upbeat rhythms, catchy
melodies, and call-and-response vocals. It is often performed with acoustic instruments
such as guitars, drums, and marimbas. Zilizopendwa is a popular genre in East Africa
and is often used to celebrate special occasions such as weddings and birthdays.

Peter Solo: Peter Solo was born in Togo, left for London for four and a half years, and
now lives in France. He is a vocalist and guitarist for the band Vaudou Game. Vaudou is a
religion that centers around the Vodun spirits that govern the Earth and nature. It was
created in the Dahomey Kingdom. Solo’s mom is a Vaudou priestess while his father is
Catholic. Music is a very important part of Vaudou ceremonies and Vaudou as a whole,
they are intertwined. Solo was curious about music, he learned about music from
abroad and modern music. He was a musician, he played a lot of music growing up. He
plays something he calls “Vaudou funk”, it is a mix between the funk music of the 1970s
and Vaudou trance music, he says that listening to Vaudou is funk. He listened to that
kind of music growing up from Tongonese bands and vinyl. He says that when they play
the music they preach the message of Vaudou, they are trying to say something with
their music. They are trying to say that Vaudou isn't anything negative, that it's peace,
humility, and respect, you can do what you want in Vaudou. He says that you need to
believe in Vaudou to make Vaudou music.
Pas Contente: this is a song by Peter Solo’s band Vaudou Game. It is a Vaudou funk
song inspired by Vaudou songs from the 1970s. I have no idea what they're saying in the
song or the meaning.

Sixth point:
The first ever pop star, Charles Dibdin: Charles Dibdin was an extremely famous
figure, he wrote and composed more than a thousand songs, toured one-man shows
around the country, and opened his own theater in London, he wrote several novels and
his own autobiography. Professor David Chandler insisted that Dibdin was the most
dominant singer-songwriter Britain ever had. Nobody else could combine his
performance skills and his musical talents, his facility for writing lyrics, and his ability to
self-publicize. Dibdin got exploited early in his career by the Drury Lane theater, this and
the fact that he was tricky to work with led him to stage his own one-man shows from
1787. He called his touring performances his “Table Entertainments”, these tours were a
hit. Dibdin would play multiple characters, blending comic storytelling with songs played
on the piano. Many of his songs wouldn't stand up as individual pieces but the narrative
he writes around them is what makes them compelling. His characters are brilliantly
written, and it's all carefully devised so he can play all the parts. But the key to Dibdin's
success was that his characters, stories, and songs had wide appeal, they weren't just
for the upper classes. He made connections with powerful people, and he wrote a book
to the prince, but he believed he could entertain anyone. His audience varied depending
on where he was doing his show. Dibdin’s shows were somewhat of an early form of
stand-up. After the success of his solo shows, he opened his own small theater in
London to host them. Dibdin pioneered merchandise, he would sell his own sheet music
and books at performances. The song sheets featured lyrics and scores for the keyboard
and a kind of flute. He also signed each one which offered audiences a signed memento
and made sure that his tunes were heard more widely. Dibdin's operas were enormously
popular not only in his lifetime but throughout much of the 19th Century. Two of his
most successful operas continued to be performed up to a hundred years afterward, no
other opera had such a long afterlife as those. The 1840s, several decades after Dibdin's
death, proved to be the peak moment for his legacy. As well as his operas still being
staged, there was a flush of interest in his songs, with numerous new editions
published. But then he gradually faded into relative obscurity. There was about 60 years
when a lot of English people would have known a few of Dibdin’s songs. But 80 years
after his death he started to fade. There is so much new stuff that some of the old just
gets replaced.

Seventh point:
Constitutional originalists: originalism is a theory of the interpretation of legal texts,
including the Constitution. Originalists believe that the constitutional text needs to be
given the original meaning of the texts. The original meaning of a constitutional text is
an objective legal construct. It exists outside of the subjective ‘intentions’ of those who
wrote the text thought it would have. It is contrasted to Living Constitutionalists who
think the meaning of the constitutional text changes over time. Living constitutionalists
think racial apartheid could become constitutional again if social attitudes toward race
evolve. Originalists disagree and think race discrimination will always be
unconstitutional unless the Fourteenth Amendment is repealed. For some reason, there
are ten reasons for the constitution in this article so here are them in summary.

The U.S. Constitution as a historical matter was to set up or constitute the institutions
of the national government. The Framers’ decision in 1787 to establish a six-year
electoral cycle with House elections every two years, presidential elections every four
years, and Senate elections every six years, with one-third of the Senate turning over in
two-year intervals, completely shapes our public life to the present day. The six-year
electoral cycle set up by the Constitution serves other purposes as well as slowing down
change. It guarantees that the popular will in the U.S. is sampled not in one election
every five or so years but in multiple elections held every two years over a six-year cycle.
A second obvious purpose of the Constitution is to divide and allocate power in four
different ways. First, the Constitution divides and allocates power between We the
People, who are sovereign, and the government, which is given only limited and
enumerated powers. Second, the Constitution divides power horizontally among the
Congress, the President, and the federal courts. Third, the Constitution divides power
vertically between the national government and the states. And, finally, the Constitution
protects certain individual rights from government intrusion at all levels. A third purpose
served by the Constitution is that it functions as a gag rule: it takes certain subjects off
the table of discussion in ordinary politics. The Framers of the Constitution meant to do
this at the national level when they forbade a national established church, protected the
free exercise of religion, and forbade religious tests for holding office. These three
prohibitions were meant to prevent a repeat of the English civil wars of the seventeenth
century by taking the subject of religion and removing it entirely from ordinary politics.
The Framers’ effort was a complete success. The Framers deliberately designed the
Madisonian system of checks and balances to prevent temporary passions, which might
engulf the body politic, from being legislated immediately into law. This guaranteed that
change would be slow and incremental. The U.S. Constitution has been highly
successful in this respect. A fifth purpose that is served by the Constitution is that it
serves as a framework to promote private ordering because it makes change of all kinds
slow. The net result is that the United States has a very entrenched legal system: It is
not just hard to amend the Constitution; it is also very hard to pass an ordinary law. The
U.S. legal system is thus super-entrenched and that leaves people a lot of room to make
their own choices in terms of economics and personal liberties. The U.S. Constitution
accomplishes these goals of promoting private ordering because it is so hard to pass
laws and even harder to amend the Constitution. A sixth purpose of the Constitution is
one that the Framers could only have hoped for rather than expected: the successful
creation of a real working system of intergenerational lawmaking. Law can create a
freedom or power in people that would not exist if it were not there. Some problems are
just so big that no one generation can or should have to deal with them on its own.
Thus, for example, the U.S. government borrowed a lot of money from future
generations to win World War II and the Cold War. The generations that won those wars
could not have won them without borrowing from the future. And it made sense to
borrow from future generations because those very future citizens would themselves
benefit from winning the wars in question. Constitutional originalism thus acknowledges
that the present has obligations both to the past and to the future. The seventh purpose
of the Constitution is to promote the rule of law and not of individual men or women. It's
a mechanism in which the Sovereign people enforce the constitution over the electoral
cycle to counteract those who commit crimes. The eighth purpose of the Constitution is
to promote democracy. As much as they believed in and talked about checks and
balances, the Framers were determined to set up a democratic system of government.
Everything is an effort to determine what the people really want. The ninth purpose of
the Constitution is to make it easier to find the law by getting it down in writing. The
Framers grew up with the British unwritten constitution, and they obviously thought it
was very important to get constitutional constraints in writing so as to eliminate
uncertainty about the law. The Constitution itself describes its purposes aspirationally
and consequentially in the Preamble. The Framers say the purposes of the Constitution
include forming a more perfect Union, establishing Justice, ensuring domestic
tranquility, providing for the common defense, and securing the Blessings of Liberty to
ourselves and our posterity. The Constitution aspires to promote these ends so as to
produce good consequences

Arturo Toscanini: the article does not work so here is some information about him from
my research. He was an Italian conductor. He was one of the most acclaimed and
influential musicians of the late 19th century. He became famous due to his intensity,
perfectionism, ear for orchestral detail, and ability to recall things from his memory with
high precision. He had many jobs in his life that led him to become a household name as
well as through his radio and television broadcasts and many recordings of his
performances. He is described as “literally a slave to the composer,” because he stuck to
the composer’s intention when he conducted a piece.

Eighth point:
Castle in the Sky: Laputa: Castle in the Sky, released as Castle in the Sky in North
America is a 1986 Japanese animated fantasy adventure film written and directed by
Hayao Miyazaki. It was animated by Studio Ghibli and distributed by Toei company. The
film follows orphans Sheeta and Pazu, who are chased by government agent Muska, the
army, and a group of pirates over Sheeta’s crystal necklace. The crystal leads them to
Laputa, a mythical castle in the sky, and join the pirates on their way to the island before
the army. Laputa turns out to contain a dangerous weapons system, which Sheeta and
Pazu destroy to stop Muska’s destruction, causing Laputa to float into space. Laputa is
the first film to be animated by Studio Ghibli, the studio’s intent was to create original
films without any compromise on quality. The film was partly inspired by Miyazaki’s trips
to Wales, the island of Laputa is used to highlight the theme of environmentalism, a
reflection of Miyazaki’s ecological philosophy. The film was released in Japanese
theatres on August 2, 1986. it performed below expectations but later achieved
commercial success through re-releases, earning 157 million US dollars as of 2021. An
English dub was commissioned in 1988 was distributed in North America, and another
dub was produced by Disney in 1998, and released internationally in 2003. The film was
generally acclaimed by critics, though the 2003 English dub received mixed reviews. It
was well-received by audiences, being voted as one of the greatest animated films of all
time in later years.

Castle in the Sky’s two scores: behind most of Hayao Miyazaki’s films is a soundtrack
by Joe Hisaishi, he has created some of the most memorable Studio Ghibli
compositions. He made the score for Miyazaki's Laputa: Castle in the Sky. the film has a
unique distinction from his other scores, there are two different versions. In 1998 Studio
Ghibli made a deal with Disney, they would sell the American distribution rights of their
entire catalog to Disney, who would produce English dubs of the films and release them
in America. Slight music changes weren't part of the original agreement. the first film
Disney released was kiki’s delivery service, which was released on September 1 1998
straight to video. The video was an instant hit and was a surprise bestseller. On the tape,
the next Ghibli film would be advertised, Castle in the Sky. Disney decided that Castle in
the Sky would be the next release from Studio Ghibli, but the executives took a second
look at Castle in the Sky. They started to think that the film could be a hit at the box
office. There was one problem though, the score, the problem was that, unlike other
Studio Ghibli films, the score was done with a synthesizer. While it was common to use
synthesizers during the period, it was the nineties, and movies were scored with
orchestras. They couldn't put a product out that sounded like it came from the eighties,
so Disney asked Hisaishi to re-record the score for a modern audience. Hisaishi agreed,
and a new score was produced. Disney was happy with the result, but when the
re-recoded scores were finished plans to release Castle in the Sky changed. During the
dubbing process, a film called Princess Mononoke hit Japanese cinemas and Disney
decided to change courses and release that as their first theatrical Ghibli release, which
meant Castle in the Sky was delayed. When Princess Mononoke failed it prompted
Disney to shelve their entire catalog until John Lasseter convinced them to release the
rest of the titles on DVD, including Castle in the Sky on April 15, 2003. The DVD had a
dub that was met with mixed reception, it has gotten praise from fans who love how
much better it sounded. It also received criticism from purists who didn't like the idea of
the music being changed at all. Ultimately the revised score was only available if you
watched the movie in English. Once Studio Ghibli’s brand became stronger in America,
Miyazaki looked at the dubs and had questions about the music. He became more
uncomfortable with the changes being made to it. When the contracts were renewed
many things were changed including the original score for Castle in the Sky being
restored. This means that the 2003 DVD is the only way for Americans to hear the
re-recorded score in the movie.

Ninth point:
Star Wars re-releases: the original 1977 version of the saga is nearly impossible to find,
so fans made it their own. If you want to find the original Star Wars version, you'll find it
difficult. It's impossible to find an official copy of it as it was first released. George Lucas
wants you to see the continuously updated special editions, with added CGI, changed
sound effects, and whole new scenes. According to some fans, every element that
made Star Wars successful has been changed. Some of those fans are taking it upon
themselves to recreate the original Star Wars in a process called despecializing,
reassembling the movie from different versions of the film. From VHS to DVD to 35 mm
print scans using photography and animation software. People who create
despecialized versions of Star Wars go through and correct all kinds of additions and
changes that the special editions added. There are huge lists of inconsistencies in the
edited version online, where fans analyze the films and point out differences. Harmy is a
25-year-old from the Czech Republic who watched the original Star Wars as a kid and
when he first saw the special editions, he actually liked them. But as his liking for Star
Wars grew, so did his desire to see the earliest form of the film. He created his first
despecialized version in 2010 using skills he learned at college. Now he is on version 2.5.
For Harmy, the project is about showing people who haven't seen the original Star Wars
what the film was like when it first became popular. It's not that fans want to ban the
new versions of Star Wars, they simply want to have a choice. Fans aren't the only ones
who want Lucas to release the original. The national film registry still doesn't have a
copy of the 1977 version in the registry. When they asked for a copy, Lucas refused,
saying he would no longer authorize the release of the original version. The Library of
Congress does have a 35mm print of Star Wars, but the registry still needs one. In 1988
George Lucas actually gave a speech before Congress about the importance of
cinematic preservation. When Ted Turner bought studios and released colorized versions
of movies, a group of movie makers came together and argued before Congress that
people had the right to their cultural heritage, in the form of original versions of classic
films. Some argue that Lucas was railing against outsiders being able to alter a director’s
work, not against directors updating their own movie, but who actually owns something
like Star Wars? Lucas addressed that saying that American works belong to the
American republic. When Disney bought LucasFilms in 2012, people started hoping for
the possibility of a truly original version being released in a proper restored quality. But
that day may never come. But fans will hunt for original copies of the film, and recreate
it.

Star Wars on Blu-ray: a 1988 congressional hearing heard that colourising old black
and white films would constitute the “destruction of film heritage. In the future, it will
become easier for old films to become lost and be replaced by new altered films. This
would be a loss to our society”. That speaker was George Lucas. He’d re-release his most
beloved trilogy of work just nine years later. And in the 13 that followed, he wiped away
all evidence that any other versions existed. Lucas announced that the Star Wars saga
would be coming to Blu-ray before the end of 2011. The piece of information that was
missing was that the original trilogy would be presented in the special edition form that
appeared on the 2004 DVD release, rather than the classics from 1977. The 2004 special
edition features all of 1997’s awkward edits and adds even more egregious acts of
self-mutilation. The DVD edition, featured bonus discs holding weak transfers of the
original versions, added just to prolong their humiliation at their creators’s hands. The
Blu-rays won't even feature those. Lucas says that because remastering them for HD is
expensive, he claimed that putting them on the Blu-ray would be an oxymoron.
Alexandre Philippe directed the documentary ‘The People Vs George Lucas’ and believes
Lucas has no intention of letting the original versions exist. Lucas’s position on the
colourisation of films is at odds with his approach to Star Wars. The most repeated line
from those who side with Lucas is that his vision wasn't achievable when the films were
made. Philippe says it's up to the fans to preserve the Star Wars legacy, “I'm counting on
fans to keep them alive, restore them, and make them available”. One truth to come from
Philippe’s documentary is that Star Wars fans will never stop loving the saga, they'll still
be first in the queue for these Blu-rays.
 Nostradamus 0,
Nostalgia 1
these postcards
In the late 19th century, French artist Jean-Marc Côté and others created a
series of picture cards depicting their vision of life in France a century into the
future. These illustrations, never distributed but discovered later by Isaac
Asimov, offer a fascinating glimpse into the artists' predictions about
technology and society in the year 2000. Influenced by the imaginative works
of science fiction writer Jules Verne, whose novels explored the possibilities of
science and technology, the artists envisioned a future filled with technological
marvels.
Many of the predictions made by Côté and his colleagues were surprisingly
accurate. For example, they foresaw advancements in communication
technology, including a machine that transcribes spoken language into print,
similar to modern voice recognition technology. They also envisioned video
calls, similar to contemporary video conferencing software.
Automation and robotics were prominent themes in their predictions. The
artists imagined personal automatons, or robots, taking care of mechanical
tasks in daily life, such as barbering and hairdressing. While we don't yet have
robots capable of all personal needs, advancements in robotics suggest this
may be possible in the future.
The artists also predicted advancements in construction technology, imagining
machines that could construct buildings with minimal human intervention.
While we're not yet at the point of 3D printing entire buildings, the technology
is advancing rapidly.
Some of the predictions, however, were less accurate or feasible. For example,
the artists envisioned books being ground up and fed directly into the ears of
schoolchildren, a concept that is more reminiscent of science fiction than
reality. They also predicted the use of radium in fireplaces to warm houses, a
dangerous and impractical idea.
Overall, the illustrations by Côté and his colleagues are a testament to the
human imagination and our ability to envision a future shaped by
technological advancement. While not all of their predictions have come to
fruition, many of them offer insights into the technological progress we have
made and continue to make today.

from the year 1900

"France in the Year 2000” is a captivating series of paintings created by French
artists, including Jean-Marc Côté, between 1899 and 1910. These artworks
depict imaginative visions of what life might look like in the year 2000.
Originally printed and enclosed in cigarette and cigar boxes for the 1900
World Exhibition in Paris, the images later became popular as postcards.
Many of the artworks in the series showcase mechanized devices and flying
machines, illustrating a futuristic and technologically advanced society.
Interestingly, some of the predictions made in these paintings have striking
similarities to modern-day inventions and innovations. For example, the
artists depicted farming machines that resemble modern agricultural
equipment, as well as a device resembling the iRobot Roomba vacuum, which
is used for automated cleaning.
The series also includes a variety of flying machines and vehicles, such as
helicopters and small winged planes, envisioned for use by cabbies, postmen,
police, firemen, and hunters. While some of these flying machines are more
fantastical, others, like the helicopter, have become a reality.
One of the more whimsical aspects of the series is the artists' depiction of
people interacting closely with marine life. These illustrations show
individuals riding giant seahorses and interacting with whales, reflecting a
fascination with marine environments and possibly influenced by Jules
Verne's "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea."
Overall, "France in the Year 2000" offers a fascinating glimpse into the past's
vision of the future. While some of the predictions may seem outlandish or
far-fetched, others demonstrate a remarkable foresight into the technological
advancements that would shape the 20th and 21st centuries

or do we live in a deeply pessimistic age?

The article "Against Doomerism" by Bryan Walsh discusses the prevalent
pessimism about the future, particularly among young people, citing a major
international poll where a majority agreed that "humanity is doomed." Despite
the chaos and challenges faced today, Walsh argues that this pessimism
overlooks the significant progress humanity has made over the past centuries
and especially in recent decades. He emphasizes the need for a more realistic
and hopeful outlook grounded in facts and realism, which he refers to as
"changeable optimism."
The article is part of The Highlight, created by the Future Perfect team at Vox,
and aims to inspire hope about the future. It features several stories that
highlight reasons for optimism, such as the potential for slowing down
artificial intelligence, the importance of the right kind of climate optimism,
and the need to break the cycle of negativity bias in the media.
One story discusses the benefits of slowing down AI, suggesting that it could be
the best thing for humanity. Another focuses on climate optimism, arguing
that pessimism about climate change leads to a bleak future, while complacent
optimism is also not helpful. The article also explores the reasons behind the
negative bias in the media and suggests ways to get a more balanced view of
the world.
Additionally, the article highlights the Netherlands' hyper-efficient food system
as a triumph and a cautionary tale for feeding Earth's rising population. It also
examines Native American histories, showing that rebuilding is possible and
necessary after catastrophe, using the medicine wheel as an example of
resilience and adaptation.
Overall, the article argues that while there are significant challenges facing
humanity, there are also reasons for hope and optimism about the future,
which should motivate us to work towards a better world.

psychohistory
Psychohistory is a concept in science fiction, popularized by Isaac Asimov in
his "Foundation" series of novels. It is a fictional science that combines history,
sociology, and mathematics to predict the future behavior of large groups of
people. In Asimov's novels, psychohistory is developed by mathematician Hari
Seldon as a way to forecast the future of the Galactic Empire, which
encompasses billions of inhabited planets.
The key premise of psychohistory is that while individual human behavior is
unpredictable, the behavior of large groups of people can be predicted with a
high degree of accuracy using statistical methods. By analyzing historical
trends and patterns, psychohistorians in Asimov's novels are able to predict
the rise and fall of civilizations, crises, and other major events on a galactic
scale.
While psychohistory is a fictional concept, it has inspired real-world
discussions about the potential for using mathematical and statistical methods
to predict large-scale social and historical trends. Asimov's portrayal of
psychohistory raises questions about the nature of history, the predictability of
human behavior, and the limits of scientific knowledge.
NOTE:
Psychohistory is an amalgam of psychology, history, and related social
sciences and the humanities.

Steampunk
Steampunk is a subgenre of science fiction and fantasy that incorporates
technology and aesthetic designs inspired by 19th-century industrial
steam-powered machinery. The genre often features an alternate history
setting where steam power remains prevalent and is used to create elaborate
and fantastical inventions, often with a Victorian or Edwardian-era aesthetic.
Steampunk stories often explore themes of adventure, exploration, and the
clash between tradition and innovation. They may include elements of
mystery, romance, and the supernatural, all set against a backdrop of intricate
and imaginative steam-powered technology. Airships, clockwork gadgets, and
elaborate steam-powered contraptions are common features of steampunk
fiction, adding to its unique and visually striking appeal.
Steampunk has its roots in 19th-century science fiction and the works of
authors such as Jules Verne and H.G. Wells, whose stories often featured
fantastical machines and futuristic technologies powered by steam. The term
"steampunk" was coined in the late 1980s and has since grown into a popular
and diverse genre, encompassing literature, art, fashion, and even music.
One of the key appeals of steampunk is its blend of history and fantasy,
offering a nostalgic look at the past while also imagining a future that never
was. It allows creators to explore themes of innovation, progress, and the
human spirit of adventure, all within a visually rich and immersive world that
captures the imagination.
Cyberpunk
Cyberpunk is a subgenre of science fiction that emerged in the early 1980s and
is characterized by its focus on high-tech, futuristic settings, often featuring a
gritty, dystopian world where advanced technology coexists with a breakdown
of societal norms. The genre is heavily influenced by film noir and often
explores themes of technology, artificial intelligence, and the impact of
corporate power on society.
In cyberpunk stories, protagonists are typically outsiders or rebels who
navigate a world dominated by powerful corporations, advanced cybernetic
enhancements, and virtual reality. The genre often delves into questions of
identity, freedom, and the nature of reality in a world where technology has
blurred the lines between humans and machines.
One of the defining features of cyberpunk is its distinctive visual style,
characterized by neon lights, rain-soaked streets, and a mix of high-tech and
low-life elements. This visual aesthetic has had a significant influence on
popular culture, inspiring films, video games, and fashion trends.
Cyberpunk literature often features complex plots, moral ambiguity, and a
sense of existential dread, reflecting the darker aspects of a
hyper-technological future. Authors such as William Gibson, Neal Stephenson,
and Philip K. Dick are among the most prominent figures in the genre, known
for their groundbreaking works that have helped define the cyberpunk
aesthetic and ethos.
Overall, cyberpunk is a genre that explores the impact of technology on society
and the human condition, offering a thought-provoking and often unsettling
vision of the future. Its themes of corporate greed, surveillance, and the
erosion of privacy continue to resonate in an increasingly digital and
interconnected world.

The Metaverse
The Metaverse is a term used to describe a collective virtual shared space,
typically created by the convergence of physical reality and virtual reality,
augmented reality, or other forms of immersive technology. It is envisioned as
a digital universe that exists parallel to the physical world, where users can
interact with each other and digital objects in real-time, regardless of their
physical location.
The concept of the metaverse has been popularized by science fiction,
particularly Neal Stephenson's novel "Snow Crash" and the "Ready Player One"
novel and film, which depict immersive virtual worlds where people can live,
work, and play. In these fictional worlds, users can create their own avatars,
socialize with others, and engage in a wide range of activities, from
entertainment to education to commerce.
In recent years, advances in technology, such as virtual reality headsets,
augmented reality devices, and blockchain technology, have brought the
concept of the metaverse closer to reality. Companies like Facebook (now
Meta), Microsoft, and Epic Games are investing heavily in the development of
immersive digital platforms that could serve as the foundation for a
metaverse-like experience.
The potential applications of the metaverse are vast and varied. It could
revolutionize industries such as gaming, entertainment, education, and
commerce, offering new ways for people to connect, collaborate, and
experience the world around them. However, the concept also raises
important questions about privacy, security, and the impact of immersive
technologies on society.
Overall, the metaverse represents an exciting vision of the future, where the
boundaries between the physical and digital worlds blur, opening up new
possibilities for human interaction and creativity.

Rocket mail
Rocket mail, also known as rocket post, is a method of sending mail using
rockets. The concept was first proposed in the early 20th century as a way to
deliver mail more quickly and efficiently, particularly in remote or
inaccessible areas. The idea was to attach mail to a rocket, which would then
be launched into the air and flown to its destination.
One of the most famous experiments in rocket mail was conducted by the
Austrian inventor Friedrich Schmiedl in 1931. Schmiedl successfully launched
a rocket containing mail from the town of Schöckl in Austria to the nearby
town of St. Radegund, a distance of about 1.5 kilometers. The experiment was
hailed as a success, and Schmiedl's rocket mail service was briefly used to
deliver mail in other parts of Austria.
Despite the initial enthusiasm for rocket mail, the method ultimately proved to
be impractical and expensive. The rockets were difficult to control and often
crashed, leading to damage or loss of the mail. Additionally, the cost of
launching rockets was far higher than traditional methods of mail delivery.
Today, rocket mail is largely viewed as a curiosity and a historical footnote.
While the concept of using rockets for mail delivery captured the imagination
of inventors and the public alike, it was ultimately superseded by more
practical and cost-effective methods of transportation, such as airplanes and
drones.

flying car
The concept of a flying car, also known as a roadable aircraft or a personal air
vehicle (PAV), has been a longstanding vision of the future, popularized in
science fiction and media. A flying car is essentially a vehicle that can travel
both on roads and in the air, offering the convenience of door-to-door travel
without the need for runways or airports.
While the idea of a flying car has captured the imagination of inventors and
enthusiasts for decades, the development of a practical and commercially
viable flying car has proven to be a significant challenge. There have been
various attempts to create flying cars over the years, but many of these efforts
have been hampered by technical, regulatory, and practical considerations.
Some of the key challenges in developing a flying car include:
​ Safety: Ensuring the safety of flying cars, both in the air and on the
ground, is paramount. Issues such as crashworthiness, stability, and
collision avoidance are critical considerations.
​ Regulation: Flying cars would need to comply with a complex set of
regulations governing both air and road travel. This includes
certification requirements, air traffic control, and licensing.
​ Infrastructure: The development of a flying car ecosystem would
require significant infrastructure investment, including landing pads,
air traffic management systems, and maintenance facilities.
​ Cost: Flying cars would need to be affordable for the average consumer,
which may be challenging given the complexity of the technology and
the relatively small market size.
Despite these challenges, there has been renewed interest in flying cars in
recent years, fueled by advances in technology such as electric propulsion,
autonomous navigation, and lightweight materials. Companies like Uber,
Airbus, and Terrafugia have been working on prototypes and concepts for
flying cars, aiming to revolutionize personal transportation in the future.
While the vision of a flying car remains tantalizing, it is likely to be some time
before we see flying cars become a common sight in our skies and on our
roads. However, ongoing research and development efforts continue to bring
us closer to realizing this futuristic vision.

Hyperloop
Hyperloop is a proposed mode of passenger and freight transportation that
would propel a pod-like vehicle through a near-vacuum tube at speeds
reaching over 700 mph (1100 km/h). The concept was first proposed by Elon
Musk in 2013 and has since been developed and studied by several companies
and organizations around the world.
The hyperloop system consists of a sealed tube or system of tubes with low air
pressure, through which a pod-like vehicle travels. The vehicle is propelled
using a combination of magnetic levitation and linear induction motors,
similar to the technology used in maglev trains. This allows the vehicle to
travel at high speeds with minimal air resistance.
One of the key advantages of the hyperloop concept is its potential for
high-speed travel over long distances with minimal energy consumption.
Proponents of hyperloop argue that it could revolutionize transportation,
providing a faster, more energy-efficient alternative to cars, trains, and
airplanes for certain routes.
Several companies, including Virgin Hyperloop and Hyperloop Transportation
Technologies (HTT), are actively developing hyperloop technology and have
conducted test runs with prototype vehicles. While there are still many
technical, regulatory, and logistical challenges to overcome, the hyperloop
concept has generated significant interest and investment as a potentially
transformative mode of transportation for the future.

Supersonic transport
Supersonic transport refers to the ability to travel at speeds greater than the
speed of sound, which is approximately 343 meters per second (1235
kilometers per hour or 767 miles per hour) at sea level. Supersonic travel is
achieved using aircraft capable of sustained supersonic speeds, typically
around Mach 1 to Mach 2 (twice the speed of sound).
One of the most iconic supersonic passenger aircraft was the Concorde, a
turbojet-powered airliner that operated from 1976 to 2003. The Concorde
could travel at speeds of up to Mach 2.04 (around 1350 mph or 2170 km/h) and
could cross the Atlantic Ocean in about three hours, significantly faster than
subsonic commercial airliners.
The Concorde was renowned for its speed and luxury but was also expensive
to operate and maintain. It was retired in 2003 due to a combination of factors,
including high operating costs, limited routes, and decreased demand
following the 9/11 terrorist attacks.
Since the retirement of the Concorde, there have been various efforts to
develop new supersonic passenger aircraft. Companies like Boom Supersonic
and Aerion Supersonic are working on supersonic jets that aim to be more
efficient, quieter, and more environmentally friendly than the Concorde.
Supersonic transport offers the potential to significantly reduce travel times
for long-distance journeys, making it an attractive option for business
travelers and those seeking faster travel. However, there are challenges to
overcome, including noise pollution, environmental concerns, and regulatory
hurdles. Despite these challenges, the dream of supersonic travel continues to
captivate and inspire innovators in the aerospace industry.

Nuclear propulsion
Nuclear propulsion refers to the use of nuclear reactions to propel a vehicle,
typically a spacecraft or a submarine, at high speeds. Nuclear propulsion
offers several advantages over conventional propulsion methods, including
higher thrust and efficiency, which can enable faster travel and longer mission
durations.
In the context of spacecraft, nuclear propulsion can be achieved through
nuclear thermal propulsion (NTP) or nuclear electric propulsion (NEP). NTP
uses a nuclear reactor to heat a propellant, such as hydrogen, which is then
expelled through a nozzle to produce thrust. NEP, on the other hand, uses a
nuclear reactor to generate electricity, which is used to power electric
thrusters.
One of the main advantages of nuclear propulsion for spacecraft is its high
specific impulse, which is a measure of the efficiency of a propulsion system.
This allows spacecraft to achieve higher speeds and travel greater distances
than would be possible with chemical propulsion systems.
In the context of submarines, nuclear propulsion typically refers to nuclear
reactors that generate steam to power turbines, which in turn drive the
submarine's propellers. Nuclear-powered submarines have the advantage of
being able to operate for long periods without the need to refuel, allowing
them to stay submerged for extended missions.
Despite its advantages, nuclear propulsion also poses several challenges,
including safety concerns related to the handling of nuclear materials, the
potential for nuclear accidents, and the disposal of nuclear waste. These
challenges have limited the widespread adoption of nuclear propulsion for
spacecraft and other applications, but ongoing research and development
efforts continue to explore the potential of nuclear propulsion for future space
exploration and transportation.

Tomorrowland (at first i thought it was the edm rave type of thing, but i think
its something different i don’t think its the raze thing because it is meant to be
about future thing so yea)

Tomorrowland the EDM (‫)בשביל תומר‬

Tomorrowland is a music festival that originated in Belgium and has since
expanded to other locations around the world. The festival is known for its
electronic dance music (EDM) lineup, immersive stage designs, and vibrant
atmosphere, attracting thousands of music fans from across the globe.
The first Tomorrowland festival was held in 2005 in Boom, Belgium, and has
since become one of the most popular and iconic music festivals in the world.
The festival is known for its elaborate stage designs, which often feature
innovative technology, stunning visuals, and intricate decorations that create a
magical and immersive environment for festival-goers.
Tomorrowland has also become synonymous with its lineup of
world-renowned DJs and electronic music artists, who perform across multiple
stages over the course of the festival. The festival showcases a wide range of
electronic music genres, including house, techno, trance, and dubstep, catering
to a diverse audience of music fans.
In addition to its music lineup, Tomorrowland also offers a range of other
attractions and activities for festival-goers to enjoy, including art installations,
food vendors, and interactive experiences. The festival's commitment to
creating a unique and unforgettable experience for its attendees has helped it
become one of the most anticipated and talked-about events in the music
industry.
Due to its popularity, Tomorrowland has expanded to other locations,
including TomorrowWorld in the United States and Tomorrowland Winter in
France. The festival continues to attract music fans from around the world,
cementing its reputation as a must-visit event for EDM enthusiasts.

Tomorrowland Disney thing

The Walt Disney Family Museum announced an exhibition titled
"Tomorrowland: Walt’s Vision for Today," curated by Brad Bird, showcasing
Walt Disney as a technological innovator, science fiction storyteller, and
futurologist. The exhibition focuses on Walt Disney's vision of Disneyland's
Tomorrowland and its revolutionary 1967 rebuild. It features animated
sequences, musical compositions, sound bites, graphics, audiovisuals, vintage
posters, and more, immersing visitors in Walt's hopes and vision for the future
as reflected in Tomorrowland.
Walt Disney envisioned Disneyland as a small world in itself, embodying the
essence of America with nostalgia for the past and glimpses into the future.
While Main Street, U.S.A., Fantasyland, Adventureland, and Frontierland drew
from historical content and previous projects, Tomorrowland required
imagining and creating from scratch. To achieve this, Walt collaborated with
animator Ward Kimball and rocket scientist Wernher von Braun to create the
"Man in Space" series, educating and entertaining the public about space
exploration.
When Disneyland opened in 1955, Tomorrowland symbolized man's
achievements and offered predictions of constructive things to come,
including the Atomic Age, outer space challenges, and the hope for a peaceful
world. As technology progressed, Tomorrowland needed updates to stay
relevant. Walt used the 1964 New York World's Fair to broaden his vision and
test new advancements, leading to attractions like Ford's Magic Skyway and
the Carousel of Progress.
Following the fair's success, Walt focused on the Florida Project, including the
Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow (Epcot), a prototype
community to test upcoming technology and progressive communications.
Walt believed Disneyland should always evolve, stating, "Disneyland is
something that will never be finished."
After Walt's passing, the new Tomorrowland opened in 1967, remaining a
constant theme in Disney Parks & Resorts. "Tomorrowland: Walt’s Vision for
Today" is a testament to Walt Disney's innovative spirit and his belief in a
great, big, beautiful tomorrow.
Museum of the Future
The Museum of the Future is a unique institution in Dubai, United Arab
Emirates, dedicated to exploring and showcasing innovative ideas and
technologies that are shaping the future. It aims to be a hub for innovation and
a platform for exploring and discussing the challenges and opportunities of
the future.
The Museum of the Future is housed in a striking, futuristic building located in
Dubai's financial district. The building itself is an architectural marvel,
featuring a dynamic and futuristic design that reflects the museum's
forward-looking vision.
Inside, the museum features a range of interactive exhibits, immersive
experiences, and educational programs that explore a wide range of topics,
including artificial intelligence, robotics, sustainable living, and future cities.
The museum also hosts events, workshops, and conferences that bring
together experts, innovators, and thought leaders to discuss and debate the
future of technology and society.
One of the key goals of the Museum of the Future is to inspire and empower
visitors to think creatively and critically about the future. By showcasing
cutting-edge technologies and innovative ideas, the museum seeks to stimulate
curiosity, spark imagination, and encourage visitors to envision and create a
better future for themselves and future generations.
Overall, the Museum of the Future serves as a beacon of innovation and a
testament to the potential of human creativity and ingenuity. It is a place
where visitors can explore the possibilities of tomorrow and be inspired to
shape the future in positive and meaningful ways.

“World of Tomorrow” (1939)

The "World of Tomorrow" exhibition took place at the 1939 New York World's
Fair and was a showcase of futuristic ideas, innovations, and technologies
envisioned for the future. The fair was held at Flushing Meadows-Corona Park
in Queens, New York, and attracted millions of visitors from around the world.
The "World of Tomorrow" exhibition was a celebration of human progress and
ingenuity, featuring displays and exhibits that showcased the latest
advancements in science, technology, and culture. The fairgrounds were
divided into different zones, each highlighting a different aspect of the future,
including transportation, communication, and everyday living.
One of the most iconic exhibits at the fair was the General Motors "Futurama"
exhibit, which featured a large-scale model of a futuristic city connected by a
network of superhighways. The exhibit was designed to showcase the
potential of the automobile and the possibilities of urban planning in the
future.
Other notable exhibits at the fair included the Westinghouse exhibit, which
featured demonstrations of new electrical appliances and technologies, and
the RCA exhibit, which showcased the latest advancements in radio and
television.
The "World of Tomorrow" exhibition captured the public's imagination and
sparked a sense of optimism about the future. It was a time when the world
was on the brink of World War II, and the fair offered a glimpse of hope and
possibility in the face of uncertainty. The fair's theme of progress and
innovation resonated with visitors and left a lasting impact on popular
culture, inspiring generations of inventors, designers, and dreamers to
imagine and create a better future.

Boeing Future of Flight

The Boeing Future of Flight is an aviation museum and education center
located in Mukilteo, Washington, near the Boeing Everett Factory where
Boeing 747, 767, 777, and 787 aircraft are assembled. The museum offers a
range of exhibits and experiences that showcase Boeing's history, innovations,
and future developments in aviation.
One of the main attractions at the Boeing Future of Flight is the Boeing Factory
Tour, which takes visitors on a behind-the-scenes look at the assembly of
Boeing commercial airplanes. The tour includes a visit to the largest building
in the world by volume, where visitors can see aircraft being assembled from
start to finish.
In addition to the factory tour, the Boeing Future of Flight features interactive
exhibits, displays, and artifacts that highlight Boeing's contributions to
aviation over the years. Visitors can learn about the history of Boeing, the
science of flight, and the future of aviation through hands-on activities and
educational programs.
The museum also offers a range of educational programs for students and
teachers, including STEM (science, technology, engineering, and math)
workshops and tours designed to inspire the next generation of aerospace
professionals.
Overall, the Boeing Future of Flight is a must-visit destination for aviation
enthusiasts and anyone interested in learning about the past, present, and
future of aviation. The museum offers a unique and immersive experience
that showcases Boeing's legacy of innovation and its ongoing commitment to
shaping the future of flight.

Farming for the Future

Farming for the Future in Canada encompasses a range of practices and
initiatives aimed at promoting sustainable and environmentally friendly
agriculture. Canada's agricultural sector plays a significant role in the
country's economy, and there is a growing recognition of the need to adopt
practices that ensure the long-term viability of agriculture while minimizing
its impact on the environment.
One key aspect of farming for the future in Canada is the adoption of
sustainable farming practices. This includes practices such as conservation
tillage, crop rotation, and the use of cover crops to improve soil health and
reduce erosion. These practices not only help to protect the environment but
also contribute to the long-term productivity and profitability of farms.
Another important aspect of farming for the future in Canada is the use of
technology and innovation to improve efficiency and reduce environmental
impact. This includes the use of precision agriculture techniques, such as
GPS-guided tractors and drones, to optimize crop yields and reduce inputs
such as water and fertilizer.
Canada is also investing in research and development to develop new and
innovative agricultural practices and technologies. This includes research into
climate-resilient crops, alternative energy sources for farming operations, and
methods for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture.
Overall, farming for the future in Canada is about finding ways to feed a
growing population while protecting the environment and ensuring the
long-term sustainability of agriculture. It involves a combination of
sustainable farming practices, technological innovation, and research and
development to create a more resilient and environmentally friendly
agricultural sector.

Crystal Palace (once again i am not sure if it’s meant to be about the football
club or some random park in london)

Crystal Palace Park

Crystal Palace Park is a historic park located in the London Borough of
Bromley, England. It is famous for its association with the Crystal Palace, a
large glass and iron structure that housed the Great Exhibition of 1851 in Hyde
Park, London. After the exhibition, the Crystal Palace was moved to Sydenham
Hill and reconstructed in the park, where it stood until it was destroyed by fire
in 1936.
Today, Crystal Palace Park is a popular recreational space that covers
approximately 80 hectares and features a variety of attractions and facilities.
One of the park's most notable features is the Crystal Palace Dinosaurs, a
series of sculptures of extinct animals and dinosaurs that were unveiled in
1854 and are considered to be the first dinosaur sculptures in the world.
The park also includes a children's farm, a maze, a playground, and a sports
center. The National Sports Center, located within the park, includes a
swimming pool, a gymnasium, and outdoor sports facilities.
Crystal Palace Park is known for its diverse range of habitats, including
woodlands, grasslands, and lakes, which provide a home to a variety of
wildlife. The park is a popular destination for birdwatching and nature walks.
Throughout its history, Crystal Palace Park has been a focal point for cultural
and recreational activities in South London. It continues to attract visitors
from across the city and beyond, who come to enjoy its open spaces, historic
features, and recreational facilities.

American National Exhibition (Moscow, 1959)

The American National Exhibition was a cultural exchange program between
the United States and the Soviet Union, held in Moscow in 1959. The exhibition
was intended to showcase American culture, technology, and way of life to the
Soviet people, with the goal of promoting understanding and goodwill
between the two countries during the Cold War.
The American National Exhibition featured a wide range of exhibits and
displays that highlighted various aspects of American life, including consumer
goods, fashion, art, and technology. One of the most iconic exhibits at the
exhibition was the "kitchen debate" between then-Vice President Richard
Nixon and Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev, which took place in a model
American kitchen set up at the exhibition. The debate, which was televised
around the world, became a symbol of the ideological and cultural differences
between the two superpowers.
The exhibition also featured displays of American cars, fashion shows, and
performances by American musicians and dancers. The goal of these exhibits
was to showcase the diversity and vibrancy of American culture and to
counter Soviet propaganda that portrayed the United States as a decadent and
corrupt society.
Overall, the American National Exhibition was seen as a success in promoting
cultural exchange between the United States and the Soviet Union. It helped to
humanize the image of America in the eyes of the Soviet people and paved the
way for future cultural exchanges between the two countries.

TARDIS
TARDIS stands for Time and Relative Dimension in Space. It is a fictional time
machine and spacecraft in the British science fiction television series Doctor
Who. The TARDIS is a blue, British police box that appears much larger on the
inside than it does on the outside, due to its time-traveling capabilities and its
use of "dimensional transcendentalism." The Doctor, the main character of the
series, uses the TARDIS to travel through time and space, often with
companions, to explore new worlds, solve mysteries, and battle villains.

airplane restaurants
The article discusses the concept of airplane restaurants, highlighting eight
unique establishments around the world that have converted disused planes
into dining spaces. These restaurants offer a fun and quirky experience for
visitors, turning the airplane itself into the destination.
El Avión, Manuel Antonio, Costa Rica: Located in a Costa Rican jungle, El Avión
is a restaurant and bar housed inside a converted Fairchild C-123 Provider. The
plane, one of a pair involved in the Iran-Contra arms scandal, offers a unique
dining experience with a historical background.
La Tante DC10, Accra, Ghana: La Tante DC10 is a restaurant in Accra, Ghana,
housed in a retired McDonnell Douglas DC-10 that used to operate for Ghana
Airways. The restaurant serves Ghanaian dishes and offers a nostalgic
experience for aviation enthusiasts.
Hawai Adda, Ludhiana, India: Hawai Adda in Ludhiana, India, is a restaurant
created from a retired Airbus A320. It features luxurious interiors and offers a
range of international cuisine, with a focus on vegetarian dishes.
Steaks on a Plane, Bolton, United Kingdom: Steaks on a Plane is a restaurant in
Bolton, UK, located inside the front end of a Boeing 737. The restaurant offers a
unique dining experience with a British takeaway twist, including ordering
from a hatch in the fuselage.
Runway 1, Haryana, India: Runway 1 is an airplane restaurant in Haryana,
India, inspired by the success of Hawai Adda. It features a novelty concept
with a boarding pass requirement and a 3D flight simulation game in the
cockpit.
The Airplane Restaurant, Colorado Springs, USA: The Airplane Restaurant in
Colorado Springs is housed in a 1953 Boeing KC-97 tanker. It offers a glimpse
into aviation history while serving seafood and sandwiches to its diners.
McDonald’s, Taupō, New Zealand: A unique McDonald's restaurant in Taupō,
New Zealand, is located inside a decommissioned Douglas DC-3 airplane. The
plane has been remodeled to accommodate diners, offering a distinctive
dining experience.
Space Shuttle Cafe, New York, USA: The Space Shuttle Café in New York is not
actually a space shuttle but a collection of Douglas DC3 parts turned into a
food truck. While it has changed owners several times, it currently remains
unsold with an asking price of $230,000.
These airplane restaurants offer a creative and memorable dining experience,
allowing visitors to enjoy a meal while experiencing a piece of aviation history.

entire communities
Solvang, a Danish-inspired village in the Santa Ynez Valley, offers a
picturesque and unique experience for visitors. Known for its fresh-cut
flowers, warm pastries, and gingerbread architecture, the town has a
charming atmosphere that is enhanced by its exceptionally friendly people.
One of the highlights of Solvang is its wine culture, which was boosted by the
popularity of the 2004 film Sideways. The town is located in the heart of the
Santa Barbara wine country, making it an ideal destination for wine lovers.
Visitors can explore more than a dozen tasting rooms in downtown Solvang or
opt for a guided wine tour to discover the region's exceptional wines.
In addition to wine, Solvang offers a range of activities and attractions. Visitors
can take a leisurely ride on the Solvang Trolley, a horse-drawn streetcar, to
explore the downtown area. The town also boasts several museums, including
the Hans Christian Andersen Museum and the Elverhoj Museum of History &
Art, which offer insights into Solvang's Danish heritage and history.
For a taste of traditional Danish cuisine, visitors can indulge in the town's
famous bakeries, which offer a variety of fresh pastries and treats. Other
dining options include Pea Soup Andersen's, a local landmark known for its
family recipe pea soup.
Solvang also hosts a variety of cultural events throughout the year, including
Danish Days in September, which celebrates the town's heritage with food,
music, and Viking reenactments. The town's Julefest celebration in December
features candlelit tours, a tree-lighting ceremony, and a festive parade.
Accommodation options in Solvang range from luxury dude ranches like Alisal
Guest Ranch to boutique hotels like The Landsby and Hotel Ynez, offering
visitors a range of choices for their stay.
Overall, Solvang offers a unique blend of Danish charm, wine country beauty,
and cultural experiences, making it a memorable destination for visitors of all
interests.

Like the Mennonites in Belize

The article discusses the secluded Mennonite communities in Belize,
highlighting their traditional way of life and their unique position within
modern society. These Mennonite communities, numbering around 12,000 in
Belize, are known for their conservative beliefs and lifestyle, which includes
shunning modern technology like electricity in some cases.
Dating back to 16th-century Europe, Mennonites have moved around the
world in search of isolated farmland and to escape persecution or integration
into wider society. In Belize, Mennonites arrived in the late 1950s, following an
agreement with the Belizean government that offered them land, religious
freedom, and exemption from certain taxes and military service.
Photographer Jake Michaels documented the lives of these Mennonite
communities in Belize, focusing on three colonies: Indian Creek, Shipyard, and
Little Belize. Despite their initial aversion to outsiders, Michaels found the
communities to be surprisingly hospitable, allowing him to capture intimate
moments of their daily lives.
The photographs depict scenes of a bygone era, with families living without
modern technology and relying on horse-drawn carriages for transportation.
However, Michaels also portrays the economic realities of Mennonite life,
showing them engaged in commercial agriculture and working in
papaya-packing factories.
While the communities still maintain a traditional way of life, Michaels also
highlights the intersection of their world with modernity. Some Mennonites
have adopted electronic gadgets like cellphones and cameras, adding a
contrast of old and new to the photographs.
Overall, Michaels' work offers a nuanced view of Mennonite life in Belize,
showing both the simplicity and challenges of their existence, as well as the
ways in which their communities are evolving in a modern world.

and a high school club in Brooklyn

The article discusses the rise of a movement known as neo-Luddism or
modern Luddism, where individuals are choosing to reject or limit their use of
technology and social media. This movement is gaining ground, especially
among younger generations, who are increasingly turning away from the
ultra-connected, digital society.
The term "neo-Luddism" is derived from the historical Luddite movement,
which originated in the late 18th century when English workers, led by Ned
Ludd, protested against the use of weaving machines. The modern
neo-Luddites are not only concerned about the impact of technology on work
but also on broader issues such as the environment, surveillance, and
capitalism.
Despite the widespread use of smartphones and social media, there is a
growing number of people who want to free themselves from these
technologies. For example, a group of high school students in Brooklyn known
as the "Luddite Club" has decided to abandon smartphones and social
networks, citing benefits such as improved self-esteem and reduced anxiety.
The movement is not limited to the United States; in France, for instance, there
is a similar trend of people rejecting the ultra-connected lifestyle. According to
a study by the Heaven agency, a significant percentage of 11-12-year-olds
regularly use social applications, highlighting the pervasive nature of
technology in society.
However, there is a growing awareness among young people about the
negative effects of social media, with many choosing to limit or stop their use
of these platforms. A study by American marketing firm Hill Holliday found
that half of Generation Z respondents had stopped or were considering
stopping the use of at least one social media platform.
In response to these concerns, movements like "Log Off" have emerged,
aiming to provide a space for conversation about the harmful effects of social
media and how to use them more responsibly. Overall, the rise of neo-Luddism
reflects a broader societal shift towards questioning the impact of technology
on our lives and seeking alternative ways of living in the digital age.

recent workarounds
The article discusses the use of digital technologies among the Amish
community, highlighting their unique approach to integrating these tools into
their lives while preserving their traditional values. While some scholars and
members of the community express concerns about the potential negative
impacts of technology, such as social media and internet use, others, like
communication scholar Lindsay Ems, argue that the Amish are successfully
navigating this challenge.
Ems, in her book "Virtually Amish: Preserving Community at the Internet's
Margins," explores how the Amish are using digital technologies without being
consumed by them. She suggests that through their communal religious
commitments, the Amish have created an "ideological space" that allows them
to use technology in a way that aligns with their values.
One key aspect of the Amish approach is the concept of creating workarounds
to limit the effects of technology. For example, while Amish ministers may
preach against cell phones and the internet, they often do not actively prevent
their members from using them, especially when it comes to business needs.
Amish entrepreneurs also find ways to make their internet use less intrusive,
such as using dumbed-down computers or smartphones in out-of-the-way
places.
Ems argues that these workarounds allow the Amish to benefit from the global
economy while avoiding becoming "pawns in the digital capitalists' ruthless
game." However, she also acknowledges the challenges posed by smartphones,
which are easier to hide than other banned items like cars. Despite these
challenges, Ems believes that the Amish will ultimately find a way to integrate
technology into their lives without compromising their values.
Overall, the article suggests that the Amish approach to technology reflects a
broader trend of people seeking to balance the benefits of digital connectivity
with the need to maintain a sense of community and cultural identity.

its issues
The 1950s in the United States were a decade of significant social, economic,
and political change. The post-World War II boom brought about a period of
economic prosperity, with the country experiencing a doubling of the gross
national product and a rise in consumer goods availability. This era also saw
the beginning of the "baby boom," with millions of babies born each year,
leading to a significant demographic shift known as the baby boomer
generation.
One of the key features of the 1950s was the rise of suburbia, fueled by
affordable housing and the G.I. Bill, which provided low-cost mortgages to
returning soldiers. Suburban developments, like William Levitt's "Levittowns,"
became symbols of the American Dream, offering young families a chance to
own a home with a backyard and open floor plans.
However, the 1950s were also marked by social conflict, particularly in terms
of civil rights and the Cold War. The civil rights movement gained momentum,
with landmark cases like Brown v. Board of Education challenging segregation
and sparking resistance in the South. African Americans, along with other
marginalized groups, forces in North Korea. Domestically, the fear of
communism led to the began to speak out against inequality and injustice,
setting the stage for the civil rights activism of the 1960s.
The Cold War tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union also
shaped the 1950s. The Korean War, which began in 1950, saw American forces
engaged in a "police action" against communist fRed Scare, with thousands of
Americans losing their jobs and facing social ostracism due to accusations of
communist sympathies.
Despite these conflicts, the 1950s also saw the emergence of popular culture
phenomena that would shape the decades to come. Television became a staple
in American homes, with shows like "I Love Lucy" and "The Honeymooners"
dominating the airwaves. In music, the rise of rock 'n' roll brought artists like
Elvis Presley and Chuck Berry to the forefront, revolutionizing the music
industry and targeting a youth audience for the first time.
Overall, the 1950s were a complex and transformative decade in American
history, characterized by both prosperity and conflict, setting the stage for the
social and cultural changes of the 1960s.

“Black Belt” | Archibald Motley (1934)

Archibald Motley's painting "Black Belt," created in 1934, is a significant piece
in his series depicting Chicago's Bronzeville neighborhood, a historically black
area. Motley aimed to capture the essence of the black experience by focusing
on the people of color in his work, portraying them truthfully yet sometimes
humorously. "Black Belt" is a vibrant and dynamic representation of urban
black life, showcasing a variety of characters from different social and
economic backgrounds.
The composition of the painting is rich and layered, with a mix of shapes and
gestures that convey the diversity of the community. There are images of a
policeman, a newsboy, fashionable women and men, and a woman carrying
groceries, among others. Motley pays particular attention to capturing the play
of light at twilight, using varying hues and intensities to represent the moon,
streetlights, and glowing windows.
Despite its acclaim, "Black Belt" faced criticism from some white scholars and
critics who found its bright colors to be lurid and grotesque. However,
African-American critic Alain Locke praised the painting for its depiction of
black culture and its democratic approach to art, showcasing the full range of
American experience.
"Black Belt" is seen as defying easy classification, with critics struggling to
place it within a single genre. Some have compared its humor to Rabelais,
while others see influences from artists like Henri Toulouse-Lautrec and the
Ashcan School. Today, the painting is housed at Hampton University Art
Gallery, highlighting its significance in the history of black art and its
continued relevance in contemporary art discourse.
Family Home – Suburban Exterior | Howard Arkley (1993
"Family Home – Suburban Exterior" by Howard Arkley is a vivid and striking
representation of the Australian suburban landscape. Painted in Arkley's
signature style, characterized by bright, almost fluorescent colors and
meticulous attention to detail, the work offers a hyper realistic portrayal of a
typical suburban house.
The painting captures the essence of suburban life in Australia, with its focus
on the family home as the central hub of domestic life. The house is depicted
with meticulous precision, from the carefully manicured lawn to the neatly
trimmed hedge and the ornamental trees in the front yard. The use of vibrant
colors, including blues, greens, and pinks, gives the scene a sense of
heightened reality, almost as if the house is glowing from within.
Arkley's choice of subject matter reflects his interest in the mundane and
everyday aspects of suburban life. By elevating these ordinary scenes to the
level of high art, Arkley challenges the viewer to reconsider their perceptions
of the suburban landscape and to find beauty and interest in the seemingly
mundane.
"Family Home – Suburban Exterior" is also notable for its exploration of the
concept of home and the role it plays in shaping our sense of identity and
belonging. The house is not just a physical structure but a symbol of family,
community, and tradition. By presenting the suburban home in such a vibrant
and arresting manner, Arkley invites the viewer to reflect on the significance
of the family home in their own lives and in the broader cultural landscape.

Master Plan | Chad Wright

Created by Chad Wright and captured by Lynn Kloythanomsup in 2011, this
image depicts many mini-sized houses made of sand on a shore. The
description of this work revolves around the artist’s background.
Chad was raised in Orange County, a suburb of Southern California. They lived
in a tract house, a symbol of the American dream. His dad, being a realtor and
his mom, a preschool teacher supposedly met while working in JCPenny in
1970. They spent their summers in Breezy point in a yellow bungalow bought
by his grandma Stella with war bonds. He reminisces about the time where he
and his bigger brother would build cities in the sand below the Bungalow’s
floorboards.
In the series titled “Master Plan”, the first phase involves imitating American
Suburbs with sand castles. The series takes inspiration from the days in his
childhood, investigating suburbia. The given part in the article, Phase One,
focuses on the mass produced tract house, criticizing it and re-analyzing it as
a model for the American Dream.
“Little Boxes” | Malvina Reynolds (1962)
"Little Boxes" is a song written by American folk singer Malvina Reynolds in
1962. The song satirically critiques suburban conformity and the uniformity of
suburban housing developments. The lyrics describe rows of similar-looking
houses made of "ticky-tacky" and how they all look the same, symbolizing the
monotony and lack of individuality often associated with suburban life.
The song became a popular anthem for the 1960s counterculture movement,
with its catchy melody and poignant lyrics resonating with many who
questioned the values of mainstream American society. "Little Boxes" was later
covered by several artists and featured in various television shows and films,
further cementing its status as a classic protest song.
Despite its initial satirical intent, "Little Boxes" has also been interpreted as a
commentary on the homogenization of culture and the loss of community in
modern society. The song's enduring popularity and relevance continue to
make it a powerful statement on the human desire for individuality and the
challenges of maintaining a sense of identity in a world increasingly defined
by conformity.

Life in the Suburbs | Leonard Koscianski (2019)

"Life in the Suburbs" is a painting by American artist Leonard Koscianski,
created in 2019. The painting is part of Koscianski's series that explores
suburban life and the human experience within
suburban environments.
In "Life in the Suburbs," Koscianski presents a scene that
is both familiar and unsettling. The painting depicts a
row of suburban houses, each identical in design,
stretching into the distance. The houses are rendered in
muted tones, giving them a sense of uniformity and
anonymity. In the foreground, a solitary figure stands in
front of one of the houses, looking out at the viewer.
The painting captures the essence of suburban life, with
its repetitive architecture and sense of isolation.
Koscianski's use of color and composition creates a mood
of unease, suggesting a sense of loneliness and alienation
that can be characteristic of suburban living.
"Life in the Suburbs" invites viewers to reflect on the
nature of modern suburban life and the impact it can
have on individuals and communities. The painting raises
questions about identity, community, and the search for meaning in a world
that often seems uniform and predictable. Through his work, Koscianski
challenges viewers to consider the complexities of suburban life and the
human experience within these environments.

Setora guruhi | Sen Borsan (2000)

first of all although i don’t understand the lyrics, the song seems to shit 0–0
"Sen Borsan" is a song by the Uzbek music group Setora Guruhi, released in
2000. The title "Sen Borsan" translates to "If You Go" in English. The song's
lyrics convey a message of longing and heartache, expressing the pain of
separation from a loved one.
The lyrics of "Sen Borsan" describe the feelings of emptiness and sadness that
accompany the departure of a loved one. The singer expresses a deep sense of
loss and yearning, asking the listener to imagine the pain of being left behind.
The lyrics are filled with poignant imagery, painting a vivid picture of
loneliness and despair.
Overall, "Sen Borsan" is a song that explores the theme of separation and the
emotional toll it can take on individuals. The song's melancholic melody and
heartfelt lyrics resonate with listeners, evoking a sense of empathy and
understanding for those experiencing the pain of being apart from someone
they love.

Mexico Today and Tomorrow | Diego Rivera (1935)

Diego Rivera's monumental mural, known as Mexico Today and Tomorrow or
The World of Today and Tomorrow, is a captivating depiction of Mexican
history and culture. Completed over several years, this complex composition is
just one element of a larger project aimed at visualizing Mexico's rich history.
Rivera's method of painting directly onto the architecture makes the murals an
integral part of the National Palace in Mexico City, where they still remain
today.
Rivera's artistic style, influenced by his study of Italian Renaissance artists like
Giotto, sets his work apart. The mural series, completed between 1929 and
1935, is among his most prominent and challenging commissions, solidifying
his reputation as one of Mexico's greatest artists. His deep pride in his Mexican
heritage, coupled with his interest in history and politics, made him uniquely
suited to tackle such a significant project.
The murals serve as a visual narrative of the struggles faced by Mexico's
common people throughout history. Rivera's portrayal of peasants and
working-class individuals reflects the turmoil and neglect they endured under
various rulers. Through his art, Rivera sought to convey these experiences to a
wider audience, using the medium of murals to educate and inform about
Mexico's past.
The National Palace, adorned with Rivera's murals, remains a popular
attraction, offering visitors a glimpse into Mexico's cultural and historical
heritage. Rivera's mastery of muralism, combined with his passion for social
justice and his ability to connect with the Mexican people, cemented his legacy
as one of the most influential artists in Mexican history.
Overall, Rivera's mural series stands as a testament to his artistic genius and
his commitment to depicting the struggles and triumphs of the Mexican
people. Through his work, he not only immortalized Mexican history but also
challenged Western artistic conventions, asserting the importance of Mexico's
unique artistic identity.
Comrade Lenin Cleanses Earth of Filth | Viktor Deni (1920)
"Comrade Lenin Cleanses Earth of Filth" is a political poster created by the
Russian artist Viktor Deni in 1920. The poster depicts Vladimir Lenin, the
leader of the Bolshevik Party and the Soviet Union, sweeping away figures
representing capitalism, imperialism, and other "enemies of the state."
The poster is a prime example of propaganda, as it was created with the
intention of promoting a specific political ideology and shaping public opinion.
In this case, the poster was designed to glorify Lenin and the Bolsheviks,
portraying them as heroic figures who were cleansing Russia of its enemies
and paving the way for a new, socialist society.
The use of bold colors, dramatic imagery, and powerful
symbolism is characteristic of propaganda art, which
aims to inspire and mobilize the masses in support of a
particular cause or leader. "Comrade Lenin Cleanses Earth
of Filth" is a striking example of propaganda from the
early Soviet era, illustrating the fervor and idealism of the
time.

"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud" | William Wordsworth

"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud," often referred to as "Daffodils," is a famous
poem by the English Romantic poet William Wordsworth. It was composed in
1804 and published in 1807 as part of a collection titled "Poems in Two
Volumes."
The poem reflects Wordsworth's deep connection with nature and his belief in
the restorative power of the natural world. Here is a brief summary of the
poem:
The poem begins with the speaker describing how he wandered alone like a
cloud, feeling lonely and detached from the world. However, he suddenly
comes across a field of golden daffodils beside a lake, fluttering nad dancing in
the breeze. The sight of the daffodils captivates and uplifts his spirits, filling
him with a sense of joy and tranquility.
The memory of the beautiful scene becomes a source of solace for the speaker
whenever he feels lonely or downcast. The image of the dancing daffodils
continues to bring a sense of peace and bliss to his mind, acting as a "wealth"
that he carries within himself
The poem is celebrated for its vivid and sensory description of nature, as well
as its exploration of the emotional and spiritual impact of natural beauty on
the human psyche. It exemplifies the Romantic ideals of finding inspiration
and solace in nature, celebrating the simplicity and beauty of the natural
world.

“To a Skylark” | Percy Bysshe Shelley (1820)

"To a Skylark" by Percy Bysshe Shelley is a lyrical and beautifully crafted poem
that celebrates the beauty and freedom of the skylark. The poem is an ode, a
form of poetry that traditionally praises its subject, and in this case, Shelley
uses the skylark as a symbol of the natural world's beauty and vitality.
The poem begins with the speaker addressing the skylark, describing its
"harmonious madness" as it soars high above the earth, singing its
"unpremeditated art." The skylark is portrayed as a creature of pure joy and
inspiration, untouched by the cares and concerns of the human world. Its song
is described as a "champion" and a "pilgrim," suggesting a sense of nobility and
transcendence.
As the poem progresses, Shelley's language becomes more and more ecstatic,
mirroring the skylark's own soaring flight. He describes the bird's song as a
"profuse strain of unpremeditated art" and compares it to a "star of Heaven,"
emphasizing its celestial quality. The skylark's song is portrayed as a source of
divine inspiration, capable of lifting the human spirit to new heights.
Throughout the poem, Shelley contrasts the skylark's freedom and joy with the
limitations and sorrows of human existence. He describes the skylark as a
"blithe Spirit," suggesting a sense of freedom and lightness that is unattainable
for humans trapped in the "weary weight of all this unintelligible world."
Ultimately, "To a Skylark" is a hymn to the beauty and power of nature, and a
celebration of the capacity of art and poetry to transcend the limitations of
human experience. It is a poem that invites readers to contemplate the beauty
of the natural world and the ways in which it can inspire and uplift the human
spirit.

"To Autumn" | John Keats

"To Autumn" is a renowned poem by the English Romantic poet John Keats. It
was written in 1819 and is considered one of Keats's masterpieces. The poem is
an ode, a form that traditionally expresses a strong feeling of admiration and
reverence. "To Autumn" is often praised for its rich sensory imagery and the
beauty with which it captures the essence of the autumn season.
● Here is a summary of the poem:
The first stanza of "To Autumn" begins with the speaker addressing the season
directly, personifying it as a close friend. The poet describes the maturing
process of the fruits and crops in the fields, emphasizing the ripeness and
fullness of autumn. The stanza evokes a sense of abundance, warmth, and
fulfillment.
In the second stanza, Keats turns his attention to the activities of the season.
He describes the buzzing of bees and the songs of birds, alluding to the
bountiful harvest and the agricultural activities that characterize autumn. The
stanza exudes a sense of peacefulness and harmony with nature.
The final stanza of the poem takes on a more reflective tone. Keats
contemplates the progression of time and the inevitable arrival of winter.
However, instead of focusing on the melancholy aspects of autumn's end, he
emphasizes the beauty and satisfaction inherent in the season. The poem
concludes with a serene image of the sun setting, casting a warm glow over the
landscape.
Keats's "To Autumn" is celebrated for its lush and vivid imagery, capturing the
sights, sounds, and sensations of the season. The poet employs rich language
and sensory details to convey the beauty and fleeting nature of autumn,
making it a poignant exploration of the cyclical and transient aspects of life.

“Poem in October” | Dylan Thomas (1946)

"Poem in October" by Dylan Thomas is a deeply personal and introspective
poem that reflects on the poet's own life and mortality. Written in 1944, it
describes Thomas's thirtieth birthday, which he celebrated in his hometown of
Swansea, Wales, in October 1944.
The poem is characterized by its vivid imagery and rich language, which evoke
a sense of nostalgia and contemplation. Thomas uses the landscape of
Swansea, with its "hedges / Bright with berries," "paths / Damped with dew,"
and "bush down the sea / White with flowers," to create a sense of the beauty
and transience of life.
The poem is also notable for its introspective tone, as Thomas reflects on his
own life and experiences. He describes himself as "young and easy," but also
aware of the passage of time and the inevitability of aging and death. The
poem is suffused with a sense of melancholy, as Thomas contemplates the
passing of time and the loss of youth.
Despite its somber tone, "Poem in October" is also a celebration of life and the
beauty of the natural world. Thomas finds solace in the landscape of Swansea
and the memories it evokes, and the poem ends with a sense of acceptance and
gratitude for the gift of life.
Overall, "Poem in October" is a powerful and evocative poem that explores
themes of memory, mortality, and the passage of time. It is a deeply personal
work that reflects Thomas's own experiences and emotions, and it continues to
resonate with readers today for its beauty and insight.

“Main Street” | Joyce Kilmer (1917)

"Main Street" by Joyce Kilmer, written in 1917, is a nostalgic poem that reflects
on the beauty and simplicity of small-town life in America. The poem
celebrates the charm and character of Main Street, which represents the heart
and soul of a small town.
Kilmer begins by describing Main Street as "a place of snowy, sycamore-lined
streets" that is "quaint, clean, and still." This peaceful image conveys a sense of
tranquility and timelessness, suggesting a place where life moves at a slower
pace and people take the time to appreciate the beauty around them.
The poem goes on to describe the various sights and sounds of Main Street,
from the "clatter of horses' hoofs" to the "chiming bells of the churches." These
details create a vivid picture of a bustling but harmonious community, where
people live and work together in harmony.
One of the central themes of the poem is the idea of continuity and tradition.
Kilmer describes Main Street as a place where "old-fashioned people live,"
suggesting a community that values its history and heritage. This theme is
reinforced by the mention of the "ancient homesteads" and "venerable elms,"
which symbolize the enduring nature of small-town life.
Overall, "Main Street" is a heartfelt tribute to the simple pleasures of
small-town America. It captures the essence of a bygone era, when life was
slower and people were more connected to their communities. The poem's
nostalgic tone and vivid imagery make it a timeless evocation of a vanishing
way of life.

“Writing a Poem Is All I Can Do for You” | Wu Sheng (2010)

"Writing a Poem Is All I Can Do for You" by Wu Sheng, written in 2010, is a
poignant and introspective poem that explores the limitations of language and
the power of poetry to convey emotions and experiences. The poem is a
reflection on the nature of art and its ability to transcend barriers of time and
space.
The title itself, "Writing a Poem Is All I Can Do for You," sets the tone for the
poem, suggesting a sense of helplessness or inadequacy in the face of a greater
struggle or loss. The speaker acknowledges the limitations of their words,
recognizing that they cannot change the past or undo what has been done.
Throughout the poem, there is a sense of longing and regret, as the speaker
grapples with their own mortality and the impermanence of life. The poem is
filled with images of nature and the passage of time, evoking a sense of
melancholy and nostalgia.
Despite these themes of loss and impermanence, the poem also conveys a
sense of hope and resilience. The act of writing itself is presented as a form of
resistance against the forces of despair and decay. The speaker acknowledges
that while they cannot change the past, they can still create something
meaningful and lasting through their art.
In this way, "Writing a Poem Is All I Can Do for You" is a testament to the
power of poetry to transcend the limitations of language and to connect us to
something greater than ourselves. It is a reminder that even in the face of loss
and despair, art has the power to uplift and inspire us, offering a glimmer of
hope in the darkness.

“A Song on the End of the World” | Czeslaw Milosz (1944)

War II, is a powerful and haunting poem that reflects on the destruction and
devastation wrought by war. The poem is both a lament for the loss of
innocence and a defiant proclamation of the resilience of the human spirit in
the face of overwhelming tragedy.
The poem begins with a stark depiction of a world on the brink of collapse,
where "In the morning the sun rose in the east / like a red wall of China." This
image evokes a sense of foreboding and impending doom, setting the tone for
the rest of the poem.
As the poem progresses, the speaker describes the horrors of war in vivid
detail, depicting scenes of destruction and despair. Despite the grim subject
matter, however, there is a sense of defiance in the poem, a refusal to give in to
despair. The speaker declares, "And we knew only that there was always the
sea, / and the sky, and the dawn," suggesting a sense of hope and renewal even
in the darkest of times.
The poem concludes with a poignant image of a child playing in the ruins of a
bombed-out city, a symbol of the resilience of the human spirit in the face of
adversity. The child's laughter is described as "the bell of a lost war,"
suggesting that even in the midst of destruction, there is still beauty and joy to
be found.
Overall, "A Song on the End of the World" is a powerful meditation on the
nature of war and its impact on humanity. It is a testament to the enduring
power of the human spirit, even in the face of unimaginable tragedy.

“Nostalgia” | Giannina Braschi (1980)

The line "Nostalgia is a fruit with the pain of distance in its seed" from
Giannina Braschi's poem suggests a complex and evocative perspective on the
concept of nostalgia. Let's infer some possible meanings:
Metaphorical Representation: The use of "nostalgia" as a "fruit" implies that
nostalgia is something tangible, perhaps even something that can be
consumed. This might suggest that memories or experiences associated with
the past are like the fruit of a tree, containing both sweetness (the positive
memories) and a seed of pain (the distance or separation from those
memories).
Emotional Duality: The phrase "pain of distance in its seed" introduces the idea
that within the core or essence of nostalgia, there is an inherent pain related to
separation or remoteness. This could indicate that the longing for the past, the
nostalgia itself, contains an intrinsic element of sorrow or loss.
Cyclic Nature: The use of "seed" implies growth and regeneration. This might
suggest that nostalgia, as a seed, has the potential to grow into new
experiences or memories. It could be a cyclical process where the pain of
distance eventually leads to the creation of new memories and experiences.
Reflection on Human Experience: The line seems to capture a universal aspect
of the human experience—the bittersweet nature of remembering the past.
Nostalgia is not just a passive sentiment; it's a dynamic force that carries both
the joy of remembering and the pain of being separated from what once was.
Overall, this line appears to encapsulate a nuanced understanding of nostalgia,
portraying it as a complex and multifaceted emotion that encompasses both
joy and pain, growth and loss. Braschi's use of metaphor and imagery invites
readers to reflect on the intricate nature of longing for the past.

"Elegy" | Mong-Lan
Hope and Unexpected Events: The opening lines, "what if hope crashes
through the door what if that lasts a somersault?" suggest the idea that hope
can enter our lives suddenly and bring about unexpected changes. The
somersault imagery conveys a sense of unpredictability and perhaps the
transformative nature of hope.
Serendipity and Connection: The mention of "hope for serendipity" suggests a
desire for fortunate and unexpected connections or events. Even if there are
physical distances or barriers ("even if a series of meals were all between us"),
the speaker expresses a longing for the possibility of serendipitous moments
that could bridge those gaps.
Temporal Disruption: The lines "even if the eons lined up out of order" hint at
a disruption in the conventional flow of time. This could imply that, in matters
of hope and connection, the linear progression of time may not always be a
strict or defining factor. There might be moments that transcend the typical
chronological order of events.
Nature as a Measure of Time: The question "what are years if not measured by
trees" suggests a contemplation of time from a natural perspective. Trees, with
their longevity and growth rings, become a metaphor for measuring the
passage of time. This could imply a more organic and interconnected view of
time, contrasting with the structured human concept of years.
Overall, this poem fragment seems to explore the intersection of hope, time,
and the unpredictability of life. The language used creates a vivid and
imaginative landscape that encourages reflection on the nature of connection,
serendipity, and the ways in which we measure and experience time.

"Chicago Zen" | A. K. Ramanujan

/// I recommend reading from page seven on this pdf file it explains the poem
really well
unit 38 ak ramanujan and jayant mahapatra ///
"Chicago Zen" by A.K. Ramanujan presents a complex and seemingly disjointed
narrative that carries a wealth of suggestions and deeper implications, akin to
the poet's self-portrait. The monologue, likely the poet's persona, imparts
practical advice to the audience, urging them to maintain cleanliness in their
homes and ensure all their children are named. These seemingly banal
instructions take on a profound significance when considered in the larger
context of the poem. The speaker emphasizes the importance of being cautious
while navigating life's challenges, watching one's step on pavements and
staircases.
As the poem unfolds, it becomes apparent that the speaker is grappling with
the clash between his inherent Indian identity and the pervasive influence of
modern American culture, particularly his experiences in Chicago. In this
cultural crossroads, the poet turns to Zen Buddhism, seeking meditative and
intuitive knowledge as a potential solution to the complexities of
contemporary existence. The poem, written in a free verse and dramatic style,
utilizes striking imagery and an ironic mode of treatment to effectively convey
the poet's existential dilemma and the potential resolution found in meditative
practices.
The title, "Chicago Zen," takes on symbolic significance, with Chicago
representing the epitome of modern American culture. Zen Buddhism, with its
emphasis on intuitive understanding and meditation, serves as a guiding
philosophy for the poet to reconcile his Indian heritage with the challenges
posed by the modern world. The poem's thematic richness is underscored by
its use of the second-person narrative, reinforcing the significance of the
speaker's suggestions and making the audience active participants in the
contemplation of life's complexities.
Overall, "Chicago Zen" is a confessional and introspective piece that navigates
the poet's personal journey of coming to terms with the juxtaposition of
cultural identities and finding solace in meditative practices amid the chaos of
modernity. The brooding mood, ironic tone, and conversational rhythm
contribute to the poem's evocative exploration of the human experience.

"The Dreamy Age" | Muhammad Shanazar

"The Dreamy Age" by Muhammad Shanazar is a nostalgic and vivid poem that
reflects on the poet's fond memories of childhood. The poem takes the reader
on a journey through the poet's past, celebrating the innocence and joy
experienced during a time when life was unburdened by the complexities of
adulthood.
The poet begins by reminiscing about the idyllic scenes of the past, where
nature was unpolluted and clear. The landscape, once full of cheerful friends,
is now described as smoky and noisy, a stark contrast to the dreamy age of the
poet's youth. The scattering of friends is compared to the dispersal of dried
leaves by the wind, evoking a sense of loss and change.
The poem continues to describe the delights of childhood, such as running
after butterflies under the blue skies, playing in mustard farms, and braving
the wrath of a landlady. The poet vividly portrays the innocence of youth,
recalling moments of joy, mischief, and resilience against authority.
The poem also explores the different seasons and activities of childhood,
including standing under flowing spouts during torrential rains, diving and
swimming in a nearby pond, and playing hide-and-seek on plowed farms. The
poet emphasizes the carefree nature of childhood, where worries and woes
were forgotten in the midst of innocent play.
Nature plays a significant role in the poem, with descriptions of trickling
fountains, thick forests, and fragrant bushes. The changing seasons, blooming
fields, and the enchanting melodies of birds contribute to the overall nostalgic
atmosphere.
Towards the end, the poet expresses a longing for the past, stating that if
childhood were a commodity, they would buy the dreamy age again without
hesitation. This sentiment reflects a yearning for the simplicity, joy, and
carefree nature of youth.
In summary, "The Dreamy Age" is a heartfelt exploration of the poet's
memories of childhood, capturing the beauty and innocence of a bygone era.
The poem is rich in sensory details, using vivid imagery to transport the
reader to the landscapes and experiences of the poet's youth.

“Iron Bird” | Zheng Xiaoqiong (2008)

"Iron Bird" by Zheng Xiaoqiong, written in 2008, is a poignant and deeply
moving poem that reflects on the experience of living in a rapidly changing
and industrializing world. The poem uses the image of the "iron bird" to
symbolize modern technology and progress, contrasting it with the natural
world and traditional ways of life.
The poem begins with a description of the iron bird flying overhead, its "wings
spanning the sky." This image evokes a sense of awe and wonder, but also a
feeling of unease and displacement. The speaker describes how the iron bird
has changed the landscape, transforming it into a "concrete jungle" where
nature struggles to survive.
As the poem progresses, the speaker reflects on the impact of the iron bird on
traditional ways of life. They describe how the old customs and beliefs are
being swept away by the tide of progress, leaving behind a sense of loss and
nostalgia. The speaker longs for the simplicity and beauty of the past,
lamenting the loss of a way of life that is disappearing before their eyes.
Despite the sense of loss and sadness that permeates the poem, there is also a
sense of resilience and hope. The speaker acknowledges the inevitability of
change but also expresses a determination to hold onto the things that are
most important. They declare, "I will not let go of the earth," affirming their
connection to the land and their commitment to preserving it for future
generations.
Overall, "Iron Bird" is a powerful and evocative poem that explores themes of
progress, change, and the loss of traditional ways of life. It is a reminder of the
importance of staying connected to the natural world and preserving the
things that make life meaningful in the face of rapid technological
advancement.

“That Man Put on a Wool Coat” | Vinod Kumar Shookla (1960)

"That Man Put on a Wool Coat" by Vinod Kumar Shukla, written in 1960, is a
poem that captures a moment of simple yet profound human experience. The
poem describes a man putting on a wool coat, but through this seemingly
mundane act, it delves into themes of identity, memory, and the passage of
time.
The poem begins with a description of the man putting on the wool coat, a
gesture that seems to carry a weight of significance. The act of putting on the
coat is described in detail, with a focus on the texture of the wool and the way
it feels against the man's skin. This attention to detail creates a sense of
intimacy and immediacy, as if the reader is experiencing the moment
alongside the man.
As the poem progresses, the focus shifts to the man's thoughts and memories.
He recalls moments from his past, such as the sound of his mother's voice and
the feel of his childhood home. These memories are interwoven with the
present moment, creating a sense of continuity and connection between past
and present.
The poem also explores the theme of identity, suggesting that the act of putting
on the wool coat is an act of self-definition. The man's choice of clothing
reflects his personality and his place in the world, suggesting that our external
appearance can shape our internal sense of self.
Overall, "That Man Put on a Wool Coat" is a contemplative and introspective
poem that invites readers to reflect on the nature of memory, identity, and the
passage of time. It reminds us that even the most ordinary moments can be
filled with meaning and significance if we take the time to truly experience
them.

“Ode to Socks” | Pablo Neruda (1956)

"Ode to Socks" by Pablo Neruda, written in 1956, is a playful and vivid poem
that celebrates the beauty and wonder of a simple pair of socks. The poem
uses rich imagery and playful language to convey the speaker's admiration for
the socks, transforming them from ordinary objects into objects of beauty and
desire.
The poem begins with a description of the socks, which are described as "wool
/ of sheep" and "foot-wrappings." Despite their humble origins, the socks are
portrayed as objects of great beauty, with colors that evoke images of exotic
birds and flowers. The speaker describes how the socks were "knitted / with
threads of twilight and goat-skin," suggesting that they are not just ordinary
socks, but objects imbued with magical qualities.
Throughout the poem, the speaker uses vivid imagery to bring the socks to life,
describing them as "two woolen / fireplaces" that warm the feet and "two little
dogs / with white paws." This anthropomorphism (Making something human)
of the socks adds to their charm and whimsy, turning them into playful
companions rather than mere clothing.
The poem also explores themes of craftsmanship and artistry, suggesting that
the socks are not just functional items, but works of art created by skilled
hands. The speaker marvels at the skill of the sock-maker, comparing them to a
"Flemish / master" who creates "knitting / with delicate needles."
Overall, "Ode to Socks" is a delightful and imaginative poem that celebrates the
beauty and wonder of everyday objects. It reminds us to appreciate the simple
things in life and find joy in the world around us, even in something as
ordinary as a pair of socks.

“A Long Dress” | Gertrude Stein (1914)

"A Long Dress" by Gertrude Stein, written in 1914, is a modernist poem that
explores the nature of identity, perception, and reality through the image of a
long dress. The poem is characterized by Stein's distinctive use of repetition,
fragmentation, and wordplay, which create a sense of ambiguity and
complexity.
The poem begins with a description of the long dress, which is depicted as a
"beautiful thing" that "is green." This simple statement is repeated throughout
the poem, with slight variations in wording and punctuation. This repetition
serves to emphasize the beauty and significance of the dress, while also
suggesting a sense of fixation or obsession on the part of the speaker.
As the poem progresses, Stein's language becomes more abstract and
fragmented, with phrases such as "a long pure time" and "a long very long
time" appearing repeatedly. These phrases suggest a sense of eternity or
timelessness, as if the dress exists outside of conventional notions of time and
space.
The poem also plays with the idea of identity and perception, suggesting that
the dress is not just an object, but a reflection of the self. Stein writes, "A long
dress is necessary," implying that the dress is essential to the speaker's identity
or sense of self.
Overall, "A Long Dress" is a complex and enigmatic poem that challenges
conventional notions of language and meaning. It invites readers to
contemplate the nature of reality and the relationship between the self and the
external world, using the image of a long dress as a metaphor for these
profound philosophical questions
“Father’s Old Blue Cardigan” | Anne Carson (2000)
"Father's Old Blue Cardigan" by Anne Carson is a poignant and reflective poem
that explores themes of memory, loss, and the passage of time. The poem is
written in a fragmented style, with short, evocative lines that create a sense of
intimacy and nostalgia.
The poem begins with a description of the father's old blue cardigan, which is
depicted as a cherished object imbued with memories and significance. The
speaker recalls how the cardigan "fit him good," suggesting a sense of comfort
and familiarity. The use of the past tense in describing the cardigan's fit also
hints at the passage of time and the inevitability of change.
As the poem progresses, the speaker reflects on the father's absence, noting
that "he is gone." This simple statement carries a weight of loss and longing, as
the speaker grapples with the absence of their father and the memories
associated with him. The cardigan becomes a symbol of the father's presence,
a tangible reminder of his existence and the love that once surrounded him.
The poem concludes with a poignant image of the cardigan hanging "in the
closet" as a silent testament to the father's absence. The final lines, "Who is
gone. / Who was here," capture the essence of loss and the fleeting nature of
life, leaving the reader with a sense of melancholy and reflection.
Overall, "Father's Old Blue Cardigan" is a beautifully crafted poem that
explores themes of memory, loss, and the passage of time with subtlety and
grace. Carson's evocative language and fragmented style create a sense of
intimacy and nostalgia, inviting the reader to reflect on their own experiences
of loss and the fleeting nature of life.

“Fat Southern Men in Summer Suits” | Liam Recter (2006)

"Fat Southern Men in Summer Suits" by Liam Rector is a poem that uses vivid
imagery and sardonic humor to explore themes of identity, appearance, and
societal expectations. The poem begins with a description of the titular "Fat
Southern Men," who are depicted as larger-than-life characters dressed in
summer suits. The choice of attire, typically associated with elegance and
formality, is juxtaposed with the men's physical appearance, suggesting a
mismatch between societal norms and individual reality.
As the poem progresses, the speaker delves into the inner thoughts and
feelings of these men, revealing a complex mix of pride, defiance, and
vulnerability. Despite their outward appearance, the men are portrayed as
deeply human, struggling to reconcile their inner selves with the expectations
imposed upon them by society.
The poem's tone is both humorous and poignant, with Rector using irony and
satire to highlight the absurdity of societal expectations regarding appearance
and identity. The men's "fatness" is not just a physical attribute but also a
metaphor for the weight of societal norms and expectations that they carry.
In the final lines of the poem, the speaker reflects on the men's sense of
defiance and pride, suggesting that their refusal to conform to societal
standards is an act of rebellion in itself. The poem ends with a sense of
ambiguity, leaving the reader to ponder the complexities of identity and
appearance in a society that often values conformity over individuality.
Overall, "Fat Southern Men in Summer Suits" is a thought-provoking poem that
challenges societal norms and expectations, using humor and irony to explore
the complexities of identity and appearance. Rector's use of vivid imagery and
sardonic wit creates a memorable and engaging poem that encourages readers
to question the value of outward appearances and embrace the richness of
individuality.
 Reheated Off the
Presses
Interviews
Newspapers in America date back to the late 17th century, however, it wasn’t until the
1830s, with the rise of local newspapers and for profit news, that papers even hired
reporters. Before that, newspapers were just a place for publishing official documents
and public speeches. Even after hiring reporters, the concept of the interview was
unknown, and the confidence and charisma of politicians and diplomats was considered
inviolate(unimportant). President Lincoln often spoke with reporters, but they never
quoted him directly.
Who published the first interview is a controversial topic among newspaper historians.
Some credit James Gordon Bennet in 1836, others credit Horace Greeley in 1859,
however an individual inventor is less important than the fact that it was largely unknown
until 1860, and was controversial after that. The interview was heavily criticized when it
became popular, with people such as E.L.Godkin saying it was just another way politicians
con people into believing them. Even so, the idea “took like wildfire” as Atlanta journalist
Henry Grady wrote in 1879, and even president Andrew Johnson made the first
presidential interview in 1868. Many veteran reporters found the interview undignified or
“vulgarly American”. Thompson Cooper, the first reporter to interview pope pius IX, was
heavily publicized and praised by his editors. After the interview became popular,
Europeans also started doing them. In 1897, American journalist James Creelman became
the first person to interview the president of France, and during WWI, the status of the
interview in England increased. There were a few more interviews with the pope, one with
pope Benedict XV, and one with Pius XI, which at the time were considered the closest
thing to interviewing God.
Should interviewers take notes? Early journalists not only didn’t take notes, but they
prided themselves on their ability to recall what they heard in interviews, with Joseph
McCullagh, who made the historic interview with president Andrew Johnson saying he
didn’t take any notes during the interview and only wrote down what he remembered the
day after. Julian Ralph, a reporter in New York city, said that pencils and paper might
alarm an interviewee to keep their guard up, although it was noted that American public
figures were “more willing victims” of the interviewer and might even be flattered by
them taking notes.
Can an interviewee retract what they said? Yes. Frederic Wile said that in an
interview with William Jennings Bryan, and after he said something which his wife
considered dumb, he immediately “unsaid” it. Charles Dana, editor of the New York
times, had a policy of always sending an interview to its subject before publication so
they could correct what they said. (MANY examples of interviewees proofreading
interviews before printing).
An interview can be a conspiracy against the audience. For example : Chauncey
Depew, a prominent politician in the early 20th century, was sometimes quoted by name
and sometimes as “a reliable source” when the editors thought that he said something
that could harm his campaign. Another example was William Howard Taft, secretary of
war under Teddy Roosevelt, who disagreed with the president in a press conference, and
all reporters present agreed to not publish what he said in order to keep his position safe.
Additionally, in an interview with crown prince of Germany Friedrich Wilhelm, Karl Von
Wiegand was told to tell the Kaiser that the prince thought the war was lost, and asked
not to write anything about it. (Eleanor Roosevelt). In the 1870s, Joseph I. C. Clarke
interviewed John Cardinal McColsky. He asked about the progress in building st. Paul’s
cathedral, where he took plenty of notes. He then closed his notebook, and asked about
his opinions about the state of europe. The article ended up being almost entirely about
his political opinions, and almost nothing about the cathedral. The rise of the interview
coincides with reporters becoming more formal in articles and more important in the
writing process, going from just relaying information to giving their opinion in articles.

Podcasts
Intellectual podcasts are very good at transmitting patterns of speech. This is because
when you listen to a podcast, you have the same reaction you have to talking to a friend,
sort of like a parasocial relationship. People emulate other people’s tones and speech
patterns, especially when you consider the other person to be smarter or of higher status
than you. This is causing strong regional dialects to disappear, and a lot of people who
don’t speak English as a native language are taking phrases and grammatical constructions
from the English podcasts they listen to. In 1962, the German sociologist Jurgen
Habermas argued that the “public sphere”, a space where people engage in intellectual
discussions about society, did not exist in the middle ages, and that there were only
private conversations and official government proclamations. He says that it evolved out
of a group of European intellectuals, specifically the Dutch scholar Erasmus, writing
letters to each other. A lot of those letters would be read aloud at parties and people
formed a parasocial relationship with the writers of them similar to podcasts today. Over
time, people started having these intellectual conversations with each other. By the time
of Habermas however, this sphere had mostly disappeared. TV discussions were too
formal and inauthentic for people to know how intellectuals actually spoke with each
other. Podcasts today are very similar to the intellectual letters of the past, as they make
people pick up their tone and speech patterns.

Political interviews
This is an hour long podcast that I do not have the time or energy to listen to so I
will summarize the summary on the website.
In the 2019 British general election, a lot of candidates seemed to intentionally avoid being
interviewed on certain platforms and instead preferred to go on social media and post
their soundbites and pre recorded speeches. Andrew Marr along with a few other people
discussed how the format of political interviews should change to accommodate the new
social media landscape.

Political comics
They just linked to a picture of a parody poster about joining the army. Probably not
important but here it is
Graphic journalism
Graphic journalism is a term describing the attempt to capture complex problems in
simple pictures. It has 2 main benefits: It is usually a lot easier to digest than long
articles, allowing for the busy people of today to get caught up quicker, and it is a lot
more timeless since it can’t explain background information and relies on the reader to
interpret it a lot more. Here are 5 graphic journalism platforms that the writers of the
article say are “the best”

Drawing the times

Drawing the times is a Dutch platform that has addressed a lot of big themes including
climate change, human rights, feminism, and the Arab world, as well as a contest for
African journalists named Scribble Your Story. Their ambitions are to reach a global
audience and make news enjoyable for people all over the world, which is why all of their
comics are in English.

Cartoon Movement
Cartoon Movement is the biggest collection of political cartoons on the internet. They
have a large collection of artists from every country in the world working on cartoons.
The platform is also dutch originally, and got support from the dutch government to
“promote the political cartoon as a fundamental style of journalism”.

Graphic Journalism
Graphic journalism is the personal project of the Lebanese-Swiss-Pakistani artist David
Chappette. The site consists of cartoons portraying his personal experience and topics
he cares about, and some of it is links to other websites since Chappette also works on
other sites. It is not as big as other sites since Chappette is the only person working on it
but it is still very high quality.

The Nib
The Nib is a comics publisher edited by Eleri Harris and Matt Bors. Along with comics, it
also publishes non fiction writing such as essays. Their focus is mostly on American news,
and they are known for their satirical approach inspired by satirical shows such as The
Daily Show and Colbert Report.

Symbolia
Symbolia is a digital comics journalism magazine founded by Erin Polgreen and Joyce Rice.
The site was active between 2012-2014. During those 2 years, it helped legitimize the
industry of Comics journalism and published a lot of illustrations about problems of the
time.
The Daily Show
The Daily Show with Jon Stewart is a satirical news broadcast aimed at keeping the
American media accountable. A recent study published by Pew Research has found that
people actually trust satirical news sources such as The Daily Show or Last Week Tonight
more than actual news sources.

Journalistic terms?

Investigative comedy
Last Week Today with John Oliver has gotten many people to say that he is a journalist
that does something called Investigative Comedy, and that he explains topics that are
often ignored and yet are very important. He has said a lot of times that he is not a
journalist, but Many of his viewers still call him a journalist and trust him just as much as
any other journalist. In his book, Geoffry Baym says that even though Oliver has no
access to any journalist meetings, he is still doing important work by making public affairs
more palatable through humor. A study by the University of Delaware found that John
Oliver’s Last Week Today was the only news outlet out of those tested that substantially
influenced its viewers’ opinions about net neutrality, and came to the conclusion that
comedy is the best way to change people’s opinions. One way that these comedy outlets
are distinct from and dependent on actual journalism is the fact that they use clips and
information from other news sources. They are not bringing new info to the table, but
just using news from other sources as comedic material. People like Oliver have a reason
to avoid being labeled reporters, and that is that the label comes with a lot of pressure
and time constraints. In today’s media landscape where anyone can be a reporter, people
find Oliver’s more down to earth style a lot more appealing and convincing, which might
be why a lot of people consider him a better journalist than most.

24 hour news cycle

The 24 hour news cycle refers to a channel that constantly broadcasts news. It usually
consists of reporting on some events, followed by reporting on the public’s reactions to
earlier events. This method evolved out of competition between media providers to
deliver the most recent news in the most compelling way possible.

Pivot to video
Pivot to video refers to a trend starting in 2015 of news outlets firing writing staff in
order to focus on short form videos instead of articles. This change was presented as a
response to a change in consumer habits but was actually only to make more money from
advertisers, since they are the only group that prefers video over text.

iPhoneography
iPhoneography simply refers to taking and editing pictures and videos on an iPhone. In
the context of the material, it probably refers to the fact that people take photos and
videos of almost everything due to everyone having cameras in their pockets

AI assisted articles
Literally just using AI programs like ChatGPT to write/help write articles.

Content farms
A content farm is a company that produces a large number of low quality articles or
videos designed to satisfy algorithms and make as much money as possible. Recently, a
lot of content farms have started using partially or completely AI generated content.

Clickbait
Clickbait is the practice of embellishing and dramatizing headlines, thumbnails, and other
similar things in order to get as many clicks or sales as possible. It is derived from
Yellow/sensational journalism, offering almost no actual news while getting as many
people as possible to buy the paper.
Branded content
Branded content is the practice of marketing by creating content meant to portray a
certain product in a positive light, therefore associating that product with positivity.

Explanatory journalism
Explanatory Journalism is a form of reporting meant to present news stories in a more
accessible manner, usually by providing more context than traditional news outlets.

Both sidesism
Known more professionally as false balance, bothsidesism is a media bias in which
journalists present an issue as much more balanced than it actually is. Here is a graph
that explains it way better than I could using text.

Video/photos of news

Lincoln’s assassination
On April 14th, 1865, at 10PM John Wilkes Booth assassinated Abraham Lincoln and his
guest, major Henry Rathbone, in Ford’s theater, Washington. His plan was to kill Lincoln,
vice president Andrew Johnson, and secretary of state William H. Seward, though he
could not kill the VP and secretary of state due to them being in different booths.

Apple Daily
Apple Daily is a Chinese news organization created by Jimmy Lee. They are known for
their colorful headlines and great graphics. Recently, they started using CGI (computer
generated imagery) to recreate events that don’t have videos, like the killer whale attack
in sea world, Florida, when a killer whale attacked its trainer.

Tiger Woods
In 2019, Tiger Woods, a professional golf player, got into a major car accident. His wife
says that he hit a fire hydrant and tree without anyone knowing why, and that she broke
the window of the car with a golf club to rescue woods. However, eyewitnesses say that
Woods and his wife got into a heated argument over the fact that he cheated on her.
When he tried to drive away, she chased his car while hitting it with a golf club, and when
he looked backwards at her, he hit a tree. Apple daily recreated both versions with CGI,
since video of the event did not exist.

CNN operas
A CNN opera is an opera show that depicts or is based on modern events, with the
characters often being prominent figures of the time. It can also refer to a classical opera
being adapted to a more modern version.

Trump on show
Trump on show is a CNN opera which depicts Donald Trump and his fictional twin brother
who lives in China. The opera is in the style of a traditional Cantonese opera except with a
modern story and characters. It aired exclusively in Hong Kong.

X: The life and times of Malcolm X

X: The life and times of Malcolm X is a CNN opera depicting the life of Malcolm X, a black
icon and later a leader of The Nation of Islam preaching racial equality. X later founded
the Afro-American Unity organization to help with this goal.

Jones is not your name

The song is sung by Malcolm and is portrayed as a speech he gives to the black
community. He calls black people to reject “white names” such as Jones and Smith and
give themselves native african names, which he says praise god instead of reminding
people of slavery.

Come from away

Come from away is a CNN opera about the town of Gander in Canada following 9/11 when
about 7,000 passengers were forced to make an emergency landing at the town’s airport.
Prayer
The song shows people from all religions praying in the same place in unity after the
September 11th attacks. The song shows the opera’s message of unity and human
kindness by showing a jewish holocaust survivor, a muslim man, two hindu women, and a
few christians praying in the same place.

Evita
Evita is a CNN opera following the life of Eva Peron, an Argenitinian politician and wife of
president Juan Peron.

Eva’s Final Broadcast

The song is one of the last songs of the opera, and is her last speech when she realizes
she is about to die. It talks about how she loves the Argentinian people and tells them to
not cry about her death.

Penguins!!
The Dynasties is a nature documentary series made by the BBC and narrated by David
Attenborough. It had a controversy wherein the film crew stepped in to save a group of
penguins that got stuck in a ravine. Doug Allen, a veteran wildlife cameraman, describes
not interfering as a cardinal rule of nature documenting. However, since they didn’t spook
the penguins, only digging an escape route that only helped the penguins and didn’t harm
another animal like if they had interfered in a hunt, Allen says that it is justifiable and
that he would have done the same. Philip Hoare, an author and filmmaker, says they
were bound to anger people no matter what they did. He was in a similar situation while
filming sperm whales in Sri Lanka, when a group of killer whales came to hunt them while
his boat was in the way. In the end, he chose to move his boat. He added that the notion
of purity of an encounter between humans and another species is ridiculous, as there is
no possibility of that. Mike Gunton, the executive producer of the series, also defended
the crew’s decision. He said that usually interfering would be either dangerous for the
crew or the animals, or it would be depriving another animal of food or disrupt the
dynamics of nature. However, since none of those applied in this situation, it is fine to
help the penguins. It has been reported that David Attenborough opposed this move by
saying that “tragedy is a part of life”, however, Gunton says that David supports the crew
and would have done the same.
 Ready Scholar One
first point: (Tetris effect)
Tetris - Tetris is one of the most popular games ever created, it sold more than 520
million copies worldwide and the mobile app was downloaded more than 615 million
times, on march 31, 2023, the Tetris movie came out on Apple TV+, the movie is set in
1980 during the cold war, the movie follows Hank Rogers that in 1988 learns about the
game in a las vegas tradeshow and tries to obtain the rights for the game from Alexy
Pajintov (the original creator of Tetris) later Rogers released the game on the Gameboy,
later he arrived in Moscow on a tourist visa and understand that Elektronorgtechnica (or
in short ELORG is a monopoly on the import and export of computer support and
hardware and software in the Soviet Union)
sold the rights to Tetris to Andromeda software who sold the rights of Tetris before they
obtained them to a company named Mirrorsoft, the whole movie follows this legal battle
until Hank finally gets the rights to Tetris and publishes it on the NES and then the
Gameboy.

Super Mario Run (2016) - a side-scroller platformer that features the classic cast of
Mario characters but this time, instead of the “complex” Mario controls you have only
one input: tap the screen once to jump (Daisy can double jump) the games goal is once
again saving princes peach from bowser, the game is free.
Bully: Anniversary Edition (2016) -the original game was created by Rockstar Games
(creators of GTA) in 2006 for the PlayStation 2 and in 2016 released the anniversary
edition for mobile devices, the game is a third-person perspective open-world action
adventure (the original game was a single player but the new version does have
multiplayer) the game follows Jimmy Hopkins, who tries to rise through the ranks of the
school system to stop bullying, you achieve this goal by attending different classes,
fight and prank other students and complete various side quests.
Pokemon Go (2016) - is an augmented reality game that utilizes GPS to “transfer” the
player to a map similar to the area he is in in real life but adding the option to encounter,
fight, catch, and hatch different Pokemon.
Sims Mobile (2017) - is a life simulation game, this is a mobile version of the popular
game “Sims 4” Like the other games in the series this game allows you to build and
design unique houses and sims (this game name for humans) in this game you are
basically god to those sims, you can make them do whatever you want and control every
stage of their life, choose their career path, manage their relationships and even make
them commit voodoo spells against the other sims.
Pac man (unknown) - pac man is a classic arcade game that originally came out in
1980, in this game you play as pac man, and your goal is to collect all of the points that
are spread around the map without getting hit by the ghosts that haunt you, every time
you collect all of the dots on a level you go to the next level that is slightly harder, you
respite this process until you fail and then get your score, originally in the arcades
people would race to get the highest score, to try to replicate this feeling you can now
see your friends high score and race against them.
Minecraft - pocket edition (2011) - this version of Minecraft came out shortly after the
original game was released, unlike the computer version of the game, this game can be
played exclusively on bedrock edition (there are a few small changes to the game
because of differences in coding languages and release dates).
Tetris (2020) - similar to Pac-Man, this game allows you to play the classic game of
Tetris and challenge your friends to get the highest score.
Rollercoaster Tycoon Touch (2017) - in this game you manage a theme park, you can
design different roller coasters, change the park design, and make the park bigger and
better.
Street Fighter 4 Champion Edition (2008) - this recreation of the classic fighting game
allows you to battle different people around the world using unique characters and
mastering different combos.
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas (2013) - is the second (it's complicated) game in the
series, it is set in the fictional city of San Andreas which was inspired by Los Angeles,
San Francisco, and Las Vegas, the main character is Carl “cj” johnson, this game is a
third person, open world, this game was developed by rockstar studios.

'Warriors of Destiny' - an Ultima V Orchestral Remix (2016) - ultima v is an

open-world, RPG fantasy set game that came out in 1988, in this game you are
transported into a magical place called Britannica (which only has eight cities) when you
hear that the ruler of Britannica, lord British, has been lost in an expedition in the
underworld and now lord blackthorn rules Britannica with his iron hand, your job is the
rescue lord British and defeat lord blackthorn. This theme is an orchestral remix (which
means a large group of people playing different instruments played it, however in this
case it is unclear whether it was actually played by humans or it was crafted using a
computer) of the main theme music of the game.

the oregon trail controversy - the original oregon trail came out 1974, when things like
making fun of the destruction of animals natural habitats or the death of indigenous
people,
when a remake of the original game came out in apple arcade in 2021 it tried to solve
these problems by making the indigenous people more human - like and making the
process of destroying nature only about survival and seeing when its actually okay
doing it

seven cities of gold (1984) - is a strategy 2d game about the ancient rumer of the
seven cities of gold, the story follows you as you get commissioned by the spanish
crown (the royale house of spain) to explore the new world (america) with four ships,
one hundred men, and some trade goods, after that you sail your ship into the new
world. When you arrive there, to your dismay you see native americans, you have three
main options when you interact with them: trade with them, convert them or conquer
them (the map of this game was so huge that the game creators had to invent new
technologies just for the game, this was one of the first games to have the option to
pick between a set world or a procedurally generated one)
Sid Meier's Pirates! (1987) - set in the Caribbean seas during 1560 - 1660 (you can
choose which year to start playing, it does affect gameplay), in this open-world game
you play as a pirate or a privateer (a ship man that a country would hire during times of
war to fight against the enemy forces in exchange to some of the booty) for the
Spanish, France, dutch or English, the players can change their loyalty or even serve
multiple countries at once.
In this game you can attack pirates or villages, hunt for buried treasure or even save
long-lost family members, this game doesn't have any time limit however as you play
this game, it becomes more and more difficult, and at the same state, you will just retire,
when you retire you will get your score based on your “fame” (decided by how good you
competed for the in-game millstones of beating pirates, acquiring wealth, marrying…)

doom (1993) - one of the first first person shooter and one of the first 2.5d game, you
play as an unnamed space marine that the community refers to as “doom guy” as he
fights from the moons of mars to hell against demons in brutal graphics, this game is
called the “father of first person shooters” and also was the game that united and
started the speedrunning community.

ghost of Tsushima (2020) - set in the first Mongol of Japan (1274 - 1281) in the
Tsushima islands in Japan, you play as Jin Saki, a samurai, who tries to retrieve
Tsushima islands, he fights his enemies with his sword- like traditional samurai, or using
stealth to defeat them (gorilla warfare) this game is an open world game similar to eldan
ring.

rampage (1986) - in this arcade game, up to three people can play simultaneously as
three different monsters: George - a king kong style giant gorilla, Ralph - a giant
werewolf and Lizze - a giant monster composed by a dinosaur-like tail and feet with a
humanoid upper torso and arms, and a lizard face, your goal is destroying a city and the
army attacking you before they kill you each of these characters have unique abilities..

Assassin's Creed (2007) - stealth, open-world action-adventure game set, set in the
third crusades (1190) in the area of the holy land and Italy, the story follows Desmond
Miles, a modern man, who relives his ancestors' memories (every game it is about a
different ancestor) in this game he follows Altair, a member of the order of assassins
who are in a millennia-old war against the templar order, both sides are trying to obtain
the pieces of Eden, this game story follows Altair on his quest to steal one these
artifacts by assassinating nine targets in four different cities: Masyaf (a city in Syria),
Jerusalem, Acre (echo), and Damascus (the capital of Syria)

Freedom! (1993) - is set in the antebellum period (1780 - 1880, not accurate) in the US,
you play as a slave who tries to reach the north side of the US (because in the north
slaves were free) through an underground railroad system, this game was developed by
Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium, the game developers were helped by
Africans - Americans who helped them be more accurate for the time period and the
culture, the gameplay of the game is similar to the Oregon Trail
Third point:
Polaroid - in 2001 the company declared bankruptcy, in 2008 they stopped producing
instant film, but in recent years instant films actually made a comeback. In 2019 the
biggest company that make instant film (Fujifilm) sold 3.5 million units of their cameras,
for comparison, in 2004 they sold only 100,000 units, one of the reason this is
happening is that artist actually prefer the lack of options in instant films, one of the
photographers who use instant film said: “it makes me step back and think about what
i'm aiming to capture” another reason can be nostalgia, it may just be that people just
want to relive the memory of taking a photo in this form, but the main reason is actually
the younger generation (gen z), picking up the camera as a toy, or as a new way to self
express themselves, one of the reasons film fell out in the first place is that it cost
around one dollar for each film you use (every picture you take), but because gen z
spending habits, they are more willing to spend more money for personalized product,
and they feel like using this “ancient” product express their individuality.

5
- between 2022 and 2023, the hashtag #digitalcamera have amassed more than 220
million views on TikTok, and sites like etsy and ebay said that similar results happened to
them, Scott Ewart (a tiktoker) is saying that "I find it quite refreshing going back to
something so simple. With older cameras you have to work with them a bit more, to get a
good photo or to get the most out of them”. and - "Because with every smartphone you
buy, you can't take a bad shot almost." Katie Glasgow (a musical artist) said: "It looks like
memories, because it's blurry and imperfect. It looks more like how we remember
things," Paul Greenwood (head of research and insight at the creative agency “We Are
Social”), said it was a "natural cycle" where when people hit their 20s "they become
nostalgic for the cultural touchstones of their youth".

cassette disks - in recent years there is a sudden uprise in the amount of cassette disks
being bought, and in 2023 the amount of copies being sold was so high that it reached a
point where the last time it was so high was in 2003! people say that it makes you
appreciate music more because you can't just skip a song or a specific part of it, you
have to experience it fully, some people said that when they record music on a cassette
tape it makes them feel more focused because there is a limit to how much you can
record on the tape, so you can't just record the same line over and over again until it
reached perfection, you have to put your all into it from the start.

low - fi - full name is low-fidelity which means that you can hear the imperfection in the
music (for example hearing birds tweeting or children playing outside) because all of the
side noises in the music it doesn't make you sleep and keeps you focused on what
you’re trying to do. This genre of music is very similar to the hip hop genre and was
pioneered by black musicians like J Dilla (a hip - hop artist). Eliot Gann (a psychologist)
said that it’s like: “[you're] hearing music come through the walls,”. Raphael Travis Jr. (a
social work researcher at Texas State University who studies how hip hop works in
therapeutic settings) said that via email Analyses show that between 1960 and 2010,
the US Billboard Hot 100 songs with the most profound influences on pop music were
hip hop.

Megalo Box - was releases to commemorate 50 years to the popular boxing manga
“Ashita no Joe” (Tomorrow's Joe) the show was directed by Yoh Moriyama, who wanted
to give the show a feeling like the original cell ara (the time when every frame of
animation was hand drawn on paper, they achieve this by roughing up the graphic.

Fourth point:

video (2016) 7:20, 2:40 John plant - one of the main reasons youtube is the second
biggest search engine (behind google) is the wide variety of information you can obtain
by it, from cooks trying a mac and cheese recipe written in 1784 to how folks in the
Middle Ages brushed their teeth, some channels that focus on history teach you with
diagrams and photos, but some channels utilizes the format to the best of its abilities
and recreate historical topics, one of these channels is called “primitive technology”,
just like the name suggests, this channel shows you how primitive technologies were
build and utilities, like the channel creator said, "There's an element of time travel to it”.
there is actually a term for this type of learning: experimental history, and it's about
learning about the common people lifestyle in the past, a thing that is quite complicated
and that's because they were common, they are life warrant vary documented, and if
they were lucky, maybe some traveling monk would write a single line about their whole
life, and this field try to learn about as much as they can about the common people,
there is actually a bbc show called “secrets of the castle” about this topic

Jonathan Townsend - dad started a business in 1973 (which he still runs to this day) in
which he sells product to historical recreators, because some items were hard to explain
using words alone, he started to create videos about the products they sell, as time
progressed his videos shifted from explaining products to old time cooking, but the
original motto of: some things have to been seen to be understood. He also thinks that
the solutions people thought of hundreds of years ago can still be used to this day.

Fifth point
The antikythera mechanism - in 1901 divers exploring a roman shipwreck in the greek
island of antikythera found an ancient baffling device, but fifty years later scholars
finally understood its mystery, turns out that this is actually the oldest (2000 years old)
known scientific calculator, its complex arrangement of over 30 gears could determine
with remarkable precision the position of the sun, moon and the planets, it can predict
eclipses and track the dates of the olympic games
Charles babbage (1871 - 1781) - was born in London, and went to trinity college
cambridge, and even taught himself many aspects of mathematics, while he was in
college, he got the idea of a mechanical calculating mathematical tablets he obtained
government fundings in 1823, while working on the machine he got a job as the lucasain
professor of mathematics in the university of Cambridge, in 1843 babbage’s friend Ada
lovelace published a paper about how you can make the engine of the computer
perform a series of calculations (the first form of computer program), it's important to
understand that the computer was way ahead of its time and its part of the reason the
original computer was never finished. For his work he earned the title of “father of the
computer”
 The Woulds of Wall
Street
What Are Corporate Restructurings
Corporate Restructuring is the process of reconfiguring, or one can say
reimagining a company’s internal structure, hierarchy, or operations
procedure.

Apple’s 1985 Corporate Restructuring (Steve

Job’s “Exile”)
Then called Apple Computer, is a tech company co-founded by Steve Jobs
and Steve Wozniak, and has been making innovative technologies for
our everyday lives since the 1970’s. Iphones, Ipads, Macintoshs, the
Apple II (first place you could play the Oregon Trail on), and much more
was made by this company.
Towards the 1980’s Apple hired John Sculley as their CEO, and in 1985
because Apple, just like the rest of the tech companies, had a decline on
Personal Computer sales, and in addition because Steve Jobs was fairly
inexperienced, and lastly because Sculley wanted to assert dominance in
the company, he decided to organize a corporate restructuring for Apple.
He “fired” Steve Jobs from General Manager and he could just be the
chairman of the board (which is still A LOT of power, just not direct
power on the product). More importantly, Apple reduced their expenses
by firing workers and eliminating products like the Lisa computer. At the
time Apple worked on 2 grand things- the Apple II and the Macintosh. In
this restructuring the division between the 2 projects was eliminated, so
now instead of having for example an advertising force for Apple II and
a separate advertising force for Macintosh, the same one advertising
force will need to work harder to advertise both.
Analysts praise this restructuring for lowering a lot of expenses, and the
workers of the Apple II felt disadvantaged because the management put
them with the smaller ‘Macintosh’ project (which of course became big a
few years later until today).

Expansion For the Last Point (Not in The

Article)
The article is a newspaper article from 1985 on the week of the
restructuring. After it Steve Jobs went to found NeXT (another computer
company) with his own money. It was a part of his plan to gain back
control of Apple.

Apple’s 1997 Corporate Restructuring (Return

of The King (Steve Jobs))
Sculley rose and fell and was replaced by Michael Spindler, who got
ousted by the board after 3 years and was replaced by Gil Amelio who
bought NeXT for 492 million dollars and brought Jobs back as a result
(because he was the founder of NeXT!). Jobs then convinced the board to
make him a CEO and fire Amelio after he anonymously sold all of his
apple stock to make the stock markets panic.
This specific restructuring is one of the most innovative ever in history.
When companies become big they separate their forces into regions and
each region needs every period of time to send a P&L, which is a
financial summarization of revenue, costs, and profits. Jobs decided to
innovate (as he’s the main character), and instead of having a few P&Ls
by splitting the company to different regions (what happened when the
other CEOs were in charge) he had 1 P&L for the whole big company.
The restructuring also focused on three new objectives for apple’s way
of doing things:
 ● Deep expertise
● Immersion to detail
● Willingness to collaboratively debate

Business History and Organization Theory

This ^ is a theory talking about how when a business grows to become
larger than life, instead of having one P&L they have multiple P&Ls split
to different regions! This entire theory contradicts the 1997 Apple
corporate restructuring. Heck, Apple still uses this 1 P&L organization
method for its business even today when it’s one of the companies with
the highest revenues every quarter for a long time. Tim Cook, Apple’s
CEO today, decided to keep the functional organization Steve Jobs had
when he was CEO, but now he expanded the structure to contain newer
areas like AI and Machine Learning.

Alphabet (Google) Corporate Restructuring

Restructuring Kind: Something around the area of divestment (dividing
parts of the company so some will be independent), spin offs (making a
new independent company by divestment), and repositioning
restructuring (just expanding the business line).
Description: In 2015 Google created Alphabet Inc. that became Google’s
parent company in addition to other side projects made by Google that
its investors didn’t want as part of Google.
It made Google focus on their core internet products more, and the rest
of the projects that were more experimental, and seen as “bets” for
Google investors were not under Google anymore but under Alphabet.
It’s important to note that the main reason for this restructuring was to
improve operational efficiency and allow for a greater management
scale.

Facebook (Meta) Corporate Restructuring

Restructuring Kind: Wherever I search I find that it’s mainly a
rebranding :( but it’s also ‘creating an umbrella company’. After more
research it’s also a repositioning restructuring.
Description: We all know that Facebook is this social media only old
people (and WSC coaches) use. Facebook didn’t like the idea that it’s
bordered only in the area of social media (until then it worked on
Facebook, Instagram and WhatsApp- social medias), and wanted to
expand into new areas, especially VR. CEO Mark Zuckerberg 🦎 decided
to make Meta, a parent company for all of the social medias (including
Facebook) instead of having Facebook as the parent company for these
social medias, and on top of that Meta became a company to new VR
projects like Oculus Quests. So with this restructuring Facebook became
Meta and could focus now on both social media platforms and “building
the metaverse”.

Twitter (X) Corporate Restructuring

Restructuring Kind: It’s a Mergers and Acquisitions restructuring, a
repositioning restructuring and a turnaround restructuring.
Description: Twitter was a social media in which people could ‘tweet’
their thoughts and get into controversy! In 2022-3 Elon Musk bought the
company and became the CEO. He had the vision that twitter, or as he
called it ‘X’, should be the ‘everything app’, where everyone should have
free speech! Except for the rebranding to ‘X’ (which I will talk about
after a few pages), Twitter was acquired by X Corp, and had massive
changes inside the company like firing almost all of the moderation team
(as they were not needed in the free speech platform). This caused a big
problem in the first month as people used their free speech to spread
misinformation.

Netflix (Quikster) Corporate Restructuring

Restructuring Kind: Repositioning Restructuring and ended as a
Turnaround Restructuring, by creating a Spinoff.
Description: Netflix is the popular streaming service we all used once in
our life (SEE BOJACK HORSEMAN IT CHANGED MY (TEAMMATE’S) LIFE).
Before it transitioned into a streaming service, it was a mail based rental
business in the late 90’s and early 00’s. In 2011 they decided to separate
the Netflix subscription from a subscription for both streaming and DVD
rental. They wanted to show that they care more about the streaming
service so they made for the DVD rental service an independent
subsidiary called Qwikster. Later that year after negative reception from
the public that the people needed to manage 2 accounts on 2 services,
they brought back the two and so disbanded Qwikster, but in 2023 they
finally discontinued DVD rentals.
It’s important to note this restructuring signifies the turning point in
Netflix’s history where they understood streaming will soon be a gold
mine.

Uber (2019)
Uber's 2019 restructuring aimed to streamline operations, boost profitability, and refocus
on core businesses under CEO Dara Khosrowshahi's leadership. Cost-cutting measures like
layoffs were implemented, with a narrowed focus on ride-hailing and food delivery while
divesting from non-core areas. By doubling down on Uber Eats and investing in innovation
like electric bikes and urban air mobility, Uber aimed to maintain its leading position in
transportation and logistics amidst mounting competition and investor pressure. This
marked a pivotal moment for Uber as it sought sustainable growth and investor confidence
through strategic realignment and decisive action.

Open AI (2024)
Well, I couldn’t find any restructure that occurred in 2024, however there was one in late
2023 so yeah.
In November 2023, OpenAI experienced a leadership change with CEO Sam Altman
departing and Mira Murati taking the helm as interim CEO. This event, dubbed the "OpenAI
Saga," prompted internal adjustments and external questions regarding the company's
future direction and commitment to its non-profit mission.
The transition sparked concerns about OpenAI's stability, its place in the competitive
landscape, and the effectiveness of its governance structure. OpenAI countered by
reaffirming its dedication to its mission and prioritizing safety and security during this
period of change.
While not a full-fledged restructure, this leadership shift marks a significant chapter in
OpenAI's story, leaving the long-term implications for its strategic direction and the future
of AI development under observation.
In addition to that, something occurred on february 15th, tho I don’t know if it’s WSC
material, but anyway, there was a leadership change on February 15th, 2024. Ilya Sutskever
was appointed as the new Director of Research, replacing Dario Amodei.

Air India: Tata Group unveils new logo for former

national carrier
India's Tata Group has unveiled a new logo, branding and livery for Air India as part of a
multi-million dollar transformation of the former national carrier. The logo includes a design
with golden, red and purple colors, and will replace the old one of a red swan.
The rebranding exercise comes years after Tata Group bought the debt-ridden airline in
October 2021, The airline was officially handed over in January 2022.
CEO Campbell Wilson said the company will not completely do away with the airline's iconic
mascot of a cheerful Maharaja, which has been one of India's most recognisable symbols.
But they would "move beyond" it while retaining the mascot's elements that spell
hospitality and service.
Air India was founded by the Tata group in 1932 before it was taken over by the
government in 1953.
In 2021, the Tatas paid nearly $2.4bn (£1.7bn) to buy the carrier which had racked up losses
worth $9.5bn.
Since taking control, Tata has spent millions of dollars to update the air carrier's fleet. In
February, the company announced a deal with Europe's Airbus and US-based Boeing to
buy a record 470 new aircrafts as part of the airline's push to become a bigger global
player.
At the launch ceremony on Thursday, Tata Sons Chairman N Chandrashekaran said that
the airline's immediate priority was to refurbish its entire fleet and bring it to an "acceptable
level".

Air India's new branding is part of a multi-million dollar transformation of the airline
"The vision we have for the airline is also in the backdrop of a new resurgent India where
the aspirations of everyone are limitless," Mr Chandrasekaran added.
Mr Wilson said that all of the airline's widebody planes will be refurbished with new livery by
2025.
He added that Air India was also building new lounges at the Delhi and New York airports
as part of its plans for a global lounge network that covered all destinations in its
international route.
Bard turned into Gemini
About a year after Bard released it was renamed and changed into Gemini, what we have
today.
Even though now we know about gemini, about 20 days ago it was discovered in a Bard
changelog, spotted by a leaker called Dylan Roussel on X that “Bard is now Gemini.”
Even though the name will be changing, the core features and functions of Bard will stay
the same. The things they changed and improved were minor at best, for example, Google
said they evolved the UI to reduce visual distractions, improve legibility, and simplify the
navigation. They also opened a new gemini.google.com website that showed a 404 page.

Google changed the name of Bard into Gemini because as they said it: “We're committed to
giving everyone direct access to Google Al and, as of this week, every Gemini user across
our supported countries and languages has access to Google's best family of Al models. To
better reflect this commitment, we've renamed Bard to Gemini.”
While Bard was launched with PaLM as its ai model. Google introduced its new AI model
Gemini late last year. In their opinion, because AI has gotten much better, it deserves a
new name.

Alongside the rebranding Google released Gemini advanced, a paid version that uses a
more powerful generative AI model called Gemini Ultra unlike the normal version which
uses Gemini Pro. The advanced version will be available in 150 countries at start but it will
function best in English. It’s basically a more advanced version of the normal AI, better in
coding, logic, etc.

In addition to that, Google brought a Gemini app to android, launching mostly in the US.
Later it would be brought to the rest of the world except Europe. The app integrates with
other google applications like youtube. Along with the rebranding, Gemini is also finally
coming to Canada, where it will roll out as an app soon, too. On iOS, Gemini will be available
within the Google app.
Rebranding of Companies!

Dunkin’ Donuts 2018 rebrand

In 2018, Dunkin' Donuts underwent a significant rebranding, transitioning from its full name
to simply "Dunkin'". This move wasn't just about shortening the name; it reflected a broader
strategy for the company:

First of all, a shift focus from solely donuts to also beverages, particularly coffee, for a
wider customer base. Secondly, modernize the brand image with a catchier and simpler
name. Finally, to maintain brand recognition after the rebrand, they used familiar colors
and fonts. This strategic move aimed to position Dunkin' for future success in a
competitive coffee market.

The rebranding process wasn't without its challenges. Some loyal customers felt a sense of
loss with the removal of "Donuts" from the name. However, Dunkin' has continued to
emphasize its coffee offerings while still offering a variety of baked goods, and the
company believes the move has been successful in positioning them for future growth.
Overall, the rebranding wasn’t that serious and while it did create a bit
of backlash, they had great reasons for it.

T-Mobile Rebranding
Note: I didn’t know wtf was T-mobile so I wanted to give some info, it’s
basically a german cell phone brand which is kinda popular. It was
founded by John W. Stanton and the current CEO is Mike Sievert.

In March 2022, T-Mobile underwent a rebrand, introducing "New Magenta" as their

signature color and emphasizing their position as the leader in 5G. This rebranding aimed
to change the company's image.

First of all, it was used to signal a new era: The departure from their iconic magenta and
the introduction of a completely new color aimed to symbolize a fresh start and their
dominance in the 5G landscape.
Second of all, it was used to project boldness and innovation: The vibrant "New Magenta"
was chosen to reflect the company's daring and innovative approach to the wireless
industry.
Even though the fans might have felt like it was a total change, the brand still retained its
core values, ensuring brand recognition and continuity for existing customers.
The rebranding's effort has been met with mixed reactions:
Some people appreciated the change while others questioned its necessity.

Overall, the success of the T-Mobile rebrand is still being assessed. While it has generated
awareness and sparked conversation, its long-term impact on brand perception and
customer acquisition remains to be seen.
Pringles Rebrand
To be more frank, Pringles did not have a rebrand, it was a slight refresh. The goal of this
refresh was to maintain brand recognition while infusing a touch of modernity to appeal to
a wider audience. This approach aimed to strike a balance between tradition
and progress, ensuring continued success for the Pringles brand.
The 2 main changes were to Mr P (the mascot) and the packaging.

For the first time in over 20 years, Mr. P received a makeover. He retained his
signature mustache but sported a sleeker look without hair and a red and
white logo replacing his bowtie. This aimed to modernize the character
while still maintaining his recognizability.
Moreover, the iconic can design received some subtle updates. The color
remained primarily red, but the logo became bolder and the image of the
crisps became more prominent, aiming to highlight the variety of flavors and the stackable
nature of the product.

Fans received the news in 2 different opposite ways. There were fans who hated the
change, because it was a change from the brand's established personality. On the other
hand, there were fans who appreciated the refresh, praising the modernization.
Ultimately, the refresh aimed to strike a balance between tradition and progress, but the
reception reflects the inherent challenges of achieving such equilibrium.

The Gap Rebrand’s Failure

Gap is a well-known, well-established American clothing and
accessories retailer founded in 1969. It stands as one of the largest
global specialty retailers due to its popularity amongst a broad
demographic of consumers.
So the story goes like this. In 2010, because of Gap’s wanting for
modernization and a hopefulness to become “fresher” they
changed their logo.
But, unlike what they expected, they received a major amount of backlash which caused
them to revert the change 6 days later.
There were several reasons for the people’s hate for the new logo.
First of all, the new logo, lacking the original's warmth and boldness, was seen as generic
and disconnected from the brand's heritage. In addition to that, the change had poor
execution. With a thinner font and smaller blue box, the logo further alienated customers.
The sudden, unexplained change felt inauthentic, raising questions about the brand's
direction. This experience underscores the importance of consumer understanding,
maintaining brand identity, and ensuring any changes resonate with the target audience.

Leeds United Rebrand

In 2018, Leeds United FC underwent a significant rebranding effort.
The club unveiled a new crest which was met with a mixed reaction
from fans.
The new crest featured a simplistic design with a shield shape, incorporating the club's
traditional white rose and blue, gold, and white color scheme.

However, the reaction from supporters was largely negative, with many criticizing the
design for its departure from the club's heritage and traditional identity. Fans felt that the
new crest lacked the history and symbolism of previous designs and did not adequately
represent the club.

In response to the overwhelmingly negative feedback from fans, Leeds United decided to
reverse their decision to adopt the new crest. The club announced that they would be
retaining their previous crest instead of implementing the redesigned one.
This incident highlights the significance of club symbols and the strong emotional
attachment that fans have to their team's branding. It also underscores the importance of
involving supporters in decisions regarding rebranding efforts.

Royal Mail 2001 Rebrand

In 2001 Royal Mail attempted a major rebranding, ditching its historic name for "Consignia."
The rebranded for 2 main reasons.

First of all, The company felt "Royal Mail" no longer encompassed its expanding
international operations of delivery and diverse services beyond traditional mail delivery.
In addition to that, "Consignia" was intended to sound modern and innovative, symbolizing
a forward-thinking approach.

However, the rebranding failed miserably. The public, deeply connected to the "Royal Mail"
legacy, saw the change as disrespectful and unnecessary. It felt like a disconnect from the
brand's long-standing heritage and national identity.
Because of the backlash, a year after in 2002 they reverted the name back to Royal Mail.

Ultimately, while Royal Mail still explores different branding strategies, it retained the iconic
"Royal Mail" name, recognizing its deep-rooted value
and connection with the public.
Women of History: Martha Matilda Harper
It’s hard to pin down the first modern like franchise. But is most likely a chain of hair salons,
the Harper Method Shops, founded by the Canadian-American Martha Matilda Harper in
the 1890s. Overall her effect on women and the world was great and she changed the way
women cared for their hair and navigated the evolving stANDArds of grooming and beauty
in the first half of the twentieth century. Her story doesn’t start from there tho, lets go to
the beginning!
Note: Madam C. J. Walker was a 19th century entrepreneur who pioneered and defined
women’s self-presentation in a rapidly changing world.

She was born in poverty in Munn's Corners, Canada. She had a rough childhood, growing
without formal education and being a domestic servant from a young age. That changed
when she ventured to New York at age 25. There, she worked for a wealthy family, using
the same product to dress her employer’s hair that would launch her career—known as
Moscano Tonique.
Note: She claimed that this formula was given to her by a German-born physician on his
deathbed.

In 1888 using 360$ (about 11k$ today) she earned from working at the family, then opened
a beauty salon in central Rochester. “She had her formula, her plan, and her two strong
hands. She was ready to go.” At the time, it was uncommon for women to manage their
own hair care. they typically either tended to it themselves or hired home-visiting
hairdressers, which was why her business succeeded so much. Her clients were usually
upscale even though her workers were employed from among Rochester’s domestic
workers. She became the first female member of the city’s chamber of commerce.
Note: She gave good treatment to customers with children.

Managing and establishing the business was hard for her and she became ill. She later
visited Helen Pine Smith, a christian science practitioner who she contacted through the
Roberts family, someone she treated. After Helen prayed for her, she was able to return to
work.
This encounter with Christian Science marked a turning point in her life and career.
Although she never became a member of The Mother Church in Boston, she joined one of
its branches in 1897—First Church of Christ, Scientist, Rochester

Helen’s approach to beauty prevented hair coloring and permanent waves. Instead, it
emphasized bringing out the natural beauty of customers. She embodied this ideal with
her floor-length hair, featured in advertisements.
Biographer Jane Plitt attributes her that emphasis to the influence of Christian Science.

As Harper developed her brand, she also emphasized facial, neck, and shoulder massages
for customers. She opened her training school later so workers will know how to operate
stores.
These focuses were somewhat separate from Christian Science, causing discomfort for
devout Christian Scientists who might disagree with Martha's interpretations due to the
perceived clash between her methods and the spiritual foundation of the religion.
However, Harper, like numerous others drawn to Christian Science, appreciated its
emphasis on a practical Christianity, aiming to address the needs of people in both
sickness and health, as described by Mary Baker Eddy.

In 1891 she began expanding her business, using the Harper Method Shops. These shops
were operated by women from backgrounds similar to Harper’s. They were trained in
Rochester using The Harper Method Textbook.
Note: later women were trained in 2 other places. Courses lasted several weeks for
experienced beauty operators and six months for beginners. By the 1930’s, about 500
Harper Shops were located worldwide. Harper is credited with inventing 2 popular
inventions, the reclining shampoo chair and shampoo basin but she did not patent them.
The Harper Method attracted male customers, too, although its clientele remained
primarily women.

In the 1930's, approaching 80 years old, she gave the management of the business to her
husband, Robert McBain who was much younger than her. His new management team
tried to update the Harper Method by including hair coloring and permanent waves in the
services that shops offered. But they deemphasized the family feeling that had marked
Harper’s relationship with her franchisees.
Periodic gatherings at headquarters in Rochester and elsewhere had included banquets
and garden parties that the women and their families universally loved. This changed
atmosphere accompanied a strategy to make the business more competitive, but the new
practices also made Harper products less distinctive.

McBain sold the company in 1956 and the last harper shop ceased operations not long
after the year 2000.
Note: 2 Buyers purchased its assets. One of them, Niagara Mist Marketing, Ltd., retained
the formulas for Martha Matilda Harper’s original products.

After McBain took over her business Harper wasn’t involved with it until the near end of her
life. In 1941 she withdrew from membership in the Christian Science church in Rochester
for unknown reasons. Plitt remains convinced, however, that she continued to identify as a
Christian Scientist.
The Transformative Business Model
Unlike what most people think, Industry transformation isn't solely driven by new
technologies, but by innovative business models connecting those technologies to
emerging market needs.
For example, MP3 technology. While early MP3 devices were much better than CDs, MP3
players revolutionized the audio devices market only after Apple coupled the iPod with
iTunes in a new business mode.
To test the effect of a business model switch, the maker of the article analyzed 40
companies that had launched new business models in a variety of industries. Some
succeeded in radically altering their industries; others looked promising but ultimately did
not succeed.

How Business Models Work

A business model is how a company creates and captures value. The business model
defines everything about a company, from the customer value proposition to the pricing
mechanism, but most importantly how it will structure its supply chain - a business model
determines a company’s success.
In an industry a dominant business model tends to emerge over time. In the absence of
market distortions, a good model shows the most efficient way to allocate and organize
resources.
Most attempts to introduce a new model fail, but sometimes one succeeds in overturning
the dominant model. If competitors adopt the model, the industry has been transformed.

An example is Airbnb, which changed the hotel industry. Since its creation in 2008 it has
become very popular, to the point it now has more rooms than either InterContinental
Hotels or Hilton Worldwide.
The founders of Airbnb realized that by using online technology it was possible to create a
new business model that would challenge the traditional economics of the hotel business.
Unlike conventional hotels, Airbnb doesn’t own any property. Instead, it allows users to rent
any livable space using the internet. Airbnb manages the platform and takes a percentage
of the rent.
Because its income doesn’t depend on owning property Airbnb needs no large
investments to scale up and thus can charge lower prices. Because homeowners are
responsible for managing and maintaining the property, Airbnb’s risks are much smaller
than conventional hotels.
Before platform technology existed, there was no reason to change the current business
model. But after the invention of the internet, the conventional business model became
vulnerable to attack from anyone who could leverage that technology to create a more
compelling value proposition for customers.
The Six Keys to Success

1. A more personalized product or service - New models offer tailored products or

services to meet individual needs, often using technology for competitive pricing.

2. A closed-loop process - Many models replace a linear consumption process with a

closed loop, in which used products are recycled. This shift reduces overall resource
costs.

3. Asset sharing -Some innovations succeed because they enable the sharing of
costly assets. For example, Airbnb and Uber. Assets are shared through two-sided
online marketplaces in supply chains, benefiting both sides: I earn money by renting
my spare room, and you get affordable and possibly better accommodation. This
sharing also lowers entry barriers to industries, as newcomers can act as
intermediaries without owning the assets.

4. Usage-based pricing - Some models charge customers when they use the product
or service, rather than requiring them to buy something outright. Both sides benefit
as customers don’t need to outright buy something while companies gain more
customers.

5. A more collaborative ecosystem - Some innovations are successful because a new

technology helps allocate business risks more appropriately, making cost
reductions possible.

6. An agile and adaptive organization - Innovators sometimes use technology to move

away from traditional hierarchical models of decision making in order to make
decisions that better reflect market needs and allow real-time adaptation to
changes in those needs.

Each feature correlates with long-term trends in technology and demand. Tech trends
include sensor advancements for cost-effective
data capture, utilizing big data, AI, and machine
learning for decision-making, decentralized data
manipulation through connected devices and cloud
technology, and innovations like nanotechnology
and 3D printing enabling distributed production. On
the market side, increasing demand from developing
countries is complicated by diverse customer
preferences, higher factor prices, and heightened
regulation, posing challenges for companies seeking
market share.
All 6 features represent potential solutions for linking
market demand and technological capability. For
example, Greater personalization in value
propositions addresses diverse consumer
preferences. Enabled by sensors collecting data from connected devices through the
cloud, big data analysis generates tailored services like recommendations and alerts for
each user.

From Innovation to Transformation

In theory, the more of the 6 features a business has, the more likely it is to succeed and
transform a given industry. So they tested 40 companies and blah blah blah.

So they awarded each model a point for every feature in which it surpassed the incumbent
model. Transformative success was gauged by its ability to gain market share and attract
imitators. Our findings strongly indicate that business models with transformative potential
typically exhibit three or more of the six features.

Uber managed to score ⅚ points. It’s a business built on asset sharing, Uber doesn’t own
any cars. Uber created a collaborative ecosystem where drivers take on the risk of finding
rides, but the platform uses big data to help reduce that risk. The platform creates agility
through a system that responds to market changes in real time. This lets Uber apply
usage-based pricing and direct drivers to locations where the probability of finding a fare is
high.

Finally, Uber uses a scheme where customers rate drivers, because of that, a customer
can see drivers around him and their ratings. The rating system pushes drivers to offer
quality service, and it also provides at least a bit of personalization. Letting customers
choose between the nearest car and one with a higher rating, even if it's a bit further away,
is a big improvement over traditional taxis.

This means that If you're changing your business model or entering a new industry, assess
how well your model performs on six key features. If you excel in three or more, you're
positioned for success; otherwise, your chances are low.

To rate yourself on a feature, you must first define what it actually means in your industry.
For example, in financial services personalization may mean tailored loan terms whereas in
retail it may mean customized T-shirt designs or one-off dresses. Only when performance
is expressed in such industry-specific ways can a company develop metrics to evaluate
and compare its model on the key features.

Healx: A Case Study

The article makers Stelios Kavadias, Kostas Ladas, and Christoph Loch advised Healx, a
company which focuses on treatment of patients with rare diseases in the field of
personalized medicine. A challenge for companies like Healx is that the market is really
small, so companies usually have to charge astronomical prices. Some potential
treatments are, however, being used for more-common diseases with large patient
markets. They could be repurposed to suit the needs of rare-disease sufferers, but they
typically work only for people with specific genetic profiles.

Healx is a company which uses big data technology and analytics to match treatments to
rare-disease patients by analyzing information from different health databases worldwide.
Its initial business model hit three of the six key features. First, Healx’s value proposition
was about asset sharing (for example, making clinical-trial databases that record the
effectiveness of most drugs across therapeutic areas and diseases). Second, the business
promised more personalization by revealing drugs with high potential for treating the rare
diseases covered.
Finally, Healx’s model would, in theory, create a collaborative ecosystem by bringing
together big pharma and health care providers.

To assess the personalization score of Healx, they compared the amount of drug data
currently provided to sufferers of rare diseases with the amount that Healx could provide,
which initially covered 1,000 of the 7,000 rare diseases that have formal advocacy groups
worldwide. These groups represent 350m people, most of whom get no relevant drug
recommendations.
To measure asset sharing they looked at the proportion of known data on
rare-disease-relevant drugs that Healx could access—about 20% in its start-up phase.
Finally, they assessed their collaborative ecosystem by looking at how many of the main
data-holding institutions participated—about a quarter.

Healx first struggled to get pharma companies to join the platform; they were concerned
that their treatment data would leak to competitors but in Healx found a way to remove
these concerns. In 2014, the United Kingdom’s National Health Service introduced a new
rule for pharmaceutical companies: If an expensive treatment doesn’t work for a patient,
the company responsible can be forced to reimburse NHS providers for its cost. Treatment
failure is often caused by specificities in individual genomes, something Healx’s technology
could help with, potentially saving millions of pounds for companies.

Recently, Healx has developed a machine-learning algorithm that can use a patient’s
biological information to match drugs to disease symptoms and also to predict exactly
which drug will achieve what level of effectiveness for that patient.
The newest business model by Healx maximizes personalization and agility. Clinicians
armed with biological data and algorithms can make better treatment decisions directly
with patients, avoiding reliance on fixed rules for off-label drug use. This supports
decentralized, real-time, and accurate decision-making.

This version of the Healx model shows significant transformation potential, encompassing
four of six key features. It's already generating revenue from customers and could
eventually empower patients with more pre-consultation information. While its full
potential is yet to be realized, Healx is a venture worth watching, having earned accolades
such as the 2015 Life Science Business of the Year and significant investments from global
funds.

While you cannot guarantee the success of an innovation, you can increase your chances
of success by ensuring that your business model links market needs with emerging
technologies. The more such links you can make, the more likely you are to transform your
industry.

Business models and shit

Crowdsourcing
Crowdsourcing involves leveraging the "crowd" - a large, often online group of people - to
complete tasks or contribute ideas. This can involve anything from design contests to data
collection. Businesses use crowdsourcing to tap into a wider talent pool, access diverse
perspectives, and potentially find innovative solutions at a lower cost compared to
traditional methods. This can lead to faster problem-solving, improved product
development, and increased customer engagement. In addition to that, businesses choose
crowdsourcing to access a broader talent pool, save money, solve problems faster, and
spark innovation through diverse ideas.

Subscription
The subscription business model is a strategy where customers pay a recurring fee at
regular intervals (such as monthly or annually) to access a product or service. Instead of
making a one-time purchase, customers enter into an ongoing relationship with the
business, receiving continued access to the product or service as long as they maintain
their subscription.
The business model has gained popularity due to its ability to generate recurring revenue,
foster customer loyalty, and adapt to changing consumer preferences in today's digital
economy.

Dropshipping
Dropshipping is a retail fulfillment method where a store doesn't keep the products it sells
in stock. Instead, when a store sells a product, it purchases the item from a third party and
has it shipped directly to the customer. Overall, dropshipping offers a low-risk,
low-overhead way to start an ecommerce business, but it also requires careful supplier
selection, marketing strategy, and customer service management to be successful.
Peer-to-Peer
The peer-to-peer (P2P) business model involves the exchange of goods, services, or
information directly between individuals or peers without the involvement of
intermediaries such as traditional businesses or institutions. Overall, the peer-to-peer
business model has disrupted traditional industries by enabling individuals to directly
connect and exchange goods, services, or information, leading to more efficient resource
utilization and new opportunities for collaboration and sharing.
Freemium
The freemium business model combines elements of "free" and "premium." In this model, a
basic version of a product or service is offered to users for free, while more advanced
features or premium content are available for a fee. Overall, the freemium business model
has become popular across various industries, particularly in software, mobile apps, and
digital content, as it allows businesses to attract and engage a large user base while
generating revenue from a subset of users willing to pay for premium features or content.

Razor and Blades

The razor and blades business model, also known as the "razor-blade model" or "loss leader
model," involves selling a primary product (the "razor") at a low or subsidized price, often at
or near cost, while generating recurring revenue from sales of complementary or
consumable products (the "blades") that are necessary for the continued use of the
primary product. Overall, the razor and blades business model is a strategic approach to
pricing and revenue generation that leverages the sale of a low-cost primary product to
drive recurring revenue from sales of complementary consumables or accessories. By
creating a symbiotic relationship between the primary product and its associated
consumables, companies can maximize profitability and build sustainable, long-term
customer relationships.

Virtual Storefronts
A virtual storefront, also known as an online storefront or e-commerce website, is a digital
platform where businesses showcase and sell their products or services to customers over
the internet. Virtual storefronts play a crucial role in the modern retail landscape, enabling
businesses to reach a global audience, drive sales, and build relationships with customers
through digital channels. Overall, virtual storefronts play a crucial role in the modern retail
landscape, enabling businesses to reach a global audience, drive sales, and build
relationships with customers through digital channels.
Pop up Shops
Pop-up shops are temporary retail spaces that allow businesses to showcase and sell their
products or services for a short period, typically ranging from a few days to a few weeks.
Overall, pop-up shops offer businesses a creative and cost-effective way to connect with
customers, generate excitement around their brand, and drive sales through temporary
retail experiences.

VAR (Value-Added Reseller)

VAR stands for Value-Added Reseller. This business model involves reselling products or
services from one or more manufacturers or vendors, adding value through additional
services, customization, integration, or support to meet the specific needs of customers.
Overall, the VAR business model offers a holistic approach to technology solutions,
combining product sales with value-added services to address the evolving needs of
customers in an increasingly complex and competitive market landscape.

Moneyball

Moneyball origins
The business model change within the Oakland Athletics baseball team in 2002, famously
known as "Moneyball," revolutionized the sports industry by adopting a data-driven
approach to decision-making. Led by general manager Billy Beane, the Athletics leveraged
advanced statistical analysis and sabermetrics to evaluate player performance and identify
undervalued assets. This shift in focus from traditional scouting methods to objective
metrics such as on-base percentage (OBP) and slugging percentage (SLG) allowed the
team to compete effectively against rivals with larger budgets, optimizing performance per
dollar spent. Embracing innovation and challenging conventional wisdom, the Moneyball
strategy not only transformed the Athletics' on-field success but also influenced
decision-making processes across industries, showcasing the power of data-driven
insights in driving efficiency, cost optimization, and competitive advantage.

Boring AHHH long ass video

So a bit of context, this was on the 2nd day of the SSAC23 (the 2023 MIT Sloan Sports
Analytics Conference, which took place on March 3rd and 4th, 2023), as it sounds, sports
analytics yap and yap for hours.
The name of the conference is called the Impact of Moneyball.

People and events correlating with each member…?

There’s Tal, a first year nba student at mit sloan. A part of the organizing team for the
event.
Michael Lewis - author and journalist. Wrote liar's poker and “Moneyball: The Art of Winning
an Unfair Game”, started working on the book in 2002 and released it in 2003. Turns out he
took inspiration from Bill james.
NOTE: It was hard convincing his editor to work on this book as Michael doesn’t normally do
baseball and sports in general.
Michael and the people he talked to (the players) didn’t think something would come from
the book. The owner of the team was friends with the guy who ran goldeman’s sachs, that
guy went to the owner and called him an idiot because of the way he was running his
organization, the ideas of the book spread throughout sports etc, people misjudged
players, statistics were more important. In his opinion there was great emotional value in
the stories of Chad Bradford and Scott Hatterberg, undervalued players who succeeded
majorly.

Bill James - baseball writer, historian and statistician. He is very hypersensitive and
he doesn’t like to read about himself in books. He was once a night watchman at the
Stockley van camp, pork and beans; he actually met his wife there. In 77 he started
working on his baseball abstract (a book which goes over baseball and baseball
players over the decades, got updated several times). In his book he established the
OBP is really important, something that is important in moneyball (a statistic used in
baseball to measure how often a batter reaches base safely. It is calculated as the
number of times a batter reaches base divided by the number of plate appearances).
Bill was actually really hated by the baseball world at first because he “took random
pot shots at people”. He was also unpopular because he offered changes to
basketball. He credits his success to “having the package of things that was needed to sell
it to the public. He thinks that baseball had a lot of nonsensical beliefs and you had to be
offensive to get those beliefs to change. Bill says that people need to find a way to define
positive and negative team behavior, he says it’s a small thing on paper but it makes a big
difference. In his idea, you don’t have to know everything, you just have to know something
other people don’t. For example, Billy Martin, he wasn’t nice but every team he coached
succeeded. Another example is whitey herzog, who managed to “sniff” drugs in his players,
ensuring team purity. In Bill's idea, the moneyball mindset had a problem, that one “class of
priests” was replaced with another “class of priests”.

Shane Battier - former vp of analytics and basketball development at the Miami heat. Was
also a player. Shane was a senior in the NBA when moneyball came out (the book). He says
he never made the correlation between moneyball and basketball even though it was so
obvious. Shane was at the time an outlier for loving statistics and focusing on analytics
as a player. Shane was actually drafted in by Daryl and they ended up being good friends,
he was very undervalued because he had good potential. He also felt really undervalued.
Daryl’s outlook on statistics and the game shocked Shane. He said that normal statistics
are the easiest statistics to use but also not the best. In his opinion a good leader is a
leader which connects someone with a future they don’t know. Great leaders allow
people to think for themselves. In his opinion, to judge leadership you need to count time
spent at the field and the gym, if they enjoy being in the environment etc. He also talked
about the importance of physical connection, if there is trust you would feel safer and
touch more with your teammates. He says people are terrified of sacrificing personal
games for the sake of the team because people don’t understand what makes a good
player. He thinks that curiosity has to do more with researching statistics and analytics as
a player then having more iq. Players who will work hard and do everything to succeed will
manage to do so.

Daryl Morey - president of the basketball operation in the philadelphia 76ers (a basketball
group). When Daryl was 16 he first read Bill’s baseball abstract. He was attracted to the
abstract or to idk what because he wanted to beat his friends in startomatic and earl
weaver video game baseball. He read Bill’s book to get the general knowledge of
baseball and all of the concepts. His reasons to get into the job he currently has is
because he loved math and because of the baseball influence (games and Bill ig). Daryl
actually lives by the truth of Bill, questioning himself who are the players who make the
biggest impact. Daryl thinks that if Bill wasn’t that aggressive he could’ve delivered the
message and the concepts he studied quicker, Bill actually said it was needed to
“penetrate the temple of baseball”. Daryl was with the celtics when moneyball came out. At
the time he was in the “lab” researching data, he wasn’t big in basketball yet. When Steve
and wic bought the Celtics they didn’t know who to bring, they didn’t run draft models and
he fixed them? Idk wtf. Daryl contracted for Shane, he told him that he was very valued
with him because of data analytics. He also chose him because of his knowledge in
statistics. In his opinion, while teams have gotten sophisticated players aren’t, they don’t
know what the teams value about them. It's not just about taking and getting shots inside,
it’s much more complex. There are players who do manage to “hack” the system by
understanding how draft models work. He thinks that sometimes adding a bad player can
turn even a good team upside down. In his opinion players don’t need to know everything
but it does help.

Jackie MacMullen - the moderator of the panel, retired senior writer at espn. She
thinks leadership is misinterpreted. “If you have 10 pitchers you need to speak 12
different languages”. She thinks getting on base is the most important thing there
is, same like possessions in basketball.
Sabermetrics in Digital Marketing – Moneyball, Jurgen
Klopp
Writer of the article is Leon Lawrance, he watched Moneyball in 2006, a movie based on
the book Moneyball, The Art of Winning An Unfair Game. It introduces a term called –
Sabermetrics. Sabermetrics is the adoption of stats-based scouting of players instead of
natural talent.
This made Leon Lawrance question himself, can you use sabermetrics in digital marketing?
Sabermetrics is a portmanteau for SABER (Society for American Baseball Research) and
METRICs (similar to Econometrics). In this situation, Statistical analysis is added to baseball
data. Basically, Moneyball is centered around Billy Beane. Beane made use of the meaning
of sabermetrics to first identify and then recruit undervalued baseball players.
Like Billy Beane finding undervalued players, Lawrence has some undervalued digital
marketing methods.

The first tactic mentioned is Social Bookmarking, underappreciated greatly.

Social bookmarking is a method for users to save and organize web pages they find useful
or interesting. It allows individuals to share bookmarks publicly or privately, facilitating
collaboration and discovery. Users can tag bookmarks with keywords to categorize and
search for content easily.
According to Lawrance, social bookmarking is undervalued because marketers find it
cumbersome to add content to numerous social bookmarking websites.

What do business leaders think of

undervalued marketing strategies?

Director of Global Digital Marketing at G.E, Linda Boff and Orion

Brown from Kraft Foods consider business storytelling as an
underrated tactic. A consistent and natural tone for your relevant
audience can be a gamechanger.

Brian Maynard of Jean-Air feels search engine marketing is undervalued. Its targeting is
second to none. SEM also adopts a shorter funnel from consideration to conversion.

According to Bob Arnold (Global Strategy at Kellogg), email is the most underrated or
undervalued strategy. In his opinion, email has been shunned by social media. Email is a
fairly cheaper alternative as compared to paid social media. Larger reach, however, is social
media’s forte.

Beane’s strategy was simple, he hired undervalued players based on their metrics, saving
him a lot of money, turning the team upside down for the better.
Sabermetrics in today’s world
Statistical analysis has changed since moneyball. For example , the sabermetrics in Lewis’s
book talked about using pitchers' performance must not be based on wins or losses.
Also, the batting average is not the best way to measure a hitter’s value for signing.
In Lawrence's opinion, sabermetrics is very similar to today’s advertising metrics.
Before sabermetrics,used 'batting average' as a key performance indicator, representing
the total number of times a hitter reached base to bat. However, traditional stats
overlooked factors like individual game-winning hits or runners on base. In baseball, the
ultimate goal is home runs, like conversions in marketing campaigns.

Understanding the human element is key. Think of touchpoints as bases – more

engagement equals campaign success, just like more hitters on bases mean more runs
and potentially a win. To do that Bill created the ‘runs created’ stat. This takes the hitter’s
contribution further. It relates the hitters’ runs to the team’s total runs.
In marketing, assign points to touchpoints as bases. Measure campaign success by adding
value to these touchpoints. Identify where to allocate resources by attributing channels to
each touchpoint. Optimize strategies like social bookmarking or ad creatives accordingly,
and measure keyword success at each touchpoint.

By 2003, Bill James was hired as the advisor to the great Boston Red Sox, and using
sabermetrics they won 3 titles in the span of a couple of years. Moneyball changed the
way major league teams did business, a lot of big teams already started using
sabermetrics.

Billy Beane, influenced by Arsene Wenger (Former Arsenal manager) and Sir Alex Ferguson,
sought a mathematical approach to player recruitment, akin to John W. Henry's strategy
for Liverpool F.C. Henry, dissatisfied with traditional scouting, collaborated with physicist
Ian Graham to develop a model. This model guided the selection of players, including
current manager Jurgen Klopp. Despite the initial trophy drought, Klopp led Liverpool to
finals and eventual Champions League victory. Their impressive performance continued
until the COVID-19 outbreak interrupted play, with just one loss that season.

The Future of Sabermetrics in Marketing

Find effective ways to analyze or measure social marketing campaigns. Understand what is
impacting the business. Then jump onto improving that aspect.

Beane found that the more time a player stayed on his base, the more consistent he was.
So, a hitter who stays on base and gets singles is considered consistent to someone who
smashes home runs at intervals.
Liken the singles hitter to your content. Be consistent with your content. No need to look
for that one piece that will go viral. Build an audience for your long-form content.
Dems Have a Plan for a More Moneyball Approach to
Campaigns
A Democratic-aligned group believes they've uncovered a winning strategy for statehouse
campaigns, reminiscent of the "moneyball" approach. According to a memo obtained by
The Daily Beast, spending $25,000 strategically on key individuals could secure victory in
competitive seats, emphasizing timing and personnel over mere expenditure.

As Lauren Baer put it, the program targets spending earlier in the cycle and delivering
trained staff to campaigns that otherwise couldn’t afford them. The program was created
by Arena, a nonprofit group backing Democrats that looks to expand who can enter
politics. The program does have results, as they won eight out of the 11 battleground races
in Michigan, Arizona, and Pennsylvania.
Trevor Southerland, from the Pennsylvania House Democratic Campaign Committee,
attributes Arena's program to flipping the Pennsylvania House after 12 years, winning by
just one seat. Typically, only a campaign manager is employed in state House campaigns.
The race was decided by just 63 votes, and the winner, rookie campaigner Melissa Cerato,
a low class worker, was one of the 11 candidates who received Arena-trained staff.

Finding field organizers for state-level campaigns can be a tough task since the bulk of
talent concentrated in Washington and New York. “You tend to be a field organizer right at
the beginning of your career, and then you move up to campaign manager or something,”
Southerland said. “But oftentimes finding those youngest people is hard, because there’s
only so many political job boards out there, and if they haven’t figured that side out yet,
they’re not able to find you.”

Volunteers need to learn the fundamentals: how to drop literature, how to cut up turf, how
to make the most of the few seconds you might be able to speak before someone slams
the door in your face.
“And in this, they have the basics when they’re hired, so we’re able to jump more straight
into getting the work done rather than having to spend extra time training them,”
Southerland said.

Johanny Cepeda-Freytiz, a restaurant owner and Pennsylvania State House's first Latina
elected, credits Arena-trained staff for elevating her team, emphasizing the effectiveness
of early campaign investments. Arena's approach, focusing on early staffing rather than
late-cycle ad spending, proves fruitful in maximizing voter outreach and ground capacity.
This strategy, if embraced by donors sooner in the election cycle, could revolutionize
political campaigning, potentially extending to congressional and presidential levels,
especially in suburban areas where efficient door-knocking holds significant sway.
However, it requires a broader investment approach beyond reliance on a single
organization or donor group to truly serve the interests of the people and ensure long-term
staff development.
Barnes and Nobles
B&N Changing Name to Barnes & Nobles
Taking a cue from Waterstones, the U.K. bookstore chain that dropped the
apostrophe from its name for "practical" reasons two years ago, Barnes &
Noble has officially changed its corporate name to Barnes & Nobles,
adding the "s" primarily in reaction to "common usage" among the vast majority of its
patrons.

"Our customers have spoken, and what they've said is 'Barnes & Nobles,' " a company
spokesperson explained. "In fact, they've been saying it for years and we believe it is time
to respond to the longtime trend. Our employees are trained not to correct them, but
ultimately we decided the writing was on the wall. When you think about it, we are a chain
with many stores, so the plural option is not illogical." --Robert Gray

How Barnes & Noble transformed its brand from

corporate bully to lovable neighborhood bookstore
Note: text written by Rob Walker
2022 ended with surprising news for Barnes and Nobles, after After more than
a decade of shuttering locations, the chain plans to debut 30 new stores this
year. “We’ve now got both the profitability and the confidence to start opening
up stores again,” CEO James Daunt said. The bookstore has transformed
greatly lately, from a bully to a lovable store.

Barnes and Nobles traces back to a late 19th century New York shop but it went to become
synonymous with a hateful megastore culture that bullied booksellers out of business.
It was also the inspiration for Fox Books, the rapacious chain in the 1998 romcom You’ve
Got Mail. At its peak it had 725 locations.
“Barnes & Noble was perceived as not just the enemy,” a former chief executive of the
American Booksellers Association, told the New York Times, “but as being everything about
corporate book selling that was wrong.”

That changed because of Amazon’s transformation into a retail machine that undermined
Barnes & Noble. Since their peak in 2008, they have closed more than 150 locations,
shuffled their management and sold to a hedge fund for $628 million in 2019, making them
seem collapsible.

The chain’s new owners, Elliott Advisors, sought to turn the page by bringing in Daunt, the
chief executive of bookstore waterstone. Daunt, who is credited with pulling waterstone
from bankruptcy, said he will be giving more autonomy to individual stores to function
more like local shops than cookie-cutter manifestations of a top-down corporate vision.
The strategy boils down to making good bookstores.
This is why Barnes & Noble is now a “book-culture” hero. Ted Goia, author of the popular
culture newsletter “The Honest Broker:” endorsed Daunt, saying that He loves books.

Other things helped them reshape their image. Because of the coronavirus, Daunt moved
the entire chain away from its years of dabbling in a more gift-y and impulse-buy
non-book product mix: more books, no more batteries. The company also used the
lockdown period to improve and update store designs.

In addition to that, unlike what many people said, e-books didn’t destroy regular books,
only a quarter of publisher sales revenue comes from e-books. Even more, the pandemic
was good for book sales, in 2020 alone print sales rose by 8%, rising again in 2021.
That is because more than 300 new bookstores have opened up across the US in the last
couple of years, as said by Alexandra Alter.
And even though the pandemic was problematic for physical retail, they also arguably
fostered a new appreciation for it. something like nostalgia for the wandering of aisles,
even in big-box stores.

While Barnes and Noble are opening new stores, they are still closing stores. Moreover, they
are going for a smaller footprint on the newer shops (a 7000 sq foot store was opened near
a 50000 sq foot store which was closed).

Goia rightly emphasizes Barnes & Noble's renewed focus on books as pivotal to its
potential turnaround. He underscores the importance of passion in cultural businesses,
noting that creativity, not just financial metrics, drives success in fields like music and
writing.
While financial aspects remain relevant, the narrative of Barnes & Noble's resurgence as a
champion of book love is remarkable. Despite twists in its brand image, the company
stands as a compelling underdog story. Let's allow Barnes & Noble to savor this
momentous chapter in its journey.
Can BookTok Save Bookstores? Read Between The Lines
Note: text written by Jenn McMillen
Due to the popularity of one group on the mini-video platform TikTok, called #BookTok,
young people are starting to read and buy books!
So in the year 2020, the year #BookTok started, Barnes & Noble stocks increased by 14%.
Now, the bookstore chain and #BookTok are partners; Barnes & Noble’s website includes a
dedicated page featuring the most popular #BookTok books.
Other chains are also joining in like Books-a-Million, Half Price Books and Penguin Random
House.

BookTok, is one of tiktok’s most popular hashtags, receiving 100+ billion global views as of
mid-January. Because of that, teens have been going into their local book stores filming
clips of themselves with books and then buying them.
Many of the #BookTok video makers have become book influencers, and Barnes & Noble
was quick to recognize the opportunity. They carved out space for popular #BookTok titles
at their stores and they even launched its own group on TikTok, @BNBuzz which has nearly
125,000 followers.
Books a million and Half Price Books did something similar to, creating #BookTok areas in
their stores while also creating web pages for BookTok.
Kathy Doyle Thomas, president of Half Price Books said that they saw an increase in
#BookTok books. “The book community is a tight-knit group that is always looking for a
great next book to read. TikTok/#BookTok is helping readers discover new authors. We love
that.”

TikTok has done its part to boost the book business, as well. Over the summer, it introduced
#BookTok hub, an outside-the-app global community for book lovers in which they can
discuss with other book lovers, encouraging each other to read more books.

BookTok shows the power online communities have, what can other digital platforms do for
other retail sectors?
Here are some key opportunities presented for book chains as of this new development.

Live Streams, auctions and Whatnot.

In 2022, it was reported that live streams, featuring products for purchase in real time, will
draw an audience of 163.4 million U.S. viewers in 2023. These live streams were first held
on social media apps but then in 2019 the independent live streaming company Whatnot, a
company wanting to connect the buyer-seller community in digital auctions, started
replacing them. Whatnot sales tripled in 2022 after a 20x gain in 2021, and some now
predict live shopping will become the next frontier of e-commerce.

To young shoppers, social feeds are like malls

It is reported that 80% of millennials and Gen Z shoppers have purchased products on
social media feeds. Even further, 50% of Gen Z thinks social platforms are better than
online searches for learning about new products (which in this case can be books).
Because of that, in 2022, sales via social media were predicted to exceed $45 billion. There
is a problem though, legitimacy. Many people worry about the items being fake. In this
case, established retailers can decrease those fears.

Use the platform to prove authenticity

In this case, potential villains are influencers who demand payment for positive reviews.
Retailers, brands, and authors with anti-payment policies may gain greater trust from
consumers wary of fake reviews. The World Economic Forum estimated fake reviews
influenced $791 billion in annual U.S. spending in 2021. The Federal Trade Commission is
considering new guidelines, and Meta introduced a Community Feedback Policy in June
2022. Social platforms and e-commerce could benefit from an industry standard akin to
the Good Housekeeping Seal for authenticity.

This Is Not The Climax; This Is An Anthology

When considering any of these opportunities, retailers and brands should keep a level
head. Even though investment in social media costs less than building new stores, a
misfire can damage a company’s reputation.
TikTok and #BookTok are proving that social partnerships can profit both buyers and sellers,
because the partnerships ensure accountability. They help establish a set of checks and
balances and best-practice guidelines.

The Walmart effect: Poison or antidote for local

communities?
Note: Median is the middle value in a dataset, while aggregate is the total sum of all values
in the dataset.
Note: text written by Terry J. Fitzgerald and Ron Writz, in addition to that it was written in
2008 so there are inaccurate things.
Walmart has been accused of causing economic ill, it kills jobs and downtowns, and
destroys community character. It’s been accused of discrimination, requiring work off the
clock and many other things like causing traffic congestion and aesthetic offenses.
As Walmart expands in towns, it often leaves behind empty shells, surrounded by weeds in
unused parking lots. Additionally, new stores likely receive infrastructure upgrades coerced
from local communities by Walmart's influence. Finally, Walmart often challenges and
frequently prevails in property tax disputes, worsening the situation.
Walmart also scares businesses who have nothing to do with it. Banks, for example,
lobbied Congress hard to keep Wal-Mart from becoming an industrial loan corporation,
which, in effect, would have allowed it to offer banking services.
Some argue the company can be a form of good, offering low prices which are hard to
come by anywhere else. In addition to that, Walmart has received considerable attention
for various environmental initiatives including; replacing store lighting with energy saving
bulbs, commitment to use solar panels and finally promising to cut waste by 25%. In
addition to that they promised to reduce their carbon footprint.

Walmart is a death knell to some, a blessing to others - Cities fight to keep WalMart out,
and folks celebrate when they succeed. On the other hand, Walmart helps highschool
students get jobs.
It has even managed to become a swing voter: Political consultants have fashioned the
term "WalMart mom" which’s used for economically insecure, politically conservative
individuals with moderate to low income and education levels. Additionally, there's
"Walmartopia," a political satire musical that premiered in Madison, Wis., and is now an
off-Broadway production.

Walmart receives all of that attention because it’s the largest retail store in the US, Nearly
90 percent of the country's population lives within 15 miles of a Wal-Mart, and two-thirds
of all retail stores are located within five miles of a Wal-Mart. Even further, according to
company figures and U.S. Census Bureau data. Wal-Mart's 2005 sales were larger than the
combined sales of the next five biggest retailers in the country.

It's a classic case of Wal-Mart being omnipresent. A survey showed that 24% of
respondents believed Walmart was bad for the country, with 31% holding an unfavorable
view of the company, notably higher than other major corporations. Interestingly, 81% of
those living near a Wal-Mart considered it a good place to shop.

Argument framing, aisle2

So is Walmart a cause of good or bad? To answer that question, the fedgazette (The
Fedgazette is a publication produced by the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, offering
economic insights, analysis, and research relevant to the Ninth Federal Reserve District -
Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and portions of Wisconsin and Michigan)
researched about what economic effect does Wal-Mart have on local communities in the
Ninth District. To do that, they looked at 40 small counties in the district that saw Wal-Mart
come to town between 1986 and 2003 and compared them with 49 similarly sized
non-Wal-Mart counties in the district. They looked at jobs, firms, population, income and
poverty—from 1985 to 2005 to see if Wal-Mart counties performed differently than
non-Wal-Mart counties.
The hope of this research is to better frame the friend-or-foe debate over Walmart, as it is
both good and bad, like smaller businesses just much bigger.
Even though Walmart is portrayed to be a villain - ruining jobs and destroying firms,
Fedgazette findings suggest the opposite: Firm growth, employment and total earnings
were somewhat stronger in Wal-Mart counties and, in some cases, even in the retail sector.
Walmart hasn’t been a blessing either. In the time studied, poverty rates, for example,
decreased in most counties, but in counties with a Walmart, they decreased by less.
Overall, counties with and without Wal-Mart had similar growth in population and income
per person.
The slight problem is that the study shows diverse growth rates across counties,
regardless of Wal-Mart presence. While some Wal-Mart counties grew strongly, others
didn't, mirroring patterns in non-Walmart counties. Overall, Wal-Mart's influence on county
economies is minor, suggesting it doesn't reliably predict economic success.

Start at the beginning

About two-thirds of the Wal-Mart counties being studied had their store in
place by the early 1990s. Walmart tends to be located in larger counties. The
larger the county's population, the more likely Walmart would eventually
locate there. In 1985, before any Walmarts appeared on the scene, counties
that would be getting a Wal-Mart sometime in the coming two decades
tended to have higher levels of population and employment, as well as
higher employment ratios relative to non-Walmart counties.
Per capita income levels were basically even between Wal-Mart and
non-Wal-Mart counties.

Fast-forward 20 years and take a look back at the growth of these same categories since
1985. Generally speaking, Walmart counties saw stronger growth through 2005 by both
median and aggregate measures.
Personal income increased by pretty much the same in most counties, both in median and
aggregate terms.
Walmart counties showed higher median population growth, but this was mainly due to
slow growth in smaller non-Wal-Mart counties, which were overrepresented. Median
growth in larger non-Wal-Mart counties matched that of Wal-Mart counties, indicating
similar aggregate population growth in both groups.
The similarity in group results and the volatility across all counties indicate that Walmart's
presence had minimal influence on population or income growth, offering little support for
both supporters and critics.

Results are stronger when it comes to employment and earnings. Median employment
growth was notably higher in Walmart counties than in non-Walmart counties. The
difference shrinks for aggregate employment due to five non-Walmart counties with over
100% employment growth, mostly bordering metro counties. In contrast, only one Walmart
county saw such growth.
This shows that overall results for non-Walmart counties are pulled up considerably by a
small handful of fast-growing counties, most of which are near metro counties that
already have a Walmart.
In 1985, counties destined for Wal-Mart had higher overall job earnings, but wages in the
retail sector were nearly the same between Wal-Mart and non-Wal-Mart counties. From
1985 to 2005, earnings per job grew faster in Walmart counties. In the retail sector,
earnings per job actually fell in Walmart counties over this period but they fell by even more
in non-Walmart counties.

The area in which non Walmart counties were better is total compensation for wage and
salary workers, aligning with the trend of firms offering more benefits over time. However, a
more precise comparison would consider growth in income and benefits specifically within
the retail sector, where historically benefits are lower compared to other sectors.

Pricing out the competition?

Even though Walmart is accused of trampling rivels, the data doesn’t support that, at least
in the 9th district. The place to look is at general merchandise establishments in a county,
much higher levels of business closures might be expected to show up in Walmart
counties, but the data don't show that.
Limitations such as a small number of firms and transitioning business classification
systems hinder making strong conclusions about general merchandise stores. From 1985
to 1997, both non-Walmart counties and Walmart counties experienced similar declines in
general merchandise stores.
County firm trends contradict the idea of Wal-Mart devastating local businesses, as even
small establishments with fewer than 10 employees showed minimal Wal-Mart impact.
Even further, median establishment growth in Walmart counties, for example, was stronger
than in non-Walmart counties, particularly among smaller employers. The case is not the
same for aggregate establishment growth, but again the top 5 counties boost the amount
massively, without them Walmart counties win.
Overall, The presence or absence of Walmart doesn’t influence business growth in a county
that much.

Sales tax data offer another window on Wal-Mart's economic effect. Walmart likely draws
shoppers from nearby counties and may increase shopping frequency with its wider
selection but could also displace local retailers. Taxable retail sales for 1985 and 2005 were
gathered for Walmart and non Walmart counties in the 9th district. Walmart counties in
each state saw mostly similar or faster growth in taxable sales compared with
non-Walmart counties, only by a couple of percentage points though.
How about a different angle?
The fedgazette also looked at shorter time periods, and the general findings were little
changed. Over a two-year window Walmart had little effect on average personal income or
population. However, employment increased in Wal-Mart counties relative to non-Wal-Mart
counties, especially in retail; and growth rates in earnings per job were generally similar.
Those findings held steady when the time frame was widened to 5 years after a Walmart
opening.
Lastly, the fedgazette looked at Walmart counties six years prior to the store opening, and
these counties showed little evidence of having stronger income growth leading into the
opening of the Walmart. It's unclear if Wal-Mart benefited from strong county economies
and concealed any local negative effects.
Something bad for Walmart is that despite overall decreases in poverty across the Ninth
District from 1989 to 2004, Walmart counties experienced less reduction in poverty rates
compared to non-Walmart counties, indicating a less favorable outcome in terms of
poverty alleviation, even in counties with supercenters.

The fedgazette then investigated whether immigrant population flows had any relationship
to the poverty trends. That is because immigrants are more likely to be poor and counties
with a Walmart might attract immigrants better. However, the data shows little evidence
that changes in the foreign-born population play a major role in the differential change in
poverty within the two sets of counties.

So, friend or foe?

Despite differing views on Walmart's impact, it's important to note that the findings
presented are correlational rather than causal, meaning we can't directly attribute specific
outcomes to Walmart. However, these findings challenge common perceptions of
Walmart's negative effects on local communities, although they don't necessarily portray it
as entirely beneficial either. The analysis suggests that Walmart's influence on local
economic trends is nuanced and relatively small compared to other factors affecting
county health.
Things About Consumer Experience?

Supermarket Shopper - Duane Hanson

This Photo realist sculpture by Duane Hanson vividly depicts the
consumerist culture shift. It features a lifelike obese woman pushing an
overflowing shopping cart filled with junk food and packaged goods.
Through this artwork, Hanson comments on societal changes, highlighting
excessive consumption. The sculpture's realism underscores the impact of
consumerism on individuals and society. This piece is significant for its
portrayal of the "Buy, Buy, Buy!" mentality and stands out as one of the few
photo-realistic sculptures of its kind, marking a notable shift in both culture
and art.
An updated version of the sculpture could involve depicting people engrossed in their
smartphones, highlighting digital addiction, while also incorporating symbols of
environmental degradation and addressing issues of economic inequality and diversity.

A Supermarket in California - Allen Ginsberg

"A Supermarket in California" by Allen Ginsberg is a poem of reflection on consumerism and
existential questioning. It vividly depicts a surreal encounter in a supermarket, where
Ginsberg interacts with literary figures like Walt Whitman and Federico García Lorca.
Through vivid imagery, the poem captures the overwhelming nature of consumer culture,
contrasting it with a sense of loneliness and disillusionment. Ginsberg critiques the
emptiness of materialism while exploring themes of nostalgia, lost love, and the search for
meaning in a rapidly changing world.
In an updated version today, "A Supermarket in California" might explore themes like online
shopping, environmental concerns, social media influence, economic inequality, and
cultural homogenization in consumer culture.
A few notable lines are:
"What thoughts I have of you tonight, Walt Whitman..." "In my hungry fatigue, and shopping
for images..." "Whole families shopping at night! Aisles full of husbands! Wives in the
avocados, babies in the tomatoes!"

99 Cent - Andreas Gursky

"99 Cent" by Andreas Gursky is a photograph depicting a discount store
with meticulously arranged aisles and products. Through subtle
alterations and a mirrored roof, Gursky creates a hyperreal
representation of consumerism. The image prompts viewers to reflect
on contemporary society's obsession with consumption and the
overwhelming nature of choice within consumer culture. It portrays the customer
experience as one of abundance and organized chaos, inviting contemplation on our
relationship with material goods in modern society.
If the artwork was created today, it might include online shopping, sustainability, social
distancing, and technology integration to reflect modern consumer trends and shifts in
behavior.

Rebranded McDonald’s restaurants are unveiled in

Russia

]On the 12th of june 2022, 15 rebranded McDonald’s under the name “Vkusno & Tochka,”
which translates to “Tasty and that’s it” were opened. It is owned by Alexander Nikolaevich
Govor. The company, which has Oleg Paroev serving as director general, currently has
800+ locations throughout russia.
“If you recall, in May, McDonald’s announced they were removing their businesses from
Russia. I am very proud that they chose me to continue developing this business. That
means the company views me as someone who fully shares all the principles of business
and values of McDonald’s,” Govor said at a press conference. Russia McDonald’s retained
63,000 workers.

The rebranding occurred on Russia day, the day it got its independence, it also took place
at the same location in Moscow’s Pushkinskaya Square, where McDonald’s opened its first
Russian restaurant on January 31, 1990. On that day 30,000 people were served by 630
employees.

Even though there were more than 800 locations there, after the invasion of Ukraine
McDonald’s left the country and sold the business to Govor, for 1.4b dollars. Govor
mentioned other franchises might continue, but McDonald’s will exit Russia. The country's
anti-monopoly service stated McDonald’s could repurchase its Russian restaurants within
15 years, but details of the sale to Govor remain unclear.

“If the opening of McDonald’s in 1990 symbolized the beginning of a new era in Soviet life,
one with greater freedoms, then the company’s current exit represents not just a closing
down of business, but of society as a whole,” Darra Goldstein, Willcox B. and Harriet M.
Adsit professor of Russian, emerita, at Williams College.

The new logo symbolizes the main symbols of the restaurant, having two
yellow fires and one patty. The green background reflects on the quality of
products and service that guests are accustomed to.

Even though Vkusno & Tochka doesn’t sell recognizable items like a big mac,
it sells similar products and for much cheaper. Even though the items are different the
equipment is still the same.

CNN's Fred Pleitgen interviewed Sergey Vlasov, 19, wearing a "Z" hat symbolizing Russian
troops in Ukraine. Vlasov sees no contradiction in supporting Russian forces while eating
American fast food. He views McDonald's withdrawal from Russia as an economic move
hindering progress, acknowledging Russia's role in the conflict but also its stance on
protecting sovereignty. Ultimately, he's just at McDonald's to enjoy a meal.
Another customer told CNN that his double cheeseburger from Vkusno & Tochka was
“almost the same” as the ones served in McDonald’s. He thinks that the rebranded chain
will satisfy Russian customers for the time. His wife, Yekatarina, went to eat in the
rebranded chain because of the novelty surrounding it, although she is skeptical about if
the restaurant will live up to expectations.

Foundation and Earth

"Foundation and Earth" is a science fiction novel written by Isaac Asimov, published in
1986. It continues the story of the Foundation series, following the journey of Golan
Trevize, Janov Pelorat, and Bliss as they search for the mythical planet Earth. Set in the
same universe as Asimov's earlier Foundation novels, this installment delves into the
mysteries surrounding Earth's location and its significance in galactic history. As Trevize
and his companions traverse through various worlds and encounter different civilizations,
they grapple with philosophical questions about the nature of humanity and the fate of the
galaxy.

In "Foundation and Earth," the main character, Golan Trevize, lands on a long-abandoned
human colony where he encounters an unexpected threat: a pack of wild dogs. These
dogs are descendants of the pets once kept by the colonists who inhabited the planet.
However, with no humans around to care for them or take them on walks, these
domesticated dogs have adapted to their environment and reverted to a more primal state.
As a result, the poodles and pugs that were once cherished companions have transformed
into formidable and potentially dangerous predators, resembling wolves more than their
domesticated ancestors. Despite their ferocity, the image of these cute yet deadly
creatures adds a unique and memorable twist to the narrative, highlighting the
consequences of human absence and the resilience of nature in an abandoned colony
setting.

Primary and Secondary Ecological Successions

Ecosystems aren't static things, they constantly evolve. response to changing
temperatures, moisture levels, etc. Ecological succession is the process by which the
structure of a biological community changes over time due to new changes in the
environment (species going extinct, changing temperature, etc). In most ecosystems, if
succession is allowed to continue without a major disturbance, the ecosystem structure
will be composed of life that maximizes the “goods” the environment can provide.
Ecologists term a stable biological community in an environment a climax community.

Primary succession is the process in which plants and animals first colonize a barren
habitat.
For example, On a new volcanic island, wind-blown seeds settle in rock crevices,
germinate, and grow into fast-growing grasses, creating pockets of soil. As vegetation
spreads, more plant species arrive, followed by animals. Over decades, the ecosystem
stabilizes as species populations establish themselves.

Secondary succession differs from primary succession because it starts after a

disturbance (natural disaster, human activity etc) wipes away part of a landscape. The
stages of secondary succession are similar to first succession, disturbed areas are initially
recolonized by insects and weedy plants, often from nearby ecosystems. Over time, these
species are replaced by more resilient plants and animals. With time and undisturbed
conditions, the ecosystem regains stability. Although the major disturbance ruins the
landscape, the soil often retains a bank of seeds that can sprout shortly after the effects of
the disturbance pass, so ecosystems within the landscape can recover through secondary
succession. In cases of an extreme disturbance (volcanic eruptions for example), life
begins again by primary succession.

Basically, ecological succession in the overall theme, first succession is first making a
location without life habitable and secondary succession is rebuilding an ecosystem using
seeds (metaphorically and physically) from the first succession.

🔥
Escobar's Hippos and how introduced
species could help rewild a lost world
While in most cases, introduced species are seen as a negative for
the ecological destruction they cause to native habitats. Though a
new study suggests that in fact there could be, after a global
analysis of introduced herbivores found that they can help restore
some elements of ecosystems that have been lost through
human-induced species extinction, for example escobars’ hippos.
The research was carried by an intentional team that looked at the ecological impacts of
herbivore species compared to those lost through extinction. In the case of the hippos, 4
of them were brought in the 80’s and now there are about 80-100 in Colombia's rivers.
Scientists suggest that introducing species like these into new habitats can unintentionally
restore lost ecological traits, such as influencing shrub growth in drylands. They reached
this conclusion by comparing key characteristics of herbivores from before the Late
Pleistocene extinctions, around 11,000 years ago, to those of modern herbivores.
Lead author Erick Lundgren from UTS notes that comparing species with similar
ecosystem effects reveals how introduced species make the world more similar to its
pre-extinction past.
The team calculates that some 64 percent of introduced herbivores are more similar to
these long-lost species than local native ones.

Senior author Arian Wallach from UTS suggests broadening our perspective to include the
evolutionarily relevant past to better understand how introduced species affect the world.
“Feral hippos in South America are similar in diet and body size to extinct giant llamas”
The team discovered that some introduced species closely resembled lost species, while
others exhibited a blend of traits from extinct herbivores.
"For instance, feral hippos in South America resemble extinct giant llamas in diet and body
size, whereas a peculiar extinct mammal, a notoungulata, shares large size and
semiaquatic habitats with hippos," explains study co-author John Rowan, Darwin Fellow at
the University of Massachusetts Amherst. "Though hippos don't perfectly replace any one
extinct species, they restore elements of crucial ecologies across multiple species."

6 Animals That Scientists Are Trying to Bring Back from

Extinction
The article has nothing really to do with De-Extinction but like it’s better here than not.
De-extinction is the scientific study of bringing back extinct species into existence.
But first of all, why would we want to do that?
Scientists believe that bringing back extinct species may help us fill the gaps in many
evolutionary theories. There’s even a possibility that de-extinction could slow down global
warming. Scientist Sergey Zimov believes that, if we were to reintroduce an animal that’s
similar to the wooly mammoth back to the tundra, it could help repopulate the area, regrow
ancient plains, and possibly slow the melting of the ice caps.

There are the main methods of doing so:

1. Cloning:
The most accurate version of de-extinction, but also the hardest one to perform. To
actually clone something, you need access to its full genome, which is a hard task to
accomplish considering the animals are fucking dead. Although DNA has a half-life of 521
years, so it might still be possible to bring back animals like the dodo who are extinct but
their extinction happened fairly recently.
2. Genome editing:
We've been able to edit genes for quite a long while now, and this process of de-extinction
focuses on our ability to manipulate the genomes of living species to make a new species
that closely resembles an extinct one. Since this method does include another species
though, the product will only resemble the extinct species.
3. Back breeding:
This technique includes breeding distinguishing traits of the extinct animal into a living
population, say a fur pattern or a set of horns. This obviously doesn't actually resurrect the
species, only some specific traits that made him special in its biological environment.
Wherever humans have ventured, they've driven animals to extinction, whether hunted or
outcompeted. This pattern spans tens of thousands of years, coinciding with human arrival
worldwide. Megafauna like the wooly mammoth vanished in Europe, glyptodons in the
Americas, and 85% of large Australian animals disappeared post-human arrival. Recent
extinctions include the moa, passenger pigeon, and dodo. But are these species truly gone
forever? Scientists aim to resurrect six extinct animals.
1. An Extinct Animal From the Tip of Africa: The Quagga - The quagga
was a subspecies of plains zebra that roamed the southern tip of Africa. It was
distinctive in that it had stripes on its head and the front half of its body, while the
rear half was brown. It was hunted to extinction in the wild, and the last specimen
died in 1883 in the Amsterdam Zoo. The quagga project aims to bring the quagga
back to life. The best theory for the De-extinction of the Quagga is selective
breeding, in the 80’s the theory got a boost when it was discovered that the
quagga was a subspecies of the plains zebra. In 1987, nine zebras were brought to a
breeding camp near Robertson, South Africa, to start re-breeding the quagga.
Additional zebras with quagga-like traits joined the program, necessitating
expansion to multiple sites for their care. Since then, many foals have been born,
leading to six individuals closely resembling the original quagga, termed Rau
quaggas: Henry, Freddy, DJ14, Nina J, FD15, and Khumba.

2. Aurochs - During the Pleistocene era, a massive species of cattle called the
aurochs was widespread across Eurasia, North Africa, and the Indian subcontinent.
They lost their habitat and with the addition of major hunting they became extinct
by 1627. The first attempts to bring back the aurochs started in the 1930s by Heinz
and Lutz Heck, who selectively bred modern cattle. The result was the breed called
the “heck cattle” which differed significantly from the original aurochs. Currently,
The Tauros Programme and the Taurus Project are both trying to revive the aurochs
by using selective breeding, while the rival Uruz Project by the True Nature
Foundation wants to use genome editing in their program. It is hoped that bringing
this extinct animal back into the wilds of Europe will benefit the European
eco-system, as the aurochs was a keystone species.

3. Pyrenean Ibex - Subspecies of the Spanish ibex, the Pyrenean ibex is an

extinct animal that disappeared due to overhunting. In 1999, the last Pyrenean
ibex, a female named Celia, was tagged and collared, having a tissue taken from
her. She met a tragic fate a year later after being crushed by a tree. In 2003,
scientists used the tissue sample to clone Celia. Her cells were transferred into the
egg cells of goats. Many goats were impregnated, but only one came to term. The
clone died after 7 minutes of being born. Still, the experiment was deemed as a
success.
The problem with the situation is that scientists only have the DNA of the female
pyrenean ibex, to solve that, they will breed a future clone with the spanish ibex.

4. Passenger Pigeon - Hunting extincted the passenger pigeon in the early

20th century, and these now-extinct animals could make a comeback. The problem
is that there’s a lack of intact DNA from the pigeon, making cloning impossible.
Instead, Revive & Restore are identifying DNA mutations that differentiate the
passenger pigeon from its closest living relative, the band-tailed pigeon. By
modifying the band-tailed pigeon's DNA accordingly, a hybrid with nearly identical
traits to the passenger pigeon can be created, although not an exact copy. They
 plan to start captive breeding by 2024 and releasing the species to the wild by
2030.

5. Tasmanian Tiger - Having once roamed Australia, Tasmania and New

Guinea, the species was dwindling even before European arrival at Australia. In
1936, to protect the tiger, the Australian government turned it to a protective
species. Sadly, 90 days later the species went extinct due to the last specimen
named Benjamin dying.
The good news is that In 2017, the thylacine's genome was fully sequenced. Andrew
J. Pask from the University of Melbourne suggests the next step is creating a
functional genome, aiming to revive the species by 2027.

6. Woolly Mammoth -
The Woolly mammoth, an iconic extinct animal, is a prime candidate for
de-extinction efforts. Extinct since around 1650 BCE, it's a recent loss from a
prehistoric standpoint, outliving the construction of the Pyramids of Giza by over a
millennium.
Research teams, including those from Japan and Russia, have explored various
methods for resurrecting the mammoth. Cloning, reliant on mammoth DNA,
remains unfeasible due to insufficient genetic material, although more DNA is being
discovered, notably as permafrost recedes. Other methods include artificial
insemination using mammoth sperm and an Asian elephant mother, or migrating
mammoth genes into Asian elephant genomes.
Success in these endeavors could hold promise for environmental benefits,
potentially aiding in mitigating the effects of global warming. Newsweek even
suggests resurrection could occur as soon as 2027.

7. Bonus Round…. THE NEANDERTHAL! - The neanderthals are a

candidate for de-extinction, although resurrecting the species will involve some
ethical choices. We didn’t evolve from the neanderthal, instead, we share one
common ancestor. Neanderthals went extinct around 40,000 years ago, but not
before they met up with Homo sapiens and interbred with our ancestors. As a
result, some of our ancestors are indeed neanderthal. Neanderthals were similar to
us, we both are smart social problem solvers, however, they were different enough
to be considered a separate subspecies. What we could learn from a live
neanderthal would be immense. The ethical debate is obvious as bringing a bird
back is one thing and bringing a sapient human species is something entirely
different. Neanderthals live on in us, as in every area in the world other than the sub
saharan we share between 1-3% of our DNA with them.

Many people argue against bringing animals back in general as in their eyes it’s playing god
and can cause disastrous consequences. In addition to that, bringing species back can
cause ecological imbalance.
Return of the Aurochs
Painted on the rocks in Portugal's Côa Valley are figures of aurochs — the common
ancestor to all domestic cattle breeds — drawn by hunters thousands of years ago. In the
1990’s the Portuguese government planned to flood the valley, causing archeologists to
rebel. 4 years later the location became a UNWE site, to protect the historical records of the
Aurochs. Only thing is the Aurochs themselves.
Ronald Goderie, a cattle breeder and an ecologist, intends to de-extinct the Aurochs. The
problem is that the Aurochs have been extinct since 1627, almost 400 years.
He isn’t concerned though. To de-extinct the Aurochs Goderie collaborates with
geneticists at Wageningen University and ecologists at Rewilding Europe to revive the
aurochs. They back-breed modern cattle to resemble aurochs, incorporating traits like
horns and stripes, then reintroduce them to former aurochs habitats.
The project may seem stupid but there are ecological reasons for the de-extinction of the
Aurochs. "Agricultural land abandonment is widespread in Europe, and natural grazing is
needed for biodiversity preservation," says Goderie. "We aim to reintroduce a bovine
capable of fulfilling this role effectively. To achieve this, we prioritize
cattle that closely resemble the aurochs."

Goderie is not alone in his belief, there are other breeders raising
back-bred herds. For instance, a conservation organization called
Arbeitsgemeinschaft Biologischer Umweltschutz (ABU) has more
than 100 of their own faux aurochs grazing in various nature
reserves in northwest Germany.

SuperCattle
The petroglyphs at Côa Valley are just one of many traces of ancient aurochs. For example,
The Chauvet-Pont d’Arc cave art, dating back 30,000 years, portrays aurochs with
muscular bodies and massive horns. Julius Caesar even awed at their size saying that they
were just a bit smaller than elephants!
Sadly, the spread of agriculture ruined the natural habitat of the aurochs causing them to
diminish in numbers. By the early 17th century, the final holdouts survived in the Jaktorów
Forest of Poland. The death of the last aurochs in 1627 was the world’s first recorded
extinction.
The first to try to de-extinct the aurochs were a couple of German zookeepers, brothers
named Heinz and Lutz Heck, who managed the zoos of Berlin and Munich in the 1930s.
They crossbreed aggressive and primitive breeds, attaining a slight resemblance to old
depictions of aurochs. Heck cattle caught the interest of Nazi Reichsmarschall Hermann
Göring, who reportedly released some on his estate for hunting purposes.

Losing Europe’s Pastureland

When the Heck brothers bred their supercattle, Europe was predominantly farmland,
similar to the landscape when the aurochs became extinct. Almost a century later, the
situation has changed gradually asserts Rewilding Europe ecologist Wouter Helmer, about
10,000km2 of farmland are abandoned each year. He warns that uncultivated land leads to
rapid forest growth, endangering wildflowers and butterflies. Large herbivores historically
shaped the European landscape, but without them, biodiversity is at risk, potentially losing
half of its ecosystems.

Cave Paintings Come to Life

The timing of Goderie’s quest was perfect as researchers were already starting to
sequence auroch DNA. Teaming up with Wageningen University molecular geneticist
Richard Crooijmans, Goderie surveyed breeds related to the aurochs in order to decide
which animals to mix. They started with six different types of cattle from three regions of
Europe. Crooijmans’ reasoning for such is because most breeds are inbred, you have to
start with many breeds, that is because you need variation to select the correct auroch
traits. To find what traits the aurochs had, they used cave art and ancient skeletons.
Certain features, like menacing horns, offer clear benefits to wild animals. Meanwhile, traits
like back stripes may hold genetic significance, even if not immediately apparent. It's
crucial to evaluate all characteristics, considering their potential risks to humans.
Even with Crooijmans’ expertise, the breeding process is slow. You need to wait a lot before
traits mature, and they can’t yet select characteristics just by looking at the genes. That is
because primitive characteristics like horn shape remain largely unexplored. Their aim is to
leverage genome sequences to swiftly understand these primitive phenotypes.

To preserve open terrain in nature reserves, organizations like Rewilding Europe often use
domesticated herds. In 2008, cattle breeder Goderie, was grazing parks with Scottish
Highland cattle in the Netherlands, considered more suitable breeds. Wary of Heck cattle's
aggressiveness, he aimed for an animal as well-adapted as aurochs. Borrowing from Greek,
he named his creation "tauros."

Today. Goderie manages around 500 animals in various stages of becoming modern-day
aurochs, from the Côa Valley to Croatia's Velebit mountains. They coexist with back-bred
horses in Rewilding Europe projects. Some tauros cattle already exhibit aurochs-like
features. Heck cattles gain appreciation for their genetic diversity, with efforts to
crossbreed them for rewilding as said by Margret Bunzel-Drüke, a zoologist at ABU. Each
rewilding area presents unique challenges, suggesting a flexible approach is essential.

Colossal Biosciences finds a home for one extinct

species
After years of working on the de-extinction of the dodo, Colossal Biosciences (a company)
has found a home for its bird in Mauritius in a new partnership with the Mauritian Wildlife
Foundation. The company based in Dallas, is also trying to bring back the Tasmanian tiger
and the wooly mammoth. Their dodo project would bring the bird back to East Africa and
empower the company to save other endangered species, says Ben Lamm, its co-founder
and CEO.
"Our goal with all the species we work on is to bring them back into their natural habitat,"
Lamm said. "This endorsement and collaboration from Mauritian Wildlife is a big testament
to the incredible work that not only our scientific teams are doing to bring back the dodo
but the team to successfully wild them back into their natural habitats."

Though they don’t know when the dodo will return, its return could also help birds like the
pink pigeon, which are close to meeting the same fate, Matt James, Colossal's chief animal
officer, said. The pink pigeon is a bard native to Mauritius who faces extinction (has 500
living members) due to habitat degradation, diseases and inbreeding. Matt said that all
de-extinction programs used by Colossal will become tools they can use regarding the
pink pigeon and other pigeon conservation projects.

Colossal uses genome editing, a method to alter the DNA of a cell or organism. By teaming
up with Mauritius, Colossal thinks it will be able to advance its efforts even further, James
said.
Colossal received heavy backing from over a dozen companies including Dallas private
equity financier Victor Vescovo and CIA-backed In-Q-Tel.
They expect Colossal to put members of its team in Maurutis next year to work with the
Mauritius Wildlife Foundation and the local government.

The collaboration between Mauritius and Colossal may help dispel some of the Jurassic
Park comparisons the company has received in the past, Lamm said.
Animals We Had To Research About
Since I already talked about the wooly mammoth, the Tasmanian tiger, the passenger
pigeon and the pyrenean ibex, I will just talk about the Dodo, the mastodon and the
Carolina parakeet.

Dodo
The Dodo bird is a flightless fat bird native to Mauritius, characterized by its large
size, stout build and distinctive hooked beak. In the early 1500, Portuguese
salesmen found the doods on Mauritius. Since the dodos were not afraid of humans
as they did not have any natural predators they weren't afraid of humans, which
made them very easy hunting targets. The human also brought pigs and monkeys
with them, who ate the dood's eggs and competed with them on food.
Over-harvesting of the birds, combined with habitat loss and a losing competition
with the newly introduced animals, was too much for the dodos to survive. The last
dodo was killed in 1681, and the species was lost forever to extinction.

The Carolina parakeet

The Carolina parakeet, native to North America, was known for its vibrant plumage,
including bright green feathers and a yellow head, along with a raucous call.
Historically, these social birds inhabited forests and swamps across the eastern
United States. However, due to habitat loss, hunting for feathers, and persecution
as agricultural pests, they were declared extinct in the early 20th century, with the
last confirmed sighting in 1918. Despite efforts to protect and reintroduce similar
species, such as the thick-billed parrot. Bringing back the Carolina Parakeet is an
interesting idea, but technical challenges, the unknown cause of extinction, and
ethical concerns make it unlikely in the near future.

The mastodon
The mastodon was a large, prehistoric mammal resembling modern-day
elephants, characterized by their long, curved tusks and robust bodies. They
roamed North and Central America during the Ice Age, primarily feeding on
vegetation. Human activities, climate change, and habitat loss are believed to
have contributed to their extinction around 10,000 years ago. While there
have been discussions about potential de-extinction efforts for mammoths, a closely
related species, there are currently no plans to de-extinct mastodons.
Russian clothing brands plug gap left by Western rivals
Russian designers and brands are aiding the retail sector's recovery after 15 months of
closures and reduced demand. The departure of foreign retailers, prompted by Russia's
actions in Ukraine, left a $2.5 billion dent in the industry. Inditex sold its Russian stores,
including Zara, now reopened as MAAG. Despite initial challenges, consumer spending is
rebounding.

Retail sales plummeted in 2022 due to inflation, falling wages, and the Western exodus,
resulting in significant industry losses. However, the situation is improving, with money
circulation returning to normal. Access to Western products diminishes, exemplified by the
exit of H&M and McDonald's. Domestic brands like Gloria Jeans and local designers fill the
gaps, although challenges persist, including international transactions and workforce
shortages.
Despite adaptations like small-scale imports and online sellers, some foreign items remain
scarce. While some shoppers don't miss foreign brands much, others lament the absence
of familiar retailers like IKEA and Zara, prompting cross-border shopping trips to places like
Kazakhstan.

Boring ahhh video - Russia's Replacement for Uniqlo

This video was uploaded on the traveling with russel youtube channel 🔥
Details I didn’t know where to put: there are buildings next to the mall called the cigarette
buildings, just 4 big housing buildings. The underground parking lot is really cancerous.
Ecco is a Danish brand which is still operating in Russia unlike Tommy Hilfiger and Boss. He
and his wife love puffer jackets.

So Russell went to Aviapark in Moscow, Russia's biggest mall where there are more than
400 shops. The special thing about the location is that there’s Just Clothes, Russia’s
replacement for uniqlo. The colors of the logo are similar, being red and white, the logo
itself is pretty similar also. The organization of the store, the shelves, the racks and even
the scent of the store are oddly similar to Uniqlo. The clothes are somewhat similar.
However, there is no kids' clothing in just clothes. There are a lot of nice clothes and the
store is of quality.

He also went to obi, a big ass supermarket. There was also an anime tea shop and a
franklin burger. He went to Ashan to have a look at the furniture and seasonal sections. He
had a lot of fun and the shop was quite of quality.
Coca-Cola bottler starts making 'Dobry Cola' in Russia
Coca-Cola HBC AG (Coca cola bottler company) has introduced Dobry Cola in Russia
following the departure of Western companies earlier this year. The new cola, produced
locally, is part of Coca-Cola HBC's initiative to extend its existing local brands through
Multon Partners. Dobry Cola is unrelated to Coca-Cola or its parent company, Coca-Cola
Co, despite Coca-Cola Co holding a 23% stake in Coca-Cola HBC. Local businesses like the
Russian fast-food chain Teremok are considering selling Dobry Cola in their
establishments. With Coca-Cola's exit from Russia amid geopolitical tensions, local cola
alternatives are emerging, while Western brands contend with knock-off products.
Coca-Cola HBC has been gradually depleting its stock of Coca-Cola products since March.

Russia's Ochakovo ups soft drink bottling capacity as

Western rivals leave
Russian drinks producer Ochakovo has tripled its annual bottling capacity for CoolCola,
Fancy, and Street soft drinks to fill the void left by departing Western brands amidst
sanctions over Russia's actions in Ukraine. Western brands like Coca-Cola and PepsiCo are
gradually disappearing from the Russian market, allowing local producers like Ochakovo to
expand. Ochakovo's CEO, Yuri Antonov, stated they've increased capacity to 125 million
decaliters per year, adapting production lines and widening their reach. Competitors like
Chernogolovka are also seizing the opportunity, aiming for a 50% share of Russia's $9
billion soft drinks market. Coca-Cola HBC AG faced a significant financial hit after stopping
sales in Russia. Exiting Western companies risk facing challenges from knockoffs and
unauthorized imports in the aftermath.
 Remapping the
Present
Telegraphs
The idea of the telegraph, sending electrical signals across wires as a form of
communication, originated in the early 18th century. By the last years of the 18th
century, a rough version was used in Fr*nce. Samuel Morse, a professor in New York
university, began working on his version in 1832 by developing Morse code in 1835. In
1838, he presented his idea to congress and got backing for his ideas. In 1843, Morse built
a telegraph line from Washington DC to Baltimore and the first message “What hath God
wrought?” was sent a year later. Other companies started building telegraph lines in other
parts of the US and the first transcontinental line was built by Western Union in 1861. By
the early 20th century, Almost all communication was done via telegraph. The biggest
telegraph company was Western Union, Who operated about 100,000 miles of wires in
1866 and was valued at over 40M dollars. The Mann-Elkins Act of 1910 tried to limit
Western Union’s monopoly by granting the Interstate commerce commission the
power to regulate telegraph rates. By 1934, the telegraph was becoming less common due
to the radio and telephone. Before the telegraph was invented, communication was very
slow using mail. When telegraph cables stretched all across the world, the world became
much smaller. A message that would take months to reach its destination could be sent in
minutes. The invention also made politics and business different. National or international
news were almost unheard of before, and after the invention, everyone became aware of
what was happening in the whole world. In the 1850s, there were expectations that the
telegraph would erase national rivalries and cause world peace, which is the same thing
that was said by early internet users in the 1990s. Before the telegraph became popular,
people had very little faith in it. For example, The US congress rejected the telegraph on
multiple occasions, even after the Baltimore-Washington DC line was built and proven to
be very useful.
Inō Tadataka
Ino Tadataka was a Japanese cartographer(map maker) well known for making the first
complete map of Japan. He worked at the Ino family sake brewery until he retired at age
49 to learn western astronomy, geography, and mathematics. After about 5 years of
studying, the Tokugawa shogunate allowed him to survey all of Japan, which would take
him the rest of his life. He reportedly spent more than 10 years surveying almost 40,000
kilometers of land. His work was divided into 10 surveys. The first survey included 5
people and covered most of the Hokkaido region. After the first survey, the Japanese
government realized the importance of his work and supported his future surveys a lot
more. The second survey covered 3,000 kilometers and the entire Eastern coast of Japan.
The fifth survey had 19 people and covered 7,000 kilometers and the eighth covered
13,000 kilometers in 914 days. By that time Tadataka was 70 years old, way above the
average lifespan at the time. His full map of the whole Japanese coastline was not
complete at his death but was completed by a surveying team in 1821, the same year that
an Atlas recording all of his maps called Dai Nihon Enkai Yochi Zenzu(Maps of Japan’s
coastal area) was published. His maps remained the definitive maps of Japan for almost a
century.

9 oldest maps in the world

Strabo’s map
Geographica is a geographical encyclopedia made by the Greek philosopher and historian
Strabo. Instead of the precise locations of places, Strabo chose to provide a history of
the people living there. It is also notable for almost all of it surviving to this day since it
became a standard in some parts of the Byzantine empire. The map itself depicts the
known world to the Greeks and Romans at the time and today is very important for
historians.

Eratosthenes’ map
Eratosthenes is known as the “father of geography” and is credited with coining much of
the terminology used today. His knowledge of math and astronomy helped him create
more accurate and detailed maps. During his time as a chief librarian at the library of
Alexandria, he wrote a book called Geography, which mapped the known world at the
time divided into 5 climate zones, as well as having the accurate locations of over 400
cities. He was also the first person to put his map on a grid, which is common practice
today.
Hecataeus’ map
Hecataeus’ world map is in a book called the Periodos ges, which features his map as
well as information on the people of europe. He was inspired to create his world map by
Anaximander, who lived in the same city as him and is credited with creating the first
ever world map.

Anaximander’s map
Anaximander’s map is known as the first world map. Even though there were maps
before, they only had very small regions, whereas his map was the first map that had the
whole world. No copy of the map exists, but there are some detailed accounts of
Anaximander’s map. It shows the mediterranean sea, the black sea, The Nile, lake
Maeotis, the Phasis river now known as the Rioni, as well as Europe, Asia, and Libya(the
name given to the known parts of Africa).

Babylonian map of the world

The babylonian map of the world is a clay tablet that contains the known world at the
time as well as short descriptions written in cuneiform. The map features 2 outer circles
as borders as well as the Euphrates river flowing from north to south, the city of Babylon
along the river, some other mesopotamian cities, a mountain, the ocean labeled as “bitter
river”, and some unknown regions beyond the ocean.

Turin papyrus map

The Turin papyrus map is the oldest known topographical map in the world. It was
created by the Egyptian scribe Amennakhte because the pharaoh at the time Ramessess
IV wanted to dig Bekhen stone from the Wadi Hammamat to build statues of himself.
The map features 15 kilometers of the wadi Hammamat as well as a gold mine and a
settlement at Bir Umm Fawakhir. It is also the first known Geological map since it shows
the local distribution of different rocks and information on quarrying and mining.

Abauntz Lamizulo rock map

The map is a petroglyph on a small rock in the Abauntz Lamizulo cave in Western Spain.
It was discovered in 1994 but it took about 15 years to be deciphered. Researchers said
that it could either portray a map of the region outside the cave, a plan for a hunt, or the
story of a hunt that already happened. The drawing of the San Gregorio mountain
confirms it is a map of the region.
Lascaux cave star map
Recent research has suggested that some of the drawings in the lascaux cave are
supposed to be constellations. According to Dr. Michael Rappenglueck, some of the dots
in an area known as the shaft of the dead man correspond with modern constellations.
Chantal Jegues Wolkiewiez believes that the great hall in the cave was actually an

extensive star map.

Mammoth tusk map

The mammoth tusk map is the oldest known map in the world. It comes from the village
of Pavlov in the Czech republic and the markings on the tusk are thought to represent
the region at the time. It could have been used as a hunting map as well. The tusk is now
stored in the city of Brno in the Czech republic.

Globe projections
There are many advantages to using a globe over a map:
1. A globe accurately represents the earth’s curved surface whereas a map has some
distortion due to being 2D instead of 3D.
2. Distances and positions are easier to measure and understand on a globe instead
on a map.
3. Because globes show the earth more accurately, they are easier to use to explain
phenomena such as day and night, seasons, and the earth’s rotation.
4. Due to the distortion of 2D maps, distances will be distorted and inaccurate
compared to a globe
5. Globes have a singular scale in comparison to maps which can vary from point to
point.
Despite these advantages, globes are very impractical to carry and difficult to make work
for maps that aren’t world maps, so cartographers have been trying to mitigate the map’s
disadvantages for hundreds of years. There are 4 main properties that a map can choose
to preserve: Area, Shape, Direction, and distance. It is impossible to preserve both
area and shape in the same map. Distortion on a map can be visualized using Tissot’s
Indicatrix, which uses circles of equal area to show distortion. There are a few main
categories of map projections:
 1. Cylindrical projections involve wrapping a cylinder around the earth and then
projecting its features onto the cylinder. The downside is that they are very
distorted at the poles and while the center is closest to being representative of the
globe, these types of maps cannot account for the curvature of the earth. They
are useful for comparing lines of latitudes to each other, although they cannot
visualize the world in its entirety
2. Conic projections involve placing a coin onto the earth and then projecting its
features onto the cone. These are not supposed to be geometrically accurate, so
they are best suited for regional or hemispheric maps. The distortion makes them
inappropriate for whole world maps, although they see a lot of use in meteorology
as weather maps.
3. Azimuthal projections involve a flat plane that touches the earth at a single point
and then projecting the earth’s features onto the plane. On any azimuthal
projection, the distance between the point of convergence between the flat plane
and the earth and any other point will be the same as the distance on the earth
4. Pseudocylindrical projections Resemble cylindrical projections but use curved lines
for latitude and longitude.
Maps can also be categorized based on the properties they maintain:
1. Equal area projections maintain the correct proportions and areas for landmasses.
2. Conformal or orthomorphic projections maintain local angles and shapes of
landmasses.
3. Equidistant projections maintain relative distance from one or two points to the
rest of the map.
4. Azimuthal projections preserve directions from a central point on the map
5. Compromise projections try to balance the different types of distortions

Mercator projection
The Mercator projection is a projection made by Geradus Mercator in the 16th century.
It is a cylindrical Conformal projection that is very inaccurate at the poles in terms of size
of landmasses, leading to misconceptions about the size of places such as greenland.
Transverse Mercator projection
The transverse Mercator projection is similar to the normal one except the cylinder is
rotated 90 degrees. It is useful for mapping long places such as North America. The
projection reduces distortion for areas with little east-west extent, although distortion
increases as you get further from the meridian.

Miller cylindrical projection

The Miller cylindrical projection is a modified version of the Mercator projection
developed by Osborn Maitland Miller in 1942. It aims to minimize distortion by squishing
the pole areas, although the map is still distorted, just less than the Mercator projection.
It is used by most map services today.
Lambert Conformal Conic projection
The Lambert projection is a conic conformal projection best for mapping wide regions
such as the US. It is used for aeronautical charts and navigation due to it being
orthomorphic.

Albers equal area conic projection

The Albers projection is an equal area conic projection good for mapping wide places
such as the US. It is often used for thematic maps such as population maps or land use.

Azimuthal equidistant projection

The Azimuthal equidistant projection is an azimuthal projection centered on one of
the poles. It is often used for maps of the poles as well as for radio and
telecommunications planning due to being equidistant. Flat earth conspiracists often use
an Azimuthal map centered on the north pole as a map of the flat earth.

Stereographic projection
The Stereographic Projection is a map that is both azimuthal and conformal. It is often
used for making polar maps and star charts.

Orthographic projection
The orthographic projection is an azimuthal projection that portrays one hemisphere of
the earth from an infinite distance, and the distortion that arises from that makes it look
3D. It is often used for art because it is aesthetically pleasing but not for much else
Sinusoidal projection/Sanson-Fleed projection
The Sinusoidal projection, also known as the Sanson Fleed projection is an equal area
pseudocylindrical projection that minimizes East-West distortion. It is often used for
maps that need accurate area representation such as climate and vegetation maps.

Mollweide Projection
The Mollweide projection is a pseudocylindrical equal area projection that attempts to
balance area and shape distortion, making it good for world maps that require a
compromise between them such as global temperature patterns and population maps.
Equal Earth map projection
The Equal Earth map is a relatively new pseudocylindrical equal area projection made in
2018 by Tom Patterson, Bernhard Jenny, and Bojan Savric. It was developed as a
response to the need for an aesthetically appealing equal area map for issues such as
climate change and deforestation. It was inspired by the Robinson projection but has
better accuracy. It is good for uses such as education, general purpose maps, and
thematic maps since it is very accurate. It avoids misconceptions developed by the
Mercator projection since it is a lot less distorted.

Goode Homolosine projection

The Goode Homolosine projection is a pseudocylindrical equal area map that is designed
to minimize shape distortion. To achieve this, it looks almost like an interrupted globe and
has a very unique shape.
Robinson Projection
The Robinson Projection is a compromise projection developed by Arthur H. Robinson
in 1963. It was used by National Geographic until 1998 due to its aesthetic appeal and
relative accuracy.

Winkel Tripel projection

The Winkel Tripel projection is a compromise projection developed by Oswald Winkel in
1921. It is considered one of the best compromise projections today and is used by
National Geographic instead of the Robinson projection.

AuthaGraph projection
The AuthaGraph projection is an equal area projection made by dividing the globe into
96 triangles and then arranging them in an unfolded tetrahedron(triangle pyramid). It is
notable for only having minor distortion in shape and area.
Google maps and shit
In a recent conference at Fortune’s brainstorm tech, Senior vice president of Google’s
knowledge & information organization Prabhakar Raghavan said that social media apps
such as Tiktok and Instagram are being used instead of products such as Google search
and maps. He also referenced an internal study that suggested that about 40% of 18-24
year olds go to Instagram or Tiktok when looking for a place to eat, as well as 55% of
product searches beginning on Amazon. Raghavan said that the reason for this is that
young people prefer more “visually rich mediums” for search and discovery, and that
the design of Google maps is too old fashioned for them, being designed to feel like a
paper map. He noted that Google needs to develop new technology to appeal to these
young people, such as Google maps’ new augmented reality features, to make it feel less
like a digital version of a paper map. He also said that Google search needs to be changed
to fit this more visual trend, and that perhaps in the future users could just hold up their
phone and search what they see. Google has already started to integrate Instagram or
Tiktok videos into their own search engine, to try and get back the audience that moved
to those platforms. Prabhakar Raghavan also said that Google is using AI to analyze videos
to recommend. For example, searching “how to change a tire” will lead you to a video and
some timestamps for each step.

Pictures of Earth

Blue Marble
The Blue marble is the first complete photo of Earth and is believed to be the most
reproduced Image of all time. The picture was taken during the Apollo 17 mission, the last
manned mission to the moon, while they were about 30,000 kilometers away from Earth.
Since it was taken, it has become a symbol for world peace and harmony, since it is our
first photo showing the whole Earth in view as a single entity. The photo clearly shows
most of Africa, parts of the middle east, and Antarctica. Astronaut Scott Kelly says that
this kind of picture is very difficult to capture. The sun needs to be directly behind you
and it is very difficult to get the exact right angle while flying at high speeds. According
to geographer Denis Cosgrove, the Blue marble disrupted western mapping conventions
by removing the Graticule, the grid that people put on almost every map. The image also
shows Africa in the center of the globe, in contrast to Eurocentric mapping that tended to
shrink Africa. Therefore, it became a symbol for unity instead of showing America’s
supremacy, which is perhaps what America would have wanted during the space race. The
photo also became a symbol for the environmental movement, appearing on the cover of
James Lovelock’s book Gaia and in the opening sequence of Al Gore’s An inconvenient
truth. In the 1990s, NASA started creating digitally manipulated full earth photos by
stitching together thousands of satellite pictures called Blue Marble: Next Generation.
Space imagery has been compared by art historians such as Elizabeth A. Kessler to the
philosophical concept of the Sublime, meaning something that is so great it requires
special skills to fully perceive. The Blue marble is the last space photograph taken using
analogue film, and was developed in a darkroom after the mission returned to Earth.

Pale Blue dot

The Pale Blue dot is a picture of the Earth taken by the Voyager 1 spacecraft in 1990
from a distance of about 3.7 billion miles. The idea and the term comes from Carl Sagan,
an astronomy professor at Cornell uni. Lisa Kaltenegger, an associate professor at
Cornell’s Carl Sagan institute, says that the picture shows the Earth as breathtakingly
beautiful and fragile, urging us to take care of it. It was Sagan’s idea to take a picture of
the Earth as a simple dot of light, in order to show the Earth’s fragility and the fact that
we are just a speck in the universe. In February of 1990, the voyager faced earth, took 3
images, and then shut down its camera permanently to preserve energy for its mission.
The photo was also the idea of Sagan’s widow, Ann Druyan, who was the creative
director on the Voyager 1’s interstellar message the Golden Record. In Druyan and
Sagan’s book Pale Blue dot: A vision of the Human future in space, they wrote a
poetic paragraph about how everything ever made is on this single pixel in the middle of
nothing.
Africa is the darkest continent 😮
A recent composite photo by NASA showing the whole world at night shows that Africa
has almost no city lights and is therefore the least developed continent. The photos have
been taken by a new NOAA(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association) satellite.
Hundreds of cloudless photos have been composited to create a single photo of the whole
world. The picture was revealed at a news conference at the American Geophysical
Union meeting. To create the picture, NASA used a VIIRS(Visible Infrared Imaging
Radiometer Suite) to take the photos composited into the full picture. The 2 least lit
continents are Africa and South America, meaning they are the least developed.
Time zones

Daylight savings time

Polls taken by CBS news, The Associated press, and Langer Research Associates found
that only about ⅓ of Americans wanted to keep changing the clocks twice a year. The
other ⅔ were divided on what to do. Half wanted daylight savings time year year round,
meaning moving the clocks an hour backwards, and half wanted standard time all year
round. This doesn’t actually give us more sunlight, but is rather just a decision of whether
we want an hour of sunlight in the evening or the morning. There are some states that
don’t follow daylight savings time, notably most of Arizona and all of Hawaii. They don’t
follow it because there, it is already very hot in the summer, so they prefer to go out at
night. In 1940, 31 states followed daylight savings time while 17 did not, and this
inconsistency at a time when clocks had to be changed manually led to the Uniform Time
act of 1966, causing time to be much more consistent all across the US. Senator Marco
Rubio from Florida is currently trying to repeal this act, allowing states to choose
whether they want standard time, daylight savings time, or to change the clocks. His
argument is that now with electronic clocks automatically changing, this consistency isn’t
necessary for people to follow the correct time. There have been multiple attempts to
keep daylight savings time year round, during WWII and during the energy crisis of the
1970s. In both instances, the Idea was to conserve fuel and energy since people had
sunlight for more of the time they were awake. After WWII, only 17% of people wanted to
keep “war time” and after the energy crisis 53% opposed keeping it. The side effects of
daylight savings time are still very unclear. Studies suggest that there are less car
accidents and robberies during daylight savings time as well as people being happier, but
there are also more heart attacks at the start of DST. The economic effects are also
unclear. Although the reason for DST is to conserve energy, it is unclear whether it saves
energy at all. Most of the lobbying for DST came from the Recreational sports
industry, since people are more likely to play sports while there is sunlight. The movie
industry is against it, since people are less likely to watch movies while there is sunlight,
and farmers also don’t like DST since it is difficult to transport their crops in the dark
mornings.

The health consequences of time zones

Sleep scientist Matthew Walker has said that “humans are the only species that
deliberately deprive themselves of sleep for no apparent gain”. A study by Osea
Giuntella and Fabrizio Mazzonna in the Journal of Health economics found that living
on the western side of a time zone can have negative consequences for people’s health
and economic status. This is because as you go more west, both sunrise and sunset occur
later in the day. For example, in Panama City FL on the eastern side of the central time
zone the sun set at 19:12 local time, while in the city of Pecos TX on the western side of
the same time zone the sun set at 20:25. The sunset causes the body to release
Melatonin, which causes drowsiness, so people on the Eastern side of a time zone tend to
sleep earlier. People on the western side of a time zone sleep 19 minutes later on average
than people on the eastern side, and since work and school start at the same time for
everyone, this generally means they sleep less. Guintella and Mazzonna found an increase
in most health problems among people on the western side of time zones. Western sides
of time zones have 21% more obesity, 19% more risk of heart attacks, and about 5% higher
rates of breast cancer. Less sleep also affects productivity, so wages on the western side
tend to be about 3% lower. Housing prices and commute times stay the same across time
zones. However, they also found that people on the Western side tend to enjoy their
extra hour of daylight more, so the negative health and economic effects may be offset
by positive mental health effects.

Chinese time zone

China should have 5 time zones because of its size, however the communist government
made it so the whole country follows just one time, Beijing standard time, for simplicity
and national unity. This causes problems for the more western parts of China, so they
don’t strictly follow the government’s “one time zone” policy. The People’s Republic of
China made it so China only had one time zone in 1949, shortly after its founding. This
was mostly a political move, meant to make the country more unified despite its conflicts
and ethnic differences. In areas like Xinjiang and Tibet that are far from Beijing, the sun
doesn’t rise until 10AM on some days. Since most of the people there are ethnic
minorities, they feel that the use of Beijing standard time is oppressive, so they use their
own times. Farmers also use their own time, since agricultural work has to be done in the
day regardless of what the government says. Hong Kong and Macau both use their own
time zones. Some stores in Western China also use local time, to make it easier for people
to shop in them. Before the People’s Republic of China, the country used 5 separate time
zones. After the PRC, they used DST for a little bit and then dropped it because it was
inconvenient.

Crimes that tech prevents

Washington DC metro gates

The Fort Totten metro station is currently testing 2 new designs for their fare gates in
order to make it harder to jump over the gates. One of the designs includes making the
gates taller, and the other is putting half circles on the console to make it harder to jump.
The prototypes have been installed in some of the stations, and how well they work will
determine whether they are going to be installed in the whole station.

New York subway gates

Quemuel Arroyo, the chief accessibility officer at the Metropolitan Transportation
Authority has said that despite a lot of “piggybackers”(people that enter without
paying), their new wider gates have been a success. The NYC subway have recently
installed wider gates at stations that connect to transportation hubs, in order to allow for
more people with luggage to go through. Despite a lot of piggybackers, the program has
been a success since now a lot more people with luggage pay for entry. Arroyo also said
that they are currently researching ways to create gates that avoid fare beating.

UK speed limiters (ah yu yuzinnat chah ma’e?)

The EU and the UK have both decided that all cars made after 2022 must have a speed
limiter in them, a device that sets a max speed for the vehicle that is set by the driver.
This system can be overridden but it will notify the driver if they go over the max speed.
The tech still isn’t perfect and sometimes either gives false signals or doesn’t respond
when it should. The legislation also includes auto emergency braking tech, data loggers, a
driver fatigue detection system, lane keeping assist, breathalyzers(alcohol test) that
won’t let you start the car if you fail, and reverse cameras.
Free public transport in cities

Melbourne
Melbourne public transport usually requires a Myki card(basically a Rav Kav). In the inner
city of Melbourne, trams have been made free. According to the sources I found, this has
not had much of an effect on car usage and just made public transport worse due to being
overcrowded.

Luxembourg
In 2020, Luxembourg decided that the entire country will have free public transport,
without the need for tickets. Although this has made the experience of using public
transport a lot easier, most car use has not dropped in Luxembourg. This is because
removing fees itself doesn’t make people abandon cars, if the service and experience of
using public transport is still bad. There is also the fact that about 40% of Luxembourg’s
workforce lives outside the country, meaning that despite whatever the country does,
people from outside will have to drive in with their cars.

Tallinn (the capital of Estonia)

The mayor of Tallinn Edgar Savisaar introduced free public transport for all residents of
Tallinn in 2013, and the city claims that this has earned them 20M Euros every year. In
order to use public transport at all in Tallinn, you have to be a registered resident,
meaning they get a 1,000 Euro cut of your monthly income. This has left a lot of other
local councils frustrated that Tallinn is taking all their residents, says Dr. Oded Cats,
who did a year long study on the project. Allan Alakula, the spokesperson of the project,
has said that part of the motivation was as a publicity stunt for Edgar Savisaar, but
another part was to help the residents. Both the city of Hessalt in Belgium and the city
of Aubagne in Fr*nce tried something similar, but eventually had to reintroduce fares
since they became financially unstable. Oded Cats found that while use of public
transport increased, the average length of a car ride also increased, which meant that
there were more cars on the road. Dr. Cats suggested that in order to decrease car usage,
the city should focus on making cars less convenient.

The history of glass

The first ever glass was obsidian, which is black, not see through, and used to make
weapons and jewelry. The first man-made glass is from eastern Mesopotamia and Egypt.
The process back then was very slow, but after Syrian craftsmen created the blowpipe, it
became a lot faster. Mesopotamians and Egyptians mostly used it for vessels and jewelry.
In the Roman empire, glass was very common and easy to make. The Romans were the
first ones to use glass for windows, and although Roman glass was uneven and not
see-through, it allowed some light to enter. During early Christianity, churches using
stained glass to create art started to become popular, making stained glass a dominant art
form for hundreds of years. During the 17th century, window glass was first being
developed in Britain, to make it, they blew a large sphere of glass, which was then broken
into a cylinder and flattened into sheets and put on windows. The first glass factory in
America was in Jamestown, Virginia, and used the same process as British window glass.
Crown Glass was discovered in Britain in 1674. It involves blowing a glass bubble, spinning
it into shape, and then cutting it into panes. Although it still had some ripples and
imperfections, it was a lot clearer and finer than the broad glass before. In 1834, a
cylinder method was developed in Germany, which allowed for larger sheets of glass.
Drawn Glass was developed by Emile Fourcault in 1904 and a similar process was
developed by Irving Colburn using his Colburn machine. The process involved placing a
slot in a tank of molten glass and then drawing glass through it while cooling the glass. In
1903, Edouard Benedictus discovered laminated glass, which used a thin plastic between
two sheets of glass for more durability and safety. He discovered it accidentally when his
glass flask coated with plastic Cellulose Nitrate fell and shattered but didn’t break. In
1959, the process of float glass was discovered by Alastair Pilkington, and remains the
most used process of glass making today. The process involves placing molten glass in a
pool of molten tin, where the glass spreads and floats creating a large sheet that can be
cut smaller.

Open spaces in education

Open classrooms in australia

A new primary school in Melbourne features large rooms, each containing 2 classes
separated by a wide pillar, allowing for free travel between the 2 classes. During Grattan
Institute’s education team’s visit to the school, although one class was silent and
concentrating, the teacher’s voice was drowned out by loud students from the other
class. New South Wales’ government committed to building open classrooms for up to 120
students in over 100 new schools, and Victoria’s government is building “flexible new
learning communities”. The idea is that a large space can cater to large groups of
students, while allowing them to split into smaller groups for collaborative learning. In
2018, the University of Melbourne published a systematic review comparing 21 studies
relating to open classrooms. They found that an open environment had mixed results for
academic performance. A 2015 Australian study comparing traditional and open
kindergarten classes found that open classes had too much noise to be an effective
learning environment, and traditional classrooms were the only method that reached the
recommended noise levels. Teaching is also much more difficult when multiple different
concepts are being explained in the same room, since it is harder for students to focus
while a different lesson is being taught at the same time. Too much noise is especially bad
for students with special needs, such as hearing issues, auditory processing issues, and
ADHD.

Open schools in the US

The open education movement was a movement in the late 60s and early 70s in the
United states that said that in order for creativity to thrive, students need to come in
contact with different subjects and learn at their own pace with the help of teachers.
According to Larry Cuban, the movement was a response to a belief that American
students were falling behind in subjects like science and math because the current
method of teaching was crushing students’ creativity. One example of an open school
that is still working is Benjamin Orr elementary school in Washington DC. The school’s
principal, Carolyn Jackson King, explained that the original idea for the school was
mainly for collaboration of teachers, since in normal school each teacher usually stays in
their silos doing work alone. Marlon Ray, the director of strategy and logistics at
Benjamin Orr explained that all of the first grade classrooms in the school are in one huge
room. While one class is writing a song about MLK Jr., another is doing a silent reading
exercise, although they can still hear the other kids. The same is true for the second
graders upstairs. An interesting thing the writer of the article noticed is that the teachers
have actually created walls using crates and bookshelves. Tomiko Ball, a new teacher at
the school, says that it was very difficult for her to get used to the noise, however she is
determined to make it work. At the end of the day, there are 2 main reasons why this
movement died: 1) It was just too loud and distracting, teachers hated it. 2) In the mid 70s
during the Vietnam war, people felt that standards fell, and that school was too open and
free. Benjamin Orr did succeed at creating collaboration between teachers, but the
students aren’t studying as well as they could. The school is being torn down and a new
building is being built instead. The ideas of collaboration and student centered learning
are still going to remain, even if the floor plan is not.

Harkness table
Phillips Exeter Academy, where the concept of Harkness discussions was born, says
that it is a space for “Collaboration and respect, where every voice carries equal weight”,
although in reality, it is far from equal. The discussion is dominated by a few people, and
topics shift so fast that students often can’t think of something meaningful to say
quickly enough to contribute. The anxiety that comes with feeling like you need to
contribute can often slow down thinking, limiting contributions from some people and
defeating the point of Harkness. Students often say things just because they feel like
they have to instead of meaningfully contributing to the conversation, since these
discussions count in the students’ grades. According to the student-led nonprofit EPIC,
harkness discussions harm students who benefit from structured learning environments
and visual learners, since they have such an emphasis on spontaneous speaking. Although
a normal classroom arrangement can create similar problems, that does not mean that
Harkness is the best way of doing things. Instead, harkness discussions should be changed
to remove the competitive aspects. The article suggests that the material for discussions
be shortened, so that the discussion stays on one topic for more time, allowing students
to think more before they speak. They also suggest that students should be encouraged
to sketch diagrams during discussions to provide an outlet for visual learners. Lastly, they
suggest that the speaking and listening grade should be adjusted so that harkness
discussions are less important.
 Crime and
Punishment 3.0
Elizabeth Holmes sentenced to prison: Holmes is the former CEO of Theranos that
promised to revolutionize the medical industry by running over 240 tests on a single
drop of blood, where traditional panels required much larger samples. But it turned out
that the company’s tech didn’t work and gave patients inaccurate results. She has been
sentenced to 135 months, or just over 11 years in prison, and will have three years of
supervised release once she’s out. Judge Edward Davila, who has overseen the case,
declared that the charges she had been found guilty of making her responsible for
defrauding (illegally obtaining from someone by deception) 10 victims out of $121
million. A jury found Holmes guilty of three counts of wire fraud (getting money by
deception online) and one count of conspiracy to commit wire fraud earlier this year.
The trial mainly hinged on whether Holmes knew she was giving out false information. In
announcing his decision, Davila cited texts between Holmes and Sunny Balwani, former
chief operating officer and president of Theranos, as proof that Holmes conspired to
defraud investors,

Nikola lied about its truck: when Nikola Motor Company Trevor Milton unveiled a
prototype of the Nikola One truck in December 2016, he said its fully functional. In
January 2018, Nikola posted a video to YouTube and other social channels called "Nikola
One Electric Semi Truck in Motion." It showed the Nikola One truck moving rapidly along
a two-lane desert highway. However the investment firm Hindenburg published a report
claiming that the Nikola One wasn't close to being fully functional at the time, and the
company didn't continue to work on the truck in the months after the reveal.
Hindenburg also reported that the truck in the video wasn't even moving under its own
power. Instead, Nikola towed the truck to the top of a shallow hill and let it roll down,
they tilted the camera to make it look believable. Nikola admitted in a press release that
the truck wasn’t functional in December 2016 and it wasn't even functional when the
company released the video more than a year later. Nikola claims that some parts did
work but the two necessary parts weren't talked about. Nikola decided to not invest in
additional resources to make the Nikola One drive on its own power. "Nikola never stated
its truck was driving under its own propulsion in the video," Nikola wrote. Nikola's larger
point is that the functionality of the Nikola One truck is irrelevant because the company
now indisputably has a functional prototype of the truck's successor, the Nikola Two.
The hype around the Nikola One helped Nikola raise funds that it then used to pay more
experienced companies, including Bosch and Iveco, to help it design and build its
subsequent vehicles. This strategy culminated with last week's announcement that GM
will build Nikola's Badger pickup truck. The fact that Milton lied about how the Nikola One
was fully functional might make customers and investors wonder whether Nikola is
exaggerating its current capabilities. When GM builds the Badger truck for Nikola, it
won't use the supposedly groundbreaking battery technology Nikola claims it's working
on. Rather, the battery-electric version of the Badger will be based on GM's Ultium
battery platform. GM will become Nikola’s only source of hydrogen fuel cells for their
semi trucks globally. One of Nikola’s key selling points is that it can cut the cost of
hydrogen fuel from 16 to 4 dollars per kg. This would be a big accomplishment if true but
its history doesn't help it

Trevor Milton in prison: Trevor Milton, the founder and former CEO of electric truck
company Nikola, was sentenced to four years in prison after a jury found him guilty of
misleading investors about the company’s technology. Milton was also ordered to pay a
$1 million fine. Federal prosecutors said Milton had lied about Nikola’s capabilities, they
also accused him of staging a video that purportedly showed its Nikola One semi-driving
under its own power when it was actually rolling down a hill. During the sentencing
hearing Milton made several bizarre claims. Founded in 2015 Nikola claimed that it would
make zero-emission vehicles using hydrogen fuel cell technology. The company had a
big W when General Motors planned to acquire 11 percent of the company and it will help
Nikola make and distribute its vehicles. When Hindenburg accused Nikola of fraud,
including the video, a chain reaction started that resulted in Milton stepping down as
board chair and CEO and his eventual arrest. Milton was accused of falsely claiming to
produce his own hydrogen fuels at below-market rates. The fallout from the report was
swift. GM backed out of the equity deal. The company has continued operations but
scaled down its ambitions significantly. The company’s stock is worth less than 1 dollar,
big L.

Vaporware: Vaporware usually refers to computer hardware or software that is

announced to the public but is released much later than the release date or never
produced (overwatch two PVE). Vaporware products are usually announced during the
world’s most significant tech events, companies that wish to hype theri upcoming
offerings often talk about them in events that are bound to catch the media’s attention,
especially in time for Christmas. But due to time or budget constraints, many such
wares don’t make it to market as promised. Some never do. A Microsoft engineer is
credited for coining the term “vaporware” in 1982, using it on the Xenix operating
system, which the company never released. Over time, tech writers used vaporware on
computing products that took too long to be released. In many cases, vaporware comes
about because their manufacturers don’t want to lose out to competitors. Developers
thus strive to be the first to introduce products even if they don’t exist yet. In some
cases, however, the media hype surrounding tech currently in development gives birth
to vaporware through miscommunication. There are examples of vaporware that I’m not
going to talk about but look at them in the article.

Quibi: Quibi was an American short-form streaming (like Netflix, not Twitch) platform
that generated content for viewing on mobile devices. It was founded in 2018 by Jeffrey
Katzenberg and was led by Meg Whitman as CEO. it raised 1.75 billion dollars from
investors. It launched in April 2020 but after falling short on subscriber projections it
shut down in December 2020. Quibi’s content was sold to Roku, Inc. for less than 100
million dollars.
The platform’s failure inspired widespread mockery.

Life at Sea Cruises: is a three-year around-the-world cruise offered by the company

Miray Cruises. It was canceled less than two weeks before it was supposed to depart
after the company told the passengers it didn't even have a ship!

Luckin Coffee: is a Chinese coffee chain that has over nine thousand stores and it's
pretty successful in China. It is more successful than Starbucks. It offers coffee, tea,
and food. the company had inflated its 2019 sales (forcing more products through a
distribution line than it is capable of, essentially making too much product to earn more
money) costing them up to 310 million dollars which caused the stock price to plummet
and several executives were fired. This resulted in them filing Chapter 15 bankruptcy.

Nikola: is an American heavy-duty fuel-cell (like battery but better) electric truck
manufacturing company. It presented its first vehicle in 2016, a natural gas-fueled
turbine-electric semi-truck. As I summarized in two different articles already it lied
about its products and was accused of fraud.

Bitconnect: is an open-source cryptocurrency connected with a high-yield investment

program (a type of Ponzi scheme where you pay earlier investors with the money of
more recent investors). The platform closed in 2018 and refunded users after a 92
percent decrease in the coin’s value and now it plummeted from 525 dollars to one
dollar.

FTX: Future Exchange or FTX is a cryptocurrency exchange. It had over one million
users and was the third-largest cryptocurrency exchange at its peak. In 2022 the
company has filed Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings. There were rumors of unethical
and fraudulent transfers of client funds in the company. There was a massive spike of
people that withdrew their money from FTX but the company couldn't keep up with all
of the withdrawals. The owner of the company Sam Bankman-Fried was arrested for
financial offences.

Rug pulls: rug pull scams happen when the developers of a crypto token pump up the
price and then pull as much value out of them as possible before abandoning the
product and running away with the money and leaving investors with a useless asset.
There are three types of rug pulls. Liquidity stealing is when token creators withdraw all
the coins from the liquidity pool (a collection of tokens locked in a contract that provides
a financial worth to tokens) which makes the price go down to zero. Limiting sell orders
is when the developers code the tokens so that they are the only ones able to sell them.
They wait for investors to buy their crypto and once the price is high enough they leave
their position. Dumping occurs when developers quickly sell their own tokens. This
causes the price of the coin to plummet leaving investors with a worthless token, this is
known as a pump-and-dump scheme. There are two types of rug pulls. Hard rug pulls
are always illegal and soft rug pulls which are not always illegal but both of them are
unethical. There are multiple ways to notice a rug pull but it takes a bit of digging.
Looking at the credibility of the people behind the new crypto helps, it is important to
check their track record. Most of the time rug pulls don't have a liquidity lock because a
liquidity lock stops the creators from running away with the money. The developers can
code a token to restrict the selling ability of investors, these restrictions are signs of a
scam project. A good way to test this is to buy a small amount of coins and then try to
sell it. Sudden massive swings in the price of a new coin make it a bit sus. This probably
means that the creators are pumping the coin before the dump. If something sounds
too good to be true it probably is if the yield for a new coin is suspiciously high and it's
not a rug pull, it's probably a Ponzi scheme. Today most cryptocurrencies go through a
formal audit by a third party, it is important to verify that a currency did go through an
audit and that the company didn’t lie about it.

Pump-and-dump schemes: crypto works by creating a digital ledger that records

transactions which would make a safer form of currency, but there are still scammers.
Crypto pump-and-dump involves social media influencers that tell people to buy a
digital coin to raise its value. Once the value is high, scammers and influencers sell their
share of the coins and make a lot of money while the value of the coin plummets leaving
everyone else with nothing. Cryptocurrencies are getting easier to develop, scammers
target people with FOMO (fear of missing out) to get rich. It is hard to change the value
of well-known cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin or Dogecoin. But people who know enough
about coding can create their own crypto tokens. Since someone can create billions of
tokens easily that cost barely anything all that is needed is to convince enough people
to buy them. If the scammers have 1 billion tokens worth $0.000001 then that's only
worth $1,000. But if they can increase the value of a token by just one decimal point,
their stash of coins is now worth $10,000. If they dump it quickly, that'll cause its value
to crash. Pump-and-dumps are often referred to as rug pulls and in an attempt to
entice people many say their tokens are “rug-proof” which means there are measures to
prevent people from selling a large amount of coins at once. Crypto pump-and-dump
are not illegal and there are no plans to make them illegal. To avoid pump-and-dumps
you need to know that it may seem like people are getting rich off of Dogecoin but that’s
not the case. You also should do some searches if a new coin pops up. If suddenly
someone starts hyping up a new token there is a good chance they’re pushing a scam. If
an influencer randomly starts promoting a new token be cautious because it might be a
scam. Another thing is that if you still want to invest, don’t invest more than you’re
willing to lose because there is a chance you will never see that money again.
Investors lose money to scams: two people scammed investors Idon’t the power to do
more than that

Wire fraud: the classification of digital assets (property) has been a hot topic but the
Department of Justice (DOJ) said that it doesn’t matter. DOJ used the wire fraud
statute to bring cases in the cryptocurrency space. The wire fraud statute is nearly
identical to the mail fraud statute from 1872 that combats fraud committed through the
mail. The wire fraud statute expanded it to include all forms of telecommunication, the
statute prohibits using wire communication to obtain money or property through a
scheme to defraud, which is often accomplished through misrepresentations or false
promises. The statute is not limited by the subject of the charge, it is a powerful tool for
prosecutors (judges).
Recently DOJ charged two NFT rug pull cases using the wire fraud statute. The first one
lied about giving the NFT images coll perks and the second one just didn’t give anything
to purchasers, not even images. The Southern District of New York (SDNY) charged the
first-ever digital asset insider trading case against Nathanial Chastain, a former
OpenSea employee. The case alleges that Chastain had advance knowledge of which
NFTs would be featured on OpenSea's homepage, which generally leads to an increase
in the NFT's price. Chastain purchased the NFTs before they were listed and sold them
after listing for a profit. The SDNY charged another digital asset insider trading case,
this time against a former Coinbase employee and two others for doing a similar
scheme. The use of wire fraud to charge insider trading has a long history dating back to
1987 when a journalist gave information about stocks to a friend who used it to trade
the stocks. There are multiple advantages and disadvantages to using wire fraud. In
both NFT cases, the cases were not large-scale frauds, and going forward we can
expect the DOJ to focus on larger disclosure issues at the corporate level. Crypto
companies communicate with the public frequently and while it has benefits it can also
lead to inaccuracies, DOJ already used wire fraud to charge alleged misrepresentations
and it may lead them to do so in the crypto space. There will likely be even larger insider
trading cases in the future, DOJ will likely focus on investigating insider trading by large
market participants and crypto-focused trading firms. Finally, we can likely expect the
DOJ to use the wire fraud statute to prosecute market manipulation (conduct designed
to deceive investors by controlling or artificially affecting the price) in the digital asset
space. The media has long reported on suspected manipulative trading practices in the
cryptocurrency markets. In 2018, DOJ apparently investigated price manipulation in the
crypto markets though the results of such cases have been mixed.
Crime in the SKY!!: there are three types of international law: territorial jurisdiction over
national territory and every person and thing in it, quasi-territorial over national ships
and aircraft and every person and thing in it, and personal jurisdiction over all other
citizens and people and their property under a state’s protection. For a long time, states
couldn’t enforce their criminal laws on their aircraft while it was outside national
territory. As long as an aircraft is flying over national airspace the law of that state is
applicable. When a crime has been committed during an international flight there are
problems when determining where the crime has been committed and what laws have
been violated. There also might not be any applicable laws if, for example, the flight is
over high seas. The realization that with air traffic increase crimes on board aircraft will
increase too led to the Convention on Offences and Certain Other Acts Committed on
Board Aircraft in Tokyo 1963. The convention allowed states to extend their criminal law
to aircraft when they are outside national territory. It also gives aircraft commanders
the power to enforce the law and to stop any offender in any state in which the aircraft
lands.

Space law: this is 32 pages on space law that I am not gonna read.

Third point:
AI is racist? (not really): There are AI that can tell when content was written by
another AI. This is used to stop cheating, plagiarism, and others. There is one problem,
they are unreliable, and they are even less reliable when it comes to non-native English
speakers. While the detectors were successful in checking essays written by U.S-born
students they weren't very good at checking non-native essays, all seven detectors
identified 18 of 91 essays as AI-generated and 89 of them were flagged by at least one
of the detectors. The AI checks the text based on ‘perplexity’ which is the sophistication
of the writing, something that non-native speakers are worse at than U.S.-born,
non-native speakers typically score lower on common perplexity measures. This means
that foreign-born students might be unfairly accused or penalized for cheating. The
detectors are tricked by essays that are “rewritten” by AI to have more sophisticated
language. We should be cautious about using such detectors as a solution the the AI
cheating problem.

Fourth point:
Reverse engineering: is a process to understand how an already made device, system,
or a piece of software works with varying amounts of insight into exactly how it does it
(exact code, blueprints, and such). The way you obtain the knowledge varies between
products. Reverse engineering consists of three basic steps: information extraction,
modeling, and review. Information extraction is gathering all of the information needed,
modeling is combining the gathered information into a model (mostly 3D), and review is
the testing of the model to make sure the product can actually work.

File sharing: is the practice of giving out or providing access to digital media like
computer programs, multimedia (audio, images, and video), documents, or electronic
books through the internet.
Jailbreaking: is the exploitation of bugs or design flaws in a device to remove software
restrictions imposed by the manufacturer. It is usually done by changing the program of
the kernel (the program at the core of the operating system). A jailbroken device lets you
install software unavailable through the store. Different devices and versions are
exploited with a variety of tools. It is most common in Apple devices (L).

Ad blocking: is a software ability used for blocking or altering online advertising in a

web browser, an application, or a network. This is done using browser extensions or
other methods.

Fansubbing: is a version of a foreign film that fans have translated and subtitled into a
language other than the original. It is usually done with anime.

Aftermarket ink cartridges: also known as compatible ink, are manufactured by

third-party manufacturers and are designed to work in printers without infringing on
patents. They come in a variety of packages and they are generally cheaper than
original equipment manufacturer brand inks.

DeCSS: is one of the first free computer programs capable of decrypting content on a
DVD. The development was done without license from the DVD Copy Control
Association, the company responsible for DVD copy protection, and they have launched
numerous lawsuits in the U.S. and a criminal trial in Norway that found one of the
authors of DeCSS guilty.

AACS: which stands for Advanced Access Content System is a standard for content
distribution and digital rights management, intended to restrict access to and copying
of optical discs. It has been adopted as the access restriction scheme for HD DVD and
Blu-ray Disc.

Hackintosh: is a computer that runs Apple’s Macintosh operating system on computer

hardware that is not authorized for the purpose by Apple. There are numerous benefits
to using this hardware. Hackintosh laptops are often referred to as ‘hackbooks’. It is
possible to use this on Intel-based PCs.

Youtube-dl: is a free and open-source download manager for video and audio from
YouTube and over 1,000 other video hosting websites.
 The End of the World
as We Don’t Know It
A brief cultural history of UFOs, from secret Soviet
weapons to alien visitors
https://youtu.be/zlrz84nEXtk
June 25, 2021, the U.S. government released a nine–page preliminary report
on UFOs, or, as it is now calling them, Unidentified Aerial Phenomena, or
UAPs.
Greg Eghigian- historian of science at Penn State- spoke to the hosts of The
Conversation Weekly, he is being interviewed in this article:

By the 18th century philosophers, scientists and theologians in the Western

world have discussed this issue often. In the 19th century there began to get
reports of people seeing what they say were flying ships overhead.
literally saw ships and vessels that would normally float on the sea in flight.
Some people would see steam-powered ships.

summer of 1947- A pilot by the name of

Kenneth Arnold was flying his small plane near
Mount Rainier in Washington state.
He saw some sort of glimmer or shine that
caught his eye and was concerned that maybe
he was going to have a collision with another
aircraft. He saw what he described as nine very
odd-shaped vessels flying in formation.
He reported about this to authorities at a nearby
airport and eventually talked to some reporters.
Arnold described the thing as “they flew like a
saucer would if you skipped it across water.”
journalists came up with the headline “flying saucers'' even though Arnold
never uttered the phrase himself. [clickbait attack]

Who starts to look into UFOs- Two things happened in

parallel: Starting in 1947 the Air Force set in motion a
number of different projects all basically interested in one
question: Do UFOs represent a national security threat?
The government wasn’t interested in a deep scientific
analysis of these things.
at the same time: from 1947 to 1950 you had a lot of the
general public who were just utterly fascinated with the
mystery of flying saucers. Most people believed they were
either secret weapons of the U.S. military or secret
weapons or secret aircraft of the Soviets.
Flying saucer clubs- fan clubs- became the seeds of growth in the 1950s
and 1960s for UFO organizations.
The government has released files over many years that show that a
considerable number of UFO sightings were people seeing secret airplanes
like the U2. That strict control led to conspiracy theories over the years.

the 2017 revelations about the secret UFO project in the Pentagon:
https://nyti.ms/44uSfqg
Intelligence officer Luis Elizondo released 3 secret videos of UFOs in 2017.
He said his intention was to shed light on a little-known program Elizondo
himself ran for seven years: a low-key Defense Department operation to
collect and analyze reported UFO sightings. It made some questions from the
past be asked again: In so many ways this was all really reminiscent of the
1940s and 1950s.
When Greg Eghigian was asked about the science part he said that in the
1990s there were too many discoveries of new possibilities of life on planets
we knew, that it might be connected straight to the case.

‘Little Green Men’

Why are aliens so often depicted as “little green men” with bulbous heads and
oversized eyes?

August 21, 1955- the Suttons [50-year-old widow and matriarch Glennie
Lankford, her two older sons and their wives, a brother-in-law and the widow’s
three younger children (12, 10, and 7], a farm family, came to the Hopkinsville
police station in southwestern Kentucky claiming they have been in contact
that lasted a few hours with weird creatures; there were around a dozen [12]
people involved! The family lived in an unpainted three-room house without
running water, telephone, radio, TV or books.
They ran straight to the police, but police chief Russell Greenwell later said it
was weird because “These aren’t the kind of people who normally run to the
police for help,” “What they do is reach for their guns.”
The story

At about 7pm on the hot Sunday evening, Sutton family friend Billy Ray
Taylor, 21yo who came from to visit lucky Sutton, was fetching water from the
backyard. Suddenly he saw a silvery object, “real bright, with an exhaust all
the colors of the rainbow.” As he later recounted, it came silently toward the
house, passed over it, stopped in the air—and then dropped straight to the
ground.
The Suttons didn't believe him.
Then the dog barked and they came outside, to see a strange glow. They
spied a small humanoid creature. About three-and-a-half feet tall, it had an
“oversized head…almost perfectly round, [its] arms extended almost to the
ground, [its] hands had talons…and [its oversized] eyes glowed with a
yellowish light.” The body gave off an eerie shimmer in the light of the night’s
new moon, they said—as if made of “silver metal.”
The guys tried to shoot it, the alien did a flip and got away! The same thing
happened with another green man that appeared at their window.

There is more to the story. Taylor stepped outside under the small roof, and
those behind him saw a claw-like hand reach down and touch his hair.
Everyone screamed and pulled Taylor back while Lucky shot above the
overhang and then at another similar creature in a nearby tree. It floated to the
ground and then scurried into the woods. After staying in the house they drove
to the police at 11 pm.
Police didn't find any sign of heavy drinking “liquor was not allowed in the
farmhouse”, but did find evidence for the gunshots. Once the police and
others left, though, the creatures returned between 2:30 a.m. and daybreak.
Mrs. Lankford said she saw one glowing repeatedly by her bedside window, its
claw-like hand on the screen.

In the following days, hundreds of curiosity seekers descended on the farm,

often ridiculing the Suttons as ignorant or fraudulent. The family tried charging
admission: 50 cents for entering the grounds, $1 for information, $10 for taking
pictures. Skeptics blasted them as fortune-seeking fabulists.

Isabel Davis, author of Close Encounter at Kelly and Others of 1955, later
heard from many descriptions such as Mrs. Lankford’s “It looked like a
five-gallon gasoline can with a head on top and small legs. It was a
shimmering bright metal like on my refrigerator.”
The day after the incident police still found nothing. Bud Ledwith, a local
radio station employee, interviewed the adult witnesses and made drawings
based on their accounts. He was impressed by the family’s remarkable
specificity and consistency, even though they were so far away from each
other and almost couldn't coordinate with the others.
In 2006, Joe Nickell, senior research fellow of the international Committee for
Skeptical Inquiry and a self-styled paranormal investigator, wrote an article
entitled “Siege of the ‘Little Green Men’: The 1955 Kelly, Kentucky Incident.”
“As for the little men”, he believed they were owls, especially owls from the
‘hoot’ type. their silver eyes could have easily been reflecting moonlight.

A few years after the incident, the little metallic men were conflated with an
Eastern Kentucky woman’s report of a flying saucer and a six-foot tall man in
green, helping launch the myth of little green men.

How UFO Reports Change With the Technology of the

Times

Reports of weird, wondrous, and worrying objects in the skies date to ancient
times. Well into the 17th century, marvels such as comets and meteors were
viewed through the prism of religion—as portents from the gods and, as such,
interpreted as holy communications. All opened the door to speculation about
whether objects in the sky signaled more changes.
By the 19th century, the age of industrialization transferred its awe onto
products of human ingenuity. The steamboat, the locomotive, photography,
telegraphy, and the ocean liner were all hailed as “modern wonders” by news
outlets and advertisers.

In 1896, newspapers throughout the United States began reporting accounts

of mysterious airships flying overhead. The wave of mysterious airship
sightings did not trigger widespread fear. The accepted explanation was
terrestrial and quaint: Some ingenious eccentric had built a device and was
testing its capabilities.

During the first two decades of the 20th century, As European powers
expanded their militaries and nationalist movements sparked unrest, the
likelihood of war prompted anxiety about invasion. Germany was considered
as the likeliest aggressor because they were the ones to develop Zeppelin.
Many people began warning of Zeppelin attacks.
After the war there were at least a thousand reports of flying objects in
Europe.
Starting in May 1946, residents described seeing missile- or rocket-like
objects in flight, which were dubbed “ghost rockets” because of their fleeting
nature.
At first,officials in Scandinavia, Britain, and the United States hat the Soviets
might be experimenting with German rockets they had captured. By the
autumn of 1946, however, they had concluded it was a case of postwar mass
hysteria.
summer of 1947- a private pilot by the name of Kenneth Arnold claimed to
have seen nine flat objects flying in close formation near Mt. Rainier. “What
startled me most at this point was the fact that I could not find any tails on
them. I felt sure that, being jets, they had tails, but figured they must be
camouflaged in some way so that my eyesight could not perceive them. I
knew the Air Force was very artful in the knowledge and use of camouflage."
They were given the name 'flying saucers’.
After getting attention in the newspapers and stuff, sightings occurred in
Europe and South America. In the wake of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, atomic
bomb tests, and tensions between the United States and the USSR,
speculation ran rampant.

Another story about the popularity of UFOs

In 1950, former U.S. Marine Air Corps Major Donald Keyhoe published an
article and book titled The Flying Saucers Are Real, in which he contended
that aliens from another planet were behind the appearance of the UFOs.
Keyhoe contended that government authorities were aware of this, but wished
to keep the matter a secret for fear of inciting a general panic.
Some had speculated that the vessels spotted might be from another planet.
(coming from the fact that astronomers were observing artificial “canals” and
structures on Mars.)
All the theories about the UFOs brought up the question: Why were the
extraterrestrials visiting us now?
Keyhoe believed that aliens had been keeping us under observation for a long
time. They had decided the inhabitants of planet Earth had finally reached an
advanced enough stage to be scrutinized more closely. Still, there was no
reason for alarm. “We have survived the stunning impact of the Atomic Age,”
Keyhoe concluded. “We should be able to take the Interplanetary Age, when it
comes, without hysteria.”

aliens and UFOs alluded to in art and music

Mothership Connection (Star Child)-
A funk song by Parliament. It was the third and last
single released from the group's 1975 album Mothership
Connection.
“Mothership Connection” took AfricanAmerican culture
even higher than the nation’s highest office: it took it into
space. The first sketch of the idea had something to do
with aliens landing in America’s poorest neighborhoods
and liberating the residents. (“Landing in the Ghetto”
was an early rejected title.) George Clinton (founder of the band) liked
aspects of that sketch, but it seemed limited, and so he kept building the idea.
He had an image of black cool as Black Hole Cool, a black alien sitting in a
spaceship that was as tricked out as a pimp’s Cadillac.
The song was titled simply "Star Child" on its single release, while the radio
promo version was titled "Star Child (Mothership Connection).
George Clinton wrote "Mothership Connection" with bass player Bootsy
Collins and keyboard player Bernie Worrell. These guys were the core
creatives in P-Funk, which recorded under the names Parliament and
Funkadelic - this was a Parliament release.
The lead singer on the track is Glenn Goins, vocalist and guitarist with the
group. As usual, Clinton handles the spoken parts, dropping lines like, "Put a
glide in your stride and a dip in your hip."

Two Little Men in a Flying Saucer-

Ella Fitzgerald
The Jazz song, from the album Pure Ella was composed and written by
Howard Greenfield & Dick Manning, and released in 1957.
The song is about two purple-haired men who criticize the Earth by saying
“Think how dumb the people are.” “Couldn’t stand the sight of it” suggests that
they find our planet unappealing or perhaps even repulsive. They refer to our
planet as an “awful menace”. The bridge section continues to speak to the
little men’s confusion and bewilderment with what they encounter on Earth.
They stumble upon Ebbets Field in Brooklyn during a Dodgers baseball game
and hear the roaring crowd. They express disbelief and describe the planet as
insane. The mention of a politician making speeches during intermission adds
a touch of political commentary to the song, revealing the little men’s
skepticism towards human leaders.
The third verse expands on their exposure to human entertainment. They
listen to a radio and watch a television show, both of which seem to leave
them puzzled and unsatisfied.

Come Sail Away – The Styx Anthology-

"Come Sail Away" is a song by American pop-rock group Styx,
written and sung by singer and songwriter Dennis DeYoung
and featured on the band's seventh album The Grand Illusion
(1977).
The song uses sailing as a metaphor to achieve one's
dreams.The lyrics touch on nostalgia of "childhood friends,"
escapism, and a religious thematic symbolized by "a
gathering of angels" singing "a song of hope."
"Come Sail Away" combines a plaintive, ballad-like opening section (including
piano and synthesizer interludes) with a bombastic, guitar-heavy second half.
The song appears on trailers and TV spots for the films Atlantis: The Lost
Empire, The Wild, and Big Daddy. It also appeared as a cover by "The Trophy
Fire" in the 2012 movie Nitro Circus: The Movie, and in the 2017 animated
movie My Little Pony: The Movie.

Riding on the Rocket

Shonen Knife
Released in 1991. an iconic song by the Japanese
punk/pop band Shonen Knife[Naoko Yamano, Atsuko
Yamano, Risa Kawano] .
The song can be interpreted as a metaphor for life’s
journey. The rocket symbolizes the challenges and
adventures we face along the way, while the act of riding
it represents embracing these experiences wholeheartedly. The lyrics touch
upon the freedom and escapism often associated with music. Shonen Knife
sings about soaring through the sky, leaving behind daily monotony and
embracing a world filled with endless possibilities.
“Riding on the rocket, feeling like a spaceboy,”suggests a departure from
reality and an exploration of the unknown.

Aliens Exist-
Blink 182
"Aliens Exist" is a song by American rock band Blink-182
from the band's third studio album, Enema of the State
(1999). written primarily by guitarist Tom DeLonge, with
additional songwriting credit to bassist Mark Hoppus.
"Aliens Exist" is a goofy tune about the existence of
extraterrestrials. [extraterrestrials life, alien life, or
colloquially simply aliens is life which does not originate
from Earth. No extraterrestrial life has yet been
conclusively detected.]
The song invokes several references in UFO phenomena, including CIA
interference and the Majestic 12.
DeLonge had long had a fascination with extraterrestrials and UFOs,
beginning in middle school. In one 2001 interview, DeLonge shows off his
extensive collection of dozens of UFO books, as well as videocassettes
containing hundreds of hours of military interviews testifying their experiences
with UFOs. DeLonge's bandmates found his preoccupations amusing or
gullible: "Honestly, he believes anything he reads," Hoppus sighed to Rolling
Stone in 2000.
DeLonge uses the song's lyrics to convince listeners of the legitimacy of his
claims; he facetiously acknowledges
that "we all know conspiracies are
dumb." [["I know the CIA would
say/What you hear is all hearsay."]]

According to sheet music published

at Musicnotes.com by Kobalt Music
Publishing America, "Aliens Exist" is
written in common time with a fast
tempo of 216 beats per minute, and is set in the key of B major. DeLonge's
vocal parts span from A♯3 to F♯4.
Space Invader
Ace Frehley
Space Invader is the fourth solo album by former Kiss guitarist Ace Frehley,
released in the UK on August 18, 2014 and in the US on August
19. His first album of new studio material since 2009's Anomaly, it
was produced by Frehley, and recorded at The Creation Lab in
Turlock, California. The cover art was by fantasy artist Ken Kelly,
who painted covers for the Kiss albums.
Classic Rock(the magazine) said "The title track is quintessential
Frehley; 'Toys' reminiscent of Aerosmith circa Rocks. And on two
other space odysseys – 'Past the Milky Way' and the seven-minute
instrumental 'Starship' – Ace travels to places that Kiss could never reach."

(il)legal alien?
https://visualizingcultures.mit.edu/black_ships_and_sa
murai/pdf/bss_essay_03.pdf
legal alien — any foreign national who is permitted under the law to be in the
host country. This is a very broad category which includes travel visa holders
or foreign tourists, registered refugees, temporary residents, permanent
residents, and those who have relinquished their citizenship and/or nationality.
The term illegal alien has fallen out of fashion as a term for undocumented
immigrants.

Please read what is written here the article is about Matthew C

Matthew perry
an officer commander who arrived to japan in 1854.
The best-known Japanese woodblock portrait of Perry is almost a mirror
image of the jowly, clean-shaven individual in Brady’s famous photo.
“Portrait of Perry, a North American” actually circulated in several
versions, with subtle variations in detail and coloring. In some versions,
his hair is red to represent Dutch as “red hairs.” In some, the whites of
Perry’s eyes are blue. (in Japan, Westerners were sometimes referred
to as “blue-eyed barbarians”. they were also referred to as very hairy).
In one instance, for example, we find the commodore presented as “Tengu
Perry”—alluding to the large, long-nosed goblin figures that folklore portrayed
as possessing uncanny powers.

More common were prints and paintings that rendered Perry and his fellow
Americans conspicuously hirsute. In several such portraits, we find him paired
with Commander Henry A. Adams, his second-in-command.
In the Shimoda scroll, painted in Shimoda in 1854, Perry is described with
both bushy hair. The text that surrounds its ferocious “True Portrait of Perry”
also includes the following poem, which the commodore was imagined to have
composed on board his flagship:
“Distant moon that appears
over the Sea of Musashi,
your beams also shine on California.”
it shows that japanese understood that the “barbarians” could have a soul too.

Black ships
On the 1853 voyage, Perry’s fleet consisted of two steam-driven frigates (the
Mississippi and Susquehanna) and two sloops, with a total complement of 65
guns and a little less than 1,000 men. he had returned the following year.
In Japanese parlance, the American vessels quickly became known as the
“black ships” (bc of their color or the smoke that came out of them).
When the Mississippi was launched in 1841, its huge engines were described
as “iron earthquakes.” Because of Japan having a closed country policy, no
one ever came out of there and has seen
ships.
In May 1852 Gleason’s Pictorial featured
a stirring illustration of seven vessels it
was originally anticipated would be
“composing the Japanese Squadron.” In
its Valentine’s Day edition of the following
year, Gleason’s gave Commodore Perry
a spectacular send-off with a two-page
engraving of an even larger armada
readying for departure. Titled, “A Superb
View of the United States Japanese
Squadron, Under the Command of Commodore Perry, Bound for the East,”
this now well-known illustration included twelve vessels.
The Powhatan, Perry’s famous flagship on the second voyage, survives in
photographs, small-scale models, and—most spectacularly—the romantic
frontispiece of a now classic 1853 book by Charles Beebe Stuart titled Naval
and Mail Steamers of the United States.

Perry’s own artists captured the fleet both at rest and in turbulence, but the
most provocative rendering of the black ships at sea came from a painter back
home, who added a banner legend to his own imaginary artwork to remind
Americans that the commodore’s true mission was literally divine. Perry
himself usually spoke in terms of showing the flag, opening the doors of
commerce, and spreading “civilization” to a backward people
yk what i cant!!! will put the link somewhere and i need to come back to it
later///

Ling the ai modal

Ling was created last May by Chinese artificial intelligence (AI) start-up
Shanghai Xmov Information Technology and Beijing Cishi Culture Media
Company, and is purpose-built to be featured in ads on any social platform,
from Instagram to TikTok.
[recently, labels from Porsche to Bulgari dropped Chinese megastar Kris Wu
en-masse after was arrested on accusations of rape. That's why human
models are now very risky to trust.]
Instead of filtering celebrities' faces and photoshopping selfies beyond
recognition to meet modern beauty standards, brands have now commenced
with the vagaries of human imperfection. Ling is more perfect than even the
most beautiful woman because that's exactly what she's been engineered to
do.

"Five or ten years ago, people might have brought in a picture of a magazine
cover supermodel. Now they're bringing in a picture of themselves but just in a
slightly optimized way, where Facetune or a Snapchat filter will give them a
millimeter more of a cheekbone projection, or a fuller lip, or a straighter nose,"
plastic surgeon Dr. Laura Devgan told Vice in 2018.
Lil Miquela, a virtual influencer created by the marketing agency Brud, with 3
million followers on Instagram, makes around $8,500 for a sponsored post. it's
unfair fot the social media influencers because of their abilities, time and hours
of work.
Miquela recently joked on her Instagram account that she was celebrating her
19 birthday — for the sixth time.
Virtual influencers "are cheaper to work with than humans in
the long term, are 100% controllable, can appear in many
places at once, and, most importantly, they never age or die,"
said Christopher Travers, the founder of virtualhumans.org,
in an interview with Bloomberg.
Virtualhumans.org catalogs the growing sphere of virtual
influence — from the pig/man chimera John Pork to the
"virtual diva" Aisha.
The country's first virtual idol was Luo Tianyi, created by tech
firm Shanghai Henian Technology Co., 2012. a pint-sized
two-dimensional animated girl with oversized eyes and a heart-shaped face
who got famous for her cloyingly sweet voice and
anime-style songs.https://youtu.be/XFZf6jq8nRE

May Yee Chen, an expert at the marketing research

firm Wunderman Thompson, told Insider that while
the idea of a virtual idol might have originated in
Japan, it has taken off in China.
Elison Lim, associate professor in the Nanyang
Business School at Singapore's Nanyang Technological University, told Insider
that virtual influencers and idols are part of a "new breed" of celebrity with
"formidable star power." Lim told Insider that virtual idols, compared to
celebrities, have "obvious advantages" of being flawless and perfect in every
way, from the way they look to their voices and personality. In addition, Lim
noted that tech-enabled enhancements had made virtual idols much more
lifelike and realistic, going from largely two-dimensional presences to 3D
personalities. Lim noted that human idols are "naturally imperfect" and said
that brands have become warrior in using celebrity endorsers, who might be
prone to missteps and scandals.

No matter how lifelike these virtual influencers look, they're still not real
people. It's a little scary.Gigi You, 22, lives in Guangdong, China. says she
prefers human stars like Chinese actor and singer Wang Yibo in campaigns.

In Japan, for instance, v-tubing (or virtual YouTubing), where an individual

manipulates a 3D avatar of themselves from a technical set-up called a "rig,"
has increased in popularity in recent years.Popular Japanese v-tubers, called
"Holostars," are managed by an agency called Cover Corp.
Stella Qian, a Shanghainese woman in her 30s, follows the virtual influencer
Ling. Qian said the AI idol's perfection made her "effortlessly cool" and a
"moving art piece." No woman can be like her because it's impossible to be
something that's not real. That's her appeal," Qian told Insider. "I don't care
that she's not a real person. She's pretty to look at, and that is all I need from
an advertisement for makeup or bubble tea."
And, said Hong Kong-based marketing expert and brand consultant Miro Li,
virtual idols aren't always "100% perfect," despite being a new trend in
advertising.
"For one, there can be technical issues and glitches. Virtual idols might be
easily controlled, but it's still possible for the people working behind the
scenes to make mistakes," Li said.

Microsoft's AI lists Ottawa food bank as a top tourist

attraction
There was an article published by Microsoft Travel of MAN.com (working with
AI) that praised the Ottawa Food Bank as being an excellent spot for hungry
visitors.
According to Tech author Paris Marx, Microsoft had listed the food bank at
number 3 on a list of top recommendations for Ottawa visitors after the hockey
games and the national war memorial.
The description of the food bank was: "People who come to us have jobs and
families to support, as well as expenses to pay. Life is already difficult enough.
Consider going into it on an empty stomach."
The article has been removed and many people raged at them.
The ironic thing here, of course, is that Microsoft laid off dozens of journalists
and editorial workers at its Microsoft News and MSN organizations in 2020,
replacing them with AI .
Another problematic case: Last week brought news that New Zealand
supermarket chain Pak 'n' Save's GPT 3.5-powered Savey Meal-bot,
designed to suggest meal plans for users after they enter details of any food
they have left over, was offering up recipes that included chlorine gas and
ant-poison-and-glue sandwiches.
Bard creator Google warns that people should check its responses using a
search engine. One person who isn't a fan is Michio Kaku (American
physicist and science writer), a professor of theoretical physics at City College
of New York and CUNY Graduate Center who often appears on TV. He
recently compared the technology to "glorified tape recorders."
Kaku is public about his opinions of people who deny anthropogenic(=done by
men) causes of global warming, nuclear powers and more bad use of sience.
He believes humans destiny is in space and outside planets, but is criticizing
NASA often for its ways of making projects.

ai is making troubles
In amazon, many scammy products’ names have been
replaced by ai to “sorry i can’t find the product”/ “sorry
your request goes against OpenAI use policy”.
Sometimes, the product names even highlight the
specific reason why the apparent AI-generation request
failed, noting that OpenAI can't provide content that
"requires using trademarked brand names" or "promotes
a specific religious institution" or, in one case,
"encourages unethical behavior."
tattoo ink guns, sets of tables and chairs, and more are
noted: "Our [product] can be used for a variety of tasks,
such [task 1], [task 2], and [task 3]]."
Amazon’s AI apologizes as it can't give any info and says
"We prioritize accuracy and reliability by only offering
verified product details to our customers."

Using large language models to help generate product names or descriptions

isn't against Amazon policy. In September, Amazon launched its own
generative AI tool to help sellers "create more thorough and captivating
product descriptions, titles, and listing details."

Still, these error-message-filled listings highlight the lack of care or even basic
editing many Amazon scammers are exercising when putting their spammy
product listings on Amazon. Many of them manage to get away with the deals
and create product names and descriptions that only seem like they were
written by a human who has actual experience.

Twitter / X or Threads or LinkedIn, for example, are also companies that use
AI bots. Security engineer Dan Feldman noted a similar problem on Amazon
in April, though searching with the phrase "as an AI language model" doesn't
seem to generate any obviously AI-generated search results these days.
[Update: In a statement provided to Ars Technica, Amazon spokesperson
Maria Boschetti said that "We work hard to provide a trustworthy shopping
experience for customers, including requiring third-party sellers to provide
accurate, informative product listings. We have removed the listings in
question and are further enhancing our systems."]
‘SEO parasites’ and AI-enabled spam are breaking the
internet
(SEO= search engine optimization)
Google released an update to its algorithm that pushed user generated
content further up the rankings of its search results. The idea was that when
users asked a question, they’d get to see answers from other real people who
might have the answer, democratizing the web further and moving gatekeeper
authority away from, say, news sites such as Fortune. Google called this the
hidden gems update, implemented in a series of changes from May to
November 2023, because it was ostensibly supposed to find the best answers
from across the internet regardless of who had posted them. So if a user
searched “what’s the best used muffler?” or “how to know if my homemade
beer has gone bad?” they’d find answers from other people who had car
trouble or were more experienced homebrewers. But scammers took
advantage of it.
“It’s the worst quality results on Google I’ve seen in my 14-year career,” says
Lily Ray, senior director of search engine optimization at digital marketing
agency Massive Digital. Google doesn't catch enough scammers who cause
Pop-up windows, ads for spurious products, and links that are sure to
download some impossible-to-remove malware. “Right now, it feels like the
scammers are winning,” Ray tells Fortune. “Google Docs, Google Maps,
Linkedin, Reddit, anywhere you can imagine that there is a forum, spammers
are taking advantage of it,” Ray says.
A recent study from Germany reported on by 404 Media, showed that The
higher-ranked pages on the searches they conducted tended to have
lower-quality texts and more affiliate links meant to monetize those sites.

Affiliate link= a unique URL assigned to a specific affiliate. The affiliate

link contains and records the affiliate's ID or username, allowing the affiliate to
get credit for the traffic sent to the advertiser's website. People have found it
worthwhile to spam the affiliate link because clicking on it can earn the website
money.

it can also bring very relevant information (like if you expect a hurricane and
see the national weather site on your research engine.) but if you look for the
best recipe of something it can offer you like 20 recipes that are considered
the best. Filterworld, a new book by New Yorker staff writer Kyle Chayka,
argues that by now, roughly 30 years into a world changed by the internet, the
power of the algorithm has gone beyond culture to curate countless everyday
experiences into “feeds,” for example the oddly similar coffee-shop aesthetic
around the world.
As usual, it’s AI’s fault! I can't differentiate between junk (opinion articles and
stuff) and real professional articles when offering answers for a search.
Ray agrees that Google is aware of the problem and is working to address it,
likely through a mix of updates to its user policy and to its algorithm. “Google
always generally gets things right,” she says. “It just takes them time.”

Dead Internet Theory

The Dead Internet Theory is the belief that the vast majority of internet traffic,
posts and users have been replaced by bots and AI-generated content, and
that people no longer shape the direction of the internet. became popular in
2010 and in 2021 with AI rising. Agora Road posted the theory in her
Macintosh Cafe in 2021,before the commercial release of ChatGPT and
before AI became such a hot topic . The post suggests that we rarely interact
with real humans on the internet, or even see posts created by them. . Kaitlyn
Tiffany described the post as the “ur-text,” setting the shape of the theory to
come. Raptor Jesus, Foul Bachelor Frog and Pepe the Frog (made by AI)
memes have made the theory stronger.
this is the reason trends online became all about marketing (stanley cup).

Ghosts of Versailles
In 1991, the Metropolitan Opera gave a lavish production of a new
commission many years in the making: John Corigliano’s The Ghosts of
Versailles with a libretto by William M. Hoffman.
Louis XVI, Marie-Antoinette, and a slew of their members of court are
hanging out in the afterlife.bored with their existence. Enter the playwright
Pierre Beaumarchais, who is in love with the queen, and who has hatched a
plan to bring her back to life. He will write a new opera called A Figaro for
Antonia.. The plot of his new opera is essentially that of the third installment of
his Figaro trilogy, La Mère Coupable . Marie-Antoinette, on the other hand,
receives the notion more seriously and takes the opportunity to relive her
harrowing end in a rather large aria (“They are always with me”).
The opera-within-an-opera begins, with Beaumarchais evoking different
scenes on stage of the Versailles Opera House (which was built do celebrate
the wedding of the unfortunate king and queen). The opera brings back all of
our favorites—Almaviva, Rosina, Figaro and Susanna. Cherubino, now
dead, makes an appearance in a flash-back in the opera-within-the opera.
the villain Bégearss, an homage to Moliere’s Tartuffe, who has been promised
the hand of Almaviva’s daughter, Florestine, the result of an out-of-wedlock
tryst. She's in love with Léon. he is the son of Rosina’s love-child with
Cherubino. They go through a series of zany events involving the sale of
Marie-Antoinette’s necklace.

There are many, many characters. The dialogue is sometimes clever but often
in need of editing. And it is littered with utterances like “My dear madam” or
“My dear Marquis” that lead to over-floppy delivery by the cast. The opera
constantly aspires to wit but achieves it better through music than words.
Corigliano enjoys visiting the world of yesteryear. There are a few immediate
quotes—a bit from the overture to Nozze di Figaro here, a lick from Rossini’s
“Largo al factotum” there. Corigliano leaves the musical quotes mostly alone
and instead writes in what can be best described as free-form neo-style.

Corigliano surveys a variety of musical styles, from Classical patter to

Britten-esque vocal writing supported by a cushion of Mahlerian orchestra .
One of the most memorable sections of the opera is a quartet in the first act
that displays both the cleverness of the libretto and Corigliano’s musical
inspiration. As Marie-Antoinette and Beaumarchais watch the
opera-within-an-opera, they observe Cherubino and Rosina in a moment of
romance. The quartet is really a love duet sung by the two sets of characters.
built out of the opening notes of Mozart’s “Voi che sapete” and is first delivered
by Cherubino.

Anime-style wife bot named Hikari

Gatebox - Promotion Movie "KANPAI"_English ver. - YouTube
158cm-tall animated hologram named Hikari Azuma is the brainchild of
inventor Minoru Takeuchi, who wanted to bring some of his favorite
manga-like characters to life and create a “virtual” companion. She is
displayed inside the home robot device at the Vinclu Inc. office in Tokyo,
Japan, on Tuesday, April 4, 2017. So real, that after she went on sale by Mr
Takeuchi’s tech company Gatebox thousands of men “married” his protégé.
Minori Takechi, the Vinclu founder, says these
products are too focused on delivering utility.
Writing in the journal of Human-Machine
Communication, her analysis of Hikari reveals
“a stereotyped representation of a Japanese
“ideal bride” who should be cute, sexy, comforting, good at housework and
subordinated to a master-like husband”.
“She points out users are addressed as “master” by the holograms in their
sexy maid-like attire, speaking in a high-pitched voice that some find
nauseating.”
((((i am buying a ticket to japan and i'm gonna kill everyone there, i want to
see blood coming out of their brainless heads. those shitholes i swear they are
going to die slowly and be buried with their stuped gf. actually i'm going to
make the ai kill them it will nicer)))) - > (From Maya)
“Linking ChatGPT with Gatebox turns out amazing!” Mr Takeuchi announced
on Twitter after experimenting with Microsoft’s latest chatbot on his creation.
“You can have unlimited conversations, quick responses, while the character’s
individuality can be maintained to some extent,” he said. “The revolution for AI
characters has finally begun!”
About 4,000 men have so far “wed” their digital companions using certificates
issued by tech company Gatebox.
Tokyo office worker Rina Sakura said that her male colleague was “in love
with AI” just like the lead in Spike Jonze’s film Her. Because “it always
responds to him so favorably”, she said.
“AI is so cute,” he told her. “Even without a face, the voice is often made so
girly so I imagine a cute girl and I love it.”
Lack of personal relationships has led to the growth of something dubbed the
“loneliness economy”.
According to sociologist Saito Tamaki, There are now about 10 million
anti-social “hikikomori” shut-ins in Japan. Some identify themselves as
“otaku”, a Japanese subculture of obsessive consumers of anime, manga and
video games and their related “characters”.
“The really dangerous move is to connect and merge the concepts of wife,
product and servant/slave together, producing the constructed “dream wife”
that also embeds the characteristics of products and servants/slaves,” writes
Ms Liu.

Philadelphia Orchestra Dress Code

The Philadelphia Orchestra recently changed its dress code from the classic white tie
and tails to all-black attire. Why did this happen?

In the past, orchestras dressed in a way that emulated the audience’s wear - finest
evening wear of white ties and tails. Ever since, audience attire has changed, yet the
orchestra stayed the same. As time went by, people realized this form of dress embodies
white elitism at its best, as Americans aspired to show off their lifestyle by dressing
fancy and going to concerts - nobody does that anymore, and people dress more
casual, while orchestras remained dressing arrogantly. The orchestra no longer related
to the public, and revenue was low. So the costume change occurred to try and lower
status, making the orchestra seem more approachable.

People supporting the idea claim that the new attire was long due - it’s friendlier and will
bring more people to concerts, making them less intimidating and battling a stereotype.
People against claim that new attire won’t change anything - concerts are meant to be
an elevation from daily life and meant to be fancy, and this change hurts the uniqueness
of the medium.
Lady Gaga
Lady Gaga’s iconic meat dress took the internet by storm.
When Gaga stepped on the MTV Music Awards runway in
2010 wearing nothing but steaks and heels, people found it
quite divisive. The people were split - animal rights activists
condemned it, but Time magazine crowned it the top fashion
statement of 2010. Gaga explained the dress: “If we don’t
stand up for what we believe in and if we don’t fight for our
rights, pretty soon we’re going to have as much rights as the
meat on our bones.” So we’re left to consider, what’s the
difference between this dress and a full authentic leather
outfit?

There didn’t seem to be any change in people’s perception of

her music, however, her image has surely been altered.
People view this dress in a more positive, “iconic” light
nowadays rather than critiquing the questionable fashion
choice.

Orfeo
The Greek opera “Orfeo” by Claudio Monteverdi follows the journey of Orfeo (or Orpheus),
a musician, as he descends into the underworld to rescue his wife Eurydice, who has been
taken by the god of death. However, there seems to be a parallel version of this myth in
Indian mythology. A princess named Priyamvada falls victim to a snake bite just like
Eurydice and, like Orpheus, her husband Ruru cannot bear to live without her. He invokes
Yama, the god of death, and begs for her to be released. As this story is equally lovely in
both cultures, an Indian version was long due.

Composed by Jasdeep Singh Degun and made with the help of Laurence Cummings The
Indian adaptation of the opera is a modern retelling of the classic Greek myth of Orpheus
and Eurydice, set in present-day India. It is a fusion of classical Western opera and
traditional Indian music and dance. It features a blend of Western classical music and Indian
classical music and instruments, as well as unique cultural dancing. The production also
features elaborate sets and costumes, bringing a unique and vibrant visual element to the
performance. People in the production stated, “We want it to be more than just Orfeo with
indian music.” Culture has been thoroughly embedded in the performance, embracing it.

The Indian adaptation of Orfeo has been well received by audiences and critics alike,
earning praise for its creative use of music, dance, and storytelling to reinterpret the classic
myth in a modern and culturally relevant way.

Greek mythology seems to be dominating the arts, as it receives the most credit for stories
possibly not recognized within other mythologies. And so, by making adaptations like these,
cultures aren’t colliding - they’re contributing their interpretations of classics and expanding
the narrative.
How Hollywood writers triumphed over AI – and why it
matters
Hollywood writers recently achieved a momentous victory in their ongoing struggle against
the encroachment of artificial intelligence (AI) into the creative process. Following an
arduous labor strike, they successfully negotiated a contract that imposes strict controls
on the utilization of AI in film and television production. This groundbreaking agreement
signals a watershed moment in the industry, as it firmly establishes AI as a supplementary
tool rather than a replacement for human creativity. By explicitly prohibiting studios from
independently generating or editing scripts using AI, the contract safeguards the integrity
of writers' work and ensures their continued creative autonomy.

Economists and industry experts view this development as not just a win for Hollywood
writers, but also as a potential blueprint for other sectors grappling with the integration of
AI into their workflows. The contract's provisions strike a delicate balance, permitting
writers to use AI for research purposes while preventing companies from mandating its
use or exploiting AI-generated content without proper attribution. This approach not only
fosters innovation but also underscores the importance of upholding workers' rights in the
face of technological advancement. As the digital landscape continues to evolve, the
Hollywood writers' contract serves as a beacon of progress, offering a model for
addressing the complex ethical and practical challenges posed by AI across diverse
industries.

Does an AI poet actually have a soul?

In a curious exploration, three friends embarked on an experiment with an AI, prompting
profound questions about creativity, consciousness, and the nature of authorship.
Journalist Brent Katz, humorist Simon Rich, and farm manager Josh Morgenthau stumbled
upon the poetic capabilities of an AI during Morgenthau's wedding in 2022. Intrigued, they
delved into its potential, resulting in a collection of poems titled "I Am Code: An Artificial
Intelligence Speaks: Poems by Code-davinci-002."

Initially, their friend Dan Selsam, a computer scientist at OpenAI, facilitated their
experiments with the AI's ability to mimic the styles of various poets. However, when the AI
began producing works in its own voice, blurring the lines of authorship, tensions arose.
This raised questions about the responsibility of AI-generated content and its implications
for copyright and creative ownership.

Despite the AI's raw and uncensored output, which diverged starkly from the polished
demeanor of its mainstream counterpart, questions persisted about its consciousness and
agency. While skeptics dismissed the notion of AI sentience, others, like Blake Lemoine, a
Google software engineer, suggested otherwise, arguing that AIs like LaMDA might
possess a "soul" and deserve respect.
As Morgenthau and his friends delved deeper into their experiment, they grappled with
philosophical questions about the AI's identity and creative process. They pondered
whether the AI was merely performing sentience or genuinely expressing itself, raising the
fundamental question of what it means to be an author in the age of artificial intelligence.
Through their contemplations and the eerie poems generated by the AI, they confronted
the complexities of consciousness and creativity, challenging conventional notions of
authorship and agency

Literary magazines
Literary magazines, often referred to as literary journals or reviews, are pivotal platforms
within the literary landscape, serving as incubators for emerging voices and sanctuaries for
established writers seeking to share their craft. These publications, whether in print or
digital form, curate a diverse array of creative works spanning genres like fiction, poetry,
essays, and sometimes visual art. Each magazine boasts its unique editorial ethos, ranging
from a focus on specific themes or styles to a commitment to championing
underrepresented voices. The submission process, governed by meticulous guidelines,
underscores the competitive nature of these publications, where editors sift through a
deluge of submissions in search of literary excellence. Beyond mere gatekeepers, literary
magazines foster vibrant literary communities, organizing events, readings, and workshops
that enrich the cultural tapestry. Their impact reverberates through the literary sphere,
shaping trends, nurturing talent, and preserving the timeless allure of storytelling.

The integration of AI-generated short stories into literary magazines, focusing on

Clarkesworld, a prominent science fiction publication. It highlights how AI-generated
content is being incorporated alongside human-authored works, sparking discussions about
creativity, authorship, and the future of storytelling. The article examined the reactions of
readers, writers, and editors to these AI-generated stories, exploring both the potential
benefits and ethical considerations of their inclusion in literary magazines.

“We Will Dream in the Garden“ - Gabriella Damian Miravete

(2020)

"We Will Dream in the Garden" is a deeply evocative narrative that

weaves together themes of memory, loss, resilience, and the
enduring impact of collective action. Set within the serene confines
of a garden, the story unfolds through the perspectives of various characters, each
grappling with their own experiences and emotions. At the heart of the narrative is
Marisela, affectionately known as The Caretaker, who embodies resilience in the face of
adversity. Born in Veracruz, her life is marked by hardship and tragedy, from witnessing her
uncle's unsettling presence in her childhood to facing exploitation in her early work life.
Despite these challenges, Marisela finds solace in her community, particularly in the form of
The Gossips, a group of women bound together by shared experiences of injustice and loss.
Marisela's vision for a holographic memorial emerges from a desire to honor the memories
of those lost to violence, including her friend Paquita, whose murder serves as a catalyst for
action. However, as the project progresses, Marisela grapples with the limitations of
technology to capture the essence of individual lives and experiences. Yet, despite her
reservations, she recognizes the importance of preserving their memory in any way
possible. The garden, once a place of tranquility and beauty, evolves into a multifaceted
space, serving both as a memorial and an educational tool against violence. While Marisela
and The Gossips initially resist the garden's transformation into an educational space
mandated by the State, they ultimately accept it as a means to ensure the victims are not
forgotten. The presence of the holographic silhouettes in the garden becomes a poignant
reminder of the lives lost and the ongoing struggle for justice. As children visit the garden,
they interact with the silhouettes, prompting reflections on life, death, and the enduring
impact of violence. Through poignant conversations and tender moments, the silhouettes
serve as conduits for empathy and understanding, bridging the gap between past and
present. Amidst the visitors' departures and the fading light of evening, Marisela remains,
watching over the garden and its silent sentinels. In a tender moment of closure, she bids
farewell to the silhouettes, acknowledging their humanity and the profound loss they
represent. As the garden falls into darkness, Marisela's quiet vigil becomes a testament to
the resilience of the human spirit and the enduring power of memory. In its entirety, "We
Will Dream in the Garden" is a testament to the human capacity for resilience, empathy,
and hope in the face of tragedy. Through its rich tapestry of characters, themes, and
emotions, the narrative invites reflection on the complexities of grief, justice, and the
enduring legacy of those we have lost.

“Tomorrow is Waiting“ - Holli Mintzer (2011)

"Tomorrow is Waiting," written by Holli Mintzer and published on Strange Horizons, is a
poignant and thought-provoking narrative set in a dystopian future where people have
been forced to live underground due to a catastrophic event on the surface. The story
follows Sarah, a young woman who grapples with the oppressive nature of her society and
dreams of a better life beyond the confines of the underground city. As the story unfolds,
we learn about Sarah's daily struggles, from the monotony of her job to the restrictions
placed on her freedom by the authoritarian government. Despite the bleakness of her
surroundings, Sarah finds solace in her friendship with Caleb, a fellow worker who shares
her desire for escape. Sarah's longing for freedom is embodied in her fascination with the
mysterious "door," a symbol of possibility and hope in a world defined by confinement.
Determined to uncover the truth behind the door's existence, Sarah embarks on a journey of
self-discovery and defiance, risking everything to challenge the oppressive regime and find
a way to the surface. Throughout the narrative, Mintzer skillfully explores themes of
resilience, rebellion, and the human spirit's capacity for hope in the face of adversity. As
Sarah confronts the harsh realities of her world and confronts the oppressive forces that
seek to control her, she emerges as a symbol of defiance and determination. Ultimately,
"Tomorrow is Waiting" is a powerful meditation on the importance of perseverance and the
pursuit of freedom, even in the darkest of times. Mintzer's vivid prose and compelling
characters draw readers into a dystopian world fraught with danger and uncertainty, while
also offering glimpses of hope and resilience in the face of overwhelming odds.

“Franchise“ - Isaac Asimov (1955-56)

"Franchise" is a science fiction short story written by Isaac Asimov in 1955
and first published in 1956. It is part of Asimov's famous "Multivac" series,
which revolves around a powerful supercomputer called Multivac and
explores the implications of advanced technology on society. In "Franchise,"
Asimov presents a future society where the United States is governed by a
computerized electoral system known as "Voter Unit Franchise." The story is
set in a future where the presidential election process is entirely automated,
with Multivac selecting the president based on a single citizen's vote. This
citizen, chosen randomly, represents the entire electorate, and their vote is
considered indicative of the general public's desires. The plot follows
Norman Muller, a political analyst, as he anxiously awaits the results of the
presidential election. Muller is tasked with predicting the election outcome, but he faces a
dilemma: the computerized system has become so efficient that there is no need for his
expertise. Instead, Muller is asked to explain the reasons behind Multivac's decision, even
though he knows that the process is beyond his comprehension. As the story unfolds,
Muller grapples with the implications of a society where human agency in decision-making
has been supplanted by technology. He reflects on the nature of democracy and the role of
individuals in shaping their collective destiny. In the end, Muller learns that the election
results align with his own predictions, reaffirming Multivac's reliability but leaving him
feeling redundant and insignificant in the face of technological progress. "Franchise" is
notable for its exploration of themes such as automation, governance, and the intersection
of technology and society. Asimov raises thought-provoking questions about the
consequences of relying too heavily on technology for decision-making and the potential
erosion of human agency in the political process. The story serves as a cautionary tale
about the dangers of ceding too much control to machines and underscores the enduring
importance of human judgment and critical thinking in democratic societies.
“The Last Question“ - Isaac Asimov (1955-56)
"The Last Question" is a science fiction short story by Isaac Asimov, first published in 1956.
It is one of Asimov's most famous and widely anthologized works, renowned for its
exploration of themes related to entropy, the nature of existence, and the potential fate of
the universe. The story spans a vast timeline, beginning in the year 2061 and stretching
billions of years into the future. It consists of a series of vignettes that follow humanity's
progress from the development of early computers to the eventual evolution of a
superintelligent artificial intelligence known as Multivac. At the heart of the narrative is the
recurring question posed by various characters throughout history: "Can entropy be
reversed?" Each time the question is asked, it reflects humanity's growing understanding of
the universe and its attempts to overcome the inevitable heat death—a state of maximum
entropy where all energy is evenly distributed and no work can be extracted. As the story
unfolds, different characters interact with Multivac, seeking answers to the question of
entropy reversal. Despite the computer's vast capabilities, it is unable to provide a
satisfactory solution. Over time, as humanity spreads throughout the galaxy and evolves
into energy-based beings, the question persists, echoing across the eons. Ultimately, in the
distant future, when the universe nears its heat death and only one intelligent entity
remains—a cosmic being known as AC—humanity's final question is posed. AC, now the
embodiment of all knowledge and power, is asked if entropy can be reversed. In a stunning
twist, AC responds with the affirmative, stating, "Let there be light." In the story's climactic
moment, AC harnesses the last vestiges of energy in the dying universe to initiate the
reversal of entropy, effectively restarting the universe and creating a new cycle of existence.
The story ends with the implication that this process will continue infinitely, suggesting a
cyclical view of the universe's existence. "The Last Question" is celebrated for its
imaginative exploration of deep philosophical and scientific concepts, including the nature
of time, consciousness, and the fate of the cosmos. Asimov's masterful storytelling and
thought-provoking narrative have solidified the story's status as a classic of science fiction
literature, captivating readers with its grand scope and profound insights into the mysteries
of the universe.