DEFINITION OF SECURITY

- Generally, the meaning of security is a kind of state where people, institution, authority or groups feel fully secured of feeling,
free from any threat or vulnerability from somewhere or someone in his/her life, liberty, property or activity. It could be in physical,
psychological, social or economical form.
-It is a state or quality of being secured, freedom from fear or danger, assurance, certainty.
-It is the degree of protection against danger, loss, and criminals.
- Protection against any type of crime to safeguard life and assets by various methods and device.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF SECURITY

1. Command Responsibility
-Cannot be delegated but the security tasks can be assigned.
2. Compartmentation
-Need to know basis
3. Balance between security and efficiency
-Security prevails over efficiency
4. General principles of security remain constant
-Specific measures to suit operations
5. Security is the concern of all personnel
-Regardless of rank, position, designation
TYPES OF SECURITY MEASURES FOR AN EFFECTIVE DEFENSE AGAINST CRIMES:

1.ACTIVE MEASURES – these involve the installation of physical s, security lighting, use of vaults, locks and others.
2.PASSIVE MEASURES – those that will deter man from committing such act of fear of being caught, charge in court or get
dismissed, such as: security education, programs, investigations, seminars, personnel security check.

TYPES OF SECURITY

1. PHYSICAL SECURITY
Definition
– a system of barriers placed between the potential intruder and the objects/matter to be protected. It is the broadest
branch of security, which is concerned with physical measures adopted to prevent unauthorized access to equipment, facilities,
materials and documents and to safeguard them against espionage, sabotage, damage and theft.

OBJECTIVES:
a. To protect the organization’s asset;
b. To make access so difficult that an intruder will not dare attempt penetration.
CONCEPTS:
a. Enemy agents will always seek access;
b. Surreptitious entry is the greatest hazard to security;
c. There are no impenetrable barriers;
d. Each installation is different.
FACTORS THAT BRING INSECURE CONDITION:
1. Threat
– An indication of impending danger or harm;
- positive inimical acts
2. Hazard
– A chance of being injured or harmed;
-passive inimical acts
3. Vulnerability
– inability to withstand the effects of a hostile environment
-measure of how open an establishment to intrusion, attack or injury
4. Risk
– is the potential that a chosen action or activity (including the choice of inaction) will lead to a loss (an undesirable
outcome).
-probability of an event to happen that will lead to loss.

SECURITY HAZARD
An act or condition which results in a situation conducive to a breach of the protection system and the subsequent loss or
compromise, or damage to personnel, property or facilities.

KINDS OF HAZARDS
1. Man –Made Hazards – an acts or conditions affecting the safe of operation of the facility caused by human action,
accidental or intentional. It includes sabotage, espionage, pilferage and theft.
2. Natural Hazard – cause by natural phenomena which cause damage, disturbance and problems of normal functioning
activities, including security. It includes flood, lighting, storms and volcanic eruptions.

THE EXTENT OF DEGREE OF RISK TO SECURITY WILL BE DEFENDANT ON THE FOLLOWING:

1. RELATIVE CRITICALITY OF OPERATIONS- Is the importance of the firm which reference to the national economy and
security.
2. RELATIVE VULNERABILITY – The susceptibility of the plant or establishment to damage, loss, or disruption of operation due
to various hazard.
BARRIER – can be defined as any structure or physical device capable of restricting, deterring, delaying, illegal access to an
installation.
Generally, a barrier is use for the following purposes:
1. Outline the perimeter of the area to be secured;
2. Create a physical and psychological deterrent to unauthorized entry;
3. Delay intrusion, thus facilitating apprehension of intruders;
4. Assist in more efficient and economical employment of guards;
5. Facilitates and impose the control of pedestrian and vehicular traffic.

1. FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE – Perimeter barrier/fences - a medium or structure which defines the physical limits of an
installation or area to restrict or impede access thereto.
2. SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE – Doors, floors, windows, walls, roofs and grills.
3. THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE – Storage system like steel cabinets, safes, vaults and interior files.

GENERAL TYPES OF PHYSICAL BARRIER:

1. NATURAL BARRIER – include mountains, rivers, seas, desserts or terrain difficult to traverse. To be fully effective, these
barriers must be under surveillance of guards.
2.STRUCTURAL OR MAN-MADE BARRIER – structural constructions made by man like fences, walls, floors, roofs, grill or other
physical means to deter or impede penetration.

TYPES OF FENCES
1. SOLID FENCE – Constructed in such away that visual access through the fence is denied. Its advantage is that it denies the
opportunity for the intruder to become familiar with the personnel, activities and the scheduled movements of the security
personnel. On the other hand, it prevents the guards from observing the area around the installation and it creates shadow that
may be used by the intruder for cover and concealment.

WALL – Masonry wall should have the same as the chain linked and surrounded by the barbed wire as top guard.
2. FULL VIEW FENCE – It is constructed in such a way that visuals access is permitted through the fence. Its advantage is that it
allows the security personnel to keep the surrounding of the installation under observation. On the other hand, it allows the intruder
to become familiar with the movements the security personnel.

TYPES OF FULL VIEW FENCE

1. CHAIN LINK FENCE
- Should be constructed minimum
height of 7 feet excluding top guard;
- 9 gauges or heavier;
- Mesh openings of not larger 2 inches per side;
- Twisted;
- Securely fastened to rigid material or reinforced concrete;
- Reach within 2 inches of hard ground or paving;
- On soft ground, it must reach below surface deep enough to compensate for shifting soil or sand.

2. BARBED WIRE FENCE - is a type of fencing wire constructed with sharp edges or points arranged at intervals along the
strand(s). It is used to construct inexpensive fences.
3. Concertina Wire or Dannert Wire – is a type of barbed wire or razor wire that is formed in large coils which can be expanded
like a concertina.
-Opened concertina wire is 50 feet long and 3 feet diameter.

ADDITIONAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES

Top Guard- an addition overhang or barbed wire place on vertical perimeter fences facing upward and outward with a 45 degree
angle with three to four strands of barbed wires space six inches apart. This will increase the protective height and prevent easy
access.
3. Entry Stations – provided at main perimeter entrances to secure areas located out of the doors, and manned by guards on a
full time basis.
4. Towers – a house like structures above the perimeter barrier. Height of tower increases the range of observation during day
and night with artificial illumination.
5. Clear Zones – unobstructed area maintain on both sides of the perimeter barrier. It affords better observation and patrol
movement. It should be cleared of anything that may provide concealment or assistance to a person seeking an authorized entry.
CLEAR ZONE
- 20 feet or more between the perimeter barrier and exterior structure.
- 50 feet or more between the perimeter barrier and structure within the protected areas.

PROTECTION IN DEPTH
-In large open areas or ground, where fencing or walling is impracticable and expensive, warning signs should be conspicuously
placed.
- The depth itself is protection.

6. Signs and Notices – erected where necessary in the management of unauthorized ingress and preclude accidental entry.

SECURITY LIGHTING
Provides sufficient illumination to areas during hours of darkness.

PURPOSES OF SECURITY LIGHTING

1. It improves visibility so that intruders can be seen, identified and apprehend;
2. It gives psychological fear, which serves as a deterrent to thieves, pilferers, trespassers, and sabotage;
3. It makes easier. The routine of work of guards in identifying employees, vehicles during night time;
4. If placed in certain areas, may even reduce the number of stationary guards, and instead, may require only roving patrols at
night.

TYPES OF SECURITY LIGHTING

1. Stationary Luminary – most common type consisting of fixed series of luminaries. It is commonly used on entry gates of
employees and vehicles.
 >Glare Protection Type – The intensity is focused to the intruder while the observer or the guard remain in
comparative darkness.
>Controlled lighting- The lighting is focused on certain objects than the background.

2. Standby Lighting – similar to continuous lighting but can be turned on manually or by special device or other automatic means,
when there is a suspicion of entry.
3. Emergency Lighting – stand by lighting which can be utilized in the event of electrical failure.

PROTECTIVE ALARMS
Is an aural or visual signal given by the annunciator to the security when intruder actuate certain devices in a protected
area. An annunciator is a visual or audible signaling device, which initiates conditions of associated circuits.

Basically, alarm system are designed to alert security personnel of a attempted or consummated intrusion into an area,
building or compound. Each type of alarm is activated in the event that an intruder tampers with the circuitry, a beam or radiated
waves. Alarm are also for fire, smoke, or other emergencies and presence of hazards.

THREE BASIC PARTS OF ALARM

1. Sensors
- device that can sense an abnormal condition within the system and provide a signal indicating the presence or nature
of the abnormality
2. CIRCUIT
- It is the communication channel that conveys the information from all sensors in the system to the signal by means of wire, radio
waves.

3. Signal
- The actual alarm may be audible or silent, a bell, buzzer, phone ringing, or flashing of light.

TYPES OF PROTECTIVE ALARM

1. Central Station System – Several separate compounds tie their alarm system to a central station so that in case of need, the
central station calls for assistance to the police, fire department, hospital or with other government assisting units.
2. Proprietary System – Similar to the central station type excepts that the proprietary console is located inside the subscribers
installation who owns or bases the system.
3. Auxiliary System – An installation owned system which is a direct extension of the local enforcement agency and/or fire
department by special arrangements.
4. Local Alarm System – Consists of rigging up a visual or audible alarm near the object to be protected. In case of alarm,
response will be made by the local guards and other personnel within sight or hearing.

FIRE PROTECTION
FIRE ALARM - - Any visual or audible signal produced by a device or system to warn the occupants of the building or fire fighting
elements of the presence or danger of fire to enable them to undertake immediate action to save life and property and to suppress
the fire.
DEVICES
1. Smoke Detector - a device placed at the ceilings of the floor that detects smoke, typically as an indicator of fire.
2. Fire Bell -a hollow device made of metal that makes a ringing sound.

AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER – a type of built in sprinklers which works by the increase of room temperature and which automatically
operates the system to put out the fire. Attached and distributed in the ceiling of the rooms. These sprinklers will go into action
once a fire starts, and those that will open are those that are directly above the fire and water is delivered where it is needed.
STAND PIPES
G.I. steel or plastic pipes located inside the building from the lowest to the top floor with water under pressure for use in case of
fire. Located near the standpipe is a fire hose usually enclosed in a glass box.
FIRE HYDRANT
It is a mechanical device strategically located in an installation or in a street where a fire hose will be connected so that the water
will be available to extinguished a fire.
FIRE EXTINGUISHER
Is a fire fighting equipment which can is a fire fighting equipment which can be portable or in cart that is used to put out fire
depending on the contents to extinguish certain types of fire.

PROTECTIVE LOCKS
LOCK – defined as mechanical, electrical, hydraulic or electronic device designed to prevent entry to a building or room.

Type of Locks
1. Key – Operated Lock
- It uses some sort of arrangement of internal physical barriers which prevent the lock from operating unless they are properly
aligned. The key is the device used to align these internal barriers so that the lock may be operated. fe

PADLOCK – a portable and detachable lock having a pivoted or sliding hasp which possess through a staple ring, or the like and
is made fast or secured.

2. COMBINATION LOCK – a lock that requires manipulation of parts according to a predetermined combination code of numbers.
3. CARD OPERATED LOCK/CODED LOCK – type of lock that can be opened by inserting a coded card in a slot in the lock, or
by pushing the correct button on the surface of the lock.
4. ELECTRONIC LOCK – type of lock that can be closed and opened remotely by electronic means.

BIOMETRICS
- A machine that can be used for identification of humans by their characteristics or traits.
- It is used as a form of identification and access control.
- It is equipped with recording device that can identify the person operating the lock and the time it was operated.
KEY CONTROL
– defined as the management of keys in a plant or business organization to prevent unauthorized individual access to the keys.

Change Key - a key to a single lock

Sub-Master Key - a key that can open all locks within a particular area or grouping.
Master Key – a special key capable of opening a series of locks
Grand Master Key – a key that can open everything in a system involving two or more master key groups.

PETERMAN
-A term used in England for lock picker, safecrackers, and penetrators of restricted areas or rooms.
FALSE KEY
- Genuine key stolen from the owner

HUMAN BARRIER
Security guard – Is any natural person who offers or renders personal service to watch or guard residential or business premises
or both, government and/or their premises for hire and compensation.

Security Supervisor – Is charged with directing the work and observing the behavioral performance of the guard under his unit.
PERSONNEL SECURITY
- refers to the procedure followed, inquiries conducted, and criteria applied to determine the work suitability of a particular
applicant or the retention of a particular employee.

PURPOSE
1. To ensure that hired employees are best suited to assist the organization in achieving its mission and vision;
2. To assist in providing the necessary security to the employees while they carry out their functions.

PERSONNEL SECURITY INVESTIGATION (PSI) It is an inquiry into the character, reputation, discretion, integrity, morals,
and loyalty of an individual in order to determine a person’s suitability for appointment or access to classified matter.

TYPES OF PSI
1. National Agency Check
2. Local Agency Check
3. Partial Background Investigation
4. Complete Background Investigation

BACKGROUND INVESTIGATION (BI) – It is an inquiry which aims to verify applicant’s information written at the applicants form,
to ascertain his/her past employment experiences and to obtain other information pertinent to the decision to employ.

FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE CONDUCT OF BI

1. Loyalty – faithful allegiance to the Philippine government and its duly constitutional authorities;
2. Integrity – uprightness in character, soundness of moral principle, freedom from moral delinquencies.
3. Discretion – the ability or tendency to act or to decide with prudence, the habit of wise judgment;
4. Morals – distinctive identifying qualities which serve as an index to the essential or intrinsic nature of a person;
5. Character – the sum of traits that have been impresses by nature, education and habit upon the individual;
6. Reputation – opinion or estimation in which one is generally held. It is what a person is reported to be whereas character is
what a person is.

INVESTIGATIVE COVERAGE
1. Prior Employment;
2. Claimed education;
3. Claimed residence for the period covered in the employment and educational institutes;
4. If the candidate indicates a criminal record, then the details should be checked.
INVESTIGATIVE STANDARDS
1. Information sought should be relevant;
2. Information should be reliable;
3. If unfavorable, the information should be confirmed by at least two sources.

SECURITY EDUCATION
It is defined as the exposure and teaching of employees on security and its relevance to their work. Security education is
conducted to develop security awareness among employees of the company. It should cover all employees, regardless of rank or
position.

PERSONAL SECURITY
Protection of personnel especially ranking official from any harm, kidnap, and others act. VIP security is type of personnel
security;

POLICE SECURITY PROTECTION GROUP (PSPG) - is mandated by law to provide protective security to government officials,
foreign dignitaries, and private individuals authorized to be given protection and also provide physical security to vital installations,
and assist the Presidential Security Group (PSG) in securing the President and the members of the First Family.

PROTECTIVE CUSTODY – state or quality of being secured or freed from danger. It may also includes the various means or
device designed to guard a persons and property against a broad range of security hazard.

THREAT – is an indication of something impending and usually undesirable or unpleasant, with an intention to inflict evil, injury or
damage on another, usually as retribution or punishment for something done or left undone. It is an expression of an intention to
inflict loss or harm on another by illegal means, and especially by involving coercion or duress over the person or his welfare.
THREAT ASSESSMENT – the process of investigation/validating the truthfulness of the existence of threat to an individual.

EMERGENCY SITUATION – condition or state that danger has already occurred which resulted to loss of life/liberty and/or there
is imminent danger or threat to life and property where delay will endanger or may cause the loss of life/property.

INSIDERS

An insider is the term used to refer to staff or contractors who tries to use their legitimate access in the organization's
assets for unauthorized purposes.

Innocent insider

An employee, who causes damage to an organization through carelessness or ineptitude, is not an area of focus because
measures put in place to prevent deliberate insider activities should also guard against the accidental acts.

CONTROLLING EMPLOYEE ACCESS -Organizations often focus external threats without giving similar consideration to the
threat from possible insiders'. This section considers a range of measures which can prevent or minimize the risk of individuals
with legitimate access engaging in insider activities.

It is important that any employee access controls used by an organization are proportionate to the scale and nature of the threats
faced.

SECURITY PASS

Many organizations or corporations within the national infrastructure will encourage staff to wear security passes, which
also permit entry to their premises.

If passes are used to distinguish between different levels of employee clearance or access it may be worth considering
how easily these can be identified. One option is to color code each pass according to the access rights of the holder.

SECURITY SURVEYS

A physical security survey is an in-depth analysis to determine the extent of security measures, which will be needed for
protecting the personnel, property, and information.

A security survey is to identify the risk present at the facility and make recommendations for the reasonable reduction of
this exposure in a cost-effective manner as possible.

SECURITY SURVEY
- A fact finding probe to determine a plant’s adequacy in all aspects of security, with the corresponding recommendations.
- Refers to checklist, audits, or inventories of security conditions.
- Security Surveys are often called ‘RISK ANALYSIS SURVEYS’ or ‘RISK ASESSMENT SURVEYS

PURPOSES OF SECURITY SURVEY:

1. To determine the existing state of security;
2. Identifying weaknesses in defense;
3. To determine the degree of protection required;
4. To produce recommendations for a total security systems.

The survey should be undertaken by either suitably trained staff security personnel, or a fully qualified independent security
specialist.
No universal checklist can be applied to all sites for survey purposes, as no two facilities are alike.

BEFORE COMMENCING A SECURITY SURVEY

1. Written authority should be obtained from proper authority.
2. Previous surveys should be reviewed;
3. An orientation tour should be made;
4. Photographs should be taken of things which will be difficult to describe in a report. (Only with authority)

After completing the survey an immediate review of the findings should be undertaken with the plant supervisor so that urgent
deficiencies can be addressed.
> A follow-up survey should always be conducted to ensure improvements
> Any survey report including lists of recommendations is incomplete without including a cost-benefit analysis, which is ;

“ a direct comparison of the cost of operation of the security unit and all the existing security measures with the amount of the
corporate assets saved or recovered as well as reduction of losses caused by injuries and lost production and recommendations
have been made”.

PLANNING
-Process of developing methods or procedures or an arrangement of parts intended to facilitate the accomplishment of a definite
objective.
-The process of setting goals, developing strategies, and outlining tasks and schedules to accomplish the goals.

SECURITY PLANNING
▪ It is PRE-DETERMINING a course of action;
▪ It is deciding IN ADVANCE what to do, how to do it, and who is to do it.

GOALS OF SECURITY PLANNING

1. To minimize effects of any incident upon plant and personnel;
2. To keep property and equipment loss at a minimum;
 3. To ensure cooperation of all plant departments charged with specific activities of an emergency;
4. To ensure appropriate cooperative action by and with outside civic and government agencies.

KEY STEPS IN PLANNING

1. Get in touch/coordinate with your Local Civil Authorities. (Tie your programs with theirs and standardize equipment
with them thus creating compatibility.);
2. Visit neighboring Plants/offices (coordinate your activities with theirs.);
3. Survey your plant for possible hazards and take immediate action to lessen or eliminate them;
4. Appoint a disaster Director or Disaster coordinator;
5. Early in the planning stage, present the Program to your Employees and enlist their active support;
6. Call an organization meeting of Heads of services, employee representatives and key personnel. (out line purpose of
the program and explain how the plant should organize for protection;
7. Define the Program.

TESTING THE PLAN

Benefits in testing the plan
>Deficiencies will be uncovered;
>People involved in the implementation of the plan will receive valuable training.

TWO TYPES OF TESTING THE PLAN

> partial (by elements);
> complete (entire organization)

KEEPING THE PLAN UP TO DATE

>Changes in Personnel and Facilities

TYPE OF SURVEYS

Initial Survey

The initial physical security survey is conducted prior to constructing, leasing, acquiring, modifying, or occupying a facility
or area. It describes any modification required to raise the level of security commensurate with the levels of criticality and
vulnerability. At a minimum, the initial survey requirements. must address the minimum-security

Follow-up Survey

When recommendations are made in the initial physical security survey, a follow-up survey is conducted to ensure the
completion of modifications. This survey should be conducted before acceptance of the property for occupancy.

Supplemental Survey

The supplemental survey is conducted when changes in the organization, mission, facility, or the threat level of the facility
alter or affect the security posture of the facility or area. This survey is conducted at the discretion of the management. The Security
Manager may require that facilities undergo a supplemental survey when there is a change of the overall threat level to all the
facilities.

Special Survey

The special survey is conducted to examine or resolve a specific issue, such as when there is a request for a Sensitive
Compartmented Information (SCI) accredited facility or there is a need to investigate or assess damage resulting from an incident.

SECURITY INSPECTION

Inspections which may be announced or unannounced are usually conducted to determine the extent of compliance with security
regulations or procedures, including those recommended during surveys.

An inspection is a check or test against a certain set of standards or regulations to ascertain whether the security program of the
facility meets those standards. or regulations.

TYPES OF INSPECTION

Evaluation

The evaluation or fact-finding inspection is generally positive in tone and promotes liaison and security awareness while
taking a broad, general look at a facility or program. Deficiencies, which may be resolved either on the spot or within a non-specified
time frame, may be noted and recommendations for further corrective actions may be made. The evaluative inspection can also
help management officials in planning or upgrading their security programs.

Compliance

The full compliance inspection generally is conducted for enforcement purposes. It focuses on compliance with established
standards or regulations.
Follow-up

Another form of compliance inspection is the follow up inspection, conducted to ensure that facility officials have complied
with recommendations from earlier inspections.

After-hours Room Check

The after-hours room check is a form of compliance inspection. It monitors compliance with security regulations, especially
involving areas where confidential security information is processed or stored.

Self-inspection

The self-inspection is initiated by the security manager or facility manager to evaluate his/her own security program. Additionally,
self-inspections are required by each Top Secret Control Officer, Classified Document Custodian, and Special Security Officer to
evaluate all security procedures applicable to their operation.

Closeout

A closeout self-inspection is accomplished immediately prior to the action to administratively terminate an authorized Top Secret
Control Station, Classified Control Station, or Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF). During closeout inspections

HOW TO CONDUCT SECURITY INSPECTION

• Plan an inspection by determining the scope, type, and method. Schedule the inspection, and if appropriate, provide
written notice.
• Upon arrival at the site and prior to departure, the should meet with the senior manager to discuss the inspection. Collect
a sufficient sampling of data from interviews
• After sufficient data is collected, the inspector should analyze all findings, compare them with applicable security
regulations, list discrepancies and cite regulatory references, recommend corrective action, and write the inspection
report.
• The inspection report should be produced within 10 working days of completion of the inspection.

ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION OF SECURITY GUARD FORCE

Republic Act 5487, as amended – The Private Security Agency Law, approved on June 13, 1969.

2003 Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations (IRR) of RA 5487, as amended,

PNPSOSIA – Philippine National Police Supervisory Office for Security Investigation Agency – office under the Civil Security Group
which is charged with the supervision, direction and control of all security agencies in the Republic.

WHO MAY ORGANIZE AND MAINTAIN PRIVATE SECURITY AGENCY AND PRIVATE DETECTIVE AGENCY

Any Filipino citizen or corporation, association, partnership, one hundred percent of which is owned and controlled by Filipino
citizens.

BASIC REQUIREMENT OF AN OPERATOR OR MANAGER OF SECURITY AGENCY

1. Filipino citizen;
2. Not be less than twenty five (25) years of age;
3. College graduate and/or a commissioned officer in the inactive service or retired from the AFP or PNP;
4. Has taken a course/seminar on Industrial Security Management and/or must have adequate training or experience in
security business,
4. Good moral character;
5. Having no previous record of conviction of crime or offense involving moral turpitude.

QUALIFICATIONS OF SECURITY GUARD OR WATCHMAN

1. Filipino citizen;
2. High School graduate;
3 Physically and mentally fit;
4. At least eighteen (18) years of age but not more than fifty (50) years old;
5. Has undergone Pre-Licensing course or its equivalent.
Veterans and retired military/police personnel honorably discharge including graduates of ROTC advance (or its equivalent
in the PNP) are exempted from the required Basic-Licensing Training.

QUALIFICATIONS FOR SECURITY OFFICER

1. Filipino citizen;
2. Holder of a Baccalaureate Degree;
3. Physically and mentally fit;
4. Has graduated from a Security Officer Training Course or its equivalent

QUALIFICATIONS OF SECURITY CONSULTANT

1. Filipino citizen;
2. Physically and mentally fit;
3. Holder of Masters degree either in Criminology, Public Administration, MNSA, Industrial Security Administration, or Law
4. Must have at least ten (10) years experience in the operation and management of security business.
PRIVATE DETECTIVE

Any person who does detective work for hire, reward or commission, other than members of the AFP, BJMP, PNP or any other
law enforcement agencies.

QUALIFICATIONS OF A PRIVATE DETECTIVE

1. Filipino citizen;
2. Physically and mentally fit;
3. Holder of baccalaureate degree, preferably Bachelor of Laws or Bachelor of Science in Criminology;
4. Graduate of a Criminal Investigation Course offered by the PNP or NBI or any police training school, or a detective training
in any authorized/recognized training center;
5. Advance ROTC/CMT graduate or its equivalent

DISQUALIFICATIONS

1. Having previous record of any conviction of any crime;

2. Having previous record of any conviction of any offense involving moral turpitude;
3. Having been dishonorably discharged or separated from employment or service;
2. Being a mental incompetent;
3. Being addicted to the use of narcotic drug or drugs, and
4. Being a habitual drunkard
5. Dummy of a foreigner

MORAL TURPITUDE

It is an act of baseness, vileness or depravity in the private and social duties which a man owes to his fellowmen or to
society in general, contrary to the accepted and customary rule of right and duty between a man and man.

Conduct that is considered contrary to community standards of justice, honesty and good morals.
Examples . Rape, Forgery, Robbery

TYPES OF SECURITY GUARD FORCE

1. Company Guard Force – security force maintained and operated by any private company/corporation utilizing any of its
employees to watch secure and guard its establishment.

2. Security Agency service – security guard belonging to privately licensed agency (contractual basis);
3. Government Guard Forces –security unit maintained and operated by any government entity other than military or police.

POSSESSION OF FIREARMS
1. One (1) firearm for every two (2) security guards;
2. Private security agency/private detective agency/company security force/government security force shall not be allowed
to possess firearms in excess of five hundred (500) units.
3. Shotguns not higher than 12 gauge
4. Weapons with bores not bigger than cal .22 to include pistols and revolvers with bores bigger than cal .38

Exemptions: in areas where there is an upsurge of lawlessness and criminality as determined by the Chief PNP, Regional Office
or their authorized representative, they may be allowed to acquire, possess and use high powered firearms.

NUMBERS OF SECURITY PERSONNEL TO BE MAINTAINED TO SECURE REGULAR LICENSE TO OPERATE

1. Private Security Agency – minimum of two hundred (200) licensed private security personnel and a maximum of one
thousand (1,000).

2. Company Guard Force/Private Detective Agency – minimum of thirty (30) and a maximum of One thousand (1,000)

LIMITATION IN THE CARRYING OF FIREARMS

1. No firearm shall be borne nor be in the possession of any private security personnel except when in actual performance
of duty, in the prescribed uniform, in the place and time so specified in the Duty Detail Order (DDO).
2. Shall be carried only within the compound of the establishment where he is assigned to guard.
3. While escorting big amount of cash or valuable outside of its jurisdiction or area of operation, private security agency shall
issue an appropriate Duty Detail Order to the security personnel concerned

Duty Detail Order (DDO) – is a written order/schedule issued by a superior officer usually the private security agency/branch
manager or operations officer assigning the performance of private security/detective services duties.

DDO for the purpose of post duties not requiring transport of firearms outside of the physical compound or property of a
client or client establishment shall be issued for not more than a thirty (30) days duration

CLASSIFICATION OF TRAINING AND ITS DURATION

1. Basic Security Guard Course (Pre-Licensing Course) – 150 hours;
2. Re-Training Course- 48 hours;
3. Security Officers Training Course – 300 hours
4. Basic Security Supervisory Course – 48 hours
- All Licenses to Operate have a validity of Two (2) years;
- All applications for renewal of License to operate (LTO) shall be filed at least sixty (60) days before the expiry date of LTO;
- No application shall be approved unless a certification is issued by FED-CSG to the effect that all licenses of firearms of the
agency are updated/renewed for at least one (1) year forthcoming during the validity of the renewed LTO.

Approval, Cancellation, Suspension of LTO

Chief PNP
-Approval of New Regular LTO
-Cancellation of Regular LTO
-Re-instatement of Regular LTO
-Suspension of Regular LTO

Director Civil Security Group

- Renewal of Regular LTO
- Approval of Temporary LTO
- Reversion of Regular to Temporary LTO
- Cancellation of Temporary LTO
- Suspension of Temporary LTO

SURETY BOND
Agency with 1 -199 guards – P50,000.00
Agency with 200-499 guards – P100,000.00
Agency with 500-799 guards – P150,000.00
Agency with 800-1000 guards – P200,000.00

STOCKING OF AMMUNITION
1. Stocks of ammunition in the agency shall not exceed fifty (50) rounds of ammunition per unit of duly licensed firearms.
2. Individual issue to each security guards shall be limited to twenty five (25) rounds for every security guard.

CONFISCATION OF FIREARMS OF SECURITY GUARD

1. When the firearm is about to be used in the commission of a crime;
2. When the firearm is actually being used in the commission of a crime;
3. When the firearm has just been used in the commission of a crime;
4. When the firearm being carried by the security guard is unlicensed or a firearm is not authorized by law and regulation for
his use;
5. When the confiscation of the firearm is directed by the order of the court;
6. When the firearm is used or carried outside the property, compound or establishment serviced by the agency without
proper authority; or
7. When a security guard does not possess any license to exercise his profession.
In all the above cases, the confiscating officer shall inform immediately the agency concerned.

REVOCATION OF LICENSE TO POSSESS FIREARM

1. Failure to submit any issued firearm for verification as required;
2. Carrying firearms by security personnel without appropriate Duty Detail Order;
3. When the firearm serial number has been duplicated on another firearm or using one firearms license for more than one
firearm other than those stipulated in the license;
4. Carrying of firearms outside of the place stated in the permit or in places prohibited under the law;
5. When the firearm was reported lost.

SECURITY PERSONNEL RANKS, POSITIONS, STAFFING PATTERN AND JOB DESCRIPTION

1. Security Management Staff
1.1 Security Director (SD) –Agency Manager/Chief Security Officer – responsible for the entire operation and
administration/management of the security agency.
1.2 Security Executive Director (SED) – Assistant Agency Manager/Asst. Chief Security Officer – Assist the Security
Director
1.3 Security Staff Director (SSD) – Staff Director for Operation and Staff Director for Administration
>The Staff Director for operation -assistant of the security manager for the efficient operation of the agency.
>The Staff Director for Administration - is the staff assistant of the agency manager for the effective and efficient
administration and management of the agency.
1.4Security Staff Director for Training- Staff in charge for Training – responsible for the training of the Agency’s security
personnel

2. Line Leadership Staff

2.1 Security Supervisor 3 – Detachment Commander – is the field or area commander of the agency;
2.2 Security Supervisor 2 – Chief Inspector – responsible for inspecting the entire area covered by the detachment;
2.3 Security Supervisor 1 – Inspector – responsible for the area assigned by the Chief Inspector or the Detachment
Commander.

3. Security guard
3.1 Security Guard 1 – Watchman/guard- the one actually posted as watchman and or guard
3.2 Security Guard 2 – Shift in- charge – responsible for the security officers who are scheduled in a certain shift for a
particular period
3.3 Security Guard 3 – Post in- charge –responsible for the entire detailed security office within a certain establishment.

Note: Security Agency operator/manager/owner can put its own staffing pattern provided it is consistent with the provisions
of IRR of RA 5487.
ADVANTAGES OF COMPANY GUARD FORCE
1. High caliber and receives higher salary;
2. Provides better service;
3. Can be trained to handle some of the more complex security duties;
4. More familiar with facilities they protect;
5. Tend to be more loyal with the company.

DISADVANTAGES:
1. May be required to join the union;
2. Cost more;
3 Problem of ensuring availability of back-up personnel.

ADVANTAGES OF AGENCY GUARD SERVICES

1. Less expensive;
2. Use is convenient;
3. Less administrative and personnel problems;
4. Agency assumes full responsibility for the scheduling and supervising of all guard personnel
5. Can easily obtain extra guard if needed;
6. Agency easily usually accepts liability of civil suits.

DISADVANTAGES:
1. Lack of training, low caliber employee;
2. No loyalty to the company;
3. Large turnover
4. Not familiar with facilities

ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF SECURITY GUARD

1. Alertness – being watchful in spotting violator, a person, a vehicle or an incident;
2. Judgment – sound and good judgment to arrive at wise and timely decisions;
3. Confidence – faith in oneself and his abilities;
4. Physical Fitness – always in a condition to render effective service even under the most strenuous conditions;
5. Tactfulness – ability to deal with others successfully without offending;
6. Self Control – ability to take hold of oneself regardless of a provoking situation.

GENERAL FUNCTIONS OF A SECURITY GUARD

1. Enforce company rules and regulations;
2. Operate and enforce the personnel identification system;
3. Patrol and observe designated areas, perimeter, structures, installation;
4. Take into custody a person attempting or giving unauthorized access in restricted, limited and controlled areas
5. Check rooms, buildings, storage rooms of security interest and after working hours, check proper locking of doors and
gates.
6. Perform escort duties when required;
7. Respond to alarm signals or other indications suspicious activities and emergencies;
8. Safeguard equipment and material against sabotage, unauthorized access, loss, theft or damage;
9. At quickly in situations affecting the security of installation and personnel, to fire accidents, internal disorder, attempts to
commit criminal acts;
10. Control and regulate vehicle and personnel traffic within the compound as well as parking of vehicle;
11. Other duties that is necessary in the security guard function;

POWER AND DUTIES OF SECURITY GUARD

1. Territorial Power – A security guard shall watch and secure the property of the person, firm or establishment with whom he or
his agency has a contract for security services. Such services shall not extend beyond the property or compound of said person,
firm or establishment except when required by the latter in accordance with the terms of their contract, or in hot pursuit of criminal
offenders.

2. Arrest by Security Guard – A security guard or private detective is not a police officer and is not, therefore, clothed with police
authority. However, he may arrest a person under the circumstances mentioned in Section 5, Rule 113, Revised Rules of Criminal
Procedure.

3. Search without Warrant – Any security guard may, incident to the arrest, search the person so arrested in the presence of at
least two (2) witnesses. He may search employees of the firm or establishment with which he or his agency has a contract, when
such search is required by the very nature of the business of the person, firm or establishment.

DUTIES DURING STRIKES AND LOCKOUTS

1. All private security personnel in direct confrontation with strikers, marchers or demonstrators shall not carry firearms. They
may carry only night sticks (baton) which may or may not be provided with tear gas canister and dispenser. Security
personnel not in direct confrontation with the strikers may carry in the usual prescribed manner their issued firearm.
2. Private Security personnel shall avoid direct contact either physically or otherwise with the strikers;

3. They shall stay only within the perimeter of the installation which they are protecting at all times;
4. In protecting and securing the assets and persons of their clients, shall only use sufficient and reasonable force necessary
to overcome the risk or danger posed by strikers or hostile crowds.
5. They shall refrain from abetting or assisting acts of management leading to physical clash of forces between labor and
management.
6. They must at all times be in complete uniform with their names and agency’s name shown on their shirts above the breast
pockets.
FUNCTIONS OF A PRIVATE DETECTIVE
1. Background Investigation;
2. Locating missing person;
3. Conduct surveillance work;
4. Such other detective work as may become the subject matter of contract between the agency and its clients. Except not contrary
to law, public order, public policy morale and good custom.

POWERS OF CITY, MUNICIPAL MAYORS IN CASE OF EMERGENCY

>In case of emergency or in times of disaster or calamity when the services of any security agency/entity and his personnel
are needed. The city or municipal mayor, may muster or incorporate the members of the agency or agencies nearest the area of
such disaster or calamity to help in the maintenance of peace and order, prevention of crime, or apprehension of violators of laws
and ordinance, and in the protection of lives and properties.
>They shall receive direct orders from the Chief of Police of the city or municipality for the duration of the emergency,
disaster or calamity.

SUPERVISION OF THE PNP

In case of emergency or in times of disaster or calamities, the Chief, PNP may deputize any security guard to assist the
PNP in the performance of police duties for the duration of such emergency, disaster or calamity. Licensed guards, who are actually
assigned to clients with DDO, shall be deputized by the Chief, PNP, and clothed with authority to enforce laws, rules and regulations
within his area of responsibility.

INTER-RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRIVATE SECURITY PERSONNEL AND MEMBERS OF THE PNP

1. Private security personnel are always subordinate to members of the PNP on matters pertaining to law enforcement and crime
prevention. They cannot enforce any provision of the law except in executing citizen’s arrest and/or conducting initial investigation
of a commission of a crime. In such case, any arrested person shall be turned over immediately to the nearest PNP unit/station.
2. Criminal investigation is the responsibility of the PNP. All results of initial investigation conducted by the private security
personnel and all evidence gathered by them shall be turned over to the PNP unit/station concerned as a matter of course without
delay.

GROUNDS FOR CANCELLATION OF SECURITY GUARD LICENSE

1. Assisting or protecting criminals during on or off duty status;
2. Providing confidential information to unauthorized person;
3. Posted security guard found drunk or drinking intoxicating liquor; and
4. Other similar acts

THEFT AND PILFERAGE

Theft – committed by any person, who with intent to gain but without violence, against, or intimidation of persons nor force
upon things shall take personal property of another without the latter consent.

PSYCHOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS ON THEFT

1. The need or desire . An individual may need or desire to commit the act because of financial problem, inadequate income,
extravagant living, gambling.
2. The psychological need (Kleptomania) -is an irresistible urge to steal items of trivial value. People with this disorder are
compelled to steal things, generally, but not limited to, objects of little or no significant value.
3. The criminal tendency. The individual with such tendency may be more tempted to steal if security control are inadequate.

THE CASUAL AND SYSTEMATIC PILFERER

Casual Pilferer – One who steals due to his inability to resist the unexpected opportunity and has a little fear of detection.
Systematic Pilferer – One who steals with preconceived plans and takes away any or all types of items or supplies for economic
gain.

COMMUNICATION SECURITY – is the protection resulting from the application of various measures which prevent or delay the
enemy or unauthorized persons in gaining information through the communication system. This includes:
a. Transmission Security – component of communications security which results from all measures designed to protect
transmission from interception.
b. Cryptographic Security – results from the provisions of technically sound crypto-system and their proper use.
c. Physical Security – providing safeguards to equipment and material from access by unauthorized persons.

THREATS IN COMMUNICATION SECURITY

1. Wiretapping - is the monitoring of telephone conversations by a third party, often by covert means.
2. Bugging – means to secretly listen to or record a conversation using a hidden electronic device.
3. Eavesdropping (unauthorized listening)- is the unauthorized real-time interception of a private communication, such as a phone
call, instant message, videoconference or fax transmission.

RA No. 4200, Approved June 19, 1965

- An Act to prohibit and penalize wiretapping and other related violations of privacy of communication, and other purposes.

UNLAWFUL ACTS
Sec. 1
 It shall be unlawful for any person, not being authorized by all the parties to any private communication or spoken word,
to tap any wire or cable, or by using any other device or arrangement, to secretly overhear, intercept, or record such communication
or spoken word by using a device commonly known as a dictaphone or dictagraph or dictaphone or walkie-talkie or tape recorder

It shall also be unlawful for any person, be he a participant or not in the act or acts penalized in the next preceding sentence, to
knowingly possess any tape record, wire record, disc record, or any other such record, or copies thereof, of any communication
or spoken word secured either before or after the effective date of this Act in the manner prohibited by this law; or to replay the
same for any other person or persons; or to communicate the contents thereof, either verbally or in writing, or to furnish
transcriptions thereof, whether complete or partial, to any other person:

Provided, That the use of such record or any copies thereof as evidence in any civil, criminal investigation or trial of offenses
mentioned in section 3 hereof, shall not be covered by this prohibition.

Sec. 3

Nothing contained in this Act, however, shall render it unlawful or punishable for any peace officer, who is authorized by a written
order of the Court, to execute any of the acts declared to be unlawful in the two preceding sections in cases involving the crimes
of treason, espionage, provoking war and disloyalty in case of war, piracy, mutiny in the high seas, rebellion, conspiracy and
proposal to commit rebellion, inciting to rebellion, sedition, conspiracy to commit sedition, inciting to sedition, kidnapping as defined
by the Revised Penal Code, and violations of Commonwealth Act No. 616, punishing espionage and other offenses against
national security:

AUTHORIZATION

The authorization shall be effective for the period specified in the order which shall not exceed sixty (60) days from the date of
issuance of the order, unless extended or renewed by the court upon being satisfied that such extension or renewal is in the public
interest.

The court referred to in this section shall be understood to mean the Court of First Instance within whose territorial jurisdiction the
acts for which authority is applied for are to be executed.

BANK SECURITY – a specialized type of physical security protecting the assets, personnel and operation of a bank, with special
emphasis on the precaution and measures to safeguard the cash and assets while in s storage, in transit, and during transaction.

>Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) Circular No. 620 Issued on September 3, 2008 – a Circular issued by BSP
concerning regulations on Bank protection which aims to promote maximum protection of life and property against crimes (robbery,
theft, etc), and other destructive causes.

Guard System – BSP requires that all banking offices be manned by adequate number of security personnel to be determined by
the bank, taking into consideration its size, location, costs and overall bank protection requirement.

Security Devices – Banks are required to have a robbery alarm or other appropriate device for promptly notifying law enforcement
office either directly or through an intermediary of an attempted, ongoing or perpetrated robbery.

In armored Car operations – all armored vehicles are required to be built with bullet resistant materials capable of withstanding
the firepower of high powered firearm (M16, M14). Also equipped with a vault or safe or a partition wall with a combination lock
designed to prevent retrieval of the cargo while in transit.

DOCUMENT AND INFORMATION SECURITY – Security involving the protection of documents and information from loss, access
by unauthorized persons
> prescribes the policies and establishes the standard basic procedures governing the classification and security of official
matter.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES
1. The authority and responsibility for the preparation and classification of classified matter rest exclusively with the originating
office;
2. Classified matter should be classified according to content and not the classification of the file in which they are held or of
another document to which they refer;
3. Classification should be made as soon as possible by placing the appropriate marks on the matter to be classified;

4. Each individual whose duty allows access to classified matter is responsible for the protection of the classified matter while it is
in his/her possession and shall insure that dissemination of such classified matter is on the “need to know” basis and to “property
cleared personnel only”.

DEFINITION OF DOCUMENT

- Any material that contains marks, symbols, or signs, either visible, partially visible or completely invisible that may be presently
or ultimately convey a meaning or message to someone.

CLASSIFY – refers to the act of assigning to information or material one of the four security classification categories after
determination has been made that the information requires the security protection as provided for in the regulation;

SECURITY CLEARANCE – Is an administrative determination that an individual is eligible from a security standpoint for access
to classified matter of a specific category;

COMPARTMENTATION – Refers to the grant of access to classified matter only to properly cleared persons when such classified
information is required in the performance of their official duties, and restricting it to specific physical confine when feasible.
NEED TO KNOW – term given to the requirement that the dissemination of classified matters be limited strictly to those persons
whose official duties require knowledge thereof.

SECURITY OF CLASSIFIED MATTER

CLASSIFICATION OF DOCUMENTS
-Memorandum Circular No. 196, dated 07/19/1968 (Security of Classified Matter in government offices.)

1. TOP SECRET – any information and material, the unauthorized disclosure of which would cause exceptionally grave
damage to the nation, politically, economically or militarily;
2. SECRET- any information and material, the unauthorized disclosure of which would endanger national security, cause
serious injury to the interest or prestige of the nation or any governmental activity.
3. CONFIDENTIAL – any information and materials, the unauthorized disclosure of which would be prejudicial to the interest
or prestige of the nation or governmental activity or would cause administrative embarrassment or unwarranted injury.
4. RESTRICTED – any information and material which requires special protection other than those determined to be
Confidential, Secret, and Top Secret matters.

METHOD OF TRANSMISSION
1. By direct contact of officer or personnel concerned;
2. By official courier;
3. Electrical means in cryptographic form
4. Registered Mail

DESTRUCTION
1. Burning
2. Shredding

STORAGE
shall be in a safe, steel filing cabinet with built in dial type combination lock of such weight, size and construction as to
minimize the possibility of physical theft or damage to fire.

OPERATIONAL SECURITY – part of physical security that deals primarily with the protection of processes, formulas, patents,
and other industrial and manufacturing activities from espionage, infiltration, loss, compromise or photocopying;

INFORMATION CYCLE
1. The Creation – Information is discovered and develop;
2. Used – Some action is take with the information;
3. Storage and Retrieval – Stored for future use;
4. Transfer – transferring of information from active to inactive use;
5. Disposition – decision may be made to retain the information indefinitely.

KINDS OF SENSITIVE INFORMATION

PROPRIETARY INFORMATION
– information which some special way is related to the status, operations or activities of the possessor over which the possessor
asserts ownership.
TRADE SECRETS
- It may consist of any formula, pattern, device or compilation of information which is used in one’s business and which gives one
opportunity to gain an advantage over competitors who do not know or use it.
PATENT
– A grant given by the government to an inventor, conveying and securing to him the exclusive rights to make, use and sell his
invention for term of twenty (20) years.

LAW ON INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES [Republic Act No. 8293] Approved on June 6, 1997

AN ACT PRESCRIBING THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY CODE

AND ESTABLISHING THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OFFICE,
PROVIDING FOR ITS POWERS AND FUNCTIONS, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

THREAT TO PROTECTION OF SENSITIVE INFORMATION

Competitive Intelligence – systematic program for gathering and analyzing information about competitor’s activities and general
business trends to further company’s goals.

Types of Competitive Intelligence

1. White – information available from company publication, public records or commercial reporting sources;
2. Gray – not readily available but which is usually can be obtained without acquiring any civil/criminal liability in the process.
3. Black – obtained through clearly unethical or illegal means.

TYPES OF DOCUMENTS
Class I – Vital Document – This is an irreplaceable records , reproduction of which does not have the same value as the original;
Class II – Important Document- This is a record, reproduction of which cause considerable expense and labor, or considerable
delay.
Class III – Useful Document – This is a record, the loss of which may cause inconvenience but could be readily replaced and
may not present insurmountable obstacle to the prompt restoration of the business;
Class IV- Non essential Document – This record may include daily files, routine in nature, lost of which will not affect the
organization.
STORAGE

1. SAFE – a metallic container used for safekeeping of documents or small items in office or installation.
2. VAULT – a heavily constructed fire and burglar resistant container usually part of the building structure use to keep and protect
cash, documents and negotiable instruments.
3. FILE ROOM – a cubicle in a building constructed a little lighter than a vault but of bigger size to accommodate limited people to
work on the records inside,

DEFINITION OF TERMS:
1. Access List – authenticated list of personnel given to the security allowing entry to a compound or installation or part thereof;
2. Controlled Area – an area near or adjacent to limited or exclusive areas where entry is restricted;
3. Dry-run – practical test or exercise of plans or any activity to test its validity, an operational readiness exercise;
4. Duress Code – type of code system so that security personnel or any employee when forced by armed men intending to enter
an installation can five alarm by the use of certain words in casual conversation with personnel in the installation.
5. Exclusion Area – a restricted area containing materials or operation of security interest;
6. Restricted area – any area access to which is subject to special restriction control;
7. Security Hazard – Is any act or condition, which may result in the compromise of information, loss of life, loss or destruction of
property or disruption of objectives of the installation.

TYPES OF SECURITY
1. Industrial Security – A form of physical security that is concerned with the physical measures designed to safeguard
personnel and prevent unauthorized access to equipment, facilities, materials, documents, and to protect them from
espionage, sabotage, damage or theft.
2. Bank Security – Is the protection resulting from the application of various measures which safeguards cash and assets
which are in storage, in transit and or during transaction.
3. Operational Security – Involves the protection of processes, formulas and patents, industrial and manufacturing activities
from espionage, infiltration, loss, compromise or photocopying.