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Experiment 11

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19 views6 pages

Experiment 11

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viksithv
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment 11

Determination of Concentration of KMnO4 Solution

Objectives:

1. To obtain the knowledge about the UV-Vis spectroscopy


2. To prepare standard solutions of potassium permanganate
3. To construct calibration curve based on Beer’s Law

theory:
UV-Vis spectroscopy, short for Ultraviolet-Visible spectroscopy, is a widely
used analytical technique in chemistry and physics. It involves the
measurement of how a sample absorbs or transmits light in the ultraviolet and
visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. By shining a beam of UV or
visible light through a sample and measuring the intensity of light before and
after it passes through the sample, scientists can obtain valuable information
about the sample's chemical composition, concentration, and other properties.
UV-Vis spectroscopy is commonly used in various fields, including chemistry,
biochemistry, environmental science, and materials science, to analyze and
characterize substances.

Beer's Lambert Law, also known as Beer-Lambert Law or simply Lambert's


Law, is a fundamental principle in the field of analytical chemistry and
spectroscopy. This law describes the relationship between the concentration of
a substance in a solution and the amount of light it absorbs.

In simple terms, it states that the absorbance (A) of a substance is directly


proportional to its concentration (c) and the path length (l) of the sample, and
it is mathematically expressed as:

A = εcl

Where:

A is the absorbance of the sample.


ε (epsilon) is the molar absorptivity or molar extinction coefficient, a constant
characteristic of the substance at a particular wavelength.
c is the concentration of the substance in the solution.
l is the path length of the sample (the distance the light travels through the
solution).
Beer's Lambert Law is crucial in quantitative analysis using spectroscopy,
such as UV-Vis spectroscopy. It allows scientists to determine the
concentration of a substance in a solution by measuring its absorbance and
knowing the molar absorptivity and path length. This law is widely used in
various scientific disciplines, including chemistry, biochemistry, and
environmental science, for accurate concentration measurements of
compounds in solutions.
Beer's Lambert Law elucidates the
relationship between the concentration of a substance in a solution, the path
length through which light travels, and the absorbance of that light by the
substance. This law serves as the guiding principle for quantifying the
concentration of a substance by measuring the absorbance of light at specific
wavelengths.

The result is the creation of a calibration curve, a graphical representation of


how a substance's concentration influences its absorbance of light. This curve
acts as a reliable roadmap, allowing scientists to determine the concentration
of unknown samples with precision and accuracy.

In essence, UV-Vis spectroscopy, Beer's Lambert Law, and calibration curves


work hand in hand, enabling us to unravel the mysteries of concentration in
solutions through the simple yet powerful interaction between light and
matter.

Materials:
100 ml volumetric flask
50 ml Volumetric flask
UV-Vis spectrophotometer
Chemicals:
0.2 M Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)
Different unknown solutions of permanganate

procedure :
A 100 ml solution of 0.003 M potassium permanganate (KMnO4) was
prepared by diluting the 0.2 M stock solution of KMnO4 with distilled
water.Fifty milliliters (50 ml) of standard solutions were prepared with the
concentrations given below for the permanganate ion solution:
a) Blank
b) 1 x 10^-4
c) 2 x 10^-4
d) 3 x 10^-4
e) 4 x 10^-4
The permanganate solutions were diluted with distilled water.
The instrument was turned on, and a 10-minute wait was allowed.
The cuvettes were filled with distilled water.
The cells filled with distilled water were placed in the instrument.
Baseline correction was performed to account for any interference or
variation in the instrument's response.
The absorbance of the standards and the unknown solution was measured at
the selected wavelength of 520 nm.
Calibration curves were drawn for each ion at each wavelength.
Based on the calibration curves and the absorbance value obtained for the
unknown potassium permanganate solution at 520 nm, the concentration of
the unknown solution was calculated.
discussion :

The concentration of a KMnO4 solution was determined through UV-Vis


spectroscopy, and in this process, the principles of the Beer-Lambert Law
were often adhered to. A linear relationship was established by this law
between the absorbance (A) of the solution and the concentration (C) of the
absorbing species, as represented by the equation:

A = εcl

In this equation:

A denoted the absorbance of the solution.


ε (epsilon) represented the molar absorptivity or molar absorption coefficient
of KMnO4 at a specific wavelength.
c indicated the concentration of KMnO4 in moles per liter (M).
l was the path length of the sample container, typically measured in
centimeters (cm).
In this particular context, a linear relationship between absorbance and
concentration was typically observed in the calibration curve. As the
concentration of KMnO4 was increased, the absorbance was also observed to
increase proportionally. This resulted in a straight-line curve when it was
plotted.

However, it's worth noting that the Beer-Lambert Law did have its
limitations:

Strict Linearity Assumption: The Beer-Lambert Law was assumed to have


established a perfect linear relationship between absorbance and
concentration across the entire concentration range. Nevertheless, it was
recognized that this linearity could potentially break down at high
concentrations due to factors such as self-absorption or chemical interactions
in the solution.

Single Analyte Assumption: The law was deemed to be most accurate when
applied to solutions containing only KMnO4 as the absorbing species.
However, in real-world scenarios, it was acknowledged that sample matrices
might contain multiple compounds with overlapping absorption spectra. This
complication could hinder the accurate application of the law.

Wavelength Dependency: The Beer-Lambert Law was noted to assume that


the absorption of light was solely dependent on the concentration of KMnO4
and the path length. It was highlighted that this assumption did not account
for variations in absorbance that could arise from changes in the wavelength
of incident light.

Matrix Effects: It was recognized that the presence of other compounds in the
KMnO4 solution could potentially impact absorbance. This could lead to
deviations from the linear relationship that the law predicted.
The selection of a specific wavelength, such as 520 nm, in UV-Vis spectroscopy
is crucial. Different compounds absorb light at specific wavelengths due to
their unique electronic structures. In the context of KMnO4 analysis, 520 nm
is likely chosen because it corresponds to the maximum absorption
wavelength (λ<sub>max</sub>) of KMnO4.

At λ<sub>max</sub>, the absorbance is typically at its highest for KMnO4,


meaning that it absorbs the most light at this particular wavelength. This
maximizes the sensitivity of the analysis and allows for accurate and precise
determination of the KMnO4 concentration. In other words, 520 nm is the
wavelength where KMnO4 exhibits its strongest absorbance, making it the
optimal choice for this specific analysis.The absorption maximum (λ max) was
determined to be 520 nm using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Next, the
concentration of the unknown solution was determined by placing it into a
cuvette until it was three-quarters full. The cuvette was then properly wiped
with a kimwipe to ensure that no fingerprints would be attached to it, thus
avoiding any disruption in the concentration determination just before it was
inserted into the UV-Vis spectrophotometer.

Spectrometers are devices used to measure the spectra of samples. A


spectrophotometer is a type of spectrometer used to measure ultraviolet,
visible, and near-infrared light, whether it is reflected from or transmitted
through a sample. The system focuses electromagnetic energy from the light
onto the material sample. The light can either be reflected off the sample or
transmitted through it. As the sample interacts with the light, it is focused
onto the entrance slit of the monochromator, which separates the light by
wavelength using a dispersing element, commonly an optical grating.
Subsequently, it is focused onto a CCD detector composed of thousands of
individual light detectors to measure the intensity of light at each wavelength.
The CCD data is then read by a computer, resulting in a spectrum that
displays the intensity of each wavelength of light.

The principle followed by a UV spectrophotometer is based on the Beer-


Lambert Law. In accordance with this law, if a beam of monochromatic light
passes through a solution containing an absorbing substance, the rate at
which the radiation intensity decreases with the thickness of the absorbing
solution is directly proportional to the concentration of the solution and the
incident radiation

conclution :
UV-Vis spectroscopy, combined with the Beer-Lambert Law and a calibration
curve, is a powerful method for quantitatively determining the concentration
of a substance in a solution based on its absorbance of light at a specific
wavelength. It's widely used in analytical chemistry for a variety of
applications, including chemical analysis and quality control.
.

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