Applications of Matrices and Determinants

Ex 1.1
Question 1. Find the adjoint of the following:

Solution:
Question 2. Find the inverse (if it exists) of the following:

Solution:
For a matrix A, A −1
=
1
(adjA) . Where |A| ≠ 0. If |A| = 0 then A is called a singular matrix and so A
−1

|A|

does not exist.

Question 3.
cos α 0 sin α
⎡ ⎤
If F(α) = show that [F(α)]
−1
0 1 0 = F(−α)
⎣ ⎦
− sin α 0 cos α

Solution:
Let A = F (α)
So [F(α)] = A
−1 −1

Now
Question 4. If A = show that A
[
5 3
]
2– 3A – 7I2 = O2. Hence find A-1.
−1 −2

Solution:
5 3
A=[ ]
−1 −2

To Find A-1
Now we have proved that A2 – 3A – 7I2 = O2
Post multiply by A-1 we get
A – 3I – 7A-1 = O2
Question 5.
−8 1 4
⎡ ⎤
If A = 1

9
4 4 7 prove that A-1 = AT
⎣ ⎦
1 −8 4

Solution:
Question 6.
8 −4
If A = [ ] , verify that A(adj A) = (adj A)A = |A| I2
−5 3

Solution:
Question 7.
verify that (AB)-1 = B-1 A-1.
3 2 −1 −3
If A = [ ] , and B = [ ]
7 5 5 2

Solution:
Question 8.
2 −4 2
⎡ ⎤
If adj (A) = −3 12 −7 find A
⎣ ⎦
−2 0 2

Solution:
Question 9.
0 −2 0
⎡ ⎤
If adj(A) = 6 2 −6 find A-1
⎣ ⎦
−3 0 6

Solution:

Question 10.
1 0 1
⎡ ⎤
Find adj(adj(A)) if adj A = 0 2 0
⎣ ⎦
−1 0 1

Solution:
Question 11.

Solution:

Question 12.
5 3 14 7
Find the matrix A for which A [ ] = [ ]
−1 −2 7 7

Solution:
5 3 14 7
Given A [ ] = [ ]
−1 −2 7 7

5 3 14 7
Let B = ( ) and C = ( )
−1 −2 7 7

Given AB = C, To find A
Now AB = C
Post multiply by B-1 on both sides
ABB-1 = CB-1 (i.e) A (BB-1) = CB-1
⇒ A(I) = CB-1 (i.e) A = CB-1
To find B-1:

Question 13.
1 −1 3 −2 1 1
Given A = [ ], B = [ ] and C[ ] , find a matrix X such that AXB = C.
2 0 1 1 2 2

Solution:
A×B=C
Pre multiply by A-1 and post multiply by B-1 we get
A-1 A × BB-1 = A-1CB-1 (i.e) X = A-1CB-1
Question 14.

Solution:
Question 15.
−1 −1
Decrypt the received encoded message [ 2 −3 ][ 20 4] with the encryption matrix [ ] and the
2 1

decryption matrix as its inverse, where the system of codes are described by the numbers 1-26 to the letters
A- Z respectively, and the number 0 to a blank space.
Solution:
−1 −1
Let the encoding matrix be [ ]
2 1
So the sequence of decoded matrices is [8 5], [12 16].
Thus the receivers read this message as HELP.

Additional Problems

Question 1.

Using elementary transformations find the inverse of the following matrix

Solution:
Question 2.

Using elementary transformations find the inverse of the matrix

Solution:
Question 3.

Using elementary transformation find the inverse of the matrix

Solution:
Question 4.

Using elementary transformations find the inverse of the matrix

Solution:
Question 5.

Using elementary transformation, find the inverse of the following matrix

Solution:
Question 6.

Solution:
Question 7.

Solution:
Question 8.

Solution:

Question 9.

Solution:
Question 10.
Solution:
Ex 1.2

Question 1.
Find the rank of the following matrices by the minor method:

Solution:
Question 2.
Find the rank of the folowing matrices by row reduction method:

Solution:
(i) Let

The last equivalent matrix is in row-echelon form. It has three non zero rows. So ρ(A) = 3
(ii) Let

The last equivalent matrix is in row-echelon form. It has three non zero rows. ρ(A) = 3
(iii) Let
The last equivalent matrix is in row-echelon form. It has three non zero rows. ρ(A) = 3

Question 3.
Find the inverse of each of the following by Gauss-Jordan method:

Solution:
2 −1
(i) Let A = ( )
5 −2

Applying Gauss-Jordan method we get

(ii) Let
(iii) Let
Additional Problems

Question 1.

Find the rank of the following matrices.

Solution:

A has at least one non-zero minor of order 2. ρ(A) = 2

Question 2.

Find the rank of the following matrices.

Solution:
The last equivalent matrix is in the echelon form. It has three non-zero rows.
∴ ρ(A) = 3; Here A is of order 3 × 4

Question 3.

Find the rank of the following matrices.

Solution:

The last equivalent matrix is in the echelon form. The number of non-zero rows in this matrix is two. A is
a matrix of order 3 × 4. ∴ ρ(A) = 2

Question 4.

Using elementary transformations find the inverse of the following matrix

Solution:

Question 5.

Using elementary transformations find the inverse of the following matrices

Solution:

Question 6.

Using elementary transformations find the inverse of the following matrices

Solution:

Question 7.

Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of the following matrices

Solution:
Question 8.

Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of the following matrices

Solution:
Question 9.

Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of the following matrices

Solution:
Question 10.

Using elementary transformations, find the inverse of the following matrices

Solution:
Since R2 has all numbers zero, Thus inverse of matrix A does not exist.
Ex 1.3
Question 1.
Solve the following system of linear equations by matrix inversion method:
(i) 2x + 5y = -2, x + 2y = -3
(ii) 2x – y = 8, 3x + 2y = -2
(iii) 2x + 3y – z = 9, x + y + z = 9, 3x – y – z = -1
(iv) x + y + z – 2 = 0, 6x – 4y + 5z – 31 = 0, 5x + 2y + 2z = 13
Solution:
(i) 2x + 5y = -2, x + 2y = -3
2 5 x −2
The matrix form of the above equations is ( )( ) = ( )
1 2 y −3

(i.e) AX = B
Question 2.
−5 1 3 1 1 2
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
If A = 7 1 −5 and B = 3 2 1 find the products AB and BA and hence solve the system
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 −1 1 2 1 3

of equations x + y + 2z = 1, 3x + 2y + z = 7, 2x + y + 3z = 2.
Solution:
Question 3.
A man is appointed in a job with a monthly salary of certain amount and a fixed amount of annual
increment. If his salary was ₹ 19,800 per month at the end of the first month after 3 years of service and ₹
23,400 per month at the end of the first month after 9 years of service, find his starting salary and his
annual increment. (Use matrix inversion method to solve the problem.)
Solution:
Let his monthly salary be ₹ x and his annual increment be ₹ y
Given x + 3y = 19800 and x + 9y = 23400
Writing the above equations in matrix form, we get
x = ₹ 18000 and y = ₹ 600
(i.e) monthly salary = ₹ 18000 and annual increment = ₹ 600

Question 4.
4 men and 4 women can finish a piece of work jointly in 3 days while 2 men and 5 women can finish the
same work jointly in 4 days. Find the time taken by one man alone and that of one woman alone to finish
the same work by using matrix inversion method.
Solution:
Let the work done by man in 1 day be x and the work done by a woman in 1 day be y
Now we are given
4x + 4y = ⇒ 12x + 12y = 1
1

and 2x + 5y = ⇒ 8x + 20y = 1
1

12 12 x 1
The matrix form of the above equations is ( )( ) = ( )
8 20 y 1

(i.e) AX = B ⇒ X = A-1B
Here
(i.e) The work done by a man in 1 day = x = 1

18

The time taken by a man to finish the work = 18 days.

The work done by a woman in 1 day = y = 1

36

The time is taken by a woman to finish the work = 36 days.

Question 5.
The prices of three commodities A, B and C are ₹ x, y and z per units respectively. A person P purchases 4
units of B and sells two units of A and 5 units of C. Person Q purchases 2 units of C and sells 3 units of A
and one unit of B . Person R purchases one unit of A and sells 3 unit of B and one unit of C. In the process,
P, Q and R earn ₹ 15,000, ₹ 1,000 and ₹ 4,000 respectively. Find the prices per unit of A,B and C. (Use
matrix inversion method to solve the problem.)
Solution:
Price of A = ₹ x /unit
Price of B = ₹ y /unit
Price of C = ₹ z /unit
We are given
2x – 4y + 5z = 15000
3x + y – 2z = 1000
-x + 3y + z = 4000
2 −4 5 x 15000
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
The matrix form of the above equations is 3 1 −2 y = 1000
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
−1 3 1 z 4000

(i.e) AX = B ⇒ X = A-1B
Here
Additional Problems

Question 1.
Using matrix method, solve the following system of equations:
x + 2y + z = 7, x + 3z = 11, 2x – 3y = 1
Solution:
The system of equations can be written in the form AX = B, where

= 9 + 12 – 3 = 18 ≠ 0 Non-singular matrix.
A11 = (0 + 9) = 9, A12 = -(0 – 6) = 6,
A13 = (-3 – 0) = -3
A21 = – (0 + 3) = -3, A22 = (0 – 2) = -2
A23 = -(-3 – 4) = 7
A31 = (6 – 0) = 6, A32 = -(-3 – 1) = -2,
A33 = (0 – 2) = -2
Thus x = 2 ,y = 1 and z = 3.

Question 2.
Using matrices, solve the following system of linear equations: x + 2y – 3z = -4, 2x + 3y + 2z = 2, 3x – 3y
– 4z = 11.
Solution:
The system of equations can be written in the form AX = B, where
Thus x = 3,
y = -2 and z = 1

Question 3.

If Find A-1. Hence using A-1 solve the system of equations.

2x – 3y + 5z = 11,
3x + 2y – 4z = -5,
x + y – 2z = -3.
Solution:

Question 4.

Use product to solve the system of equations

x + 3z = 9,
-x + 2y – 2z = 4,
2x – 3y + 4z = -3
Solution:

Question 5.

Use product to solve the system of equations

x – y + 2z = 1,
2y – 3z = 1,
3x – 2y + 4z = 2
Solution:
The system of equations can be written in the form AX = C, where

Question 6.
An amount of ₹ 7000 is invested in three types of investments x, y and z at the rate of 3%, 4% and 5%
interest respectively. The total annual income is ₹ 280. If the combined income from x and y is ₹ 80 more
than that from z, then
(i) Represent the above situation in form of linear equations .
(ii) Is it possible to frame the given linear equations in the form of matrix to obtain the three values x, y and
z using matrix multiplication? If yes, find.
(iii) Which value is more beneficial to invest?
Solution:
⇒ -40 + 30 + 0 = -10 ≠ 0
Cofactors C11 = +(-20 – 20) = -40
C21 = -(5 – 4) = 9
C31 = +(5 – 4) = 1
C12 = +(-15 – 15) = -30
C22 = +(-5 – 3) = -8
C32 = -(5 – 3) = -2
C13 = +(12 – 12) = 0
C23 = -(4 – 3) = -1
C33 = +(4 – 3) = 1

Thus, the three values x = ₹ 2000, y = ₹ 3000 and z = ₹ 2000

(iii) The value of y is more beneficial to invest
Question 7.

Solution:

In matrix form
Ex 1.4

Question 1.
Solve the following systems of linear equations by Cramer’s rule:
(i) 5x – 2y + 16 = 0, x + 3y – 7 = 0
(ii) + 2y = 12, + 3y = 13
x
3 2

(iii) 3x + 3y – z = 11, 2x – y + 2z = 9, 4x + 3y + 2z = 25

Solution:
(i) 5x – 2y + 16 = 0, x + 3y – 7 = 0
The above equations are 5x – 2y = -16 and x + 3y = -7
The matrix form of two above equations is
Question 2.
In a competitive examination, one mark is awarded for every correct answer while mark is deducted for
1

every wrong answer. A student answered 100 questions and got 80 marks. How many questions did he
answer correctly? (Use Cramer’s rule to solve the problem).
Solution:
No. of Questions answered = 100
Let the No. of questions answered correctly be x and the No. of questions answered wrongly be y
Here, x + y = 100 and x – y = 80
1

(i.e) x + y = 100 and 4x – y = 320

The matrix form is
No. of questions answered correctly x = 84.

Question 3.
A chemist has one solution which is 50% acid and another solution which is 25% acid. How much each
should be mixed to make 10 litres of a 40% acid solution? (Use Cramer’s rule to solve the problem).
Solution:
Let the no. of litres in 50% acid used be x litres and the no. of litres in 25% acid used be y litres
(i.e) we have to mix 6 litres in 50% acid and 4 litres in 25% acid.

Question 4.
A fish tank can be filled in 10 minutes using both pumps A and B simultaneously. However, pump B can
pump water in or out at the same rate. If pump B is inadvertently run in reverse, then the tank will be
filled in 30 minutes. How long would it take each pump to fill the tank by itself? (Use Cramer’s rule to
solve the problem).
Solution:
Time is taken for pump A to fill the tank be x minutes and time taken for pump B to fill the tank be y
minutes

(i.e) Pump A can fill the tank in 15 minutes and pump B can fill the tank in 30 minutes.
Question 5.
A family of 3 people went out for dinner in a restaurant. The cost of two dosai, three idlies and two vadais
is ₹ 150. The cost of the two dosai, two idlies and four vadais is ₹ 200. The cost of five dosai, four idlies
and two vadais is ₹ 250. The family has ₹ 350 in hand and they ate 3 dosai and six idlies and six vadais.
Will they be able to manage to pay the bill within the amount they had?
Solution:
Let the cost of 1 dosai be ₹ x the cost of 1 idli be ₹ y and the cost of 1 vadai be ₹ z
Here 2x + 3y + 2z = 150
2x + 2y + 4z = 200
5x + 4y + 2z = 250
Writing the above equations in matrix form
So, cost of 1 dosai = x = ₹ 30
cost of 1 idli = y = ₹ 10 and
cost of 1 vadai = z = ₹ 30
Now cost of 3 dosai and 6 idlis and 6 vadais = 3 × 30 + 6 × 10 + 6 × 30 = 90+ 60+ 180 = ₹ 330
and they are having ₹ 350. So they will be able to manage to pay the bill.

Additional Problems

Question 1.
Solve the following non-homogeneous system of linear equations by determinant method: 3x + 2y = 5, x
+ 3y = 4.
Solution:

Solution is (x, y) = (1, 1).

Question 2.
Solve the following non-homogeneous system of linear equations by determinant method: x + y + z = 4 ;
x – y + z = 2 ; 2x + y – z = 1
Solution:

Since ∆ ≠ 0, the system has unique solution

Solution is x, y, z = 1, 1, 2

Question 3.
Solve the following non-homogeneous system of linear equations by determinant method: 3x + y – z = 2;
2x – y + 2z = 6; 2x + y – 2z = -2
Solution:
Solution is x, y, z = 1, 2, 3

Question 4.
Solve the following non-homogeneous system of linear equations by determinant method:

Solution:

a + 2b – c = 1 … (1)
2a + 4b + c = 5 ….. (2)
3a – 2b – 2c = 0 …… (3)
∴ The system has unique solution.

∴ Solution is x, y, z = 1, 2, 1.
Ex 1.5
Question 1.
Solve the following systems of linear equations by Gaussian elimination method:
(i) 2x – 2y + 3z = 2, x + 2y – z = 3, 3x – y + 2z = 1
(ii) 2x + 4y + 6z = 22, 3x + 8y + 5z = 27, -x + y + 2z = 2
Solution:
(i) 2x – 2y + 3z = 2, x + 2y – z = 3 and 3x – y + 2z = 1
2 −2 3 x 2
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
The matrix form of the above equations is 1 2 −1 y = 3
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3 −1 2 z 1

(i.e) AX = B
The augment matrix (A, B) is

The above matrix is in echelon form.

Now writing the equivalent equations
Substituting z = 4 in (2) we get
-6y + 20 = -4
⇒ -6y = -4 – 20 = -24
⇒y=4
Substituting z = 4 and y = 4 in (1) we get
x+8–4=3
⇒x+4=3
⇒ x = 3 – 4 = -1
So, x = -1; y = 4; z = 4
(ii) 2x + 4y + 6z = 22 …… (1)
3x + 8y + 5z = 27 ……. (2)
-x + y + 2z = 2 ……. (3)
Divide equation (1) by 2 we get
x + 2y + 3z = 11 ……. (1)
3x + 8y + 5z = 27 …….. (2)
-x + y + 2z = 2 ……. (3)
1 2 3 x 11
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
The matrix form of the above equations is 3 8 5 y = 27
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
−1 1 2 z 2

(i.e) AX = B
The augment matrix (A, B) is

The above matrix is in echelon form.

Now writing the equivalent equations.
Substituting z = 2 in (2) we get
y – 4 = -3
⇒ y = -3 + 4 = 1
Substituting z = 2, y = 1 in (1) we get
x + 2(1) + 3(2) = 11
⇒ x + 2 + 6 = 11
⇒ x + 8 = 11
⇒ x = 11 – 8 = 3
x = 3, y = 1, z = 2

Question 2.
If ax2 + bx + c is divided by x + 3, x – 5, and x – 1, the remainders are 21, 61 and 9 respectively. Find a, b
and c. (Use Gaussian elimination method.)
Solution:
P(x) = ax2 + bx + c. When P(x) is divided by x + 3, x – 5 and x – 1.
The remainders are respectively P(-3), P (5) and P (1).
We are given that P(-3) = 21; P(5) = 61; P(1) = 9
Now P(-3) = 21
⇒ a(-3)2 + b(-3) + c = 21
⇒ 9a – 3b + c = 21 ……. (1)
P(5) = 61
⇒ a(5)2 + b(5) + c = 61
⇒ 25a + 5b + c = 61 ……. (2)
P(1) = 9
⇒ a(1)2 + b(1) + c = 9
⇒ a + b + c = 9 …… (3)
9 −3 1 a 21
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
Now the matrix form of the above three equations is 25 5 1 b = 61
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
1 1 1 c 9

(i.e) AX = B
The augmented matrix (A, B) is

The above matrix is in echelon form now writing the equivalent equations.

Substituting c = 6 in (2) we get

-20b – 24(6) = -164
⇒ -20b = -164 + 144 = -20
⇒b=1
Substituting c = 6, b = 1 in (1) we get
a+1+6=9
⇒a=9–7=2
So a = 2, b = 1, c = 6

Question 3.
An amount of ₹ 65,000 is invested in three bonds at the rates of 6%, 8% and 10% per annum respectively.
The total annual income is ₹ 5,000. The income from the third bond is ₹ 800 more than that from the
second bond. Determine the price of each bond. (Use Gaussian elimination method.)
Solution:
Let the amount invested in 6% bond be ₹ x
and the amount invested in 8% bond be ₹ y
and the amount invested in 10% bond be ₹ z
Now x + y + z = 65000 ……. (1)
6 8 10
x+ y+ z = 5000
100 100 100

(i.e) 6x + 8y + 10z = 500000

(÷ by 2) 3x + 4y + 5z = 250000 ……. (2)
Also given that z−
10

100
y = 800
100
8

(i.e) -8y + 10z = 80000

(÷ by 2) -4y + 5z = 40000 …… (3)
1 1 1 x 65000
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
Now the matrix form of the above three equations is 3 4 5 y = 250000
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
0 −4 5 z 40000

(i.e) AX = B
Now, the augmented matrix (A, B) is

Now the above matrix is in echelon form. Writing the equivalent equations.
1 1 1 x 65000
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
0 1 2 y = 55000
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
0 0 13 z 260000

(i.e) x + y + z = 65000
⇒ y + 2z = 55000
⇒ 13z = 260000
⇒ z = ₹ 20000
Substituting z = ₹ 20000 in (2) we get
y + 40000 = 55000
⇒ y = 55000 – 40000 = ₹ 15000
Substituting z = ₹ 20000, y = ₹ 15000 in (1) we get
x + 15000 + 20000 = 65000
⇒ x = 65000 – 35000 = ₹ 30000
So the amount invested in
6% bond x = ₹ 30000
8% bond y = ₹ 15000
and 10% bond z = ₹ 20000

Question 4.
A boy is walking along the path y = ax2 + bx + c through the points (-6, 8), (-2, -12), and (3, 8). He wants
to meet his friend at P(7, 60). Will he meet his friend? (Use Gaussian elimination method.)
Solution:
We are given y = ax2 + bx + c
Also we are given (-6, 8), (-2, -12) and (3, 8) are points on the path.
(i) (-6, 8) is a point on y = ax2 + bx + c
at x = -6, y = 8
(i.e) a(36) + b(-6) + c = 8
⇒ 36a – 6b + c = 8 …… (1)
(ii) (-2, -12) is a point on y = ax2 + bx + c
at x = -2, y = -12
⇒ a(-2)2 + b(-2) + c = -12
⇒ 4a – 2b + c = -12 ….. (2)
(iii) (3, 8) is a point on y = ax2 + bx + c
at x = 3, y = 8
⇒ a(3)2 + 6(3) + c = 8
⇒ 9a + 3b + c = 8 …… (3)
36 −6 1 a 8
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
The matrix form of the above three equations is 4 −2 1 b = −12
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
9 3 1 c 8

(i.e) AX = B
The augmented matrix (A, B) is
The above matrix is in echelon form. Now writing the equivalent equations we get
36 −6 1 a 8
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
0 −12 8 b = −116
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
0 0 30 c −300

(i.e) 36a – 6b + c = 8
⇒ -12b + 8c = -116
⇒ 30c = -300
⇒ c = -10
Substituting c = -10 in (2) we get
-12b + 8(-10) = -116
⇒ -12b = -116 + 80 = -36
⇒b=3
Substituting c = -10, b = 3 in (1) we get
36a – 6(3) + (-10) = 8
⇒ 36a – 18 – 10 = 8
⇒ 36a = 8 + 18 + 10 = 36
⇒a=1
a = 1, b = 3 and c = -10
y = (1)x2 + (3)x + (-10)
y = x2 + 3x – 10
Now at x = 7, y= (7)2 + 3(7)- 10 = 49 + 21 – 10 = 60
(7, 60) is a point on the path so he will meet his friend.

Additional Problems

Question 1.
Examine the consistency of the following system of equations. If it is consistent then solve the same.
(i) 4x + 3y + 6z = 25,
x + 5y + 7z = 13,
2x + 9y + z = 1
Solution:
The augmented matrix is

The last equivalent matrix is in the echelon form. It has three non-zero rows.

∴ The given system is consistent and has a unique solution

4x + 3y + 6z = 25 …… (1)

∴ The unique solution is x = 4, y = -1, z = 2.

Question 2.
Verify whether the given system of equations is consistent. If it is consistent, solve them. 2x + 5y + 7z =
52, x + 7 + z = 9, 2x + y – z = 0
Solution:
The given system of equations is equivalent to the single matrix equation.

AX = B
The augmented matrix is

The last equivalent matrix is in the echelon form. It has three non-zero rows.
∴ ρ(A, B) = 3

Since there are three non-zero rows, ρ(A) = 3

The given system is consistent and has a unique solution.

To find the solution, we see that the given system of equations is equivalent to the matrix equation.
x + y + z = 9 ……. (1)
-y – 3z = -18 ……… (2)
-4z = -20 ……… (3)
(3) ⇒ z = 5, (2) ⇒ y = 18 – 3z = 13, (1) ⇒ x = 9 – y – z ⇒ x = 9 – 3 – 5 = 1
∴ Solution is x = 1,
y = 3,
z=5

Question 3.
Examine the consistency of the equations.
2x – 3y + 3z = 5,
3x + y – 3z = 13,
2x + 19y – 47z = 32
Solution:
The given system of equations can be written in the form of a matrix equation as

The augmented matrix is

The last equivalent matrix is in the echelon form. It has three non-zero rows.

∴ The given system is inconsistent and hence has no solution.

Question 4.
Show that the equations: x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 14, x + 4y + 7z = 30 are consistent and solve them.
Solution:
The matrix equation corresponding to the given system is.

The augmented matrix is

In the last equivalent matrix, there are two non-zero rows.

∴ The given system is consistent. But the value of the common rank is less than the number of unknowns.
The given system has an infinite number of solutions.
The given system is equivalent to the matrix equation

x + y + z = 6 ……(1)
y + 2z = 8 ….(2)
(2) ⇒ y = 8 – 2z ; (1) ⇒ x = 6 – y – z = 6 – (8 – 2z) – z = z – 2
Taking z = k, we get x = k – 2, y = 8 – 2k; k ∈ R
Putting k = 1, we have one solution as x = – 1, y = 6, z = 1. Thus by giving different values for k we get
different solutions. Hence the given system has infinite number of solutions.
Ex 1.6
Question 1.
Test for consistency and if possible, solve the following systems of equations by rank method.
(i) x – y + 2z = 2, 2x + y + 4z = 7, 4x – y + z = 4
(ii) 3x + y + z = 2, x – 3y + 2z = 1, 7x – y + 4z = 5
(iii) 2x + 2y + z = 5, x – y + z = 1, 3x + y + 2z = 4
(iv) 2x – y + z = 2, 6x – 3y + 3z = 6, 4x – 2y + 2z = 4
Solution:
(i) Here the number of unknowns = 3.
The matrix form of the system is AX = B where

(i.e) AX = B
The augmented matrix (A, B) is
1 −1 2 2
⎛ ⎞
(A, B) = 2 1 4 7
⎝ ⎠
4 −1 1 4

Applying Gaussian elimination method on [A,B] we get

The above matrix is in echelon form also ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 3 = number of unknowns
The system of equations is consistent with a unique solution. To find the solution.
Now writing the equivalent equations we get
 1 −1 2 x 2
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
0 3 0 y = 3
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
0 0 −7 z −7

x – y + 2z = 2
3y = 3 ⇒ y = 1
7z = -7 ⇒ z = 1
Substituting z = y = 1 in (1) we get
x–1+2=2⇒x=1
⇒x=y=z=1
(ii) Here the number of unknowns is 3.
The matrix form of the given system of equations is:
3 1 1 x 2
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 −3 2 y = 1
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
7 −1 4 z 5

AX = B
(i.e) Now the augmented matrix [A, B] is

The above matrix is in echelon form also

ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 2< number of unknowns
The system of equations is consistent with the infinite number of solutions.
To find the solution:
Now writing the equivalent equations we get
(iii) Here the number of unknowns is 3.
The matrix form of the given equation is
2 2 1 x 5
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 −1 1 y = 1
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3 1 2 z 4

AX = B

The above matrix is in echelon form.

Here ρ(A, B) = 3; ρ(A) = 2
So ρ(A, B) ≠ ρ(A)
The system of equations is inconsistent with no solution.
(iv) Here the number of unknowns is 3.
The matrix form of the given equation is
 2 −1 1 x 2
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
6 −3 3 y = 6
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
4 −2 2 z 4

AX = B
The augmented matrix [A, B] is

The above matrix is in echelon form also ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 1 < number of unknowns
The system of equations is consistent with the infinite number of solutions.
To find the Solution
Now writing the equivalent equations we get

Question 2.
Find the value of k for which the equations kx – 2y + z = 1, x – 2ky + z = -2, x – 2y + kz = 1 have
(i) no solution
(ii) unique solution
(iii) infinitely many solution
Solution:
The matrix form of the given system of equation is
k −2 1 x 1
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 −2k 1 y = −2
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
1 −2 k z 1

(i.e) AX = B
The augmented matrix (A, B) is
k2 + k – 2 = (k + 2) (k – 1)
The above matrix is in echelon form
Case 1: when k = 1, ρ(A, B) = 3, ρ(A) = 2 (i.e) ρ (A, B) ≠ ρ (A)
The system is inconsistent and the system has no solution.
Case 2: when k ≠ 1, k ≠ -2, then ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 3 = number of unknowns
The system is consistent with unique solution.
Case 3: When k = -2 then ρ(A) = ρ(A, B) = 2 < number of unknowns.
The system is consistent with the infinite number of solutions.

Question 3.
Investigate the values of λ and µ the system of linear equations.
2x + 3y + 5z = 9, 7x + 3y – 5z = 8, 2x + 3y + λz = µ, have
(i) no solution
(ii) a unique solution
(iii) an infinite number of solutions.
Solution:
The matrix form of the above equation is
2 3 5 x 9
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
7 3 −5 y = 8
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2 3 λ z μ

(i.e) AX = B
The augmented matrix [A, B] is
The above matrix is in echelon form
Case 1: When λ = 5, μ ≠ 9
ρ(A) = 2, ρ(A, B) = 3 (i.e) ρ(A, B) ≠ p(A)
The system is inconsistent and it has no solution.
Case 2: When λ ≠ 5, μ ∈ R,
ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 3 = number of unknowns
The system is consistent with a unique solution.
Case 3: When λ = 5, μ = 9,
then ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 2 < number of unknowns
The system is consistent with infinite number of solutions.

Additional Problems
Question 1.
Discuss the solutions of the system of equations for all values of λ.
x + y + z = 2,
2x + y – 2z = 2,
λx + y + 4z = 2
Solution:
The augmented matrix is
Case 1:
If λ ≠ 0, then we get ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 3 = number of unknowns.
∴ The system has unique solution.
Case 2: If λ = 0,then ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 2 < the number of unknowns ⇒ the system has more number of
solutions. Taking λ = 0 we get the systems of equations as
x + 4z = 2 ……..(1)
2y – 6z = 0 …….. (2)
Taking z = k in (2), we get
2y – 6k = 0 ⇒ 2y = 6k
y = 3k
Taking z = A in (1) we get,
x + 4k = 2 ⇒ x = 2 – 4k
∴ The solution is x = 2 – 4 k, y = 3 k, z = k

Question 2.
For what values of k, the system of equations kx + y + z = 1, x + ky + z = 1, x + y + kz = 1 have
(i) unique solution,
(ii) more than one solution,
(iii) no solution.
Solution:
The augmented matrix is

Case (i) : When k ≠ 1, the system has a unique solution

Case (ii) : When k = 1, the system reduces to a single equation x + y + z = 1. The system can have more
than one solution.
Case (iii) : When k = -2, the system is inconsistent
∴ ρ(A, B) ≠ ρ(A); ∴ the system has no solution.
Ex 1.7
Question 1.
Solve the following system of homogeneous equations.
(i) 3x + 2y + 7z = 0, 4x – 3y – 2z = 0, 5x + 9y + 23z = 0
(ii) 2x + 3y – z = 0, x – y – 2z = 0, 3x + y + 3z = 0
Solution:
(i) The matrix form of the above equations is

The above matrix is in echelon form.

Here ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) < number of unknowns.
The system is consistent with infinite number of solutions. To find the solutions.
Writing the equivalent equations.
We get 3x + 2y + 7z = 0 ……. (1)
-17y – 34z = 0 ……. (2)
Taking z = t in (2) we get -17y – 34t = 0
⇒ -17y = 34t
⇒ y = -2t
Taking z = t, y = -2t in (1) we get
3x + 2(-2t) + 7t = 0
⇒ 3x – 4t + 7t = 0
⇒ 3x = -3t
⇒ x = -t
So the solution is x = -t; y = -2t; and z = t, t ∈ R
(ii) The matrix form of the equations is
2 3 −1 x 0
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
1 −1 −2 y = 0
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
3 1 3 z 0
(i.e) AX = B
The augmented matrix [A, B] is

The above matrix is in echelon form also ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 3 = number of unknowns
The system is consistent with unique solution, x = y = z = 0
(i.e) The system has trivial solution only.

Question 2.
Determine the values of λ for which the following system of equations.
x + y + 3z = 0, 4x + 3y + λz = 0, 2x +y + 2z = 0 has
(i) a unique solution
(ii) a non-trivial solution
Solution:
The matrix form of the equation is
1 1 3 x 0
⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
4 3 λ y = 0
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
2 1 2 z 0

(i.e) AX = B
The augmented matrix [A, B] is
The above matrix is in echelon form
Case 1: When λ ≠ 8, ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 3 = number of unknowns
The system is consistent with a unique solution.
Case 2: When λ = 8, ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 2 < number of unknowns.
The system is consistent with non-trivial solutions.

Question 3.
By using the Gaussian elimination method, balance the chemical reaction equation:
C2H6 + O2 → H2O + CO2
Solution:
We are searching for positive integers x1, x2, x3 and x4 such that
x1C2H6 + x2O2 = x3H2O + x4CO2 ……. (1)
The number of carbon atoms on LHS of (1) should be equal to the number of carbon atoms on the RHS of
(1).
So we get a linear homogeneous equation.
2x1 = x4
⇒ 2x1 – x4 = 0 …… (2)
Similarly considering hydrogen and oxygen atoms we get respectively.
2x2 = x3 + 2x4
⇒ 2x2 – x3 – 2x4 = 0 …… (3)
and -2x3+ 3x4 = 0 …… (4)
Equations (2), (3) and (4) constitute a homogeneous system of linear equations in four unknowns.
The augmented matrix (A, B) is

Now ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = 3 < number of unknowns.

So the system is consistent and has an infinite number of solutions.
Writing the equations using the echelon form we get
2x1 – x4 = 0 …… (5)
2x2 – x3 – 2x4 = 0 ……. (6)
-2x3 + 3x4 = 0 ……. (7)

Since x1, x2, x3 and x4 are positive integers. Let us choose t = 4t.
Then we get x1 = 2, x2 = 7, x3 = 6, and x4 = 4
So the balanced equation is 2C2H6 + 7O2 → 6H2O + 4CO2.

Additional Problems
Question 1.
Solve the following homogeneous linear equations.
x + 2y – 5z = 0,
3x + 4y + 6z = 0,
x+y+z=0
Solution:
The given system of equations can be written in the form of matrix equation
AX = B
The augmented matrix is

This is in the echelon form.

Clearly ρ[A, B] = 3 and ρ(A) = 3
∴ ρ(A) = ρ[A, B] = 3 = number of unknowns
∴ The given system of equations is consistent and has a unique solution. i.e., trivial solution
∴ x = 0, y = 0 and z = 0
Note: Since ρ(A) = 3, | A | ≠ 0 i.e. A is non-singular;
∴ The given system has only trivial solution x = 0, y = 0, z = 0

Question 2.
For what value of n the equations.
x + y + 3z = 0,
4x + 3y + µz = 0,
2x + y + 2z = 0 have a
(i) trivial solution,
(ii) non-trivial solution.
Solution:
The system of equations can be written as AX = B
Case (i): If µ ≠ 8 then 8 – µ ≠ 0 and hence there are three non-zero rows.
∴ ρ[A] = ρ[A, B] = 3 = the number of unknowns.
∴ The system has the trivial solution x = 0, y = 0, z = 0
Case (ii): If µ = 8 then.
ρ[A, B] = 2 and ρ(A) = 2
∴ ρ(A) = ρ[A, B] = 2 < number of unknowns.
The given system is equivalent to
x + y + 3z = 0; y + 4z = 0
∴ y= – 4z ; x = z
Taking z = k, we get x = k,y = – 4k, z = k [k ∈ R – {0}] which are non-trivial solutions.
Thus the system is consistent and has infinitely many non-trivial solutions.
Note: In case (ii) the system also has trivial solution. For only non-trivial solutions we removed k = 0.
Ex 1.8
Choose the correct or the most suitable answer from the given four alternatives.

Question 1.
If |adj(adj A)| = |A|9, then the order of the square matrix A is _______
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 5
Answer:
(b) 4

Question 2.
If A is a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that AAT = ATA and B = A-1AT, then BBT = ______
(a) A
(b) B
(c) I3
(d) BT
Answer:
(c) I3

Question 3.
Answer:

Question 4.

Answer:
Question 5.

Answer:

Question 6.
2 0 1 4
If A = [ ] and B = [ ] then |adj(AB)| = _______
1 5 2 0

(a) -40
(b) -80
(c) -60
(d) -20
Answer:
(b) -80
Hint:

Question 7.
1 x 0
⎡ ⎤
If P = 1 3 0 is the adjoint of 3 × 3 matrix A and |A| = 4, then x is ______
⎣ ⎦
2 4 −2

(a) 15
(b) 12
(c) 14
(d) 11
Answer:
(d) 11
Hint: Given |A| = 4 and P is the adjoint matrix of A
|P| = 42 = 16
⇒ -2 (3 – x) = 16
⇒ -6 + 2x = 16
⇒ 2x = 22
⇒ x = 11

Question 8.

Answer:

Question 9.
If A, B and C are invertible matrices of some order, then which one of the following is not true?
(a) adj A =|A| A-1
(b) adj(AB) = (adj A) (adj B)
(c) det A-1 = (det A)-1
(d) (ABC)-1 = C-1B-1A-1
Answer:
(b) adj(AB) = (adj A) (adj B)

Question 10.

Answer:

Question 11.
If AT A-1 is symmetric, then A2 = _______
(a) A-1
(b) (AT)2
(c) AT
(d) (A-1)2
Answer:
(b) (AT)2

Question 12.
, then (AT)-1 = _______
5 3
If A is a non-singular matrix such that A
−1
= [ ]
−2 −1

Answer:

Question 13.
Answer:

Question 14.

Answer:
Question 15.
Answer:

Question 16.

Answer:

Question 17.

Answer:
Question 18.

Answer:

Question 19.
Answer:

Question 20.
Which of the following is/are correct?
(i) Adjoint of a symmetric matrix is also a symmetric matrix
(ii) Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is also a diagonal matrix.
(iii) If A is a square matrix of order n and λ, is a scalar, then adj(λA) = λn adj(A).
(iv) A(adj A) = (adj A)A = |A| I
(a) Only (i)
(b) (ii) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv)
(d) (i), (ii) and (iv)
Answer:
(d) (i), (ii) and (iv)

Question 21.
If ρ(A) = ρ([A|B]), then the system AX = B of linear equations is ______
(a) consistent and has a unique solution
(b) consistent
(c) consistent and has infinitely many solution
(d) inconsistent
Answer:
(b) consistent
Question 22.
If 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, the system of equations x + (sin θ)y – (cos θ)z = 0, (cos θ)x – y + z = 0, (sin θ)x + y – z = 0 has
a non-trivial solution then θ is ______
(a)2π

(b) 3π

(c)5π

(d) π

Answer:
(d) π

Question 23.
1 2 7 3
⎡ ⎤
The augmented matrix of a system of linear equations is 0 1 4 6 . The system has
⎣ ⎦
0 0 λ−7 μ+5

infinitely many solutions if _____

(a) λ = 7, μ ≠ 5
(b) λ = -7, μ = 5
(c) λ ≠ 7, μ ≠ -5
(d) λ = 7, μ = -5
Answer:
(d) λ = 7, μ = -5

Question 24.
Answer:

Question 25.

Answer:

Additional Problems

Question 1.

(a) m < n (b) m > n

(c) m = n
(d) None of these
Solution:
(c) m = n
Hint:
A = [aij]m×n is a square matrix if number of rows is equal to that of columns, i.e., m = n.

Question 2.
Matrices A and B will be inverse of each other only if ……..
(a) AB = BA
(b) AB = BA = O
(c) AB = O, BA = I
(d) AB = BA = I
Solution:
(d) AB = BA = I
Hint:
By the definition of invertible matrices two matrices A and B are inverse of each other if AB = BA = I.

Question 3.
If A is an invertible matrix of order 2 then det (A-1) is equal to

Solution:

Hint.

Question 4.

Solution:
1 0
(d) 1

−3
( )
0 1
Question 5.

Solution:
(d) Inverse does not exist

Question 6.
Given ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) = number of unknowns, then the system has …….
(a) unique solution
(b) no solution
(c) inconsistent
(d) infinitely many solution
Solution:
(a) unique solution

Question 7.
Given ρ(A, B) ≠ ρ(A) then the system has
(a) no solution
(b) unique solution
(c) infinitely many solution
(d) None
Solution:
(a) no solution

Question 8.
Given ρ(A, B) = ρ(A) < number of unknowns, then the system has …….
(a) unique solution
(b) no solution
(c) 3 solutions
(d) infinitely many solution
Solution:
(d) infinitely many solution
Question 9.

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) None of these
Solution:
(a) 1

Question 10.

(a) 1
(b) 0
(c) 4
(d) any real number
Solution:
(d) any real number

Question 11.
If A = [2 0 1], then the rank of AAT is ………
(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) 0
Solution:
(a) 1
Hint.
Question 12.

If the rank of the matrix is 2, then λ is ……

(a) 1
(b) 2
(c) 3
(d) any real number
Solution:
(a) 1
Hint.
Since the rank of the given matrix is 2, the value of 3rd order determinant is zero.

Question 13.
If A is a scalar matrix with scalar k ≠ 0, of order 3, then A-1 is …….

Solution:
1
I
k
Hint:

Question 14.

Solution:

Hint:
(adj A)(A) = |A|I

Question 15.
If A is a square matrix of order n, then |adj A| is …….
(a) |A|2
(b) |A|n
(c) |A|n – 1
(d) |A|
Solution:
(c) |A|n – 1
Hint:
When A is square matrix of order 3, then |adj A| = |A|2 = |A|3 – 1 ∴ When A is a square matrix of order n,
|adj A| = |A|n – 1

Question 16.
If A is a matrix of order 3, then det (kA)
(a) k3(det A)
(b) k2(det A)
(c) k(det A)
(d) det (A)
Solution:
(a) k3(det A)
Hint:
A is a matrix of order 3. ∴ det (kA) = k3 (det A)

Question 17.
If I is the unit matrix of order n, where k ± 0 is a constant, then adj(kI) = …….
(a) kn(adj I)
(b) k(adj I)
(c) k2(adj I)
(d) kn – 1 (adj I)
Solution:
(d) kn – 1 (adj I)
Hint:
When I is a unit matrix of order 3, then adj (kI) = k2 (adj I)
∴ When I is a unit matrix of order n, then adj (kI) = kn – 1 (adj I)

Question 18.
In a system of 3 linear non-homogeneous equations with three unknowns, if ∆ = 0 and ∆x = 0, ∆y ≠ 0 and
∆z = 0, then the system has …..
(a) unique solution
(b) two solutions
(c) infinitely many solutions
(d) no solution
Solution:
(d) no solution
Hint:
When ∆ = 0 ∆x, ∆z = 0 but ∆y ≠ 0 ⇒ that the system is inconsistent.
∴ There is no solution.