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(Subjective & MCQs)

Dr. Nasir Khan
(Criminologist; MSc Criminology)
Ammar Sattar
(Criminologist, FIA; MSc Criminology)

Advanced Publishers
17-2nd Floor, Muslim Centre, Chatter Jee Road
Urdu Bazaar, Lahore.
Ph. 042 37360555
advancedpublisherspk@gmail.com
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Advanced Criminology
Dr Nasir Khan
(Criminologist; MSc Criminology)
Ammar Sattar
(Criminologist, FIA; MSc Criminology)
18th Edition
©Advanced Publishers, Lahore
ISBN 978-969-588-571-0
Rs. 1400.00

All rights reserved under the Copyright Act. No part of this book may be reproduced
in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
without permission in writing from the authors. All previous editions of this book are
stood cancelled. All inquiries should be addressed to the authors and the publishers.

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 CONTENTS
Section-I
Syllabus Criminology xi
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
What is crime? 1
Elements of crime 2
Stages of crime 2
Classification of Crime 3
What is criminality? 4
Criminal Behavior 5
Criminal Typology 7
Summary of the Chapter 8
Chapter 2: Understanding Criminology 10
What is Criminology? 10
Scope of Criminology 11
Nature of Criminology 12
Importance of Criminology 12
Historical development of Criminology 13
Criminology and criminal law 16
Deviance 19
Vice, Sin and Evil 19
Norms and Values 20
Summary of the Chapter 21
Chapter 3: Crime and Criminals 24
Habitual, professional, and occasional criminals 24
Organized crime 27
White-collar crime 30
White Collar Crime: a great threat to the economy 31
Corporate crimes 33
Summary of the Chapter 34
Chapter 4: Crime and Criminality: Theoretical Perspectives 36
School of thoughts in Criminology 36
Psychological Theories 37
Biological Theories 38
Sociological Theories 42
Social Disorganization theory 42
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Strain theory 44
Social Control theory 45
Learning theory 47
Differential association theory by Sutherland 48
Labeling Theory 50
Islamic perspective on deviance and crime 51
Summary of the Chapter 56
Section-II
Chapter 5: Juvenile Delinquency 61
Meaning, definitions (Behavioral vs Legal) 61
Risk Factors and Predictors of Juvenile Delinquency 64
Causes of Juvenile Delinquency 64
Risk and Protective Factors 67
Juvenile delinquent vs status offender 69
Juvenile Delinquency in Pakistan 69
Summary of the Chapter 70
Chapter 6: Juvenile Justice System 73
Role of police 75
Courts 76
Judge 78
Advocate 80
Defense counsel 80
Probation and Parole 81
Juvenile correctional institutions 87
Juvenile Probation 89
Institutions to Rehabilitate Juvenile Delinquents 91
Recidivism 93
Summary of the Chapter 96
Chapter 7: The Criminal Justice System 102
Criminal Justice System Components 103
Objectives of Criminal Justice System 107
Criminal Trial Procedure in Pakistan 108
Criminal courts: procedures and problems 110
Reforming Pakistan’s Criminal Justice System 112
Recommendations 113
Summary of the Chapter 116
Chapter 8: Punitive and Reformative Treatment of Criminals 119

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Corporal punishment 119
Imprisonment 120
Rehabilitation of Criminals 123
Summary of the Chapter 125

Section-III
Chapter 9: Criminal Investigation 128
What is Criminal Investigation? 128
Principles of criminal investigation 131
Manual of preliminary investigation 133
Defects in investigation carried out in Pakistan 135
Intelligence Operations 138
Data base investigation 139
Electronic investigation 140
Forensic Investigation 141
Summary of the Chapter 143
Chapter 10: Techniques of Investigations 148
Gathering information from persons 148
Interviewing Method 149
Interrogation technique 151
Criminal investigation analysis 154
Summary of the Chapter 157
Chapter 11: Legal and Ethical Guidelines for Investigators 161
Stop and frisk operations 161
Arrest procedures 164
Search and seizure 166
Summary of the Chapter 167
Chapter 12: International Policing and Criminal Justice Monitoring Organizations 169
UNAFEI 169
INTERPOL 170
EUROPOL 172
UNODC 174
UNICEF 176
IPA 179
Summary of the Chapter 181

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 Section-IV
Modern Concepts in Contemporary Criminology
Chapter 13: Terrorism, Radicalism and War on Terror 188
Summary of the Chapter 199
Chapter 14: Media’s representation of Crime and the Criminal Justice System 201
Summary of the Chapter 208
Chapter 15: Modern Law Enforcement and Crime Prevention 209
Intelligence-led Policing 209
Community Policing 212
Private Public Partnership 214
Summary of the Chapter 216
Chapter 16: Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan 219
Gender Based Violence and Pakistan 219
Laws against Gender Based Crime in Pakistan 224
Summary of the Chapter 225
Chapter 17: Crime and Urbanization, Organized Crime and White-Collar Crime 227
Summary of the Chapter 232
Chapter 18: Human Rights Abuses and Protection 234
The role of civil society and NGOs 238
Summary of the Chapter 243
Chapter 19: Money-laundering 247
Summary of the Chapter 260
Chapter 20: Cyber Crime 262
Summary of the Chapter 266
Chapter 21: Role of NAB, FIA, ANF 269
NAB 269
FIA 275
ANF 279
Summary of the Chapter 284
Out of Syllabus Question in Past Papers 292
Appendix A 295
History and development of Police organization in Pakistan 302
Appendix B 300
Needs for Police reforms 307
Appendix C 303
Forensic Investigation: A New Paradigm 310
MCQs: Set 1 313

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MCQs: SET 2 316
MCQs: SET 3 319
MCQs: SET 4 322
MCQs: SET 5 326
MCQs: SET 6 329
MCQs: SET 7 332
MCQs: SET 8 334
MCQs: SET 9 336
MCQs: SET 10 339
MCQs: SET 11 340
MCQs: SET 12 343
MCQs: SET 13 343
MCQs: SET 14 347
MCQs: SET 15 348
MCQs: SET 16 349
MCQs: SET 17 350
MCQs: SET 18 351
MCQs: SET 19 352
MCQs: SET 20 353
MCQs: SET 21 354
MCQs: SET 22 355
MCQs: SET 23 356
MCQs: SET 24 357
MCQs: SET 25 358
MCQs: SET 26 359
MCQs: SET 27 360
MCQs: SET 28 361
Top 12 most expected questions 362
Previous CSS Papers’ Coverage from this Book 364
Glossary of Criminology 370

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 Syllabus: CRIMINOLOGY (100 MARKS)
Section-I (25 Marks)
I. Introduction
Basic concepts used in understanding crime, criminality and criminal behaviour.
II. Understanding Criminology
Definition, meaning and scope of criminology; Criminology and criminal law; Crime as social
problem; Deviance, Sin Vice, Evil, Norms, Values; Security (Physical, Social, Economic)
III. Crime and Criminals
Occasional criminals, Habitual criminals, Professional criminals, White-collar crime, Organized
crime, corporate crimes.
IV. Crime and Criminality: Theoretical Perspectives
Early explanation of criminal behavior
 Biological Theories; Psychological Theories; Sociological Theories.
 Social Disorganization theory
 Strain theory
 Social Control theory
 Learning theory
 Labeling Theory
 Islamic perspective on deviance and crime.
Section-II (25 Marks)
V. Juvenile Delinquency
Meaning, definitions (Behavioral Vs Legal), Juvenile delinquent Vs status offender, Official
statistics of juvenile delinquency
VI. Juvenile Justice System
 Role of police
 Juvenile court process:
 pretrial, trial and sentencing
 Role of prosecutor, defense counsel, juvenile judge, juvenile probation officer
 Juvenile correctional institutions; probation and non-punitive alternatives
VII. The Criminal Justice System:
 Police and its role
 Trial and Conviction of Offenders
 Agencies: formal and informal
 Criminal courts: procedures and problems
 Role of prosecutors
 Prisons, Probation and Parole
VIII. Punitive and Reformative Treatment of Criminals
Corporal punishment, Imprisonment, Rehabilitation of criminals.
Section-III (25 Marks)
IX. Criminal Investigation

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Principles of criminal investigation, Manual of preliminary investigation, Intelligence operations,
Data base investigation, Electronic investigation, Forensic Investigation
X. Techniques of Investigations
Gathering information from persons, Interviewing and interrogation techniques,
Criminal investigation analysis,
XI. Legal and Ethical Guidelines for Investigators
Stop and frisk operations, Arrest procedures, Search and seizure.
XII. International Policing and Criminal Justice Monitoring Organizations
UNAFEI, INTERPOL, EUROPOL, UNODC, UNICEF, IPA, etc.
Section-IV (25 Marks)
XIII. Modern Concepts in Contemporary Criminology
 Terrorism, Radicalism and War on Terror
 Media’s representation of Crime and the Criminal Justice System
 Modern Law Enforcement and Crime Prevention
o Intelligence-led Policing
o Community Policing
o Private Public Partnership
 Gender and Crime in Urban and Rural Pakistan
 Crime and Urbanization, Organized Crime and White-Collar Crime
 Human Rights Abuses and Protection, especially of Children; Women and Minorities; The
role of civil society and NGOs
 Money-laundering
 Cyber Crime
 Role of NAB, FIA, ANF

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