12th HSC Physics Navneet Practice Paper 2024
Uploaded by
cdakshsharma12th HSC Physics Navneet Practice Paper 2024
Uploaded by
cdakshsharmaJoin Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
HERE YOU GET ALL 12TH & OTHER ENTRACE STUDY MATERIAL AND DAILY QUIZZES
JOIN TELEGRAM
8 KEEP SHARE THIS LINKS
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
JOIN TELEGRAM ALL LINKS FOR NOTES
Click 7 ➡ @SCIENCE11MAHARASTRA
Click➡@HSCNOTESPROVIDER_12TH_BOARD
Click➡
@HSCNOTESPROVIDER12TH
Click 7 ➡ @NOTESPROVIDER12TH
❇ ALL HSC MHT CET NEET JEE NOTES BOTS
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Click 7 ➡ @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOT
➡ click@MHTCET_NOTESPROVIDER_BOT
☝ E E E E E
❇ ALL HSC MHT CET NEET JEE NOTES
ENTRANCE PREPARATION
Click➡ @HSCNEETCETQUIZCOLLECTION
Click➡ @NEET_JEE_TOPPERS_2021
Click ➡ @MHTCET_NOTESPROVIDER
7 KEEP SHARE THIS LINK
JOIN BACKUP CHANNEL 8 5
Click @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD 7
Join telegram for more notes
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Click ➡ @NOTESPROVIDER12TH
Click ¬ SCIENCE BUDDYS
JOIN TELEGRAM CHANNEL click link @NOTESPROVIDER12TH 7
SEARCH TELEGRAM click link @NOTESPROVIDER12TH 7
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
USE THIS BOT FOR NOTES TELEGRAM click 7 @NOTESPROVIDERTH_BOT
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PHYSICS
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
SOLUTION : PRACTICE PAPER – 1
SECTION – A
Q. 1. (i) (b) pressure head velocity head potential head
(ii) (a) only kinetic energy
(iii) (d) PV constant
(iv) (d) The acceleration is maximum at t T
(v) (b) 343 m/s
(Solution :
n1 n2 [ ] 7 [ ] 2
v 1 1 v 1 1 1
2 L1 L2 2 49 50 10
v 7 49 343 m/s)
(vi) (b) 20 104 N, downward
(Solution :
F | Il l lBh | IlB (15)(1) ( 104) 20 104 N
4
3
Since l l is toward east and lBh is toward north, l l lBh is downward. So, lF is
downward.)
(vii) (d) All of these
(viii) (d) zero rad
(ix) (c) 56.25 10 3 V
(Solution :
30
1 p 9 6.25 10
Vaxis (9 10 ) 56.25 1030 27
4 0 r2 9 2
(10 )
56.25 103 V)
(x) (d) Density
Q. 2. (i) Causes of turbulent flow :
(1) An obstruction, or sharp edge such as in a tap, creates turbulence by imparting
velocities perpendicular to the flow.
(2) If the speed with which a fluid moves relative to a solid body is increased
beyond a certain critical velocity, the flow becomes unstable or one of
extreme disorder.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 1
In both cases, secondary motions cause fluid particles to cross and recross
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
the main direction of flow continuously and the orderly streamlines break up
into eddies or vortices resulting in turbulence.
(ii) The mean free path of a gas molecule depends upon the number of molecules
per unit volume of the gas and molecular diameter.
(iii) Data : TC250 K, TH300 K
TC 250 250
K 5
TH T C 300 250 50
This is the coefficient of performance of the refrigerator.
(iv) The springs are in parallel. F k1x k2x (k1 k2)x
Therefore, the effective spring constant of the oscillation k1 k2.
(v) When a stationary wave is set up in a bounded medium, the boundary conditions
limit the possible stationary waves and only a discrete set of frequencies is
allowed.
The lowest allowed frequency, n1, is called the fundamental frequency of
vibration. Integral multiples of the fundamental frequency are called the
harmonics, the fundamental frequency being called the first harmonic. The
second harmonic is twice the fundamental or 2n1 , and so on.
The higher allowed frequencies are called the overtones. Above the fundamental,
the first allowed frequency is called the first overtone, the next higher frequency
is the second overtone, and so on. The relation between overtones and allowed
harmonics depends on the system under consideration.
(vi) The internal resistance of the cell is
r R ( 1) 15 (
l 217 15 17 255
1) 1.275
l1 200 200 200
(vii) Around a closed loop of an electrical network, the algebraic sum of the emfs and
the potential differences across all the circuit elements in that loop is zero.
& E & IR 0
(viii) The colour of the light emitted by an LED depends on the compound
semiconductor material used and its composition (and doping levels).
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
2 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
SECTION – B
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Q. 3. The MI of the thin ring about its transverse symmetry axis through its centre,
Iring MR2 2 kg∙m2
Since the ring is melted and recast into a thin disc, the mass of the disc equals the
mass of the ring M. Also, the disc has the same radius as the ring. Then, the MI of
the thin disc about its diameter is
1
Idisc MR2
4
1 1
Idisc Iring 2 0.5 kg∙m2
4 4
Q. 4. A rectifier — half-wave or full-wave — outputs a pulsating dc which is not directly
usable in most electronic circuits. These circuits require something closer to pure dc
as produced by batteries. Unlike pure dc waveform of a battery, a rectifier output has
an ac ripple riding on a dc waveform.
The circuit used in a dc power supply to remove the ripple is called a filter. A filter
circuit can produce a very smooth waveform that approximates the waveform produced
by a battery. The most common technique used for filtering is a capacitor connected
across the output of a rectifier.
Q. 5. A reversible process is a bidirectional process, i.e., its path in P – V plane is the same
in either direction. In contrast, an irreversible process is a unidirectional process,
i.e., it can take place only in one direction.
A reversible process consists of a very large number of infinitesimally small steps so
that the system is all the time in thermodynamic equilibrium with its environment. In
contrast an irreversible process may occur so rapidly that it is never in thermodynamic
equilibrium with its environment.
Q. 6. (1) According to Rutherford, the electrons revolve in circular orbits around the atomic
nucleus. The circular motion is an accelerated motion. According to the classical
electromagnetic theory, an accelerated charge continuously radiates energy.
Therefore, an electron during its orbital motion, should go on radiating energy.
Due to the loss of energy, the radius of its orbit should go on decreasing. Therefore,
the electron should move along a spiral path and finally fall into the nucleus in a
very short time, of the order of 1016 s in the case of a hydrogen atom. Thus, the
atom should be unstable. We exist because atoms are stable.
(2) If the electron moves along such a spiral path, the radius of its orbit would
continuously decrease. As a result, the speed and frequency of revolution of the
electron would go on increasing. The electron, therefore, would emit radiation of
continuously changing frequency, and hence give rise to a continuous spectrum.
However, atomic spectrum is a discrete line spectrum.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 3
Q. 7. Forced vibrations Resonance
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
1. These are produced by an external 1. It is produced by an external periodic
periodic force of any frequency. force whose frequency is equal to the
natural frequency (or nearly so) of the
body.
2. The frequency of vibrations is, in 2. The frequency of vibrations is the same
general, di昀昀erent from the natural (or nearly so) as the natural frequency of
frequency of the body. the body.
3. The amplitude of vibrations is usually 3. The amplitude of vibrations is large.
very small.
4. Vibrations stop as soon as the external 4. Vibrations continue for relatively longer
force is removed. time after the external force is removed.
Q. 8. Data : C 100 F 100106 F 104 F, V 50 V, i 5 A
1
The energy stored in the electric field in the capacitor CV 2
2
1
The energy stored in the magnetic field in the inductor Li 2
2
1 1
Here, CV 2 Li 2
2 2
L C 2 10 ( ) 104102 102 H
2
V2 4 50
i 5
This is the value of the inductance.
Q. 9. Huygens’ construction of a spherical wavefront : Consider a point source of
monochromatic light S in a homogeneous isotropic medium. The light waves travel
with the same speed v in all directions. After time t, the wave will reach all the points
which are at a distance vt from S. This is spherical wavefront XY. Let, A, B, C, ... be
points on this wavefront.
Huygens’ construction of a spherical wavefront
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
4 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
To find the new wavefront after time T,JoinweTelegram:-
draw spheres of radius vT with A, B, C,
@NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
..., as centres. The envelope or the surface of tangency of these spheres is the surface
ABC. This is the new spherical wavefront XY. Thus, in an isotropic medium,
spherical wavefronts are propagated as concentric spheres.
Q. 10. Whenever a conductor or a part of it is moved in a magnetic field ‘cutting’ magnetic
field lines, or placed in a changing magnetic field, the free electrons in the bulk of the
metal start circulating in closed paths equivalent to current-carrying loops. These loop
currents resemble eddies in a fluid stream and are hence called eddy or Foucault
currents.
Applications :
(1) Dead-beat galvanometer
(2) Electric brakes.
Q. 11. Data : k 1, 90 nC/m2 90 109 C/m2,
0 8.85 1012 F/m
The required electric field, E
2 k0
(90 109)
log 45 1.6532
2(1)(8.85 1012)
log 8.85 0.9469
45
103 0.7063
8.85 AL(0.7063) 5.086
5.086 10 N/C3
Q. 12. Data : E 2 V, r 2 , R 200
The voltmeter reading, V IR ( )R
E
log 200 2.3010
Rr
log 101 2.0043
( ) 200
2
0.2967
200 2 AL(0.2967) 1.980
400 200
1.98 V
202 101
Q. 13. Curie’s law : The magnetization of a paramagnetic material is directly proportional to
the external magnetic field and inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of
the material.
If a paramagnetic material at an absolute temperature T is placed in an external
magnetic field of induction lBext , the magnitude of its magnetization
Bext B
Mz Mz C ext
T T
where the proportionality constant C is called the Curie constant.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 5
Q. 14. Data : m 20 g 2102 kg, l 1 m,
JoinI 1 A, g
Telegram:- 9.8 m/s2
@NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
To balance the wire, the upward magnetic force must be equal in magnitude to the
downward force due to gravity.
Fm I l B mg
Therefore, the magnitude of the magnetic field,
mg (2102)(9.8)
B 0.196 T
Il (1)(1)
SECTION – C
Q. 15. Data : m 9.11 1031 kg, e 1.6 1019 C, h 6.63 1034 J·s,
0 8.85 1012 C2/N.m2
The energy of electron in nth Bohr orbit is
1 me4
En
n2 820 h2
For the ground state, n 1.
( 9.111031 ) (1.61019)4
E1 1
8 (8.851012)2 (6.631034)2
2.1681018 J
2.1681018 J 13.55 eV
1.61019 J/eV
Q. 16. Consider a rigid body rotating with a constant angular velocity about an axis through
the point O and perpendicular to the plane of the figure. All the particles of the body
perform uniform circular motion about the axis of rotation with the same angular
velocity . Suppose that the body consists of N particles of masses m1, m2, ..., mN,
situated at perpendicular distances r1, r2, ..., rN, respectively from the axis of rotation.
A rigid body rotating with a uniform angular velocity about an axis through O
The particle of mass m1 revolves along a circle of radius r1, with a linear velocity of
magnitude v1 r1. The magnitude of the linear momentum of the particle is
p1 m1v1 m1r1
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
6 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
The angular momentum of the particle about the axis of rotation is by definition,
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
L1 r 1 p 1
L1 r1 p1 sin
where is the smaller of the two angles between
r1 and
p1.
In this case, 90° sin 1
L1 r1 p1 r1m1r1 m1r12
Similarly, L2 m2r22, L3 m3r32, etc.
The angular momentum of the body about the given axis is
L L1 L2 ... LN
m1 r12 m2 r22 ... mN rN2
(m1 r12m2 r22...mN rN2)
N
2
& mi ri
i1
L I
N
where I & mi ri2 moment of inertia of the body about the given axis.
i1
In vector form, L I
Thus, angular momentum moment of inertia angular velocity.
1
Q. 17. Impedance, ZijR2 , where R is the resistance of the lamp, is the angular
2 2
C
frequency of AC and C is the capacitance of the capacitor connected in series with the
1
AC source and the lamp. When C is increased, decreases. Hence, Z decreases.
2 2
C
R
Power factor, cos y
Z
As Z decreases, the power factor increases.
Now, the average power over one cycle,
V 2rms
PavVrms irms cos y Vrms ( ) cos y
Vrms
cos y
Z Z
Pav increases as Z decreases and cos y increases. As the current through the lamp
( ) increases, the brightness of the lamp will increase when C is increased.
Vrms
Z
Q. 18. Let R be the radius of the drop and r be the radius of each droplet.
Data : R 0.2 cm 2 103 m, n 8, T 0.4855 J/m2
As the volume of the liquid remains constant,
volume of n droplets volume of the drop
4 4
n r3 R 3
3 3
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 7
R3 R R R
r3 r Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
mn m8
n 3 3 2
Surface area of the drop 4 R2
Surface area of n droplets n 4 R2
The increase in the surface area surface area of n droplets surface area of drop
4 (nr2 R2) 4 (8 R2) 4 (2 1) R2 4 R2
R2
4
The work done surface tension increase in surface area
T 4 R2 log 1.942 0.2882
0.4855 4 3.142 (2 10 3)2 log 3.142 0.4972
log 4 0.6021
1.942 3.142 4 10 6 1.3875
6
24.41 10 J 24.41 J AL(1.3875) 24.41
Q. 19. An ideal solenoid is tightly wound and infinitely long. Let n be the number of turns
of wire per unit length and I be the steady current in the solenoid.
For an ideal solenoid, the magnetic induction lB inside is reasonably uniform over the
cross section and parallel to the axis throughout the volume enclosed by the solenoid;
lB outside is negligible.
As an Ampèrian loop, we choose a rectangular path PQRS of length l parallel to the
solenoid axis as shown in the figure. The width of the rectangle is taken to be sufficiently
large so that the side RS is far from the solenoid where lB 0. The line integral of the
magnetic induction around the Ampèrian loop in the sense PQRSP is
Q R S P
s lB · dl l s lB · dl l s lB · dl l s lB · dl l s lB · dl l
... (1)
P Q R S
Magnetic induction of an ideal current-carrying solenoid and the Ampèrian loop
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
8 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
lB is constant inside and is parallel to side
JoinPQ. Hence,@NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Telegram:- as we go in the same direction
as lB from P to Q, lB and dl l are parallel so that
Q Q Q
s lB · dl l s B dl B s dl Bl ... (2)
P P P
Along the paths Q R and S P, lB is perpendicular to dl l inside the solenoid while
lB 0 outside.
R P
s lB · dl l s lB · dl l 0 ... (3)
Q S
Also lB 0 along side RS, so that
S
s lB · dl l 0 ... (4)
R
Thus, from Eqs. (1), (2), (3) and (4),
s lB · dl l Bl
... (5)
The total current enclosed by the Ampèrian loop is
Iencl current through each turn number of turns enclosed by the loop
I nl nlI ... (6)
By Ampère’s law,
s lB · dl l 0 Iencl
( in vacuum )
Therefore, from Eqs. (5) and (6),
B l 0 n l I
B 0 n I ... (7)
This is the required expression.
Q. 20. Data : l1 7.5106 m, l2 1.8106 m, 6107 m
For point P : Let p be an integer such that p l1
2
2 l1 27.5106 150
p 25
6107 6
The path difference l1 is an odd integral multiple of /2 : l1 (2m 1) , where
2
m is an integer,
2m 1 25 m 13
Point P is at the centre of the 13th dark band.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 9
For point Q : Let q be an integer suchJoin
thatTelegram:-
q l2@NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
2
2 l2 21.8106 36
q 6
6107 6
The path difference l2 is an even integral multiple of : l2 (2n) , where n
2 2
is an integer.
2n 6 n3
Point Q is at the centre of the 3rd bright band. Between points P and Q, excluding
the respective bands at P and Q, the number of dark bands 12 3 15 and
the number of bright bands (including the central bright band) 12 2 1 15.
Q. 21. Consider a particle which moves anticlockwise around a circular path of radius A with
a constant angular speed as shown in the figure. Let the path lie in the x-y plane
with the centre at the origin O. The instantaneous position P of the particle is called
the reference point and the circle in which the particle moves as the reference circle.
SHM as projection of UCM on a diameter
The perpendicular projection of P onto the y-axis is Q. Then, as the particle travels
around the circle, Q moves to-and-fro along the y-axis. Line OP makes an angle with
the x-axis at t 0. At time t, this angle becomes t .
The projection Q of the reference point is described by the y-coordinate,
y OQ OP sin Ð OPQ. Since Ð OPQ t ,
y A sin(t )
which is the equation of a linear SHM of amplitude A. The angular frequency of a
linear SHM can thus be understood as the angular velocity of the reference particle.
The tangential velocity of the reference particle is v A. Its y-component at time t
is
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
10 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
vy A sin (90° ) A cos Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
vy A cos (t )
The centripetal acceleration of the reference particle is ar 2A, so that its y-component
at time t is
ay ar sin Ð OPQ
ay 2A sin (t )
Q. 22. To charge a capacitor, an external agent has to do work against the electrostatic forces
due to the charges already present on the plates of the capacitor.
Let C be the capacitance of the capacitor. Let Q and V be the final charge and the
potential difference respectively when the capacitor is charged. Let q be the charge on
the capacitor at some stage during the charging and v, the corresponding potential
difference between the plates. The work done by an external agent in bringing additional
small charge dq from infinity and depositing it on the capacitor is
dW potential differencecharge v dq
q q
But, C v
v C
q
dW dq
C
The total work done in charging the capacitor is
Q
[ ]
Q
q dq 1 q2 1 Q2
W dW
0
C C 2 0 2 C
Now, Q CV
1 1 1
W CV 2 ( CV ) V QV
2 2 2
This work is stored in the form of potential energy, in the electric field in the medium
between the plates of the capacitor.
1 Q2 1 1
Energy of a charged capacitor CV 2 QV
2 C 2 2
5
Q. 23. Data : , R8.314 J/mol.K
3
CP CV R R R
(i) 1 1
CV CV CV CV
R 8.314 8.314
CV 12.47 J/mol.K
1 5 2/3
1
3
This is the required quantity.
(ii) CP CV ( ) (12.47) 20.78 J/mol.K
5
3
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 11
Q. 24. Data : l 0.4 m, A 5 104 m2, N 400,
Join Ii 10 A,
Telegram:- If 0,
@NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Δt 0.2 s, 0 4 107 H/m
(a) Self inductance of the solenoid,
L 0 ( )A
N2
l
(4 107) ( ) (5 104)
4002
0.4
(5 1010)(16 104) 8 105
8 3.142 105 2.514 104 H
(b) The rate of change of current,
dI If Ii 0 10
50 A/s
dt t 0.2
The emf induced is
dI
e L (2.514 104)( 50)
dt
125.7 104 V 12.57 mV
Q. 25. Kirchhoff’s law of heat radiation : At a given temperature, the ratio of the emissive
power to the coefficient of absorption of a body is equal to the emissive power of a
perfect blackbody at the same temperature for all wavelengths. OR
For a body emitting and absorbing thermal radiation in thermal equilibrium, the
emissivity is equal to its absorptivity.
Theoretical proof : Consider the following thought experiment : An ordinary body A
and a perfect blackbody B are enclosed in an athermanous enclosure as shown in
figure.
According to Prevost’s theory of heat exchanges, there is a continuous exchange of
radiant energy between each body and its surroundings. Hence, the two bodies, after
some time, will attain the same temperature as that of the enclosure.
Equality of a and e
Let a and e be the coefficients of absorption and emission respectively, of body A. Let
R and Rb be the emissive powers of bodies A and B, respectively.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
12 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Suppose that Q is the quantity of radiant energy incident on each body per unit time
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
per unit surface area of the body.
Body A will absorb the quantity aQ per unit time per unit surface area and radiate the
quantity R per unit time per unit surface area. Since there is no change in its temperature,
we must have,
aQ R ... (1)
As body B is a perfect blackbody, it will absorb the quantity Q per unit time per unit
surface area and radiate the quantity Rb per unit time per unit surface area.
Since there is no change in its temperature, we must have
Q Rb ... (2)
From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get
R R
a ... (3)
Q Rb
R
From Eq. (3), we get, Rb
a
This is Kirchhoff’s law of heat radiation.
By definition of coefficient of emission,
R
e ... (4)
Rb
From Eqs. (3) and (4), we get, a e.
This is another form of Kirchhoff’s law of heat radiation.
Q. 26. According to the wave theory of light, electromagnetic waves carry the energy stored
in oscillating electric and magnetic fields. When enough energy is absorbed by an
electron in a substance, it should be liberated as a photoelectron. Frequency of light
does not come into picture in this case. Hence, there should not be any threshold
frequency for emission of electrons. But it is found that there exists threshold frequency
and it depends on the metal.
Experimentally, the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons increases linearly with
the frequency of light. This cannot be accounted by the wave theory of light.
If a source of light is weak or far away from a metal surface, emission of an electron
will not be almost instantaneous. The electron may have to wait for several hours/days
for absorption of enough energy from the incident light as by the wave theory of light,
energy is spread over the wavefront. But experimentally, for an appropriate frequency
of incident light, photoelectric effect is almost instantaneous.
Only one observation, photoelectric current intensity of incident light can be
accounted by the wave theory of light.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 13
SECTION – D
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Q. 27. A photodiode is a special purpose reverse-biased pn-junction diode that generates
charge carriers in response to photons and high energy particles, and passes a
photocurrent in the external circuit proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation.
Planar photodiode
A photodiode is operated in the reverse bias mode which results in a wider depletion
region. When operated in the dark (zero illumination), there is a reverse saturation
current due solely to the thermally generated minority charge carriers. This is called
the dark current.
When exposed to radiation of energy h EG (in the range near-UV to near-IR),
electron-hole pairs are created in the depletion region. The electric field in the depletion
layer accelerates these photo-generated electrons and holes towards the n side and
p side, respectively, constituting a photocurrent I in the external circuit from the p side
to the n side. Due to the photogeneration, more charge carriers are available for
conduction and the reverse current is increased. The photocurrent is directly proportional
to the intensity of the incident light. It is independent of the reverse bias voltage.
Data : T 3727 °C 3727 273 4000 K, b 2.898 103 m∙K, mT b
b 2.898 103
The peak wavelength, m 7.245 107 m 7245 Å
T 4000
Q. 28. A magnet free to rotate in a uniform magnetic field lB aligns its dipole moment M
l
with lB. Work must be done to rotate the magnet from this equilibrium position. The
work done is stored as the magnetic potential energy, also called its orientation energy.
In a finite angular displacement from 0 to , the magnetic potential energy
U () d MB sin d MB cos
0 0
We assume the solenoid to be ideal and that all the magnetic flux from the solenoid S
passes through the outer smaller coil C. For a steady current IS through the solenoid,
the uniform magnetic field inside the solenoid is
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
14 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
N1 Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
B 0 I
l S
Then, the magnetic flux through each turn of the coil due to the current in the solenoid
is
CS BA (0 I ) (A)
N1
l S
N2 CS NN
Thus, their mutual inductance is M 0A 1 2
IS l
which is the required expression.
Q. 29. When a pipe narrows, the same volume occupies a greater length, as schematically
shown in the figure. A1 is the cross-sectional area of the broader pipe and that of
narrower pipe is A2. By the equation of continuity, v2 (A1/A2)v1
Speed of a fluid increases as it enters a narrower pipe (Schematic)
Since A1/A2 1, v2 v1. For the same volume to pass points 1 and 2 in a given
time, the speed must be greater at point 2.
The process is exactly reversible. If the fluid flows in the opposite direction, its speed
decreases when the pipe widens.
Data : L 0.36 m, n 288 Hz, T 24.5 N
ij
1 T T 24.5
n m 5.699 104 kg/m
2L m (2nL) (2 288 0.36)2
2
Q. 30. The theorem of parallel axis is applicable to any body of arbitrary shape. The moment
of inertia (MI) of the body about an axis through the centre mass should be known,
say, ICM. Then, the theorem can be used to find the MI, I, of the body about an axis
parallel to the above axis. If the distance between the two axes is h,
I ICMMh2 ... (1)
The theorem of perpendicular axes is applicable to a plane lamina only. The moment of
inertia Iz of a plane lamina about an axis –– the z-axis –– perpendicular to its plane is
equal to the sum of its moments of inertia Ix and Iy about two mutually perpendicular
axes x and y in its plane and through the point of intersection of the perpendicular axis
and the lamina.
Iz IxIy ... (2)
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 15
Definition : The Brewster angle or polarizing angle for an interface is the angle of
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
incidence of unpolarized light ray for which the reflected ray is completely polarized,
polarized in the plane of incidence.
Brewster’s law : The tangent of the polarizing angle is equal to the refractive index
of the reflecting medium with respect to the surrounding (1n2).
Q. 31. A moving-coil galvanometer is converted into a voltmeter by increasing its effective
resistance by connecting a high resistance Rs in series with the galvanometer as shown
in the figure. The series resistance is also useful for changing the range of any given
voltmeter and hence called a series multiplier.
A voltmeter is a modified galvanometer
Let G be the resistance of the galvanometer coil and Ig the current required for a full-
scale deflection.
Let V be the maximum potential difference to be measured. The value of the series
resistance Rs should be such that when the potential difference applied across the
instrument is V, the current through the galvanometer is Ig.
In the series combination, the potential difference V gets divided across the galvanometer
( resistance, G ) and the resistance Rs :
V IgG IgRs Ig (G Rs )
V
Rs G
Ig
This is the required value of the series resistance. The scale of the galvanometer is
then calibrated so as to read the potential difference in volt or its submultiples directly.
Data : Slope4.11015 V.s, e1.61019 C
V0 ehh0
V0( ) ( 0)
h h h
Slope
e e e
Planck’s constant, h (slope) (e) (4.11015)(1.61019 )
(as 1 V )
1J
6.561034 J∙s
1C
__________
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
16 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
PHYSICS
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
SOLUTION : PRACTICE PAPER – 2
SECTION – A
Q. 1. (i) (d) NH3
(ii) (b) Angular speed
(iii) (b) 40 mA, 20 mA
(Solution : I2 I – I1 100 60 40 mA
Since I2 I5 I4, I5 I4 I2 60 40 20 mA
Since I3 I5 I1, I3 I1 I5 60 20 40 mA)
(iv) (c) 10 Pa
(Solution : Gauge pressure, p p0 hg (103)(103)(10) 10 Pa)
(v) (c) [L1 I]
3
(vi) (b) kBT
2
(vii) (a) electron
(viii) (c) E
(ix) (a) 100
(Solution : CE current gain, dc
IC (6 4) 103 2000
100)
IB 20 106 20
(x) (d) Ultraviolet radiation.
Q. 2. (i) The emitter-base junction is forward biased while the collector-base junction is
reverse biased.
(ii) Soap and increased temperature together considerably lower the surface tension
of water. Because of this, soap water can penetrate deep into the fabric fibres and
remove tough stains.
nh
(iii) Angular momentum, L mvr .
2
For n 3, L 3 ( ) 3 (1.0551034) 3.1651034 kg.m2/s
h
2
(iv) Beat period 0.5 s
The time interval between successive waxings beat period
1
beat frequency
1
0.5 s
2
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 1
(v) The photoelectric work function of a metal is defined as the minimum photon
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
energy that ejects an electron from the metal.
It is equal to h0, where h is Planck’s constant and 0 is the threshold frequency
for the metal.
(vi) An athermanous substance is one which is largely opaque to thermal radiations,
i.e., a substance which does not transmit heat radiations incident on it. Its
transmittance, t 0.
(vii) Magnetic hysteresis is a phenomenon shown by ferromagnetic materials in
which the magnetic flux density through a material depends on the applied
magnetizing field as well as the previous state of magnetization. Due to retention
of its memory of previous state of magnetization, the flux density B lags behind
(does not remain in step) with magnetizing field H. This delay in the change of
its magnetization M (or equivalently, B) in response to a change in H is called
hysteresis.
I
(viii) The period of the oscillations, T 2ij
Bh
where I the moment of inertia of the magnet about the axis of oscillation which
is the transverse symmetry axis of the bar magnet, magnetic moment of the
bar magnet and Bh the horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field.
SECTION – B
Q. 3. Data : A1 30 cm2, A2 1500 cm2, F1 25 N
By Pascal’s law,
F1 F2
A1 A2
(25) ( ) 25 50 1250 N
A2 1500
F2 F1
A1 30
1200
Q. 4. Data : M 10 kg, R 0.6 m, f 1200 rpm 20 Hz
60 Hz
1
Idisc MR2
2
Rotational kinetic energy Idisc 2 ( MR2) (2 f )2
1 1 1
2 2 2
1
M2 (R f )2
2
1
(10)(10) (0.6 20)2
2
1
(100)(144) 7200 J 7.2 kJ
2 Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
2 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Q. 5. (1) Resistance is opposition to flow of charges (current) and appears in a DC circuit
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
as well as in an AC circuit.
The term reactance appears only in an AC circuit. It occurs when an inductor and/
or a capacitor is used.
(2) In a purely resistive circuit, current and voltage are always in phase.
When reactance is not zero, there is nonzero phase difference between current and
voltage.
(3) Resistance does not depend on the frequency of AC.
Reactance depends on the frequency of AC. In case of an inductor, reactance
increases linearly with frequency. In case of a capacitor, reactance decreases as
frequency of AC increases; it is inversely proportional to frequency.
(4) Resistance gives rise to production of Joule heat in a component.
In a circuit with pure reactance, there is no production of heat.
[Any two points of distinction.]
Q. 6. A charged particle travels in a circular path within a magnetic field lB, if its velocity lv
is perpendicular to lB.
A charged particle travels in a helical path through a magnetic field lB, if its velocity
lv is inclined at an angle to lB, 0 90°. In this case, the component of lv parallel
to lB is unaffected by the magnetic field. The radius and pitch of the helix are determined
respectively by the perpendicular and parallel components of lv.
Q. 7. A cyclic process, or thermodynamic cycle, is a closed series of thermodynamic
processes (called strokes) that return a system back to its initial state. In the figure, a
system (ideal gas) undergoes a change of state from A (Vi, Pi) to B (Vf, Pf) via
path 1 and returns to state A via path 2. It follows that, for one complete cycle, the
total change in its internal energy is zero. Hence, according to the first law of
thermodynamics, heat supplied,
Q U W 0 W W.
P – V diagram for a cyclic process
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 3
In the P – V plane, the area enclosed by the cyclic process represents the work done
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
(W) by the system.
Q. 8. Data : 0 8.85 1012 C2/N.m2, e1.6 1019 C,
h 6.63 1034 J.s, m 9.1 1031 kg
The radius of a Bohr orbit,
0 h2n2 0 h2
r r1 (for n 1)
me2 me2
8.85 1012 (6.63 1034)2
r1
3.142 9.1 1031 (1.6 1019 )2
8.85 (6.63)2 1080
5.315 1011 m
3.142 9.1 2.56 10 69
This is the radius of the first Bohr orbit in the hydrogen atom.
Q. 9. According to the kinetic theory of gases, the pressure P exerted by the gas is
M 2
P 1 v2rms 1 v
3 3 V rms
where vrms is the rms speed of the gas molecules; M, V and are the mass, volume
and density of the gas, respectively.
PV 1 M v2rms 2 ( 1 M v2rms)
3 3 2
Here, 1 M v2rms is the total kinetic energy (KE) of all molecules of the gas.
2
PV 2 (KE) KE 3 PV KE 3 P
3 2 V 2
Thus, the kinetic energy per unit volume of an ideal gas is 3 P.
2
Q. 10.
Coil of an ac generator rotating in a uniform magnetic field
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
4 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Q. 11. Data : 500 nm 5 107 m, D Join
5.08Telegram:-
m @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
The angular limit of resolution of the telescope,
1.22 1.225107
1.2 107 rad
D 5.08
Q. 12. Data : L 0.7 m, n(second overtone) 300 Hz
In this case, three loops are formed on the string.
L3
2
2L 2
v n nL
3 3
2
v 300 0.7 140 m/s
3
This is the speed of the wave.
Q. 13. A shunt is a low resistance connected in parallel to a sensitive device, such as a
galvanometer, to divert a large fraction of line current thus protecting the device from
damage.
Functions of the shunt :
(1) It lowers the effective resistance of the ammeter.
(2) It shunts off (diverts) a large fraction of the line current by providing an alternate
path, thus protecting the sensitive meter movement from damage.
(3) With a shunt of proper value, a galvanometer can be modified into an ammeter of
practically any desired range.
Q. 14. The Van de Graaff generator is a high-voltage electrostatic generator that is used to
produce very high potential differences of several million volts. The high potential
difference produced is used to produce high-energy ion beams in a linear accelerator
inside.
Principle of working : The Van de Graaff generator works on the principles of corona
or point discharge, that the charge on hollow conductor resides entirely on its outer
surface and that the charge supplied to an insulated conductor increases its potential.
SECTION – C
Q. 15. Consider a fluid in steady or streamline flow. The velocity of the fluid within a flow
tube, while everywhere parallel to the tube, may change its magnitude. Suppose the
velocity is lv1, at point P and lv2 at point Q. If A1 and A2 are the cross-sectional areas
d
of the tube at these two points, the volume flux across A1, (V1) A1v1 and that
dt
d
across A2, (V2) A2v2.
dt Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 5
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
By the equation of continuity of flow for a fluid,
A1v1 A2v2
d d
i.e., (V1) (V2)
dt dt
If 1 and 2 are the densities of the fluid at P and Q, respectively, the mass flux across
A1,
d d
(m1) (1V1) A11v1
dt dt
d d
and that across A2, (m2) (2V2) A22v2
dt dt
Since no fluid can enter or leave through the boundary of the tube, the conservation
of mass requires the mass fluxes to be equal, i.e.,
d d
(m1) (m2)
dt dt
i.e., A11v1 A22v2
i.e., Av constant
which is the required expression.
Q. 16. A device or a circuit which rectifies both halves of each cycle of an alternating voltage
is called a full-wave rectifier.
Electric circuit : The alternating voltage to be rectified is applied across the primary
coil (P1P2) of a transformer with a centre-tapped secondary coil (S1S2). The terminals S1
and S2 of the secondary are connected to the two p-regions of two junction diodes D1
and D2, respectively. The centre-tap T is connected to the ground. The load resistance RL
is connected across the common n-regions and the ground.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
6 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
P1P2, S1S2 : Primary and secondary of transformer, T : Centre-tap on secondary,
D1, D2 : Junction diodes, RL : Load resistance, IL : Load current,
Vi : AC input voltage, Vo : DC output voltage
Full-wave rectifier circuit
Working : During one half cycle of the input, terminal S1 of the secondary is positive
while S2 is negative with respect to the ground ( the centre-tap T ). During this half
cycle, diode D1 is forward biased and conducts, while diode D2 is reverse biased and
does not conduct. The direction of current IL through RL is in the sense shown.
Voltage waveforms for a full-wave rectifier (a) input (b) output
During the next half cycle of the input voltage, S2 becomes positive while S1 becomes
negative with respect to T. Diode D2 now conducts sending a current I L through RL in
the same sense as before. D1 now does not conduct. Thus, the current through RL flows
in the same sense, i.e., it is unidirectional, for both halves or the full-wave of the input.
This is called full-wave rectification.
The output voltage has a fixed polarity but varies periodically with time between zero
and a maximum value. Figure shows the input and output voltage waveforms. The
pulsating dc output voltage of a full-wave rectifier has twice the frequency of the ac
input.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 7
Q. 17. Consider a system consisting of some quantity of a gas enclosed in a cylinder fitted
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
with a movable, massless and frictionless piston as shown in the figure.
A system enclosed in a cylinder
Molecules colliding with the piston impart momentum to the piston. The time rate of
change of momentum is the force, F, exerted by the gas on the piston. During an
expansion of the gas, if dx is the infinitesimal displacement of the piston, the work
done by the gas, dW F dx. If A is the area of cross section of the piston, the pressure
F
exerted by the gas, P .
A
Hence, the work done, dW P A dx P dV
where dV A dx is the infinitesimal increase in the volume of the gas.
If Vi is the initial volume of the gas, and Vf is the final volume, the total work done
by the gas in moving the piston is given by
Vf
W P dV
Vi
This is the required expression.
Q. 18. According to Bohr’s third postulate for the model of the hydrogen atom, an atom
radiates energy only when an electron jumps from a higher energy state to a lower
energy state and the energy of the quantum of electromagnetic radiation emitted in this
process is equal to the energy difference between the two states of the electron. This
emission of radiation gives rise to a spectral line.
The energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom, when it is in an orbit with the principal
quantum number n, is
me4
En 2 2 2
80 h n
where mmass of the electron, eelectronic charge, hPlanck’s constant and
0permittivity of free space.
Let Em be the energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom when it is in an orbit with the
principal quantum number m and En, its energy in an orbit with the principal quantum
number n, n m. Then
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
8 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
me4 me4 Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Em – and En – 2 2 2
820 h2m2 80 h n
Therefore, the energy radiated when the electron jumps from the higher energy state
to the lower energy state is
( ) ( )
me4 me4 me4 1 1
EmEn
820 h2m 2
820 h2n2
820 h2 n2 m2
This energy is emitted in the form of a quantum of radiation (photon) with energy h,
where is the frequency of the radiation.
Em En h
( )
Em En me4 1 1
h 820 h3 n2 m2
c
The wavelength of the radiation is ,
where c is the speed of radiation in free space.
1
The wave number, .
c
2 3 ( 2 2) R ( 2 2)
1 me4 1 1 1 1
80 h c n m n m
where R ( ) is a constant called the Rydberg constant.
me4
820 h3c
This expression gives the wave number of the radiation emitted and hence that of a
line in hydrogen spectrum.
Q. 19. When two progressive waves having the same amplitude, wavelength and speed, travel
through the same region of a medium in opposite directions, their superposition under
certain conditions creates a stationary interference pattern called as a stationary or
standing wave.
Consider two simple harmonic progressive waves, of the same amplitude A,
wavelength and frequency n / 2, travelling on a string stretched along the x-axis
in opposite directions. They may be represented by
y1 A sin (t kx) (along the x-axis) and ... (1)
y2 A sin (t kx ) (along the x-axis) ... (2)
where k 2 / is the propagation constant.
By the superposition principle, the resultant displacement of the particle of the medium
at the point at which the two waves arrive simultaneously is the algebraic sum
y y1 y2 A [sin (t kx) sin (t kx)]
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 9
Using the trigonometrical identity,
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
sin C sin D 2 sin ( ) cos ( ),
CD CD
2 2
y 2 A sin t cos ( kx)
2 A sin t cos kx [B cos ( kx ) cos (kx)]
2 A cos kx sin t ... (3)
y R sin t ... (4)
where R 2 A cos kx. ... (5)
Equation (4) is the equation of a stationary wave.
Q. 20. Suppose a rod of length l is rotated anticlockwise, around an axis through one end and
perpendicular to its length, in a plane perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of
induction lB, as shown in the figure; lB points into the page. Let the constant angular
speed of the rod be .
A rod rotating in a uniform magnetic field
Consider an infinitesimal length element dr at a distance r from the rotation axis. In one
rotation, the area traced by the element is dA2rdr. Therefore, the time rate at which
the element traces out the area is
dA
frequency of rotationdA f dA
dt
where f is the frequency of rotation.
2
dA
(2r dr) r dr
dt 2
Therefore, the magnitude of the induced emf in the element is
dm dA
de B B r dr
dt dt
Since the emfs in all the elements of the rod will be in series, the total emf induced
across the ends of the rotating rod is
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
10 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
l l 2
l
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
e de B r dr B r dr B
0 0 2
For anticlockwise rotation in lB pointing into the page, the pivot point O is at a higher
potential.
Q. 21. Metre bridge :
Construction : A rectangular wooden board has three thick copper strips along its
three edges. A uniform resistance wire, one metre long, is soldered to the two end
copper strips and stretched over a metre scale between them. The unknown resistance
X and a variable resistance R are connected in the two gaps between the end-strips and
the centre strip. The common point of X and R, junction B, is connected through a
centre-zero galvanometer G to a pencil jockey. A cell of emf E, in series with a rheostat
Rh and a plug key K, is connected across AC as shown in the figure.
Wheatstone’s metre bridge
Working : Keeping a suitable resistance (R) in the resistance box, key K is closed to
pass a current through the circuit.
The jockey is tapped along the wire to locate the equipotential point D when the
galvanometer shows zero deflection. The bridge is then balanced and point D is called
the null point and the method is called as null deflection method. The distances LX
and LR of the null point from the two ends of the wire are measured.
According to the principle of Wheatstone’s network,
X resistance of the wire of length LX (RAD)
R resistance of the wire of length LR (RDB)
X RAD
... (1)
R RDB
l
For a wire of length l, cross-sectional area A and resistivity , its resistance R
A
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 11
LX L Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
RAD and RDB R ... (2)
A A
X RAD LX /A LX LX
X R
R RDC LR /A LR LR
As R, LX and LR are known, the unknown resistance X can be calculated.
Q. 22. Data : 0 3800 Å 3.8107 m, 2600 Å 2.6107 m, c 3108 m/s,
h6.631034 J·s, 1 eV 1.61019 J
(i) According to Einstein’s photoelectric equation, the maximum kinetic energy of
photoelectrons emitted,
mv2max hh0 hc ( )
1 1 1
2 0
(6.631034) (3108) ( )
1 1
2.6 10 7
3.8 10 7
3.8 2.6
(19.891019) ( ) (in joule)
2.6 3.8
19.89 1019 1.2
(in eV)
1.6 10 19
2.6 3.8
1.51 eV
(ii) If V0 is the stopping potential,
1
mv2max eV0 V0 1.51 V
2
Q. 23. Data : Rb 1 kW/m2 1000 W/m2, 5.67 108 W / m2.K4
log 176.4 2.2465
Rb T 4
1
Temperature, T ( b) ( )
R 1/4 1000 1/4
4
5.67108 0.5616
(176.410 ) 8 1/4
AL(0.5616) 3.644
3.644 102364.4 K
Q. 24. Data : A 6 cm2 6 104 m2, d 0.2 mm 2 104 m,
k 6, 0 8.85 1012 F/m
The capacitance of the capacitor,
Ak0 (6 104)(6)(8.85 1012)
C
d (2 104)
18 8.85 1012 159.3 1012 F 159.3 pF
The charge on each plate,
Q CV (159.3 1012)(100) 1.593 108 C 15.93 nC
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
12 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Q. 25. Data : B 1.6 105 T, I 3 106Join
kg∙m 2
A.m2
, 3 @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Telegram:-
The period of oscillation, T 2 ij
I
Bh
ij
1 B
The frequency of oscillation is f
2 I
The number of oscillations per minute log 120 2.0792
log 3.142 0.4972
ij ef16
60 3(1.6 105) 30
60 f 1.5820
2 3 106
AL(1.5820) 38.19
120
38.19 per minute
3.142
Q. 26. Data : B 700 gauss 0.07 tesla, 30°, 0.014 N·m
MB sin
The magnetic moment of the magnet is
0.014
M 0.4 A·m2
B sin (0.07) (sin 30°)
The most stable position of the bar magnet is for 0°. It is most unstable when
180°. Thus, the work done in moving the bar magnet from 0° to 180° is
W MB (cos 0cos )
MB (cos 0°cos 180°) MB [1(1)]
2MB (2) (0.4) (0.07) 0.056 J
This is the required work done.
SECTION – D
Q. 27. Consider a car taking a left turn along a road of radius r banked at an angle for a
designed optimum or most safe speed vo . Let m be the mass of the car. In general, the
forces acting on the car are
, acting vertically down
(a) its weight mg
(b) the normal reaction of the road N , perpendicular to the road surface
(c) the frictional force fs along the inclined surface of the road.
At the optimum speed, frictional force is not relied upon to contribute to the necessary
lateral centripetal force. Thus, ignoring fs , resolve N into two perpendicular
components : N cos vertically up and N sin horizontally towards the centre of the
circular path. Since there is no acceleration in the vertical direction, N cos balances
mg and N sin provides the necessary centripetal force.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 13
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Optimum (most safe) speed on a banked road
mvo2
N sin ... (1)
r
and N cos mg ... (2)
Dividing Eq. (1) by Eq. (2),
N sin mvo2/r
N cos mg
vo2 vo2
tan
rg
or tan1
rg
... (3)
Equation (3) gives the expression for the required angle of banking. From Eq. (3), we
can see that depends upon vo , r and g. The angle of banking is independent of the
mass of a vehicle negotiating the curve. Also, for a given r and , the recommended
optimum speed is
vo efr g tan ... (4)
Q. 28. Conditions for occurrence of dark and bright fringes on the screen :
Consider Young’s double-slit experimental setup. Two narrow coherent light sources
are obtained by wavefront splitting as monochromatic light of wavelength emerges
out of two narrow and closely spaced, parallel slits S1 and S2 of equal widths.
Geometry of the double-slit experiment (Schematic diagram)
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
14 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
The separation S1S2d is very small. The
Joininterference pattern is observed on a screen
Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
placed parallel to the plane of S1S2 and at considerable distance D (D z d) from the
slits. OO is the perpendicular bisector of segment S1S2, as shown in the figure.
Consider, a point P on the screen at a distance y from O (y y D). The two light waves
from S1 and S2 reach P along paths S1P and S2P, respectively. If the path difference
( l) between S1P and S2P is zero or an integral multiple of , the two waves arriving
there will interfere constructively, producing a bright fringe at P. On the contrary, if
the path difference between S1P and S2P is odd integral multiple of /2, there will be
destructive interference, producing a dark fringe at P.
From the figure,
(S2P)2 (S2S2)2 (PS2)2 (S2S2)2(POOS2)2 D2(y )
d 2
... (1)
2
and
(S1P)2 (S1S1)2 (PS1)2 (S1S1)2 (PO OS1)2 D2(y )
d 2
... (2)
2
(S2P)2 (S1P)2 { D2(y ) } { D2(y ) }
d 2 d 2
2 2
d2 d2
(S2P S1P) (S2P S1P) [D2y2 yd ] [D2y2 yd ] 2yd
4 4
2yd
S2P S1P l
S2PS1P
In practice, D z y and D z d, so that
S2PS1P 2D
Path difference,
yd d
l (S2P S1P) 2 y ... (3)
2D D
Point P will be bright (maximum intensity), if the path difference, l yn ( ) n,
d
D
where n 0, 1, 2, 3... . Point P will be dark (minimum intensity equal to zero), if
ym ( ) (2m 1) , where, m 1, 2, 3, ... .
d
D 2
Thus, for bright fringes,
D 2D
yn 0, , ......
d d
and for dark fringe,
D D D
ym , 3 ,5 ......
2 d 2 d 2 d
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 15
These conditions show that the bright and dark fringes occur alternately and are equally
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
spaced.
Expression for the fringe width or band width : The distance between consecutive
bright (or dark) fringes is called the fringe width (or band width) W. For Point O, the
path difference (S2O S1O) 0. Hence, point O will be bright — the central bright
fringe. On both sides of O, the interference pattern consists of alternate dark and
bright fringes parallel to the slit.
Let yn and yn1 be the distances of the nth and (n1)th bright fringes from the central
bright fringe.
yn d nD
n yn ... (4)
D d
yn 1 d (n1) D
and (n1) yn 1 ... (5)
D d
The distance between consecutive bright fringes
D D
yn 1 yn [(n1) n] ... (6)
d d
This is the expression for the fringe width, W.
D
W ... (7)
d
Q. 29. In this case, ee0 sin t and ii0 sin (t ), where i0 0 and L is the inductance
e
2 L
of the inductor. This shows that the current i lags behind the emf e by a phase angle
of /2 rad.
Phasor diagram for a purely inductive circuit
Data : N 40, l 0.2 m, Bi 0.05 T, Bf 0, dt 5 103 s
A l2 (0.2)2 0.04 m2
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
16 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
The induced emf,
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
d ( i) NA(Bf Bi)
e f
dt dt dt
(40)(0.04)(0 0.05) 16 5 103
16 V
5 103 5 103
Q. 30. Second law of thermodynamics :
(1) Kelvin–Planck statement : It is impossible to extract an amount of heat QH from
a hot reservoir and use it all to do work W. Some amount of heat QC must be
exhausted (given out) to a cold reservoir. This prohibits the possibility of a perfect
heat engine.
(2) Clausius statement : It is not possible for heat to flow from a colder body to a
warmer body without any work having been done to accomplish this. This prohibits
the possibility of a perfect refrigerator.
Data : R 100 , Z 100e2
R 100 1
Z 100e2 e2
cos
cos1( ) /4 rad 45°
1
e2
This is the phase difference between the emf and the current.
Q. 31. Suppose a particle of mass m and charge q enters a region of uniform magnetic field
of induction lB. In the figure, lB points into the page. The magnetic force lFm on the
particle is always perpendicular to the velocity of the particle, lv. Assuming the charged
particle started moving in a plane perpendicular to lB, its motion in the magnetic field
is a uniform circular motion, with the magnetic force providing the centripetal
acceleration.
Charge q moving anticlockwise in a plane
perpendicular to lB into the page
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 17
If the charge moves in a circle of radius R,
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
mv2
Fm q v B
R
mv p q B R ... (1)
where p mv is the linear momentum of the particle. Equation (1) is known as the
cyclotron formula because it describes the motion of a particle in a cyclotron – the
first of the modern particle accelerators.
Data : N 100, R 8 102 m, I 0.4 A,
0 4 107 T·m/A
0 N I (4 107)(100)(0.4)
B 3.142 104 T
2R 2
2(8 10 )
This is the magnetic field at the centre of the coil.
__________
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
18 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
PHYSICS
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
SOLUTION : PRACTICE PAPER – 3
SECTION – A
4f
Q. 1. (i) (c)
3f
PiVi PfVf
(ii) (a)
1
(iii) (d) intense electric field across the junction
(iv) (b) ( )
E10 E20 2
E10 E20
(v) (a) 75 Wb/s
(Solution : M (1.5) ( ) 1.5 50 75 Wb/s)
dm dI 10 5
dt dt 0.1
(vi) (a) 0
(vii) (c) always reverse-biased
d 2x
(viii) (d) 2x 0
dt2
(ix) (c) 2 : 1
(Solution :
hc 0 Na 0 Cu 4.7
(about) 2 : 1)
0 0 0 Cu 0 Na 2.3
N
(x) (b)
4
N (t) N (t) N (t)
(Solution : N(at time t nT ) )
2n 22 4
Q. 2. (i) On decreasing the current through the potentiometer wire, the potential gradient
along the wire will decrease. Hence, the null point will be obtained at a greater
length.
(ii) The frequency of the alternating voltage between the dees of a cyclotron should
be equal to the cyclotron frequency so that a positive ion exiting a dee always
sees an accelerating potential di昀昀erence to the other dee. This equality of the
frequencies is called the resonance condition.
(iii) A phasor is a rotating vector that represents a quantity varying sinusoidally with
time.
(iv) Data : 0.5 Å 51011 m, h 6.631034 J·s
The momentum of the electron,
h 6.63 1034
p 1.3261023 kg.m/s
5 1011
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 1
(v) Angular acceleration of a particle in circular motion is directed opposite to its
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
angular velocity if the particle is slowing down, i.e., its angular speed is decreasing
with time.
(vi) The electric polarization at every point within a dielectric is defined as the
electric dipole moment per unit volume. It has the direction of the external
electric field.
i.e., T mnm
m
(vii) T 2ij
k
ij 2
T2 m
T1 m1
ij 1
1.25T1 m x
T1 m1
m1 x
1.25 1.25
m1
x (40 1.25 1.25) 40 (50 1.25) 40 62.5 40 22.5 g
(viii) When two progressive waves having the same amplitude, wavelength and speed,
travel through the same region of a medium in opposite directions, their
superposition under certain conditions creates a stationary interference pattern
called as a stationary or standing wave.
SECTION – B
Q. 3. A car while taking a turn performs circular motion. If the road is level (or horizontal
road), the necessary centripetal force is the force of static friction between the car tyres
and the road surface.
The friction depends upon the nature of the surfaces in contact and the presence of oil
and water on the road. If the friction is inadequate, a speeding car may skid off the
road. Since the friction changes with circumstances, it cannot be relied upon to provide
the necessary centripetal force. Moreover, friction results in fast wear and tear of the
tyres.
To avoid the risk of skidding as well as to reduce the wear and tear of the car tyres,
the road surface at a bend is tilted inward, i.e., the outer side of the road is raised
above its inner side. This is called banking of a road. On a banked road, the resultant
of the normal reaction and the gravitational force can act as the necessary centripetal
force. Thus, every car can be safely driven on such a banked curve at certain optimum
speed, without depending on friction. Hence, a road should be properly banked at a
bend.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
2 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Q. 4. Force on a charge moving in a Join Telegram:-
Force@NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
on a charge moving in a
uniform electric field lE uniform magnetic field lB
1. The magnitude of the electric force is 1. The magnitude of the magnetic force is
directly proportional to the magnitudes directly proportional to the magnitudes
of the charge and the field, of the charge, velocity, magnetic field
Fe q E. and the sine of the smaller angle
between lv and lB, Fm q v B sin .
2. The direction of the force on the charge, 2. The direction of the force, and the
and the resulting acceleration, depend resulting acceleration, depend on the
on the sign of the charge : in the sign of q and are perpendicular to both
direction of lE if q is positive and lv and lB : in the direction of lv lB if q
opposite to lE if q is negative. is positive and opposite to lv lB if q is
negative.
3. The electric force acts on the charge 3. The magnetic force acts only on a
independent of whether the charge is moving charge and is zero if | lv | 0 or
stationary or moving. if lv is parallel or antiparallel to lB.
4. The work done by the electric force is 4. For Fm 0, lFm is centripetal and the
not zero and changes the kinetic energy work done by it is zero at every instant
of the charge. so that it cannot change the kinetic
energy of the charge.
(Any two points)
Q. 5. An atomizer is a device which entraps or entrains liquid droplets in a flowing gas. Its
working is based on Bernoulli’s principle. A squeeze bulb or a pump is used to create
a jet of air over a narrow open tube dipped into a liquid. By Bernoulli’s principle, the
high-velocity air stream creates low pressure at the open end of the tube. This causes
the liquid to rise in the tube. The liquid is then dispersed into a fine spray of droplets.
This type of system is used in a perfume bottle, a paint sprayer, insect and perfume
sprays and an automobile carburetor.
Q. 6. Principle of a capacitor : Any conductor can be used to store charges, however, its
capacity can be increased by keeping a grounded conductor near it.
Consider a metal plate A whose potential is raised to V by depositing a charge Q on
it, so that its capacity is C Q / V. Now, if an uncharged metal plate B is brought close
to plate A, then negative bound charge Q will be induced on the surface of B near
A and positive free charge Q on the other side of B, Fig. (a).
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 3
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Principle of a capacitor
If plate B is grounded, i.e., connected to the Earth, the free charge on it will escape to
the Earth, Fig. (b). The bound charge (Q) thus remaining on B will lower the
potential of A, as if superimposing a potential V1 on the potential V of plate A. The
resultant potential of A will become V – V1, and its capacity will be Q / ( V V1 ).
Q
C
V V1
Keeping plate B very close to A, V V1 can be made very small, so that the capacity
of the combination can become very much greater than the capacity of conductor A
alone. C >> C.
Q. 7. For two inductively coupled coils, the fraction of the magnetic flux produced by the
current in one coil (primary) that is linked with the other coil (secondary) is called the
coefficient of magnetic coupling between the two coils.
The coefficient of magnetic coupling between two coils depends on
(1) the distance between the coils (2) the angle between the coil axes.
Q. 8. Kirchhoff’s voltage law : Around a closed loop of an electrical network, the algebraic
sum of the emfs and the potential differences across all the circuit elements in that
loop is zero, i.e., E V 0.
Sign convention :
(1) In going round a loop, if we traverse a resistor in the direction of conventional
current through it, the potential difference (p.d.) across the resistor is considered
negative. If we traverse the resistor opposite to the current through it, the p.d. is
considered positive.
(2) In going round a loop, if we traverse a cell from its negative terminal to the
positive terminal, the emf of the cell is considered positive while it is taken as
negative if we traverse in the opposite direction.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
4 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
i0 i Join
1 Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
e2 i0 e2
Q. 9. Data : f 50 Hz, i
i i0 sin t
i 1
i0 e2
sin t t rad 2ft
4 4
1 1 1 1000103
t 2.5103 s
8f 8(50) 400 400
This is the required time.
Q. 10. Data : r 2.1 Å 2.1 10 10 m, v 1.1 106 m/s, e 1.6 10 19 C
The orbital magnetic dipole moment of the electron,
1 1
M0 evr (1.6 10 19) (1.1 106) (2.1 10 10)
2 2
0.8 2.31 10 23 1.848 10 23 A∙m3
Q. 11.
Open tube : (a) first overtone (b) second overtone
Q. 12. Data : dQ 2 kcal, dE 5030 J, dW 3350 J
dE dW
dQ
J
The mechanical equivalent of heat,
dE dW 5030 3350 8380
J 4190 J/kcal
dQ 2 2
Q. 13. A procedure or process which changes the thermodynamic state of a system is called
a thermodynamic process.
During the process, (i) heat may be supplied to or removed from the system (ii) the
temperature of the system may change (iii) the volume of the system may change
(iv) the pressure of the system may change. Thus, a thermodynamic process changes
two or more state variables of a system.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 5
16
Q. 14. Data : A1 16 and R1 3.024 fm (forJoinO),
Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
235
A2 235 (for U)
1
R R0 A3
1
2 ( 2)
R A 3
R1 A1
235
The nuclear radius of U,
1
R2 ( ) 3.024 2.449 3.024 7.406 fm
235 3
16
SECTION – C
Q. 15. Definition : The resolving power of a telescope is defined as the reciprocal of the
angular limit of resolution between two closely-spaced distant objects so that they are
just resolved when seen through the telescope.
Formula : Resolving power of a telescope
1 D
R
1.22
where the minimum angular separation of two closely-spaced celestial objects or
the angular limit of resolution, D the diameter of the objective lens of the telescope,
the wavelength of light.
Advantages of a large objective lens in an astronomical telescope :
(1) The resolving power is directly proportional to the diameter of the objective lens.
Hence, a large objective lens results in a smaller Airy disc and a sharper image.
(2) It collects more of the incident radiation from a distant object which results in a
brighter image.
Q. 16. The radius of the nth Bohr orbit is
0h2n2
r ... (1)
mZe2
and the linear speed of an electron in this orbit is
Ze2
v ... (2)
20nh
where 0permittivity of free space, hPlanck’s constant, nprincipal quantum
number, melectron mass, eelectronic charge and Zatomic number of the atom.
v
Since angular speed , from Eqs. (1) and (2), we get
r
v Ze2 . mZe2 mZ2e4
... (3)
r 20nh 0h2n2 220h3n3
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
6 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
which gives the required expression for the angular speed of an electron in the nth Bohr
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
orbit. From Eq. (3), the frequency of revolution of the electron,
1 mZ2e4 mZ2e4
f 2 3 3 2 3 3
2 2 20h n 40h n
as required. ... (4)
Q. 17. Atoms of a ferromagnetic material have a permanent non-zero magnetic dipole moment,
arising mainly from spin magnetic moments of the electrons.
According to the domain theory, a ferromagnetic material is composed of small regions
called domains.
A domain is an extremely small region containing a large number (something like 1015
atoms as in common iron) of atoms.
Within each domain, the atomic magnetic moments of nearest-neighbour atoms interact
strongly through exchange interaction (a quantum mechanical phenomenon) and
align themselves parallel to each other even in the absence of an external magnetic
field. A domain is, therefore, spontaneously magnetized to saturation.
In an unmagnetized material, however, the directions of magnetization of the different
domains are so oriented that the net magnetization is zero.
Domains in a single crystal of iron
The arrows indicate the direction and magnitude of the magnetization of each domain.
When an external magnetic field is applied, the resultant magnetization of the specimen
increases. This is achieved in either of two ways : Either a domain that is favourably
oriented grows in size at the expenses of a less favourably oriented domain, or the
direction of magnetization of an entire domain changes and aligns along the external
magnetic field.
When a weak magnetic field is applied, favourably oriented domains grow in size by
domain boundary displacement, Fig. (b). In strong fields, the domains change their
magnetization by domain rotation, Figs. (c) and (d). If domains reach perfect alignment,
as in Fig. (d), the domains merge into one large domain.
After the external field is removed, it may be energetically favourable for a domain’s
direction of magnetization to persist. Then, the specimen has a permanent magnetic
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 7
dipole moment. This phenomenon, called magnetic remanence, is the basis of the
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
existence of permanent magnets.
Q. 18. Max Planck put forward the quantum theory in 1900 to explain blackbody spectrum.
In the theory, he proposed that the electromagnetic radiation emitted by the body
consists of discrete concentrated bundles of energy, each equal to h, where h is a
universal constant (now called Planck’s constant) and is the frequency of the radiation.
Einstein put forth (1905) that these energy quanta, called light quanta, later called
photons, interact with matter much like a particle. When a photon collides with an
electron in an atom, the electron absorbs whole of the photon energy h in a single
collision or nothing. The electron uses this energy (1) to liberate itself from the atom,
(2) to overcome the potential energy barrier at the surface thus liberating itself from
the metal, and (3) retains the remaining part as its kinetic energy. Different electrons
need different energies in the first two processes. There are some electrons which use
minimum energy in the two processes, and hence come out of the metal with maximum
kinetic energy. The minimum energy required, in the form of electromagnetic radiation,
to free an electron from a metal is called the photoelectric work function y0 of that
metal. Thus, for the most energetic photoelectrons at the time of emission,
maximum kinetic energy of the electron
photon energy photoelectric work function
1 1
mv2max h y0 h y0 mv 2max
2 2
The above equation is called Einstein’s photoelectric equation.
Light interacts with matter as concentrated bundles of energy rather than energy spread
over a Huygens type wavefront. Even under weak irradiation, an electron absorbs a
photon’s energy in a single collision. But the rate of incident photons in dim light
being less, the chances of such absorption diminish and consequently the photoelectric
current diminishes. However, a photoelectron is emitted as soon as a photon is absorbed.
Q. 19. With a potential difference applied across a uniform resistance wire, potential gradient
along the wire is defined as the fall of potential (or potential drop) from the high
potential end per unit length of the wire.
V
A potential di昀昀erence V is used to set up a potential gradient across a potentiometer
L
wire AB of length L, as shown. One end of a device is connected to the higher potential
terminal A and the other end to a sliding contact P on the wire AB. For a uniform
potential gradient, the voltage V divides into VAP and VPB in proportion to their lengths
l1 and l2. The potential di昀昀erence across the device is VAP ( ) l1 so that, by using
V
L
the slider, the potential di昀昀erence across the device can be changed from 0 to V.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
8 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Use of a potentiometer as a voltage divider
Q. 20. Principle : In the breakdown region of a Zener diode, for widely changing Zener
current, the voltage across the Zener diode remains almost constant.
Zener diode as a voltage regulator
Electric circuit : The circuit for regulating or stabilizing the voltage across a load
resistance RL against change in load current and supply voltage is shown in the figure.
The Zener diode is connected parallel to load RL such that the current through the
Zener diode is from the n to p region. The series resistance Rs limits the current
through the diode below the maximum rated value.
From the circuit, I IZ IL
and V IRs VZ ( IZ IL ) Rs VZ
Working : When the input unregulated dc voltage V across the Zener diode is greater
than the Zener voltage VZ in magnitude, the diode works in the Zener breakdown
region. The voltage across the diode and load RL is then VZ. The corresponding current
in the diode is IZ.
As the load current (I ) or supply voltage (V ) changes, the diode current (IZ ) adjusts
itself at constant VZ. The excess voltage V – VZ appears across the series resistance Rs.
For constant supply voltage, the supply current I and the voltage drop across Rs remain
constant. If the diode is within its regulating range, an increase in load current is
accompanied by a decrease in IZ at constant VZ .
Since the voltage across RL remains constant at VZ , the Zener diode acts as a voltage
stabilizer or voltage regulator.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 9
Q. 21. Consider a simple pendulum of length L , suspended from a rigid support O. When
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
displaced from its initial position of rest through a small angle in a vertical plane and
released, it performs oscillations between two extremes, B and C, as shown in the
figure. At B, the forces on the bob are its weight mlg and the tension lF1 in the string.
Resolve mlg into two components : mg cos in the direction opposite to that of the
tension and mg sin perpendicular to the string.
Motion of a simple pendulum
mg cos is balanced by the tension in the string. mg sin restores the bob to the
equilibrium position.
Restoring force, F mg sin
If is small and expressed in radian,
arc AB x
sin
radius OB L
x
F mg mg ... (1)
L
Since m, g and L are constant,
F ( x) ... (2)
Thus, the net force on the bob is in the direction opposite to that of displacement x of
the bob from its mean position as indicated by the minus sign, and the magnitude of
the force is proportional to the magnitude of the displacement. Hence, it follows that
the motion of a simple pendulum is linear SHM.
F g
Acceleration, a x ... (3)
m L
Therefore, acceleration per unit displacement | |
a g
... (4)
x L
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
10 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Period of SHM,
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
2 2
efacceleration per unit displacement efg / L
T
T 2 ij
L
... (5)
g
This gives the expression for the period of a simple pendulum.
Q. 22. Data : n8 2n1, beat frequency 4 Hz
The set of tuning fork is arranged in the increasing order of their frequencies.
n2 n1 4
n3 n2 4 n1 2 4
n4 n3 4 n1 3 4
n8 n7 4 n1 7 4 n1 28
Since n8 2n1, 2n1 n1 28
The frequency of the first fork, n1 28 Hz
The frequency of the last fork, n8 n1 28 28 28 56 Hz
Q. 23. Data : 30°, 60°
According to Malus’s law, when the unpolarized light with intensity I0 is incident on
the first polarizer, the intensity of the transmitted polarized light is I1 I0 / 2.
Subsequently, the intensity of the light transmitted by the second polarizer is
I2 I1 cos2
I2 ( 0) cos2
I
2
I0 g3 2 3
(a) For 30° : I2 cos 30° ( ) I0 0.375 I0
I0 2
2 2 2 8
( ) I0 0.125 I0
I0 I0 1 2 1
(b) For 60° : I2 cos2 60°
2 2 2 8
Q. 24. Data : N 70, R 10 cm 0.1 m, I 5 A, z 0.2 m
and 0 4 107 T∙m/A
Using, B ( )
0 2NIA
4 3
(R2 z2)2
3 3
log 125 2.0969
2 2 2 2 1
i.e., (R z ) [ (0.1) (0.2) ]
2 2
3 3 2
(0.01 0.04)2 (5 102)2
mn125 106
1.0484
antilog (1.0484) 11.18
mn125 10 3
1.118 10 2
m 3
But, A R2 3.142 (0.1)2 3.142 102 m2
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 11
(107) (2) (70) (5) (3.142102) Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
B
1.118 102
73.142105
1.967104 T196.7 T
1.118
Q. 25. Data : C 100 F 100106 F 104 F, R 50 , L 0.5 H,
f 50 Hz, Vrms 110 V
L 2 f L 2 (3.142)(50)(0.5) 157.1
1 1 1 100
and 4
31.83
C 2 f C 2 (3.142)(50)(10 ) 3.142
) (50)2(157.131.83)2
1 2
Z2 R2(L
C
250015700 18200 2
Impedance, Z ef18200 134.9
log 18200 4.2601
1
The rms value of the current in the circuit, 2
2.1300
Vrms 110
irms A 0.8154 A antilog 2.1300 134.9
Z 134.9
Q. 26. Data : q 3 C 3 106 C, l 2 m, r 1.5 m, 3.142,
and 0 8.85 1012 C2/N∙m2
q 3 106
Charge density, 2 106 C/m log 3.142 0.4972
l 1.5
log 8.85 0.9469
log 1.5 0.1761
Electric intensity, E
20 r 1.6202
2 10 6 6
log 10 6.0000
1.6202
2(3.142)(8.85 1012)(1.5)
4.3798
106 antilog 4.3798 2.397
3.142 8.85 1.5
2.397 104 N/C
SECTION – D
Q. 27. Consider a cylinder of volume V containing n moles of an ideal gas at pressure P,
fitted with a piston of area A. Suppose the gas is heated at constant pressure which
raises its temperature by dT. The gas exerts a total force FPA on the piston which
moves outward a small distance dx as shown in the figure.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
12 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Expansion of a gas at constant pressure
The work done by the force in moving the piston is
dWFdxPAdxPdV ... (1)
where AdxdV is the increase in volume of the gas during the expansion. dW is the
work done by the gas on the surroundings as a result of the expansion. If the heat
supplied to the gas is dQP and the increase in its internal energy is dE then, by the first
law of thermodynamics,
dQP dEdW dEPdV
If CP is the molar specific heat capacity of the gas at constant pressure, dQP nCP dT.
nCP dT dEPdV ... (2)
On the other hand, if the gas is heated at constant volume (instead of at constant
pressure) from the initial state such that its temperature increases by the same amount
dT, then dW0. Since the internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on its
temperature, the increase in internal energy would again be dE. If dQV is the heat
supplied to the gas in this case, by the first law of thermodynamics and the definition
of molar specific heat capacity at constant volume (CV),
dQV dE nCV dT ... (3)
From Eqs. (2) and (3),
nCP dT nCV dT PdV
P dV
CP CV ... (4)
n dT
The equation of state of an ideal gas is PVnRT, where R is the molar gas constant.
Therefore, at a constant pressure,
PdVnRdT
dV nR
... (5)
dT P
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 13
From Eqs. (4) and (5),
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
P nR
CP CV . R ... (6)
n P
This is Mayer’s relation between CP and CV .
Q. 28. Suppose dm is the change in the magnetic 昀氀ux through a coil or circuit in time dt.
Then, by Faraday’s second law of electromagnetic induction, the magnitude of the emf
induced is
d m d m
e or e k
dt dt
where dm / dt is the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the coil and k is a
constant of proportionality. The SI units of e (the volt) and dm / dt (the weber per
second) are so selected that the constant of proportionality, k, becomes unity. Combining
Faraday’s law and Lenz’s law of electromagnetic induction, the induced emf
d m
e
dt
where the minus sign is included to indicate the polarity of the induced emf as given
by Lenz’s law. This polarity simply determines the direction of the induced current in
a closed loop. If a coil has N tightly wound loops, the induced emf will be N times
greater than for a single loop, so that
d m
e N
dt
where dm / dt is the rate of change of magnetic flux through one loop.
Data : r 0.3 m, f 20 rps, B 0.2 T
The area swept out per unit time by a given radius,
dA
(the frequency of rotations) (the area swept out per rotation) f (r2)
dt
The magnitude of the induced emf, | e | log 3.142 0.4972
d m dA log 0.36 1.5563
| e | B Bf r2 0.0535
dt dt
antilog 0.0535 1.131
(0.2)(20)(3.142 0.09) 3.142 0.36
1.131 V
Q. 29. TC Temperature of the cold reservoir,
TH Temperature of the hot reservoir
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
14 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
P – V diagram for a typical heat engine
Here, TH is the temperature at which the work is done by the gas and TC is the
temperature at which the work is done on the gas. The area of the loop ABCDA is the
work output.
Data : g 25% 0.25, QH 50000 J
W
g Q
H
W g QH (0.25) (50000) 12500 J
Also, W QH QC
QC QH W (50000 12500) 37500 J
This is the heat rejected to the cold reservoir in one cycle.
[Note : QC 37500 J]
Q. 30. An ideal fluid is one that has the following properties :
(1) It is incompressible, i.e., its density has a constant value throughout the fluid.
(2) Its flow is irrotational, i.e., the flow is steady or laminar. In an irrotational flow,
the fluid does not rotate like in a whirlpool and the velocity of the moving fluid
at a specific point does not change over time. (Many fluids change from laminar
to turbulent flow as the speed of the fluid increases above some specific value.
This can dramatically change the properties of the fluid.)
(3) Its flow is nonviscous or inviscid, i.e., internal friction or viscosity is zero so that
no energy is lost due to the motion of the fluid.
Manometer : An open tube manometer is a device to measure the pressure of a gas
in a vessel. It consists of a U-shaped tube containing a liquid (say, mercury) of density
, as shown in the figure.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 15
One end of the tube is connected to the vessel while the other end is open to the
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
atmosphere. The pressure p at point A is the (unknown) pressure of the gas in the
vessel. The pressure on the mercury column in the open tube is the atmospheric
pressure p0.
An open tube manometer
Point B, at the same horizontal level as A, is at a depth h from the surface of mercury
in the open tube. Therefore, the pressure at B is p0 gh.
The pressures at points A and B at the same liquid level being the same, equating the
unknown pressure p (at A) to the pressure at B.
p p0 gh
The pressure p is called the absolute pressure, and the difference in pressure p p0
is called the gauge pressure.
Q. 31. Theorem of parallel axis : The moment of inertia of a body about an axis is equal to
the sum of (i) its moment of inertia about a parallel axis through its centre of mass
and (ii) the product of the mass of the body and the square of the distance between
the two axes.
Proof : Let ICM be the moment of inertia (MI) of a body of mass M about an axis
through its centre of mass C, and I be its MI about a parallel axis through any point
O. Let h be the distance between the two axes.
Consider an infinitesimal mass element dm of the body at a point P. It is at a perpendicular
distance CP from the rotation axis through C and a perpendicular distance OP from
the parallel axis through O. The MI of the element about the axis through C is CP2 dm.
Therefore, the MI of the body about the axis through the CM is ICM CP2 dm.
Similarly, the MI of the body about the parallel axis through O is I OP2 dm.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
16 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Theorem of parallel axis
Draw PQ perpendicular to OC produced, as shown in the figure. Then, from the figure,
I OP2 dm
(OQ2 PQ2) dm
[(OC CQ)2 PQ2] dm
(OC2 2OC . CQ CQ2 PQ2 ) dm
(OC2 2OC . CQ CP2) dm ( B CQ2 PQ2 CP2)
OC2 dm 2OC . CQ dm CP2 dm
OC2 dm 2OC CQ dm CP2 dm
Since, OC h is constant and dm M is the mass of the body,
I Mh22h CQ dmICM
Now, from the definition of centre of mass, the integral CQ dm gives mass M times
a coordinate of the CM with respect to the origin C. Since C is itself the CM, this
coordinate is zero and so also the integral.
I ICM Mh2
This proves the theorem of parallel axis.
__________
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 17
PHYSICS
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
SOLUTION : PRACTICE PAPER – 4
SECTION – A
Q. 1. (i) (b) double
(ii) (b) a tuning circuit in a television receiver
3
(iii) (c) RT
2
(iv) (c) m3 nA
(Solution : | v | 2 nghA2 x2 2 nghA2 (A/2)2
m3A
2 nmn3A2/4 2 n m3 nA)
2
(v) (b) Singly ionized helium
I
(vi) (d) B 0
4 R
(vii) (b) diameter of the objective
(viii) (a) 5 105 A/m
(Solution :
M M 2 A∙m2
Mz 0.5 106 5 105 A/m)
V LA (4 10 2 m) (10 4 m2)
2
(ix) (b)
5
(Solution : For a thin spherical shell, 2 , so that total energy,
k2 2
R 3
E Mv2 (1 2) Mv2 (1 ) Mv2
1 k2 1 2 5
2 R 2 3 6
Erot I 2 ( MR2) 2 Mv2
1 1 2 1
2 2 3 3
)
Erot 1/3 2
E 5/6 5
(x) (a) 49
(Solution : CE current gain, dc
dc 0.98 0.98
49)
1 dc 1 0.98 0.02
TC
Q. 2. (i) The efficiency of a heat engine, given by 1 , shows that the efficiency
TH
is limited by the temperature of the cold reservoir, TC; TH is the temperature of
the hot reservoir. For maximum efficiency, TC should be as low as possible and
TH should be as high as possible.
1 as TC 0.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 1
(ii) A permanent magnet should have a large zero-昀椀eld magnetization and should
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
need a very large reverse 昀椀eld to demagnetize. In other words, it should have a
very broad hysteresis loop with high retentivity and very high coercivity.
(iii) The moment of inertia of a body about a given axis of rotation is defined as the
sum of the products of the masses of the particles of the body and the squares
of their respective distances from the axis of rotation.
(iv) The ratio of the root-mean-square value of the ac component to the average value
of the dc component in the filtered rectifier output is known as the ripple factor.
rms value of ac component
Ripple factor
average value of dc component
(v) A galvanometer is an instrument to detect weak electric currents in a circuit. The
current may be of the order of microamperes to nanoamperes.
(vi) The phenomenon of emission of electrons from a metal surface when
electromagnetic radiation of appropriate frequency is incident on it is known as
photoelectric e昀昀ect.
(vii) F mg sin mg (for small and expressed in radian)
)(9.8)( )
8 40 102
(5 10 2
0.02 N
196 20
1 mm 103 m 1
(viii) 106 m
2500 2.5 10 2.5
3
c 3 108
Frequency, ν 7.5 1014 Hz
1
106
2.5
SECTION – B
Q. 3. (i) Molecular range or range of molecular attraction is defined as the maximum
distance between two molecules up to which the intermolecular force of attraction
is appreciable.
(ii) The sphere of influence of a molecule is defined as an imaginary sphere with the
molecule as the centre and radius equal to the molecular range.
Q. 4. In one complete cycle of refrigeration, the refrigerant, a liquid such as fluorinated
hydrocarbon, goes through the following steps :
(1) The refrigerant in the closed tube passes through the nozzle and expands, into a
low-pressure area. This adiabatic expansion results in reduction in pressure and
temperature of the fluid and the fluid turns into a gas.
(2) The cold gas is in thermal contact with the inner compartment of the fridge. Here
it absorbs heat at constant pressure from the contents of the fridge.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
2 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
(3) The gas passes to a compressor where it does work in adiabatic compression. This
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
raises its temperature and converts it back into a liquid.
(4) The hot liquid passes through the coils on the outside of the refrigerator and
releases heat to the air outside in an isobaric compression process.
The compressor, driven by an external source of energy, does work on the refrigerant
during each cycle.
Q. 5. An acceptor circuit is a series LCR resonant circuit used in communications and
broadcasting to selectively pass a current for a signal of only the desired frequency.
The resonance curve of a series LCR resonant circuit with a small resistance exhibits
a very sharp peak at a certain frequency called the resonant frequency fr . For an
alternating signal of this frequency, the impedance of the circuit is minimum, equal to
R, and the current is maximum. That is, the circuit has a selective property as it prefers
to pass a signal of frequency fr and reject those of other frequencies.
Use : An acceptor circuit is used in a radio or television receiver to accept the signal
of a desired broadcasting station or channel from all the signals that arrive concurrently
at its antenna. Tuning a receiver means adjusting the acceptor circuit to be resonant at
a desired frequency.
Q. 6. The frequency of a conical pendulum, of string length L and semivertical angle , is
ij
1 g
n
2 L cos
where g is the acceleration due to gravity at the place.
From the above expression, we can see that
(i) n eg
1
eL
(ii) n
1
efcos
(iii) n (if increases, cos decreases and n increases)
(iv) The frequency is independent of the mass of the bob.
Q. 7. According to the kinetic theory of gases, the pressure P exerted by a gas is
1 1M 2
P v2rms v rms
3 3 V
1
P V M v2rms
3
where vrms is the rms speed of the gas molecules; M, V and are the mass, volume
and density of the gas, respectively. If there are n moles of the gas and M0 is the molar
mass,
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 3
1
M nM0 , so that PV nM0v2rms ... (1)
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
3
The equation of state of an ideal gas is
PV nRT ... (2)
where T is the absolute temperature of the gas and R is the molar gas constant.
From Eqs. (1) and (2), we get
1
nM0v2rms nRT
3
M0v2rms 3RT ... (3)
1 3
M0v2rms RT ... (4)
2 2
where the term on the left hand side is the kinetic energy of one mole of the gas.
3
Kinetic energy per mole of the gas RT ... (5)
2
From Eq. (3),
v2rms 3RT / M0
vrms ef3RT / M0 ... (6)
In Eq. (6), R and M0 are constant so that vrms eT . Thus, the rms speed of a gas
molecule is directly proportional to the square root of the absolute temperature of the
gas.
Q. 8. Consider a long air-cored solenoid of length l, diameter d and N turns of wire. We
assume that the length of the solenoid is much greater than its diameter so that the
magnetic field inside the solenoid may considered to be uniform, that is, end effects
in the solenoid can be ignored. With a steady current I in the solenoid, the magnetic
field within the solenoid is
B 0 n I ... (1)
where n N / l is the number of turns per unit length. So the magnetic flux through one
turn is
m BA 0 n I A ... (2)
Hence, the self inductance of the solenoid,
N m
L (nl)0 nA 0 n2lA 0 n2V ... (3)
I
d2
2
0 n l ... (4)
4
where V lA is the interior volume of the solenoid. Equations (3) or (4) gives the
required expression.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
4 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Q. 9. In a nuclear reactor fuel rods are used Join
to provide a suitable fissionable material such
Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
as 236
92
U. Control rods are used to start or stop the reactor. Moderators are used to slow
down the fast neutrons ejected in a nuclear fission to the appropriate lower speeds.
Material used as a coolant removes the energy released in the nuclear reaction by
converting it into thermal energy for production of electricity.
Q. 10. Data : q 8e, u 0, V 9000 V, e 1.6 1019 C
q 8(1.6 1019 C)
1
Initial KE, KEi mu2 0
2
KE KEf KEi KEf
KE qV
The final KE, KEf qV
(8 1.6 1019 C)(9000 V)
72 1.6 1016 J
72 1.6 1016
eV
1.6 1019
72 103 eV 72 keV
Q. 11. Data : e1 45 V, f1 750 rpm, e2 120 V
e NAB NAB(2 f ) ef
e f
2 2
e1 f1
e 120 8
f2 2 f2 750 750 8 250 2000 rpm
e1 45 3
Q. 12. Data : T1 40 N, n1 384 Hz, T2 40 0.21 39.79 N
ij ij
1 T1 1 T2 log 0.9948 1.9977
n1 and n2
2l m 2l m 1
2
ij 2
n2 T
1.9989
n1 T1
log 384 2.5843
ij mn0.99475 mn0.9948
n2 39.79 2.5832
antilog 2.5832 383.0
384 40
n2 384 mn0.9948 383.0 Hz
The beat frequency n1 n2 384 383 1 Hz
Q. 13. Data : A 0.05 m2, B 0.01 Wb/m2, N 10, C 5 109 N·m per degree,
I 30 A 30 106 A
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 5
I( )
C Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
NAB
The deflection of the coil,
NIAB 10 30 106 0.05 0.01
30°
C 5 109
Q. 14. Data : a 480 nm, g 320 nm
a
n and n tan B
g
a 480
tan B 1.5
g 320
B tan1 1.5 56°19ˊ
This is the required Brewster angle.
SECTION – C
Q. 15. The figure shows an AC source, generating a voltage ee0 sin t, connected to a key
K and a pure inductor of inductance L to form a closed circuit.
An AC source connected to an inductor
On closing the key K, an emf is induced in the inductor as the magnetic flux linked
with it changes with time. This emf opposes the applied emf and according to the laws
of electromagnetic induction by Faraday and Lenz, we have
di
eL ... (1)
dt
where e is the induced emf and i is the current through the inductor. To maintain the
current, e and e must be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
According to Kirchhoff’s voltage law, as the resistance of the inductor is assumed to
di
be zero, we have, eeL ... (2)
dt
di e e0 sin t
dt L L
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
6 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
e0 sin t Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
dis dt
L
e0
i cos tC
L
where C is the constant of integration. C must be time independent and have the
dimension of current. As e oscillates about zero, i also oscillates about zero and hence
there cannot be any time independent component of current.
cos t 0 sin ( t)
e0 e
C0. i
L L 2
sin (t )
e0
i as sin ()sin ... (3)
L 2
e0
From Eq. (3), ipeaki0
L
ii0 sin (t )
... (4)
2
Comparison of this equation with ee0 sin t shows that e leads i by /2 rad, i.e., the
voltage is ahead of current by /2 rad in phase.
Q. 16. Paramagnetism depends on the presence of permanent atomic or molecular magnetic
dipole moments. The inherent net atomic magnetic moment results from a particular
combination of the spin and orbital magnetic moments of its electrons.
The spin magnetic moments of the electrons in matter are affected by the internal
magnetic field created by the magnetic moments of surrounding electrons. This internal
field, 102 T to 101 T, causes the spin magnetic moments to precess about the
field direction. At normal temperature; the thermal motion of the electrons produces
constant fluctuations in the internal field so that the spin magnetic moments have
random directions, Fig. (a). In the absence of an external magnetizing field, therefore,
a paramagnetic material is not magnetized.
Magnetic dipole moments in a paramagnetic sample
(a) randomly directed in the absence of a magnetizing field
(b) partial alignment on the application of an external field
(c) aligned to saturation at a very low temperature or strong field.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 7
When the applied field strength is greater than that of the internal field, the spin magnetic
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
moments tend to align parallel to the external field direction. But the randomizing
effect of thermal agitation prevents complete alignment, Fig. (b). Therefore, at room
temperature, when a paramagnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, it is weakly
magnetized in the direction of the magnetizing field.
If the external field is very large or the temperature is very low, the magnetic dipole
moments are effectively aligned parallel to the field so as to have the least magnetic
potential energy and the magnetization reaches saturation, Fig. (c).
Q. 17. Young’s double-slit interference experiment :
(1) Plane wavefronts, obtained by placing a linear source S of monochromatic light at
the focus of a convex lens, pass through two equally narrow slits S1 and S2. These
two slits now serve as two coherent sources of new cylindrical waves with zero or
constant phase difference. A screen PQ is placed at some distance from the double
slits and parallel to S1S2 , as shown in the figure.
Young’s double-slit experiment
(2) The waves from S1 and S2 interfere constructively at points where they meet in
phase ― a crest of one wave superposed on the crest of the other wave, or where
troughs of the two waves superpose, as shown by the dots ( ) in the figure. These
dots lie on antinodal lines. The points on the screen along the antinodal lines have
high intensity and are bright.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
8 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
(3) Similarly, the waves from S1 and S2 interfere destructively where the crest of one
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
wave coincides with the trough of the other. These points, shown by the hollow
circles (), lie on nodal lines. The points on the screen along the nodal lines have
minimum intensity and are dark.
(4) These dark and bright regions are called fringes or bands and the whole pattern is
called interference pattern.
Q. 18. Consider a fluid in steady or streamline flow. The velocity of the fluid within a flow
tube, while everywhere parallel to the tube, may change its magnitude. Suppose the
velocity is v 1 at point P and v 2 at point Q. If A1 and A2 are the cross-sectional areas
of the tube and 1 and 2 are the densities of the fluid at these two points, the mass
of the fluid passing per unit time across A1 is A11v1 and that passing across A2 is
A22v2. Since no fluid can enter or leave through the boundary of the tube, the
conservation of mass requires
A11v1 A22v2 ... (1)
Equation (1) is called the equation of continuity of flow. It holds true for a compressible
fluid, (like all gases) for which the density of the fluid may differ from point to point
in a tube of flow. For an incompressible fluid (like all liquids), 1 2 and Eq. (1)
takes the simpler form
A1v1 A2v2 ... (2)
v1 A2
... (3)
v2 A1
that is, the flow speed is inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area of a flow
tube. Where the area is large, the speed of flow is small, and vice versa.
Equation (2) is the equation of continuity for an incompressible fluid for which density
is constant throughout.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 9
Q. 19. Consider a particle performing linear SHM with amplitude
Join Telegram:- A and period T 2 / ,
@NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
starting from the positive extreme position, where is the angular frequency. Its
displacement from the mean position (x), velocity (v) and acceleration (a) at any
instant (t) are
x A cos tA cos ( t) (B )
2 2
T T
v A sin t A sin ( t)
2
T
a 2A cos t 2A cos ( t)
2
T
Using these expressions, the values of x, v and a at the end of every quarter of a
period, starting from t 0, are tabulated below.
t 0 T/4 T/2 3T / 4 T
t 0 /2 3/2 2
x A 0 A 0 A
v 0 A 0 A 0
a 2A 0 2A 0 2A
Using these values, we can plot graphs showing the variation of displacement, velocity
and acceleration with time.
Variation of displacement, velocity and acceleration with time
for a particle in SHM starting from the positive extremity
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
10 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Q. 20. Consider positive ions of charge q and mass m injected in a cyclotron. In the electric-
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
field-free region inside a dee, the ions are acted upon only by the uniform magnetic
field. Hence, inside a dee the ions travel in a semicircular path with a constant speed
v, in a plane normal to the field. If B is the induction of the magnetic field, the
magnetic force of magnitude qvB provides the centripetal force.
mv2
qvB
r
mv
r ... (1)
qB
Thus, for given q, m and B,
rv
If R is the maximum radius of the path, the same as the radius of the dee, just before
the ions are deflected out of the accelerator,
qBR
vmax ... (2)
m
q2B2R2 q2B2R2
so that KEmax (in joule) (in eV) ... (3)
2m 2em
Thus, for a given ion species and dees of given radius,
KEmax B2
Q. 21. Consider a straight wire AB resting on a pair of conducting rails separated by a distance
l lying wholly in a plane perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field lB . lB points into
the page and the rails are stationary relative to the field and are connected to a stationary
resistor R.
Suppose an external agent moves the rod to the right with a constant speed v,
perpendicular to its length and to lB. As the rod moves through a distance dxvdt in
time dt, the area of the loop ABCD increases by dAl dxl v dt.
A conducting rod is moved to the right on conducting
rails in a uniform magnetic field
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 11
Therefore, in time dt, the increase in the magnetic flux through the loop,
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
dmBdAB l v dt
By Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, the magnitude of the induced emf
dm B l v dt
e Blv
dt dt
Q. 22. Data : R 5 ), L 0.2 H, erms30 V, f50 Hz
Let C be the capacitance of the capacitor at resonance.
1
(i) At resonance, L
C
Capacitance,
1 1 1
C 2
2
2 2
L (2f) L 4 f L
1
2 2
50.65106 F 50.65 F
4(3.142) (50) 0.2
(ii) At resonance, the current (irms) is maximum and it is given by
erms 30
irms 6A
R 5
Q. 23. Data : r 900 m, v 30 m/s, g 9.8 m/s2, l 5 m
v2 (30)2 1
tan 0.1020
rg 900 9.8 9.8
The required angle of banking, tan1 0.1020 5°49ˊ
The elevation of the outer edge relative to the inner edge,
h l sin 5(sin 5°49') 5(0.1014) 0.507 m 50.7 cm
Q. 24. Data : T 22.3 y, A 0.3 A0
By the radioactive decay law, N N0 et
N N0 et A A0 et
where A0 N0 is the initial activity and A N is the activity at time t.
A0 A
t loge 2.303 log10 0
A A
2.303 A
t log10 0
A
(B )
2.303 T A 0.693
log10 0 log 2.303 0.3623
0.693 A T log 22.3 1.3483
10 log 0.5229 1.7184
log10 ( )
2.303 22.3
0.693 3 1.4290
log 0.693 1.8407
2.303 22.3 1.5883
(log1010 log103)
0.693 antilog 1.5883 38.76
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
12 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
2.303 22.3
(1.0000 0.4771) Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
0.693
2.303 22.3
0.5229 38.76 y
0.693
210
It will take 38.76 y for the activity of 82 Pb to reduce to 30% of the initial
activity.
Q. 25. Data : P1 atm1.013105 Pa, V1 5 L 5103 m3,
V210 L10103 m3 , Q 400 J
The work done by the system (gas in this case) on its surroundings,
WP (V2 V1) (1.013105) (10103 5103)
1.013 (5102) 5.065102 J
The change in the internal energy of the system,
U Q W 400 506.5 106.5 J
The minus sign shows that there is a decrease in the internal energy of the system.
Q. 26. Data : R 30 ) , LX 40 cm, LR 100 LX 60 cm
With the resistance X in the left gap and R 30 ) in the right gap,
X LX
R LR
The unknown resistance is
LX 40
XR 30 20 )
LR 60
When the resistance in each gap is shunted by 8 ) , the resistance in the left gap is
20 8 160 40
X ' 20 ) || 8 ) )
20 8 28 7
and the resistance in the right gap is
30 8 240 120
R' 30 ) || 8 ) )
30 8 38 19
X' L' 40/7 L'X
X
R' L'R 120/19 100 L'X
19 L'X
21L'X 1900 19L'X
21 100 L'X
1900
40L'X 1900 L'X 47.5 cm
40
Since L'X > LX , the null point shifts to the right by L'X LX 47.5 40 7.5 cm.
SECTION – D
Q. 27. When two progressive waves having the same amplitude, wavelength and speed
propagate in opposite directions through the same region of a medium, their
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 13
superposition under certain conditions creates a stationary interference pattern called
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
a stationary wave.
Consider two simple harmonic progressive waves, of the same amplitude A, wavelength
and frequency n / 2, travelling on a string stretched along the x-axis in opposite
directions. They may be represented by
y1 A sin (t kx) (along the x-axis) and ... (1)
y2 A sin (t kx ) (along the x-axis) ... (2)
where k 2 / is the propagation constant.
By the superposition principle, the resultant displacement of the particle of the medium
at the point at which the two waves arrive simultaneously is the algebraic sum
y y1 y2 A [sin (t kx) sin (t kx)]
Using the trigonometrical identity,
sin C sin D 2 sin ( ) cos ( ),
CD CD
2 2
y 2A sin t cos ( kx) 2A sin t cos kx [B cos ( kx ) cos (kx)]
2A cos kx sin t ... (3)
y R sin t ... (4)
where R 2A cos kx. ... (5)
Equation (4) is the equation of a stationary wave.
Stationary nature : Equation (4) shows that the resultant disturbance is simple
harmonic having the same period T 2/ω as that of the individual waves and the
amplitude R . By Eq. (5), R varies periodically with the position x. The absence of
the term, kx in the sine function implies the stationary nature, i.e., the resultant
disturbance does not propagate along the positive or negative x-axis. It follows that
there is no energy transport in the medium. Hence, it is called a stationary wave or a
standing wave.
Stationary wave : Nodes, antinodes and phases of particles
The absence of the term in t in the cosine function shows that each particle vibrates
with a fixed amplitude that varies only with the location (x) of the particle.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
14 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Nodes and antinodes : The points at which the particles of the medium are always at
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
rest are called the nodes. At nodes, R 0.
(B A 0 and k )
2x 2
cos 0
2x 3 5 7
, , , , ...,
2 2 2 2
3 5 7
x , , , , ..., (2p 1) , ... ... (1)
4 4 4 4 4
where p 0, 1, 2, ... . Therefore, the distance between successive nodes is
[2 ( p 1) 1] (2p 1)
4 4 2
The points at which the particles of the medium vibrate with the maximum amplitude
are called the antinodes.
At antinodes, R 2 A.
2x 2x
cos 1 0, , 2, 3, ...
3 p
x 0, , , , ... , , ... (p 0, 1, 2, ...) ... (2)
2 2 2
(p 1) . p
Therefore, the distance between successive antinodes is
2 2 2
Distance between successive nodes distance between successive antinodes /2.
Q. 28. Consider an electric dipole AB of dipole length 2l and point charges q and q. Its
electric dipole moment lp has magnitude p 2ql. Let P be a point at a distance r
from O, the centre of the dipole, in a direction with the dipole axis, as shown in the
figure. Let AP r1 and BP r2.
Electric potential due to a short electric dipole
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 15
The electric potential at P due to the charge q is
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
1 q
V1 ... (1)
40 r1
and that due to the charge q is
1 q
V2 ... (2)
40 r2
Since potential is a scalar quantity, the resultant electric potential at P due to the dipole
is
1 q 1 q
V V1 V2
40 r1 40 r2
1 1
( )
q
... (3)
40 r1 r2
From 9 PAA1, by the cosine rule,
r12 r2 l2 2rl cos (180° ) r2 (1 2 2 cos )
l2 l
r r
r2 (1 2 cos )
l
r
l2 l
where has been ignored because, for a short dipole (2l y r), so that y 1.
r 2 r
1/2
r1 r (1 2 cos )
l
r
1 1 1
(1 2 cos ) (1 cos )
1/2
l l
r1 r r r r
l
ignoring higher powers of in the binomial expansion.
r
Similarly, r22 r2 (12
l
cos )
r
1/2
r2 r (1 2
l
cos )
r
1 1 1
(12 cos ) (1 cos )
1/2
l l
r2 r r r r
1 1 1 2l
( cos ) 2 cos
2l
... (4)
r1 r2 r r r
From Eqs. (3) and (4).
1 . (2ql) cos
( )
q 2 l cos
V ... (5)
40 r 2
40 r2
1 p cos
... (6)
40 r 2
This is the required expression.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
16 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Particular cases :
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
(i) At a point on the dipole axis, 0° (nearer to the charge q) or 180° (nearer to
the charge q).
cos 1
1 . p
Vaxis
40 r 2
(ii) At a point on the dipole equator, 90° or 270° (equidistant from both the
charges).
cos 0 Vequator 0
Q. 29. Advantages of a potentiometer over a voltmeter :
(1) The cell, whose emf is being measured, draws no current from the circuit at the
null point. Thus, the potentiometer measures the open-circuit potential difference
across its terminals, or the emf E. A voltmeter will measure the terminal potential
difference, V, of the cell in a closed circuit. This is because the resistance of a
voltmeter is high but not infinite and hence the voltmeter is not ideal.
(2) By setting up a suitably small potential gradient along a long potentiometer wire,
any small voltage can be measured. Increasing the length of the wire effectively
decreases the potential gradient, and increases both the precision and accuracy of
measurement.
(3) The adjustment of a potentiometer is a ‘null’ method which does not, in any way,
depend on the calibration of the galvanometer. The galvanometer is used only to
detect the current, not to measure it. The accuracy of a voltmeter is limited by its
calibration.
(4) Since a potentiometer can measure both the emf and terminal potential difference
of a cell, the internal resistance of the cell can be found. (Any two points)
Data : p p0 51.2 Pa, T 3.2 102 N/m
4T
For a soap bubble, p p0
R
4T
R
p p0
The diameter of the soap bubble should be
8T 8 3.2 102
2R
p p0 51.2
3.2
102 5 103 m 5 mm
6.4
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 17
Q. 30. Ideal gas Real gas
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
1. Molecules of an ideal gas behave as ideal 1. Molecules of a real gas have 昀椀nite size
particles, i.e., they are like geometrical and structure.
points without size and structure.
2. There are no intermolecular forces. 2. Intermolecular forces are non-zero.
3. Molecules of an ideal gas have only 3. Polyatomic molecules have in general,
translational motion. translational, vibrational and rotational
motion.
4. In the absence of intermolecular forces, 4. Due to the intermolecular forces, the
the internal energy of the gas is only internal energy of the gas is (potential
kinetic. energy kinetic energy).
5. There are no intermolecular collisions. 5. There are intermolecular collisions
and, under normal conditions, the
collision frequency is very high.
6. An ideal gas cannot be lique昀椀ed. 6. A real gas can be lique昀椀ed and also
solidi昀椀ed in many cases, by increasing
pressure and reducing temperature.
(Any two points)
Data : T1 273 327 600 K, T0 273 27 300 K,
(dQ/ dt)1
(dQ / dt)2
2
(dQ / dt)1
2
(dQ / dt)2
Let T2 be the required temperature.
dQ
A(T 4 T 04)
dt
(dQ / dt)1 T 14 T 04
(dQ / dt)2 T 24 T 04
when the other conditions remain unchanged.
T 14 T 04
2
T 24 T 04
2T 24 2T 04 T 14 T 04
T 14 T 04 (600)4 (300)4
T 24 688.5 108
2 2
T2 512.2 K
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
18 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Q. 31. Max Planck, in 1900, put forward the Join
ideaTelegram:-
of quantization of energy to explain the
@NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
blackbody radiation spectrum. He proposed that atoms behave as tiny oscillators and
emit electromagnetic radiation, not continuously but as little packets of energy called
quanta. He assumed that the energy associated with a quantum of radiation (now called
a photon) is proportional to the frequency of the oscillator. Thus, E nh, where
n 1, 2, 3, 4, ... etc., and h is a universal constant, now called Planck’s constant. For
n 1, E h. A quantum of radiation is emitted when there is a transition from higher
quantized level of energy of an oscillator to lower quantized level.
Data : 51014 Hz, h 6.631034 J∙s, 1eV 1.61019 J
The energy of each photon,
E h (6.631034 J·s)(51014 Hz)
19
3.315 1019 J
3.31510 J 2.072 eV
1.6 1019 J / eV
__________
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 19
PHYSICS
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
SOLUTION : PRACTICE PAPER – 5
SECTION – A
Q. 1. (i) (d) potassium
(ii) (b) 1 volt
qV
(iii) (a)
md
0
(iv) (c)
0
(v) (a) 0
rg
(vi) (d)
L cos
(vii) (c) kinetic energy
(viii) (a) 2.5 cm
(Solution : h2r2 h1r1
r1 0.02 5
h2 h1 5 2.5 cm)
r2 0.04 2
1
(ix) (d) mA
9
(Solution : dc
IC I dc 80 dc IB
80 dc C
IB IE 1 dc 81 dc IE
IB 80/81 1 1 1
IB IE mA)
IE 80 81 81 9
(x) (c) 2 A
(Solution : Xp 15 || 45
15 45 45
11.25
15 45 4
V 24
I 2 A)
Xp r 11.25 0.75
Q. 2. (i) Coercivity : The reversed magnetizing field strength required to reduce the
remanent magnetic flux density or magnetization in a magnetic material from its
remanent value to zero, i.e., to demagnetize the magnetic material completely, is
called coercivity.
(ii) Bernoulli’s principle : Where the velocity of an ideal fluid in streamline flow
is high, the pressure is low, and where the velocity of a fluid is low, the pressure
is high.
OR
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 1
At every point in the streamline flow of an ideal fluid, the sum of the pressure
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
head, kinetic head and potential head of a given mass of the fluid is constant.
(iii) The moment of inertia of a solid right circular cone of mass M and base
3
radius R about its central symmetry axis is MR2. Therefore, the radius of
10
gyration about that axis is k ij
3
R.
10
(iv) The total energy of a particle of mass m performing SHM with angular frequency
1
, E m2A2
2
The maximum acceleration of the particle, amax 2A
1
E mAamax is the required expression.
2
(v) For use as an amplifier, the transistor should be in active mode. Therefore, the
emitter-base junction is forward biased and the collector-base junction is reverse
biased. Also, an amplifier uses an emitter bias rather than a base bias.
(vi) The Davisson and Germer experiment directly indicated the wave nature of
material particles and quantitatively verified the de Broglie hypothesis for the
existence of matter waves.
R R
(for X 2L A R2)
ghR2X 2
(vii) Power factor
XL
L
10
0.1.
100
(viii) N (t) N0e t
N (t) 1
e t t
N0 e
1 1
In this case, t t 1
e e
1 1
The decay constant, day1 0.1 day1.
t 10
SECTION – B
Q. 3. Consider a string stretched between two rigid supports a distance L apart. Let T be the
tension in the string, r be its radius of cross section and be the mass density of its
material. Then, the mass of the string M (r2L), so that its linear density, i.e., mass
per unit length, m M/L r2.
According to the law of mass of a vibrating string, the fundamental frequency (n) is
inversely proportional to the square root of its linear density, when T and L are constant.
1
efm
n
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
2 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
1 Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
n
ghr 2
1
n when L, T and are constant, and
r
1
ef
n when L, T and r are constant.
Q. 4. Stokes’ law : If a fluid flows past a sphere or a sphere moves through a fluid, for
small enough relative speed v0 for which the flow is streamline, the viscous force on
the sphere is directly proportional to the coefficient of viscosity of the fluid g, the
radius r of the sphere and the free-stream velocity v 0.
The magnitude of the viscous force,
f grv0
f 6 g rv0
where the minus sign is included because lf is opposite to lv0. The constant 6 is
obtained from theory and experiments.
Q. 5. A table galvanometer consists of a coil of a large number of turns of fine insulated
copper wire wound on a light rectangular aluminium frame. The coil has a pointer
attached and is pivoted between cylindrically concave pole pieces of a strong horseshoe
permanent magnet. The coil swings freely around a cylindrical soft iron core fitted
between the pole pieces. The deflection of the coil depends on the current passing
through the galvanometer (or the potential difference across it). The deflection of the
coil is arrested by a spiral spring and is read with the pointer on a scale.
A table galvanometer (Schematic diagram)
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 3
Q. 6. Consider two infinitely long, straight, parallel wires, each of length l a distance s apart
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
in vacuum. If I1 and I2 are the steady currents in the conductors, the conductors attract
each other when the currents in them are in the same direction, and repel each other
when they are in the opposite directions. The force per unit length on each conductor
is
( 0) 1 2
F 2I I
l 4 s
Using SI units, 0 / 4 107 N/A2 and, if I1 I2 1 A and s 1 m, then
F
2107 N/m
l
In SI, this equation is the defining relation for the ampere.
Definition : The ampere is that constant current which if maintained in two infinitely
long straight parallel wires, and placed one metre apart in vacuum, would cause each
conductor to experience a force per unit length of 2107 newton per metre.
Q. 7. Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction :
(1) First law : Whenever there is a change in the magnetic flux associated with a
circuit, an emf is induced in the circuit.
(2) Second law : The magnitude of the induced emf is directly proportional to the
time rate of change of magnetic flux through the circuit.
Q. 8.
Impedance triangle for a series LCR AC circuit
For a series LCR AC circuit in which ideal components are used, the three phasors
are : leRRli0 , leLXLli0 and leCXCli0 . For XL XC , the impedance triangle is as
shown in the figure. Here,
Z2R2(XLXC)2
XLXC
ZghR2(XLXC)2 and tan y .
R
R
cos y is called the power factor.
Z
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
4 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Q. 9. Derivation : Let N0 be the number of nuclei present at@NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- time t 0, and N the number
of nuclei present at time t.
dN
From the law of radioactive decay, N
dt
dN
N ... (1)
dt
which is the differential form of the law.
dN
dt ... (2)
N
where is a constant of proportionality called the radioactive decay constant or the
disintegration constant. It is a constant for a particular radioactive element. The minus
sign indicates that N decreases as t increases.
Integrating Eq. (1),
N
s
t t
dN
dt dt
N 0 0
N0
loge N loge N0 t
loge ( ) t
N
... (3)
N0
N
e t
N0
N N0 e t ... (4)
This is the exponential form of the law of radioactive decay. It shows that the number
of nuclei present decreases exponentially with time.
Q. 10. Data : g75%0.75, TH(273 727) K1000 K
TC
g1
TH
TC
1 g
TH
TCTH (1 g) 1000 (1 0.75) 250 K (250 273) °C 23 °C
This is the temperature of the cold reservoir.
Q. 11. Data : U 4 104 J, C 25 pF 25 1012 F
1 Q2
U
2 C
Q mn2UC gh2 4 104 25 1012
gh2 1014 g2 107 C
100g2 109 100m2 nC
This is the charge on the capacitor.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 5
Q. 12. Data : r 5 m, s 0.5, g 9.8 m/s2 Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
5 9.8
vmin ij ij mn2 49 7m2 m/s
rg
s 0.5
This is the minimum speed of the cyclist.
Q. 13. When the second polarizer is rotated through 30°, the angle between the transmission
axes of the two polarizers is 90° 30° 60°.
Let the intensities of light after passing through the first and second polarizers be
I1 and I2, respectively.
By Malus’s law, I2 I1 cos2
I2 I1 (cos 60°) I1 ( ) I1 25% of I1
2
2 1 1
2 4
Q. 14. Data : t 35°C, b 2.898 103 m.K
log 2.898 0.4621
The absolute temperature of the blackbody,
log 308 2.4886
T t 273 35 273 308 K 3.9735
By Wien’s displacement law, m T b antilog 3.9735 9.408 103
The peak wavelength,
b 2.898103
m 9.408 106 m 9.408 m
T 308
SECTION – C
Q. 15. Theorem of perpendicular axes : The moment of inertia of a plane lamina about an
axis perpendicular to its plane is equal to the sum of its moments of inertia about two
mutually perpendicular axes in its plane and through the point of intersection of the
perpendicular axis and the lamina.
Theorem of perpendicular axes
Proof : Let Ox and Oy be two perpendicular axes in the plane of the lamina and Oz,
an axis perpendicular to its plane. Consider an infinitesimal mass element dm of the
lamina at the point P(x, y). MI of the lamina about the z-axis,
Iz OP2dm
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
6 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
The element is at perpendicular distance y and x from the x- and y- axes respectively.
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Hence, the moments of inertia of the lamina about the x- and y-axes are, respectively,
Ix y2dm and Iy x2 dm
Since OP2 y2 x2,
Iz OP2dm ( y2 x2) dm y2 dm x2 dm
I z Ix Iy
This proves the theorem of perpendicular axes.
Q. 16. Consider a capacitor of capacitance C, and an inductor of large self-inductance L and
negligible resistance, connected in parallel across a source of sinusoidally alternating
emf [Fig. (a)]. Let the instantaneous value of the applied emf be
e e0 sin t
(a) A parallel LC circuit
(b) Variations of the current and impedance near the resonant frequency
Let iL and iC be the instantaneous currents through the inductor and capacitor
respectively.
As the current in the inductor lags behind the emf in phase by /2 radian,
iL 0 sin (t ) 0 cos t
e e
XL 2 XL
where XL is the inductive reactance.
As the current in the capacitor leads the emf by a phase angle of /2 radian,
e e
iC 0 sin (t / 2) 0 cos t
XC XC
where XC is the capacitive reactance.
The instantaneous current drawn from the source is
i iL iC e0 ( ) cos t
1 1
X C XL
If XL XC , i 0. Thus, no current is drawn from the source if XL XC. In such a case,
alternating current goes on circulating in the LC loop, though no current is supplied
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 7
by the source. This condition is called parallel resonance and the frequency of ac at
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
which it occurs is called the resonant frequency ( fr ).
The condition for resonance is XLXC
1 1
efLC
r L r
rC
r 1
Resonant frequency, fr
2 2efLC
In practice, every inductor possesses some resistance and hence even at resonance,
some current is drawn from the source. Also, the resonant frequency is different from
that for zero resistance.
The resonance curve shows the variation of current (irms) and impedance with the
frequency of the ac supply, Fig. (b). At resonance the current supplied by the source
is minimum and the impedance of the circuit is maximum.
Q. 17. A solar cell is an unbiased pn-junction that converts the energy of sunlight directly into
electricity by photovoltaic effect with a high conversion efficiency.
Construction : A simple pn-junction solar cell consists of a p-type semiconductor
substrate backed with a metal electrode back contact. A thin n-layer (less than 2.5 m,
for silicon) is grown over the p-type substrate by doping with suitable donor impurity.
Metal finger electrodes are prepared on top of the n-layer so that there is enough space
between the fingers for sunlight to reach the n-layer and, subsequently, the underlying
pn-junction.
Sectional view of a solar cell
Working : When exposed to sunlight, the absorption of incident radiation ( in the
range near-UV to infrared) creates electron-hole pairs in and near the depletion layer.
Consider light of frequency incident on the pn-junction such that the incident photon
energy h is greater than the band gap energy EG of the semiconductor. The photons
excite electrons from the valence band to the conduction band, leaving vacancies or
holes in the valence band, thus generating electron-hole pairs.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
8 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
The photogenerated electrons and holes move towards the n side and p side, respectively.
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
If no external load is connected, these photogenerated charges get collected at the two
sides of the junction and give rise to a forward photovoltage. In a closed circuit, a
current I passes through the external load as long as the solar cell is exposed to sunlight.
Q. 18. The following are the parts of a typical heat engine :
(1) Working substance : It can be (i) a mixture of fuel vapour and air in a gasoline
(petrol) engine or diesel engine (ii) steam in a steam engine. The working substance
is called a system.
(2) Hot and cold reservoirs : The hot reservoir is a source of heat that supplies heat
to the working substance at constant temperature TH. The cold reservoir, also called
the sink, takes up the heat released by the working substance at constant temperature
T C T H.
(3) Cylinder and piston : The working substance is enclosed in a cylinder fitted with
(ideally) a movable, massless, and frictionless piston. The walls of the cylinder are
nonconducting, but the base is conducting. The piston is nonconducting. The piston
is connected to a crank shaft so that the work done by the working substance
(mechanical energy) can be transferred to the environment.
Q. 19. A photocell or photoelectric cell is a device in which light energy is converted into
electrical energy by photoelectric effect.
Construction : One form of the photoelectric cell shown in the figure consists of a
highly evacuated or gas-filled glass tube, an emitter (cathode) and a collector (anode).
The light enters through a quartz window W and falls on the semicylindrical cathode
C coated with a photosensitive metal. The anode is in the form of a straight wire of
platinum or nickel, coaxial with the cathode.
If the cell is required to respond to the visible part of the spectrum, the cathode is
coated with potassium or rubidium and the quartz window is replaced by glass. If the
UV radiation only is to be used, cadmium is used as the sensitive surface. The cell is
either highly evacuated (for accurate photometry) or filled with an inert gas at low
pressure (if a larger current is desired).
A : Anode, C : Cathode, W : Quartz window, B : Battery, K : Plug key, A : Microammeter
(a) Photoelectric cell (b) Circuit symbol (c) Circuit for a photoelectric cell
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 9
Working : A photocell is connected in series with a battery and a variable resistance.
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
The collector is kept at a positive potential with respect to the emitter. When UV
radiation or visible light of frequency greater than the threshold frequency for the
emitter surface is incident on the emitter, the ejected photoelectrons are focused by the
cylindrical emitter (cathode) towards the collector (anode). The photoelectrons collected
by the collector constitute a photocurrent which may be measured by a microammeter
in series with the photocell, as in an exposure meter or lux meter. Otherwise, the
photocurrent is used to operate a relay circuit as in an alarm, or to drive the coils of a
speaker as in reading an optical sound track in a cine film. The photocurrent becomes
zero when the incident light is cut off.
Q. 20. Consider an electric dipole of dipole moment lp placed in a uniform electric field lE
making an angle y with lE. The torque l lplE tends to rotate the dipole and align
it with lE.
Suppose an external torque l ext , equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to l , is
applied to rotate the dipole through an infinitesimal angular displacement dy, always
keeping the dipole in equilibrium.
dy
Rotating an electric dipole in an external electric field
The work done by this torque is
dW ext dy pE sin y dy
In a finite angular displacement from 0 to , the total work done on the dipole by the
external agent is
W dW pE sin y dy
0
pE
sin y dy pE [cos y] 0
0
pE (cos cos 0) ... (1)
pE (cos 0cos )
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
10 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
If the dipole was initially parallel to lE,Join
0 0 1.
0 and cos@NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Telegram:-
W pE (1cos ) ... (2)
If the dipole was initially parallel to lE, its potential energy U0 pE is minimum
(more negative). If we arbitrarily assign U0 0 to the minimum of potential energy,
the potential energy for the system for an inclination is
U pE cos lp . lE
This is the required expression.
Q. 21. A battery of stable emf E is used to set up a potential gradient V / L along a potentiometer
wire, where V potential difference across total length L of the wire. The positive
terminals of the cells, whose emfs (E1 and E2) are to be compared, are connected to
the high potential terminal A. The negative terminals of the cells are connected to a
galvanometer G through a two-way key. The other terminal of the galvanometer is
connected to a pencil jockey. The emf E should be greater than both the emfs E1 and
E2.
Comparison of two emfs using a potentiometer by the direct method
Connecting point P to C, the cell E1 is brought into the circuit. The jockey is tapped
along the wire to locate the null point D at a distance l1 from A. Then,
E1 l1 ( V / L )
Now, without changing the potential gradient (i.e., without changing the rheostat
setting) point Q ( instead of P ) is connected to C, bringing the cell E2 into the circuit.
Let its null point D be at a distance l2 from A, so that
E2 l2( V / L )
E1 l1
E2 l2
Hence, by measuring the corresponding null lengths l1 and l2, E1 / E2 can be calculated.
The experiment is repeated for different potential gradients using the rheostat.
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 11
Q. 22. Data : R1.097107 m1
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
R ( 2 2)
1 1 1
n m
For the Lyman series, n1. For the short wavelength limit (L), m.
R ( 0)R
1 1
L 1
The short wavelength limit of the Lyman series,
1
L 1070.9110107 m911 Å
1.097
For the longest wavelength line (L) of the Lyman series, m2.
R ( )
1 1 1 3R 3 (1.097 107)
L 1 4 4 4
The wavelength of the first Lyman line,
4
L 107 1.215107 m1215 Å
3.291
Q. 23. Data : M 0.5 A∙m2, B 1000 gauss 0.1 T, 10°
The magnitude of the torque is
MB sin (0.5)(0.1) sin 10° 0.05 0.1736 8.68 103 N∙m
The magnetic potential energy of the bar magnet is
U MB cos (0.5)(0.1) cos 10° 0.05 0.9848 0.04924 J
Q. 24. Data : h 2.5 m, 1000 kg/m3, g 9.8 m/s2, 1 atm 101.3 kPa
(i) p hg (2.5)(1000)(9.8)
2.45104
2.45 104 Pa atm 0.2418 atm
1.013105
This is the pressure at a depth of 2.5 m.
p 1.01310 5
(ii) h 10.34 m
g (103) (9.8)
This is the required depth.
Q. 25. Data : nm 1.6, b 1.964 106 m, D2 2D1, W2 y0
The fringe shift with the mica sheet,
D
y0 1 (nm 1) b
d
Subsequent to the removal of the mica sheet and doubling the slits-to-screen distance,
the new fringe width is
D2 (2D1)
W2
d d
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
12 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Since, W2 y0 ,
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
2D1 D1
(n 1) b
d d m
The wavelength of the light used,
. b 1.6 1 (1.964106)
n 1
m
2 2
0.3 (1.964106) 5.892 107 m 589.2 nm
Q. 26. Data : Lʹ (1 – 0.01)Ls 0.99 Ls, g 9.8 m/s2
L
T 2ij
g
At a given place (constant g), T mL
The period of a seconds pendulum is Ts 2 s
Tʹ Lʹ
ij mn0.99 gh99 102 9.950 101
Ts Ls
T ʹ 0.995 Ts 0.995 2 1.99 s log 24 1.3802
log 36 1.5563
Hence the given pendulum clock will gain
2.9365
2 1.99 0.01 s every 1.99 s in winter. log 1.99 0.2989
Time gained in 24 hours 2.6376
24 3600 0.01 antilog 2.6376 434.1
434.1 s 7 min 14.1 s
1.99
SECTION – D
Q. 27. Definitions :
(1) The coefficient of absorption or absorptive power or absorptivity of a body is
the ratio of the quantity of radiant energy absorbed by the body to the quantity of
radiant energy incident on the body in the same time.
(2) The coefficient of reflection or reflectance or reflective power of the surface of
a body is the ratio of the quantity of radiant energy reflected by the surface to the
quantity of radiant energy incident on the surface in the same time.
(3) The coefficient of transmission or transmittance or transmissive power of a
body is the ratio of the quantity of radiant energy transmitted by the body to the
quantity of radiant energy incident on the body in the same time.
Relation between the coefficients :
Let Q be the quantity of radiant energy incident on a body and Qa , Qr and Qt be the
quantities of radiant energy absorbed, reflected and transmitted by the body respectively,
in the same time. Since the total energy is conserved, we have,
Q Q Q
Qa Qr Qt Q a r t1
Q Q Q
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 13
By definition,
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Qa
a ... (coefficient of absorption),
Q
Qr
r ... (coefficient of reflection) and
Q
Qt
t ... (coefficient of transmission)
Q
Hence, a r t 1
This is the required relation.
Q. 28. Data : r 0.05 m, N 2000, L 0.04 H, Um 2 106 J, 0 4 107 H/m
1
(a) Um LI 2
2
Therefore, the current in the windings,
2(2 106)
I ij ij
2Um
102 A
L 4 102
0 N 2 r 2
(b) L
2R
Therefore, the central radius of the toroid,
0 N 2 r 2 (4 107) (2 103)2 (5 102)2
R
2L 2(4 102)
101 0.157 m
2
Q. 29. Fresnel’s biprism : It is a single prism having an obtuse angle of about 178° and the
other two angles of about 1° each. The biprism acts as two thin prisms of refracting
angle of about 1°. A narrow slit, illuminated by monochromatic light, is aligned parallel
to the refracting edge of the biprism.
Fresnel’s biprism (Schematic diagram)
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
14 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
As shown in the figure, the two halves of the biprism form two virtual images S1 and
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
S2. S1 and S2 are coherent since they are obtained from a single source S. The waves
from S1 and S2 superpose in the shaded region and, under appropriate conditions, form
interference fringes on the screen.
Data : n 2, Pi 1.013105 Pa, Pf 3.191104 Pa, Vi 22.4 L 22.4103 m3,
Vf 44.8 L 44.8103 m3, 5/3
The work done by the gas on its surroundings,
Pi Vi Pf Vf (1.013105) (22.4103) (3.191104) (44.8103)
W
1 5
1
3
2269 1430 (839) (3)
1258.5 J
2/3 2
Q. 30. Suppose two organ pipes, closed at one end and of the same inner diameter d, have
lengths l1 and l2.
Then, the effective lengths of the air columns are respectively
L1 l1 e l1 0.3 d and L2 l2 e l2 0.3 d
where e 0.3 d is the end correction for the open end.
The fundamental frequencies of the corresponding air columns are
v v v v
n1 and n2
4L1 4(l1 e) 4L2 4 (l2 e)
where v is the speed of sound in air.
v 4n1 (l1 e) 4n2 (l2 e)
n1l1 n1e n2l2 n2e
n1l1 n2l2 (n2 n1) e
n1l1 n2l2
e
n2 n1
which is the required expression.
Data : L1 L2 1 m, d1 d2 ( r1 r2 ), 1 8 103 kg/m3,
2 2 103 kg/m3, T1 196 N, T2 49 N
ij ij 2 ij
1 T 1 T 1 T
Fundamental frequency, n
2L m 2L r 2Lr
ij 1 ij 2
1 T 1 T
n1 and n2
2L1r1 1 2L2r2 2
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
PRACTICE PAPER – PHYSICS (SOLUTIONS) : STD. XII 15
ij 1 1 ij Join
n1 L2 r2 T1 2 196 Telegram:-
2 103 @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
1
n2 L1 r1 T2 1 49 8 103
Their fundamental frequencies are the same.
Q. 31. A charge q moving with a velocity lv through a magnetic field of induction lB experiences
a magnetic force perpendicular both to lB and lv. Experimental observations show that
the magnitude of the force is proportional to the magnitude of lB, the speed of the
particle, the charge q and the sine of the angle between lv and lB. That is, in magnitude,
the magnetic force, Fm q vBsin
lFmq (lvlB)
If the charged particle moves through a region of space where both electric and
magnetic fields are present, both fields exert forces on the particle.
The force due to the electric field lE is lFe qlE.
The total force on a moving charge in electric and magnetic fields is called the Lorentz
force :
lF lFe lFm q (lE lvlB)
Special cases :
(i) lv is parallel or antiparallel to lB : In this case, Fm qvB sin 0° 0. That is, the
magnetic force on the charge is zero.
(ii) The charge is stationary (v 0) : In this case, even if q0 and B0,
Fm q(0)B sin 0. That is, the magnetic force on a stationary charge is zero.
Data : s 0.4 m, I1 5 A, I2 10 A, 0 / 4 107 N/A2
The force per unit length acting on each conductor is
( 0 ) 1 2 (107 N/A2)
F 2I I 2 (5 A) (10 A)
2.5 105 N/m 25 N/m
l 4 s 0.4 m
This force is attractive if the currents are in the same direction and repulsive if the
currents are in the opposite directions.
__________
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
16 NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
HERE YOU GET ALL 12TH & OTHER ENTRACE STUDY MATERIAL AND DAILY QUIZZES
JOIN TELEGRAM
8 KEEP SHARE THIS LINKS
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
JOIN TELEGRAM ALL LINKS FOR NOTES
Click 7 ➡ @SCIENCE11MAHARASTRA
Click➡@HSCNOTESPROVIDER_12TH_BOARD
Click➡
@HSCNOTESPROVIDER12TH
Click 7 ➡ @NOTESPROVIDER12TH
❇ ALL HSC MHT CET NEET JEE NOTES BOTS
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Click 7 ➡ @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOT
➡ click@MHTCET_NOTESPROVIDER_BOT
☝ E E E E E
❇ ALL HSC MHT CET NEET JEE NOTES
ENTRANCE PREPARATION
Click➡ @HSCNEETCETQUIZCOLLECTION
Click➡ @NEET_JEE_TOPPERS_2021
Click ➡ @MHTCET_NOTESPROVIDER
7 KEEP SHARE THIS LINK
JOIN BACKUP CHANNEL 8 5
Click @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD 7
Join telegram for more notes
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
Click ➡ @NOTESPROVIDER12TH
Click ¬ SCIENCE BUDDYS
JOIN TELEGRAM CHANNEL click link @NOTESPROVIDER12TH 7
SEARCH TELEGRAM click link @NOTESPROVIDER12TH 7
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
USE THIS BOT FOR NOTES TELEGRAM click 7 @NOTESPROVIDERTH_BOT
Join Telegram:- @NOTESPROVIDER12TH_BOARD
Join Telegram:- @engineeringnotes_mu
You might also like
- 12TH MATH Practical Book Solution by Kunal ChondheNo ratings yet12TH MATH Practical Book Solution by Kunal Chondhe86 pages
- HSC 12th Uttam PCMB Pyqs Chap Wise - Compressed100% (2)HSC 12th Uttam PCMB Pyqs Chap Wise - Compressed96 pages
- Maharashtra Board Class 12 English 01 Question Paper 2024 Solutions100% (3)Maharashtra Board Class 12 English 01 Question Paper 2024 Solutions24 pages
- MHT-CET Biology Previous Solved Papers - Sample Content100% (5)MHT-CET Biology Previous Solved Papers - Sample Content30 pages
- Uttam Publications Physics Previous Year Papers89% (9)Uttam Publications Physics Previous Year Papers20 pages
- Chemistry Handwritten Notes Class 12th HSC BoardNo ratings yetChemistry Handwritten Notes Class 12th HSC Board209 pages
- BRAHMASTRA BEST EBOOK For MHTCET 2023 Maths by Dinesh Sir Mobile Version Only 168108432317633% (12)BRAHMASTRA BEST EBOOK For MHTCET 2023 Maths by Dinesh Sir Mobile Version Only 16810843231761 page
- XII Sci. Maths Important Theorems With Proofs67% (3)XII Sci. Maths Important Theorems With Proofs15 pages
- 365C and 385C Excavators and Medium Pressure Electrical Schematic (Attachment) 385C MHPUNo ratings yet365C and 385C Excavators and Medium Pressure Electrical Schematic (Attachment) 385C MHPU2 pages
- Chapter 29 Electromagnetic Induction: University Physics, 13e (Young/Freedman)100% (2)Chapter 29 Electromagnetic Induction: University Physics, 13e (Young/Freedman)16 pages
- Studymateriallive PHYSICS 21 2025-1 PDFNo ratings yetStudymateriallive PHYSICS 21 2025-1 PDF412 pages
- Question Bank Solutions - Computer Science HSC Maharashtra Board-CompressedNo ratings yetQuestion Bank Solutions - Computer Science HSC Maharashtra Board-Compressed13 pages
- HSC Maths Important Theorems With Solutions100% (4)HSC Maths Important Theorems With Solutions54 pages
- MHT CET 12th Physics CH 5 Oscillations Imp Notes, Imp MCQ & PYQs100% (1)MHT CET 12th Physics CH 5 Oscillations Imp Notes, Imp MCQ & PYQs26 pages
- HSC Physics Important Derivations Que Chap Wise67% (3)HSC Physics Important Derivations Que Chap Wise5 pages
- 12th - HSC English Navneet Practice Paper - With - SolutionsNo ratings yet12th - HSC English Navneet Practice Paper - With - Solutions73 pages
- Maharashtra Board 12th Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Matrices Ex 2.1100% (3)Maharashtra Board 12th Maths Solutions Chapter 2 Matrices Ex 2.16 pages
- MHT CET 12th Physics CH 3 Kinetic Theory of Gases and RadiationNo ratings yetMHT CET 12th Physics CH 3 Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation26 pages
- HSC Chemistry Important Questions For 2025 ExamNo ratings yetHSC Chemistry Important Questions For 2025 Exam21 pages
- SR Neet Star Super Chaina (Final Revision) - (DT-5) Q.P Ex - Dt. 28.03.2025No ratings yetSR Neet Star Super Chaina (Final Revision) - (DT-5) Q.P Ex - Dt. 28.03.202512 pages
- Sample PDF of STD 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Notes Sample Content 3253No ratings yetSample PDF of STD 12 Marathi Yuvakbharati Notes Sample Content 325328 pages
- Electromagnetic Induction: Multiple Choice QuestionsNo ratings yetElectromagnetic Induction: Multiple Choice Questions21 pages
- HSC Chemistry Full Question Bank Solutions PDF - CompressedNo ratings yetHSC Chemistry Full Question Bank Solutions PDF - Compressed193 pages
- MHT Cet Triumph Maths Mcqs Based On STD Xii Syllabus MH Board Hints 12110 PDF75% (4)MHT Cet Triumph Maths Mcqs Based On STD Xii Syllabus MH Board Hints 12110 PDF75 pages
- Chemistry HSC Board Important Reactions PDF100% (1)Chemistry HSC Board Important Reactions PDF47 pages
- Rotational Dynamics 12th State Board Physics100% (1)Rotational Dynamics 12th State Board Physics34 pages
- Sample PDF of STD 12 Science Previous Year Questions Book50% (2)Sample PDF of STD 12 Science Previous Year Questions Book15 pages
- Uttam Publication Previous Year Question Class1267% (3)Uttam Publication Previous Year Question Class126 pages
- 12th HSC Board Physics Handwritten Formula100% (1)12th HSC Board Physics Handwritten Formula31 pages
- Pneumatic Symbols: For System Diagrams and Component IdentificationNo ratings yetPneumatic Symbols: For System Diagrams and Component Identification44 pages
- XII Electronics Solved Board Question Paper (Subject: C2)No ratings yetXII Electronics Solved Board Question Paper (Subject: C2)42 pages
- IGCSE Cie Simple Phenomena Magnetism P1No ratings yetIGCSE Cie Simple Phenomena Magnetism P112 pages
- (@bohring - Bot) PHY - SHEET 3 - 16 03 2021 (@NotyoursYash)No ratings yet(@bohring - Bot) PHY - SHEET 3 - 16 03 2021 (@NotyoursYash)10 pages
- 12th HSC Maths Navneet Practice Paper 2024No ratings yet12th HSC Maths Navneet Practice Paper 202423 pages
- Molecular Formula Structural Formula Condensed Formula and BLF With AnnoNo ratings yetMolecular Formula Structural Formula Condensed Formula and BLF With Anno30 pages
- Organic Compounds Classifications and Examples With AnnoNo ratings yetOrganic Compounds Classifications and Examples With Anno29 pages
- 345C Excavator Electrical System: Area ANo ratings yet345C Excavator Electrical System: Area A2 pages
- Chemistry 15th Chapter - New Syallbus-UnlockNo ratings yetChemistry 15th Chapter - New Syallbus-Unlock21 pages
- (@bohring - Bot) MATHS - QP - ANS&SOL (@NotyoursYash)No ratings yet(@bohring - Bot) MATHS - QP - ANS&SOL (@NotyoursYash)10 pages
- (@bohring - Bot) MATH - EMPTP07 - JEE MAIN Exclu (@NotyoursYash)No ratings yet(@bohring - Bot) MATH - EMPTP07 - JEE MAIN Exclu (@NotyoursYash)13 pages
- (@bohring - Bot) PHY - SHEET 2 - QP (@NotyoursYash)No ratings yet(@bohring - Bot) PHY - SHEET 2 - QP (@NotyoursYash)6 pages
- (@bohring - Bot) MATH - EMPTP06 - JEE MAIN Exclu (@NotyoursYash)No ratings yet(@bohring - Bot) MATH - EMPTP06 - JEE MAIN Exclu (@NotyoursYash)10 pages
- Chemistry 12th Chapter - New Syallbus-UnlockNo ratings yetChemistry 12th Chapter - New Syallbus-Unlock11 pages
- (@bohring - Bot) JEE MAIN Exclusive - MATH - EMP (@NotyoursYash)No ratings yet(@bohring - Bot) JEE MAIN Exclusive - MATH - EMP (@NotyoursYash)9 pages
- (@bohring - Bot) PHY - QP (@NotyoursYash)No ratings yet(@bohring - Bot) PHY - QP (@NotyoursYash)8 pages
- (@bohring - Bot) MATHS 2A - 27 03 2021 (@NotyoursYash)No ratings yet(@bohring - Bot) MATHS 2A - 27 03 2021 (@NotyoursYash)2 pages
- Magnetic Effects of Electric Current. - Rev - 1No ratings yetMagnetic Effects of Electric Current. - Rev - 13 pages
- Team Problem 8 Coil Above A Crack: A Problem in Non-Destructive TestingNo ratings yetTeam Problem 8 Coil Above A Crack: A Problem in Non-Destructive Testing5 pages
- Proportional Pressure Reducing Cartridge M22 X 1,5No ratings yetProportional Pressure Reducing Cartridge M22 X 1,54 pages
- Ledex Box Frame: Size B11HD - DC OperationNo ratings yetLedex Box Frame: Size B11HD - DC Operation2 pages