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Response Spectrum Theory

Earthquake

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108 views40 pages

Response Spectrum Theory

Earthquake

Uploaded by

akshayvanve19
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 40

RESPONSE SPECTRUM

THEORY

Dr.Sachin.B.Kadam
Professor and Head Applied Mechanics Deptt.
Walchand College of Engineering Sangli

1
Outline of Presentation
Characterization of earthquake ground
motion

Earthquake Response spectrum


concepts

Design Spectrum
2
Strong Motion
• Seismograms:
• Not useful for Civil Engineering analysis
• Velocity/Displacement Plots
• Objective different
• Used for estimation of time, epicentral distance,
magnitude and other seismological investigations

3
Strong motion …
• Equation of motion

• Accelerations indicate level of forces


and should be significant
• Strong motion accelogram is used
• Other quantities can be derived
4
Strong Motion

Chile Earthquake
5
Strong Motion

Taiwan Earthquake 6
Strong Motion

7
Kobe Earthquake
Strong Motion

Kobe Earthquake
8
Strong Motion

Kobe Earthquake
9
Typical Strong Motion
Record

10
Some Acceleration Records
Uttarkashi Earthquake

11
Some Acceleration Records

12
Earthquake Ground Motion

• Random in amplitude and frequency


• Uncertainty with respect to position,
magnitude, distance of site, local geology
and topography
• Necessary to incorporate these
characteristics in the design process
Typically represented by acceleration time history as
accelerations result in effective loading on structure; but
can also be represented by velocity/ displacement time
histories
13
Earthquake Ground Motion
Important Parameters
• Amplitude Parameters
• Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA)
• Typical values: 0.1 g to 0.8 g
• v/a or ad/v2
• Duration
• 90 % of energy contribution from accelogram
• Typical values: 10 s to 60 s
14
Earthquake Ground Motion
• Frequency Composition
• Can be got from Fourier Spectra

• Typical values: 1 Hz to 33 Hz

15
Typical Fourier Spectra

16
Concept of Response
Spectrum
• Engineers interested in maximum
response
• Different Structures have different
period and damping
• Response spectrum is maximum
response for given time period and
damping

17
Displacement Response
Spectrum

Absolute Maximum value in the above


response is the Displacement
Response Spectra – SD(ξ, ω)

18
Pseudo-Velocity Response
Spectrum
• Taking the derivative of displacement
response we get velocity response
• Making some approximations we get the
approximate maximum velocity spectrum
which is not the actual velocity & is called
Pseudo-velocity spectrum – Sv(ξ, ω)

19
Pseudo-Acceleration
Spectra
• Similarly we have pseudo-acceleration
spectra – Sa (ξ, ω)

20
Response Time History
• Northridge Earthquake
• T = 0.5 Seconds, Stiff System
• Damping ratio = 0.05
• Absolute umax = 0.110 m

21
Response Time History
• Northridge Earthquake
• T = 1.0 Seconds, Moderately flexible
• Damping ratio = 0.05
• Absolute umax = 0.450 m

22
Response Time History
• Northridge Earthquake
• T = 2.0 Seconds, Very Flexible
• Damping ratio = 0.05
• Absolute umax = 0.563 m

23
Response Spectrum Concept
• Northridge Earthquake

24
Pseudo-Acceleration Response Spectrum
Equivalent Force = Mass x Spectral Acceleration

Time Period 25
Relation Between Spectra
• Sv (ξ, ω) = ω SD(ξ, ω)
• Sa (ξ, ω) = ω Sv(ξ, ω) = ω2 SD (ξ, ω)

• Maximum Strain Energy = ½ kSD2


= ½(m ω2 ) SD2
= ½mSv2 = Kinetic Energy
• Shear Force = k SD = m ω2 SD
= m Sa = Inertia Force 26
Response Spectrum
Characteristics
• Random in amplitude and frequency
component
• Minor error in estimation of time period may
lead to major difference in spectral values
• Indicate dominant frequencies in the
earthquake record
• Most spectra have regularity in randomness

27
Response Spectrum…
• Approximate for design purposes due to the
peaks and troughs
• Most of the times records are not available
• Even if available may not repeat in future
• Smooth deign spectra has to be developed

28
Design Spectra
• Design spectra at a site depends on

• Local geological and geotechnical


conditions
• Seismicity of the site
• General characteristics of the spectra

29
Design Spectra
Construction
TWO STAGES

Stage 1: Estimation of PGA

Stage 2: Shape of the spectra


(Frequency Content)

30
Estimation of PG
Parameters
• Establish active faults (100 Km radius)
• Estimate maximum magnitude
earthquake from each fault based on
return period
• Use attenuation relation to estimate PG
parameters at site from each fault
• Select the maximum out of all

31
Shape of Spectra
Range of Range of time
Nature of Spectra
Time Period period (s)

0.035– 0.125 Sa>PGA and amplification depends on ξ and T


Short period
0.125 – 0.5 Sa ≈ a constant given by PGA×amplification
factor depending on ξ
Intermediate
0.5 – 3 Sv>PGV and is approximately constant given by
period
PGV×amplification factor depending on ξ

3– 10 Sd ≈ a constant given by PGD×amplification


Long period factor depending on ξ

10 – 15 Sd>xgmax and amplification depends on T and ξ


32
Amplification Factors
(Newmark and Hall)

Amplification factors 50% probability of 84% probability of


non-exceedence non-exceedance

PGA - αa 3.21-0.68 loge ξ 4.38-1.04 loge ξ

PGV - αv 2.31-0.41 loge ξ 3.38-0.64 loge ξ

PGD - αd 1.82-0.27 loge ξ 2.73-0.45 loge ξ

33
Site Design Spectrum

34
Actual vs Design Spectra
(PGA matched)

35
Actual vs Design Spectra
(All PG parameters matched)

36
Actual vs Design Spectra
• Conceptually two are different
• Response spectrum is a description of a
particular ground motion
• Design spectrum is the level of design
force/deformation to be considered in
design

37
Tripartite Spectra(El-Centro)

38
Code Spectrum
• Not possible/feasible to develop site specific
spectra for all sites
• Developed only for very important structures
(Dams, NPPs)
• Design spectrum given in IS:1893-2002
serves the purpose of general design and
construction
• Incorporate other facors like importance of
structure and type of foundation.
39
Response Spectrum - Summary

• Response Spectrum is the most


widely used engineering measure of
earthquake that can be used to
convert earthquake ground motion
into design forces
• Only smooth Response Spectrum
should be used due to inherent
uncertainties in the material
properties, inertial forces and
expected ground motions
40

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