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550 Spr2022 hw6

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30 views3 pages

550 Spr2022 hw6

Uploaded by

泓镇朱
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Dynamical Systems – Math 550

Spring 2022
Homework 6
As always, we will only be collecting the problems in Section B. If you get stuck on these problems, work
on the ones in Section A first. If you really want to feel as if you have a full understanding of the material,
also do the problems in Section C.
Also as always: if your solutions are LaTeX’d, you get a bonus point.

A Warm-up problems
i. Prove that the set of all rational numbers of the form x = p/2n forms a dense subset of R.
ii. Define ( 2
e−1/x , x > 0,
B(x) =
0, x ≤ 0.

(a) Sketch the graph of B;


(b) Show that B 0 (0) = 0;
(c) Show by induction that B (n) (0) = 0 for all n ∈ N.

iii. For each of the following non-hyperbolic examples, show that the map has a fixed point at 0, and
then determine the behavior of points in a neighborhood of 0:

(a) f1 (x) = x + x3 ;
(b) f2 (x) = x − x3 ;
(c) f3 (x) = x + x2 .

1
B Collected problems
1. Consider the flow
d~x
= A~x + ~g (~x),
dt
where ~g (~x) = O(~x2 ). Assume that A has a negative and a positive eigenvalue. Show that there is a
change of variables ~x = F(~y ) so that
d~y
= Dy + ~h(~y ),
 dt
−λ 0
where D is diagonal of the form , and ~h(~y ) = O(~y 2 ).
0 µ
2. Assume that 2 < µ < 3. Show that the map
fµ (x) = µx(1 − x)
has a unique fixed point pµ ∈ (0, 1), and that for all x ∈ (0, 1),
lim fµn (x) = pµ .
n→∞

3. (q.v. Problem ii) Let I = [x, y] be any closed bounded interval. Define
(
1, x ∈ I,
χI (x) =
0, x 6∈ I.
It is easy to see that χI (x) is not continuous. Show that for any  > 0, there is a function fI : R → R
(a mollifier of χI ) such that
(a) fI ∈ C ∞ ;
(b) For any bounded interval I 0 ⊇ I, we have
Z
|fI (x) − χI (x)| dx < .
I0

4. Let Σ0 consist of the set of all sequences in Σ2 that contain no consecutive zeros, i.e. for any ~s ∈ Σ0 ,
we have
sk = 0 =⇒ sk+1 = 1.
(a) Show that Σ0 is closed under the left-shift σ;
(b) Show that periodic points of σ are dense in Σ0 ;
(c) Show that Σ0 contains a dense orbit;
(d) Let pk be the number of points of period k, i.e. number of fixed points of σ k . Compute pk for
k = 1, 2, 3, 4;
(e) Write down a recursive formula for pk in terms of pk−1 and pk−2 . Can you determine a closed
form formula for pk ?
5. For each n ∈ N, define the map
2π
fn (θ) = θ + +  sin(nθ),
n
where we always assume  ∈ (0, 1/n).
(a) Show that this is a well-defined map if we think of θ as being an angle on the unit circle;
(b) Determine all of the fixed points of fn (θ);
(c) Determine the stability of these points.

2
C Expert problems
I.
II. Consider the tent map as described in class:
(
2x, x ∈ [0, 1/2],
f (x) =
2(1 − x), x ∈ [1/2, 1].

(a) Show that this map has 2n points of period n (solutions of f n (x) = x);
(b) Consider the binary expansion of a periodic point x and show that if a point has a repeating
periodic sequence with period n, then it will be periodic or perperiodic of period n for f ;
(c) Determine the pattern of the binary sequences of points that are period n under f .

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