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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA EOI Phy

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Preshan. Dahal. Kharel
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71 views15 pages

KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA EOI Phy

Uploaded by

Preshan. Dahal. Kharel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA

EOI KATHMANDU

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT


2024-25
TITLE-TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

SUBMITTED BY- SUBMITTED TO-


PRESHAN DAHAL KHAREL MR.DHANANJAY PARKAR
XII’B’ 12221 (PGT PHYSICS)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extend my sincere gratitude towards


Sri. A.Jerald, Principal for his constant support.
I express my heartful gratitude towards
MR.Dhananjay Parkar (PGT PHYSICS),our Physics teacher
for his constant support and enthusiasm.
My parents need a huge hand of thanks for trusting and
supporting me along with my classmates and friends.
THANKS TO ALL THOSE WHO TRUSTED, BELIEVED AND
SUPPORTED ME TO COMPLETE THIS PROJECT ON TIME.
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Master
Preshan Dahal Kharel, a student of class
XII‘B’ has completed the research on the
below-mentioned project under the
guidance of Mr. Dhananjay Parkar
(PGT Physics) (Subject Teacher) during
the year 2024-25 in partial fulfillment of
the Physics Practical Examination
conducted by AISSCE, New Delhi.As per
the requirement of CBSE

SIGNOF INTERNAL EXAMINER SIGNOFEXTERNALEXAMINER

PRINCIPAL
Table of contents
Sno. Topic
1 Acknowledgement
2 Certificate
3 tir
4 theory
5 Application
6 Experiment
7 Bibilography
Total internal reflection
is a phenomenon that occurs when a light ray traveling from a denser
medium to a rarer medium is completely reflected back into the denser
medium rather than refracting into the rarer medium. This happens under
specific conditions.
Total internal reflection,complete reflection of a ray of light within a
medium such as water or glass from the surrounding surfaces back into
the medium. The phenomenon occurs if the angle of incidence is greater
than a certain limiting angle, called the critical angle.
In general, total internal reflection takes place at the boundary between
two transparent media when a ray of light in a medium of higher index
of refraction approaches the other medium at an angle of incidence
greater than the critical angle.
For a water-air surface the critical angle is 48.5°. Because indices of
refraction depend on wavelength, the critical angle (and hence the angle
of total internal reflection) will vary slightly with wavelength and,
therefore, with colour. At all angles less than the critical angle, both
refraction and reflection occur in varying proportions.
Conditions for Total Internal Reflection:
1. The light must travel from a denser medium to a rarer
medium: The denser medium has a higher refractive index (e.g.,
water, glass) compared to the rarer medium (e.g., air).
2. The angle of incidence must be greater than the critical angle:
The critical angle is the angle of incidence at which the refracted
ray travels along the boundary between the two media (i.e., the
angle of refraction is 90°). When the angle of incidence exceeds
the critical angle, total internal reflection occurs.
Refractive Index and the Critical Angle Relationship
The mathematical representation of their relationship is:

sin C= 1/ µab

Here, C = critical angle, µ = refractive index, and a and b are two


mediums within which light passes.

Snell's Law (also known as the Second Law of refraction) is applied to


derive the relation between critical angle and refractive index.

Hence, take a light ray having an incident angle i, refractive angle r = 90


degrees, critical angle = C, and refractive index of rarer and denser
medium be µa and µb, respectively.
So, by applying the second Law of refraction or Snell's Law:

sin i / sin r = µa / µb

Therefore, µb sin C = µa sin90o


Therefore, µb / µa = 1 / sin C

Thus, with the help of this equation, critical angle and refractive index
relation can be stated as:

µab = 1/ sinC
Applications of Total Internal Reflection:
1. Optical Fibers: TIR is used in optical fibers, where light is
transmitted over long distances with minimal loss. The light is kept
inside the core of the fiber by repeated total internal reflections.

Optical fibers work based on the principles of total internal reflection


and light guiding. They are thin strands of glass or plastic used to
transmit light signals over long distances with minimal loss. Here's how
they work:

Key Concepts in Optical Fiber Working:

1. Total Internal Reflection: Optical fibers rely on the principle of


total internal reflection (TIR). This occurs when light travels
from a denser medium (core of the fiber) to a rarer medium
(cladding) at an angle greater than the critical angle. At this angle,
the light reflects back into the core rather than refracting out into
the cladding. This keeps the light confined within the core.
2. Core and Cladding:
o Core: The central part of the optical fiber, made of glass or
plastic with a high refractive index. This is where light
signals propagate.
o Cladding: Surrounds the core and has a lower refractive
index. It ensures that light signals remain trapped in the core
by total internal reflection.
3. Propagation of Light: When light enters the fiber at a certain
angle ,it bounces along the length of the fiber through total internal
reflection. This enables the signal to travel long distances with
minimal loss.
4. Refraction and Critical Angle: Light enters the fiber at an angle
such that it strikes the boundary between the core and cladding at
an angle larger than the critical angle, allowing the light to be
totally internally reflected.

Applications of Optical Fibers:

 Telecommunications: Used for transmitting voice, data, and video


over long distances.
 Internet: Provides high-speed broadband connections.
 Medical Instruments: Used in endoscopy to transmit images from
inside the body.
 Defense and Aerospace: Used in secure communication and
sensor systems.
2.Mirage Formation: TIR explains the formation of mirages in
deserts, where hot air near the ground causes light from the sky to
bend and reflect, creating the illusion of water.
3.Prisms: Prisms designed to bend light by 90° or by 180° make use of
total internal reflection .Such a prism is also used to invert images
without changing their size. In the first two cases, the critical angle ic for
the material of the prism must be less than 45°.

Applications of prisms in daily life:

1. Spectroscopy: Prisms are used in spectroscopes to break light into


its constituent colors (spectrum). This helps in analyzing the
chemical composition of substances and is widely used in
scientific research and astronomy.
2. Cameras and Binoculars: Prisms are used in cameras, binoculars,
and periscopes to invert images and change the direction of light,
making them more compact and improving image clarity.
3. Optical Instruments: Prisms are integral to many optical
instruments, like microscopes and telescopes, to direct light and
enhance image quality.
4. Dispersion of Light: Prisms are often used in educational
demonstrations to show how white light can be split into a
spectrum of colors, illustrating the concept of light dispersion.
5. Eyeglasses and Lenses: Prisms are used in some corrective
eyeglasses to help align visual fields.

4.Brilliancy in Diamond: Diamond has a very high refractive index. It


is because of this property that diamond sparkles. When light enters the
diamond crystal, it suffers multiple total internal reflections and due to
this, it sparkles.
Experimental Study of Total Internal Reflection-
Large bottle of water
Take a large plastic bottle, drill a hole in the side and fill the hole
with a cork. Fill the bottle with water, shine a laser through the
bottle and pull out the cork. Direct the laser light into the stream of
water, as shown below.

The laser light becomes trapped in the stream of water. With the
denser medium (water) against air and the beam of light angled at
more than the critical angle, we get total internal reflection.
Bibilography
Ncert Class XII Physics Part-II
mammothmemory.net
vedantu.com
byjus.com
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