D.A.V PUBLIC SCHOOL POKHARIPUT | “Nant | PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON:- “STUDY OF TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION AND ITS APPLICATIONS” For the partial fulfilment of AISSCE-2019-2020 Submitted By: Biswajit Singh Class: XII”A” Roll No: 41 School No: 8161 Guided By: Durgesh Nandini Samal RISSCE ROLL. NO- 1 Qbote 76Be OO GINS EE Acknowledgement Acknowledgement is the most beautiful page in any projects final pages More than a formality, this appears to me the best opportunity to express my gratitude. I must say thanks to my parents who provided me sufficient materials and help me in making this project. Durgesh mam, you are the real foundation of the project done by me. My Project would never have been completed without your guidance. Thank you very much. Special thanks to my principal Dr.Sujata who gave support to me and library which provides me helpful books related to the subject. Next on my thanks list are my friends, teachers, students who really showered constructive feedback and suggestions without which this project would not have been in present form. Biswajit Singh| oe. a ee Certificate This is to certify that Biswajit Singh is a bonafide student of class XII science during session 2019-2020.He has completed his project on “study of total internal reflection and its applications” successfully under my guidance and supervision. SIGNATURE OF STUDENT:- Qiswoafik Singh oda SUGNATURE OF SUBJECT TEACHER:- wd SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR:- a SIGNATURE OF EXTERNALa a a Declaration 1 hereby declare that the project work entitled “Study of total internal reflection and its applications” submitted to D.A.V Public School, Pokhariput is a record of an original work done by me under the guidance of Durgesh Nandini Samal. And this project is submitted for the partial fulfilment of AISSCE 2019- 2020.The results embodied in this thesis have not been submitted to any other university or institute for the same. Biswajit SinghIndex = Abstract 1 a ee lee Introduction 2 | . 3. Methodology 3-5 I ea 4. Applications of total internal reflection 6-8 | | | ee Uses » ft t i | in | 6. Bibliography 10 0 | L, Abstract t travels ; Total internal reflection is phenomenon which occurs when light than critical from denser to rarer medium and incidence angle is more angle. Also ata time refractive angle is 1/2 and Due to this many confusing activities takes place nature like i iple of Jooming. It occurs in areas like deserts and in open sea. The princip! i i ical i nts. total internal reflection takes place in many optical instrume! i in soa) We can demonstrate this phenomenon by taking a glass of water i Pp liquid is mixed, then passing a laser light into it. Per escccesIntroduction Whenever a ray of incident light travels from one medium to another, its path is changed i. it gets refracted. Ifthe ray travels from denser medium to rarer medium, it suffers deviation away from the normal at the point of incidence. As the angle of incidence is increased, the angle of refraction also keeps on increasing. At a certain angle of incidence, called the critical angle, the refracted ray grazes along the surface of separation ie. angle of refraction becomes just go. If the angle of incidence is further increased, no refraction takes place. Instead such a ray gets reflection inside the medium itself. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection. Refraction: The phenomenon of bending of light when it comes from one medium to another medium is called refraction. Reflectio1 The phenomenon in which a ray comes from one medium and bending of that ray in same medium ic. Total Internal Reflection takes place called reflection.Methodology Total internal reflection is the phenomenon of reflection of light which occurs when a ray of light travelling in a denser medium is incident at the interference of the two media at an angle greater than the critical angle for that pair of media. Consider a surface xy separates the rarer medium from the denser medium b. A ray of light OA from the object 0 in denser medium incident normally on the surface of separation gets refracted into the rarer medium as such along AL. Another ray of light incident along the oblique path OA is refracted away from normal along the path A,B, in rarer medium. As the angle of incidence is increased, the angle of refraction also goes on increasing, till for a certain angle of incidence C, called the critical angle. When angle of incidence is greater than critical angle then total internal reflection takes place. Conditions for Total Internal Reflection 1. The ray incident on the interface should travel in optically denser medium. 2. The angle of incidence should be greater than the critical angle for the given pair of media. Relation between refractive index (m) and critical angle (C) When refraction takes place at point C, it follows that the refractive index of medium a wart. Medium b is given by sini Bae > SoeTotal internal reflection demonstration — a ? ’ Refractive index is inversely proportional to sin of eritical angleits re! lation with Polarizing angle Acconting to Brews * aw, when light is incident at polarieing angle at whe interfice of a re WOFs FefFacting medium, the refractive index of the medium Is equal to the tangent oF the potariaing angle IP is polarizing angle and u, the refractive then gee tan P. index of the refracting medium, edtent ray Cunpoevivedt) Retlected ray (polarised) Retracted ray (shanty polarised) |Applications of total internal reflection:- 1. Totally Reflecting Prism: To deviate a ray of light through 90° and 180 Aright angled isosceles prism can be used to cause total internal reflection In such a right angled prism when a ray of light is incident normally to it face AB, it passes into prism as incidence is 45°. But for glass the value of critical angle is about 41.8°. Since the value of incident angle is greater than the critical angle for glass, the ray of right suffers total internal refection. As a result, it gets incident on the force AC at 90° and comes out of the prism as such. It follows that the path of the ray of right was been deviated by the prism through 90°. The path of a ray undergoing a deviation of 90°due to one internal reflection but in same way and by same process due to two internal reflections, a ray can be deviated through 180°. This arrangement is used in prism-binoculars. Advantages of Totally Reflecting Prism over the Silvered Plane Mirror:- ' Areflecting prism does not require any silvering.reflection of light about 99 o: 5%. Howey oa 100% reflection is secure er, in a reflecting prism, almost eee perfect ang Non-uniform sit silve . i i ting of the mirror, the image obtained with a mirror is often hot of, . : . a goo d quality. Itis an optical illusion observed in desert in a hot day. The object such as tree is observed inverted ang observer gets an impression that there is a pool of water. This phenomenon is known as mirage. Due to intense heat, the surface of earth becomes quite hot and the temperature of air near the surface of earth is max, The temp of the other layers of the air goes on decreasing as one goes up. Dimity as well as refractive index of air increases slightly for higher layers. Thus a ray of light travelling from point O of a tree Passes through air of gradually decreasing refractive index and is therefore refracted more and more away from the normal and accordingly the angle of incidence goes on increasing. At a layer, when the angle of incidence becomes greater than the critical angle, total internal reflection takes place. Then the ray of light starts traversing layers of increasing refractive index and goes on bending more and more towards the normal. Ultimately, when the ray reaches the eye of the observer, it appears to be coming from the point |. Hence the inverted image of the tree produces the impression of reflection from a pool of3. Optical Fibre: in 1870, John Tyndall, a Bp; 7? tis} i Bet fo fellow curved ei F Physicist demonstrated that light could be “along a thin stre, : a Stream of water coming out of a water tank. This effect w, Deore 8S made use of illuminated fountains. The light allows curved path it rs fo P Suffers a Series of total internal reflections. r quartz of refractiy, or q' © index about 1,7 Or so. The thickness of a strand is bout 10cm. The sg a Strands are coated with a layer of some material of lower refractive index (,.- When light is incident at a small angle at are end, it gets refracted into strands and gets incident on the interface of the fibres and the coating. The angle of incidence being greater than critical angle, the ray of light undergoes total interna] Teflections. Each fibre act as a pipe and such a bundle of fibres can be used to convey images along paths of any shape. The optical fibre does not bend light. Instead, light follows the zigzag path through the fibres. 4. Looming 'tis an optical illusion observed in the cold countries. In which observers Stan impression that object is placed in air.Uses Ci ers are Us 1) optical fibe used in the field of communication and the computers 2) The o 4) The optical ber sensors have been used to measure temperatus ptical fibers are used for making medical investigation e and pressure. 4) The optical are used for transmitting the optical signals and the two dimensional pictures. 5) The optical fiber in the form of photometric sensors is used for measuring the blood flow in the heart. ‘The optical fiber in the form of refract meters are used to determine the §) refractive indices of liquids. fiber is used in telephone and other transmitting cables. 7) Optical f electrical signals by 8) Optical fibe converting them firs is used in transmission and reception 0! t into light signal.Bibliography NCERT physics book various sites for mo re knowl ledge abo ‘ernal reflection and ut total internal reflecti an its applications. Various blogs for more inform www.google.com ation ibe .com vy www.Wikipedia.com Google WikireDIA