By Mr.

SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Monday, October 7, 2024 Page 1 of 29

PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104

Subject: Computer Applications || Class 9 || 2024-2025

Unit 1: Basics of Information Technology
Chapter 1: Computer System
What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic device that processes data based on instructions to perform
tasks like calculations, storing information, and displaying results. It takes input,
processes it, and produces output.
Difference between Data and Information:

1. Data:
Definition: Raw, unprocessed facts and figures without any context or meaning.
o
Example: Numbers like "25, 56, 89" or a list of names like "John, Maria, Raj".
o
Characteristics:
o
 Unorganized.
 May not make sense on its own.
 Can be in the form of numbers, text, images, etc.
2. Information:
o Definition: Processed or organized data that has meaning and is useful for decision-
making.
o Example: "The average score of the class is 56" or "John, Maria, and Raj are students in
Grade 10".
o Characteristics:
 Organized and structured.
 Provides meaning and context.
 Helps in understanding or solving problems.

In short:

 Data is raw and unorganized.

 Information is processed, meaningful data.

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Computer System => A computer system is a combination of hardware and software designed to
perform tasks and process data. Let’s break it down into simple parts:
1. Hardware:

 Physical Components: These are the tangible parts of a computer that you can see and touch. Key
components include:
o Central Processing Unit (CPU): The "brain" of the computer that performs calculations
and processes instructions.
o Memory:
 RAM (Random Access Memory): Temporary storage that holds data the CPU is
currently using. It’s fast but loses data when the computer is turned off.
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PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
 Storage: Devices like hard drives or SSDs (Solid State Drives) that store data
permanently.
o Input Devices: Tools like a keyboard and mouse that allow you to input data into the
computer.
o Output Devices: Devices like monitors and printers that display or produce the results of
computer processing.

2. Software:

 Programs and Applications: These are sets of instructions that tell the hardware what to do.
Software can be categorized into:
o System Software: This includes the operating system (like Windows or macOS) that
manages hardware and software resources.
o Application Software: Programs that perform specific tasks, such as word processors (like
Microsoft Word), web browsers (like Chrome), and games.

3. Data:

 Information Processed: Computers process data into information that can be understood and
used. For example, when you type a document, the computer processes your keystrokes into text
that appears on the screen.

4. Network:

 Connecting Computers: Many computer systems can connect to each other through networks
(like the internet) to share resources, data, and information.

Summary: In simple terms, a computer system is like a team:

 Hardware is the body (like the CPU, RAM, etc.).

 Software is the brain (the operating system and applications).
 Together, they work to process data and perform tasks, making our lives easier by handling
everything from writing documents to browsing the internet.

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By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Monday, October 7, 2024 Page 3 of 29
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104

Block Diagram of the Computer System

Functions of a Computer System:

1. Data Input: Accepting data from input devices.

2. Processing: Performing calculations and operations on the data using the CPU.

3. Storage: Saving data and instructions for future use.

4. Output: Presenting the processed information through output devices.

By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Monday, October 7, 2024 Page 4 of 29
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104

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Characteristics of a Computer System

Computers have several key characteristics that define their capabilities and performance.
Here’s a simplified list of the main characteristics of a computer:

1. Speed

 Fast Processing: Computers can perform millions of calculations per second, allowing for quick
processing of data.

2. Accuracy

 High Precision: Computers provide accurate results. Errors typically occur due to human input
rather than the computer itself.

3. Automation

 Self-Operating: Once a program is set up, computers can execute tasks automatically without
human intervention.
By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Monday, October 7, 2024 Page 5 of 29
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
4. Storage Capacity

 Large Data Storage: Computers can store vast amounts of data, from documents to multimedia
files, and retrieve them quickly.

5. Versatility

 Multi-Purpose: Computers can perform a variety of tasks, from simple calculations to complex
simulations, making them versatile tools in different fields.

6. Diligence

 Consistency: Unlike humans, computers do not suffer from fatigue or loss of concentration. They
can perform repetitive tasks consistently without making mistakes.

7. User-Friendly Interfaces

 Ease of Use: Modern computers have graphical user interfaces (GUIs) that make it easy for users
to interact with the system, even without extensive technical knowledge.

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Communication Technologies
Communication technologies enable the transmission of data in various forms (text, voice, video) over
different mediums (wired, wireless, optical, etc.).
1. Wired Communication Technologies:

 Telephone Networks: Early wired communication that uses landlines to transmit voice signals.
 Ethernet: A wired networking technology for local area networks (LANs), commonly used in
homes and businesses for data transmission.
 Fiber Optics: Uses light pulses to transmit data at high speeds over long distances through glass
or plastic fibers. It's widely used for internet backbone infrastructure.

2. Wireless Communication Technologies:

 Cellular Networks (2G, 3G, 4G, 5G):

o 2G: Early mobile networks designed primarily for voice calls.
o 3G: Enabled faster data transmission and internet access.
o 4G: Enhanced mobile internet with higher speeds for video streaming, apps, etc.
o 5G: The latest generation offering ultra-fast speeds, low latency, and massive device
connectivity for the Internet of Things (IoT).
 Wi-Fi: Wireless local area network technology used for short-range internet access in homes,
offices, and public spaces.
 Bluetooth: A short-range wireless technology for exchanging data between devices like phones,
laptops, and headphones.
By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Monday, October 7, 2024 Page 6 of 29
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
3. Others Communication Technologies are :

 Email
 SMS (Short Message Service)
 Video Conference and chat service
 Microblogging and Document Service like Google docs

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The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is also known by several other names, reflecting its role and function
in computing. Some alternative names for the CPU include:

1. Processor: A common term that refers to the CPU as the component that processes instructions.
2. Microprocessor: Often used to refer to a CPU that is integrated onto a single chip, especially in
personal computers and small devices.
3. Central Processor: This term emphasizes the CPU's central role in controlling other parts of the
computer system.
4. Brain of the Computer: A metaphorical name, as the CPU executes instructions and makes
decisions like a brain.

===============================================================================

The components of a computer system can be categorized into two main groups:
hardware and software. Here’s a detailed overview:

1. Hardware Components

These are the physical parts of a computer system:

A. Central Processing Unit (CPU)

 Description: Often called the "brain" of the computer, the CPU performs calculations, executes
instructions, and manages tasks.
 Function: Processes data and controls the flow of information within the computer.

B. Memory

 RAM (Random Access Memory):

o Description: Temporary memory that holds data and instructions currently being used by
the CPU.
o Function: Allows for quick data access but is volatile (loses data when power is off).
 ROM (Read-Only Memory):
o Description: Non-volatile memory that contains essential instructions for booting the
computer.
o Function: Retains data even when the computer is turned off.

C. Storage Devices

 Hard Disk Drive (HDD):

o Description: Traditional storage device that uses spinning disks to read and write data.
By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Monday, October 7, 2024 Page 7 of 29
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
o Function: Provides large capacity for storing files and applications.
 Solid State Drive (SSD):
o Description: A newer storage technology that uses flash memory for faster data access.
o Function: Improves speed and performance over traditional HDDs.
 Removable Storage:
o Description: Devices like USB flash drives, CDs, DVDs, and external hard drives.
o Function: Allow for data transfer, backup, and portability.

D. Motherboard

 Description: The main circuit board that houses the CPU, memory, and other components.
 Function: Connects all parts of the computer and enables communication between them.

E. Input Devices

 Description: Hardware that allows users to enter data into the computer.
 Examples:
o Keyboard: For typing text and commands.
o Mouse: For navigating the user interface.
o Scanner: For digitizing physical documents.

F. Output Devices

 Description: Hardware that displays or produces results from computer processing.

 Examples:
o Monitor: Displays visual output.
o Printer: Produces physical copies of documents and images.
o Speakers: Output sound generated by the computer.

2. Software Components

Software refers to the programs that run on the hardware:

A. System Software

 Description: Software that manages hardware and provides a platform for running applications.
 Examples:
o Operating System (OS): Manages computer hardware and software resources (e.g.,
Windows, macOS, Linux).
o Device Drivers: Programs that allow the operating system to communicate with hardware
components.

B. Application Software

 Description: Programs designed to perform specific tasks for users.

 Examples:
o Word Processors: For creating and editing documents (e.g., Microsoft Word).
o Spreadsheets: For organizing and analyzing data (e.g., Microsoft Excel).
o Web Browsers: For accessing the internet (e.g., Google Chrome, Firefox).

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By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Monday, October 7, 2024 Page 8 of 29
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104

Types of Computers
1. Purpose Wise
1. General-Purpose Computers:

 Description: Designed to perform a variety of tasks and can run multiple types of applications.
 Examples:
o Personal Computers (PCs): Used for everyday tasks like word processing, internet
browsing, and gaming.
o Laptops: Portable computers for similar tasks as desktops.
o Servers: Provide services and manage resources for multiple users over a network.

2. Special-Purpose Computers:

 Description: Built to perform a specific task or set of tasks efficiently.

 Examples:
o Embedded Systems: Found in devices like microwaves, washing machines, and smart
appliances.
o Digital Signal Processors (DSPs): Used for processing audio, video, and other signals in
devices like smartphones and TVs.
o Control Systems: Used in industrial automation for monitoring and controlling machinery.

2. Principle of Operation wise

1. Analog Computers:

 Description: Analog computers work with continuous data. They represent physical quantities
(like temperature, pressure, or speed) using continuous variables such as electrical voltages or
mechanical rotations. They are typically used for solving problems that involve complex
calculations with continuous values.
 Uses:
o Scientific and engineering simulations.
o Measuring physical phenomena (e.g., in weather forecasting, flight simulators, or
mechanical systems).
 Examples:
o Old analog devices like slide rules and mechanical integrators.
o Analog voltmeters and oscilloscopes.

2. Digital Computers:

 Description: Digital computers process data in binary form (0s and 1s), representing discrete
values. They perform arithmetic and logic operations, which make them ideal for general-purpose
computing tasks. Almost all modern computers are digital.
 Uses:
o Everyday tasks (word processing, gaming, internet browsing).
o Scientific research, data processing, and complex calculations.
 Examples:
o Personal computers (desktops, laptops).
o Smartphones, tablets, and digital systems in appliances.
o Supercomputers and mainframes.
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PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
3. Hybrid Computers:

 Description: Hybrid computers combine the features of both analog and digital computers. They
can process both continuous (analog) and discrete (digital) data, making them useful in
applications that require real-time data processing.
 Uses:
o Medical equipment, such as ECG machines and CT scanners, where they need to process
both analog signals (e.g., heartbeats, body images) and digital data (to analyze and
interpret).
o Industrial control systems that need to measure real-world analog inputs and make digital
decisions.
 Examples:
o Medical diagnostic equipment (ECG, CT scans).
o Aircraft and missile control systems.

Summary:

 Analog Computers: Process continuous data (voltages, physical quantities), good for scientific
simulations.
 Digital Computers: Process binary data, the most common type of computer (e.g., PCs,
smartphones).
 Hybrid Computers: Combine both analog and digital data processing, used in specialized fields
like medicine and industrial control.

3. Digital Computers
1. Embedded Computers: Computers built into other devices, like cars, microwaves, or smart TVs,
designed to perform specific tasks.
2. Microcomputers (Personal Computers - PCs):
Desktop and laptop computers used for everyday personal or office tasks like browsing, gaming,
or writing.
3. Super Computers:
Most powerful and fastest computers, used for tasks like weather forecasting and scientific
research.
4. Mainframe Computers:
Large and powerful, used by big organizations for handling massive amounts of data (e.g., in banks
and government).
5. Mini Computers:
Smaller than mainframes but still capable of handling multiple users, used in small to medium-
sized businesses.
By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Monday, October 7, 2024 Page 10 of 29
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104

CPU
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is one of the most critical components of a computer system. It is
often referred to as the "brain" of the computer because it performs the majority of the processing tasks.

Key Functions of the CPU:

1. Data Processing:
o The CPU executes instructions from programs by performing calculations and logical
operations.
2. Control Unit:
o It directs the operation of the processor and coordinates the activities of all the other
components of the computer system.
3. Fetching Instructions:
o The CPU retrieves instructions from the computer's memory, processes them, and sends
the results back to memory or to output devices.
4. Arithmetic and Logic Operations:
o The CPU performs basic arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division) and logical operations (comparisons like greater than, less than, equal to).

Components of the CPU:

1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU):
o Responsible for performing arithmetic operations and logical operations.
2. Control Unit (CU):
o Manages the execution of instructions by directing the flow of data between the CPU and
other components.
3. Registers:
o Small, fast storage locations within the CPU used to hold temporary data and instructions
during processing. Examples include:
 Accumulator: Stores intermediate results of arithmetic and logic operations.
 Instruction Register: Holds the current instruction being executed.
 Program Counter: Keeps track of the address of the next instruction to be executed.
4. Cache Memory:
o A small amount of high-speed memory located inside or close to the CPU that stores
frequently used data and instructions, reducing the time it takes to access this information.

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By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Monday, October 7, 2024 Page 11 of 29
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104

Exercise Time
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PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
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PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
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PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
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PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Monday, October 7, 2024 Page 16 of 29
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104

Chapter 2: Types of Hardware

Memory in a computer system refers to the components that store data and instructions temporarily
or permanently.

1. Types of Memory

A. Primary Memory (Volatile Memory)

This type of memory is used by the CPU to store data and instructions that are currently in use. It is fast
but loses its contents when the power is turned off.

 Random Access Memory (RAM):

o Description: Temporary storage that holds data and instructions currently being
processed by the CPU.
o Function: Allows quick access to data for ongoing tasks, making it essential for
multitasking and running applications.
o Types:
 DRAM (Dynamic RAM): Needs to be refreshed thousands of times per second;
commonly used in PCs.
 SRAM (Static RAM): Faster and more expensive than DRAM; used for cache
memory.
 Cache Memory:
o Description: A smaller, faster type of volatile memory located inside or close to the CPU.
o Function: Stores frequently accessed data and instructions to speed up processing. It helps
bridge the speed gap between the CPU and RAM.
o Levels:
 L1 Cache: Built into the CPU, very fast but small (typically 32KB to 64KB).
 L2 Cache: Larger than L1 but slower; may be on-chip or off-chip.
 L3 Cache: Even larger and shared among cores in multi-core CPUs.

B. Secondary Memory (Non-Volatile Memory)

This type of memory retains data even when the computer is turned off. It is slower than primary
memory but provides larger storage capacity.

 Hard Disk Drive (HDD):

o Description: Traditional magnetic storage device with spinning disks.
o Function: Stores large amounts of data, such as applications, files, and the operating
system.
 Solid State Drive (SSD):
o Description: Flash-based storage that uses NAND-based flash memory.
o Function: Offers faster read/write speeds than HDDs, improving boot times and
application load times.
 Optical Discs:
o Description: Media like CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray discs used for storage.
By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Monday, October 7, 2024 Page 17 of 29
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
o Function: Typically used for distributing software, games, and media content.
 USB Flash Drives:
o Description: Portable storage devices that use flash memory.
o Function: Allow easy transfer and storage of data.
 Memory Cards:
o Description: Small, portable storage devices used in cameras, smartphones, and other
portable devices.
o Function: Store data, media files, and applications.

2. Characteristics of Memory

 Volatility: Determines whether the data is retained when power is turned off.
o Volatile: RAM and cache (data lost when powered off).
o Non-volatile: HDD, SSD, USB drives (data retained).
 Speed: Refers to how quickly data can be read from or written to memory.
o Fastest: Cache memory.
o Moderate: RAM.
o Slower: HDD and optical discs.
 Capacity: Refers to the amount of data that can be stored.
o Cache Memory: Smallest (in KBs or MBs).
o RAM: Moderate (ranging from GBs to hundreds of GBs).
o Secondary Storage: Largest (ranging from hundreds of GBs to several TBs).

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Unit of Computer Memory Measurements

Here's the memory measurement in table form:

Unit Abbreviation Value in Bytes Example

Bit b 1 bit Smallest data unit (0 or 1)

Byte 1 Byte 8 bits 1 character (e.g., letter 'A')

Kilobyte 1 KB 1,024 bytes Small text files (~1 page)

Megabyte 1 MB 1,024 KB (1,048,576 bytes) A high-quality image, MP3 file

Gigabyte 1 GB 1,024 MB (1,073,741,824 bytes) HD video, large software programs

Terabyte 1 TB 1,024 GB (1,099,511,627,776 bytes) Hard drive storage, cloud storage

Petabyte 1PB 1,024 TB Large data centers, cloud storage

Exabyte 1 EB 1,024 PB Global internet traffic

By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Monday, October 7, 2024 Page 18 of 29
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
Firmware and ROM:
 ROM = Memory where firmware is stored, often non-volatile and read-only.
 Firmware is the software that is stored in ROM or other memory types.
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Storage devices are essential components of a computer system, responsible for storing data,
applications, and the operating system. They can be classified into two main categories: primary storage
(which includes volatile memory) and secondary storage (which is non-volatile).

1. Primary Storage Devices

A. Random Access Memory (RAM)

 Description: Volatile memory used by the CPU to store data & instructions that are currently in use.
 Function: Provides quick access to data for ongoing processes. Data is lost when power is turned off.

B. Cache Memory

 Description: A small amount of very fast memory located within or close to the CPU.
 Function: Stores frequently accessed data and instructions to improve processing speed. It is also
volatile.

2. Secondary Storage Devices

These devices retain data even when the computer is powered off. They provide larger storage capacity
compared to primary storage.

A. Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

 Description: A traditional storage device that uses magnetic disks to read and write data.
 Function: Provides large capacity for storing data, applications, and the operating system.
Commonly used in desktops and laptops.
 Capacity: Typically ranges from 500 GB to several TB.
 Speed: Slower compared to SSDs, with data access times in milliseconds.

B. Solid State Drive (SSD)

 Description: A storage device that uses flash memory to store data, with no moving parts.
 Function: Offers faster read and write speeds than HDDs, improving boot times and application
loading times.
 Capacity: Ranges from 128 GB to several TB.
 Speed: Much faster than HDDs, with access times measured in microseconds.

C. Optical Discs

 Description: Storage media that use lasers to read and write data. Examples include CDs, DVDs,
and Blu-ray discs.
 Function: Often used for distributing software, movies, music, and games. They are portable and
relatively inexpensive.
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PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
 Capacity:
o CD: Typically holds up to 700 MB.
o DVD: Typically holds 4.7 GB (single layer) to 8.5 GB (dual layer).
o Blu-ray: Holds 25 GB (single layer) to 50 GB (dual layer).
 Speed: Generally slower than HDDs and SSDs for data access.

D. USB Flash Drives

 Description: Portable storage devices that use flash memory and connect via USB ports.
 Function: Used for transferring files, data backup, and portable storage. They are compact and
easy to use.
 Capacity: Ranges from a few GB to 2 TB or more.
 Speed: Varies by type (USB 2.0, USB 3.0, etc.), with USB 3.0 being significantly faster than USB 2.0.

E. External Hard Drives

 Description: Hard disk drives or SSDs that connect to a computer via USB or other interfaces.
 Function: Used for backup, data transfer, and additional storage beyond what is available
internally.
 Capacity: Similar to internal HDDs and SSDs, ranging from hundreds of GBs to several TBs.
 Speed: Depends on whether it is HDD or SSD, and the connection interface used (USB 2.0, USB 3.0,
Thunderbolt, etc.).

F. Memory Cards

 Description: Small, portable storage devices often used in cameras, smartphones, and tablets.
 Function: Store photos, videos, music, and other data.
 Capacity: Ranges from a few GBs to 1 TB or more, depending on the type (SD, microSD, etc.).
 Speed: Varies by class (e.g., Class 10, UHS-I, UHS-II), which indicates the minimum write speed.

3. Tertiary Storage

Tertiary storage devices are not directly accessible by the computer and usually require human
intervention to retrieve data. Examples include:

 Magnetic Tape: Used for long-term data archiving and backups. It has a high capacity and is cost-
effective for storing large amounts of data but is slower to access than other types of storage.

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By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Monday, October 7, 2024 Page 20 of 29
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104

Primary V/S Secondary Storage:

Feature Primary Storage Secondary Storage

External storage used to store data long-

Definition Memory directly accessed by the CPU.
term.

Examples RAM (Random Access Memory), Cache Hard Disk Drive (HDD), SSD, USB Drives, CDs

Non-volatile (data is retained when power is

Volatility Volatile (data is lost when power is off)
off)

Speed Very fast (accessed directly by the CPU) Slower than primary storage
Capacity Smaller capacity (usually in GBs) Larger capacity (usually in GBs to TBs)

Temporary storage for active tasks and

Function Permanent storage for files and programs
processes
Cost per
Higher (more expensive) Lower (cheaper per GB)
GB
Accessibil Needs to be loaded into primary storage for
Directly accessible by the CPU
ity CPU access

Used for Immediate data processing (active use) Long-term data storage
By Mr. SAURABH CHAUHAN (PGT Computer Science) Monday, October 7, 2024 Page 21 of 29
PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104

Input/output (I/O) devices are essential components of a computer system that

allow communication between the computer and the outside world. They enable users to input data into
the computer and receive output from it. Here’s a detailed overview of I/O devices, categorized into input
devices, output devices, and input/output devices:

1. Input Devices

Input devices allow users to enter data and commands into the computer. Here are some common
examples:

 Keyboard
o Function: A primary input device used for typing text, entering commands, and performing
various functions.
o Types: Mechanical, membrane, wireless, ergonomic, and gaming keyboards.
 Mouse
o Function: A pointing device used to navigate the graphical user interface, select objects,
and interact with software.
o Types: Optical, laser, and trackball mice.
 Scanner
o Function: Converts physical documents, photos, or images into digital format.
o Types: Flatbed, sheet-fed, handheld, and document scanners.
 Microphone
o Function: Captures audio input for voice commands, recordings, and communication.
o Types: Dynamic, condenser, and USB microphones.
 Webcam
o Function: Captures video input for video conferencing, streaming, and recording.
o Types: Built-in (in laptops) and external webcams.
 Touchscreen
o Function: Allows users to interact directly with the display by touching it.
o Types: Capacitive, resistive, and infrared touchscreens.
 Game Controller
o Function: Used for input in gaming applications, allowing for movement and action
commands.
o Types: Joysticks, gamepads, and steering wheels.

2. Output Devices

Output devices display or present data from the computer to the user. Here are some common examples:

 Monitor
o Function: Displays visual output from the computer, including the user interface,
applications, and multimedia content.
o Types: LCD, LED, OLED, and CRT monitors.
 Printer
o Function: Produces physical copies of documents, images, and graphics on paper.
o Types: Inkjet, laser, thermal, and dot matrix printers.
 Speakers
o Function: Output audio signals from the computer, allowing users to hear sounds, music,
and other audio content.
o Types: Stereo, surround sound, Bluetooth, and USB speakers.
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PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
 Projector
o Function: Displays visual output on a larger screen or surface, often used for presentations
and movies.
o Types: LCD, DLP, and laser projectors.
 Headphones/Earphones
o Function: Output audio directly to the user’s ears for a more personal listening experience.
o Types: Wired and wireless headphones, in-ear and over-ear styles.

3. Input/output Devices (both)

These devices can perform both input and output functions, enabling two-way communication with the
computer. Here are some examples:

 Touchscreen Monitor
o Function: Acts as both a display (output) and a touch-sensitive interface (input).
 External Hard Drive
o Function: Allows users to transfer files to and from the computer (input/output).
 Network Interface Card (NIC)
o Function: Enables communication between the computer and a network, allowing for data
transmission (input/output).
 USB Flash Drive
o Function: Can be used to transfer files to and from the computer (input/output).

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PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
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PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104

Exercise Time
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PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
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PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
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PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
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PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104
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PD Public Senior Sec School Firozpur Jhirka, Haryana - 122104