10 points HW assignment 6 Chem 1211 Dr.

Stroeva

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Module 4: Covered concepts 4.1-4.5

Part 1. System and surrounding. Specific heat capacity (Video presentations and PPt unit 6
parts 6.1-6.3 )
By completion of this assignment, you will be able:
• Define energy, work, heat, kinetic energy, thermal energy, potential energy, and chemical energy.
• Know the law of conservation of energy.
• Understand the difference between the system and the surroundings.
• Define the state function.
• Thermal equilibrium
• Define and understand heat capacity, specific heat capacity, and molar heat capacity.

Heat flows from matter with high temperature to matter with low temperature until both objects

reach the same _______- is known as thermal equilibrium.

calorie (cal) is the amount of _________ needed to raise the ___________ of one ___of water 1°C

➢ complete the table:

1 calorie (cal)
1000 cal = 1kcal =____________

The internal energy is the sum of the ___________ and ___________________ energies of all of
the particles that compose the _______________.

The internal energy is a state function. The state function is a property of a system that depends
only on the ____________ of the ___________. ∆E = Efinal – Einitial

➢ Determine the sign and magnitude of internal energy. Complete the table:

q (heat) w (work) ∆E
System produces 3.0 × 102 J Surroundings do 7.6 J of work
heat energy on the system
System release 5.0 J heat 16 J of work is done by the
energy system on the surroundings.
Surroundings release 3.0 kJ of System produces 0.5 kJ of
heat work
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10 points HW assignment 6 Chem 1211 Dr.Stroeva

When a system absorbs heat, its temperature ___________________. The increase in temperature
is ____________ proportional to the amount of heat absorbed.
The proportionality constant is called the ___________ ____________, C.

q (heat)= ________ x ____________

The ___________ the heat capacity of the object being studied, the _________________ the
temperature rise will be for a given amount of heat.

Both heated liquids are in equal amounts. Which

liquid has a greater heat capacity, yellow or
colorless?
Explain:

The ___________ heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of
one ___________of a substance 1°C.

The _____________ heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature
of one ______________of a substance 1°C.

➢ Example: Which of the following (with specific heat capacity provided) would reach the
highest temperature upon gaining 200.0 J of heat? Explain:

sample Mass, g Cs, J/g∙˚C

Al 50.0 0.903
Cu 50.0 0.385
granite 50.0 0.790
Ag 50.0 0.128
Au 50.0 0.235

The heat absorbed by an object is proportional to its ________ and the _______ heat of the
material.
q = _______ x _________ x (∆T)

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10 points HW assignment 6 Chem 1211 Dr.Stroeva

➢ Example: Which of the following (with specific heat capacity provided) would reach the
highest temperature upon gaining 200.0 J of heat? Explain:

sample Mass, g Cs, J/g∙˚C

Al 10.0 0.903
Cu 50.0 0.385
granite 50.0 0.790
Ag 200.0 0.128
Au 100.0 0.235
When two objects at different temperatures are placed in contact, heat flows from the material at
the __________temperature to the material at the ___________ temperature until both materials
reach the _____________ _____________ temperature.

The amount of heat energy ________ by the hot material _________ the amount of heat
__________ by the cold material.
-qhot = qcold

-mhot·Cs,hot·∆Thot = mcold·Cs,cold·∆Tcold

Part 2. Internal energy. enthalpy (Video presentations and PPt unit 6 parts 6.4-6.5 )
By completion of this assignment, you will be able:
• Define enthalpy in terms of internal energy, pressure, and volume.
• Define and understand endothermic and exothermic reactions.

When gas _________ it produces work. If the external pressure is kept constant, then

─ Workgas = External Pressure x Change in Volume gas

w = ─P∆V, where 1 atm∙L=101.3 J

➢ Example: Calculate the change in internal energy (ΔE) for a system that is giving off
25.0 kJ of heat and is changing from 12.00 L to 6.00 L in volume at 1.50 atm pressure.

➢ Example: Calculate the change in internal energy (ΔE) for a system that is giving off 25.0
kJ of heat and is changing from 18.00 L to 15.00 L in volume at 1.50 atm pressure.

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10 points HW assignment 6 Chem 1211 Dr.Stroeva

The enthalpy, H, of a system is the sum of the internal energy of the system and the product of
pressure and volume. H = E + PV.

The enthalpy change, ∆H, of a reaction is the _________ evolved in a reaction at constant
________. ∆H reaction = qreaction at constant pressure

Usually, ∆H and ∆E are similar in value, but not always: ∆E is a measure of all the ___________
exchange, and ∆H is a measure of _______ exchange.

When ∆H is negative, heat is being _________ by the system. Reactions that release heat are called
________________ reactions. When ∆H is positive, heat is being _____________ by the system.

Reactions that absorb heat are called __________________ reactions.

➢ Example: Determine the sign and magnitude of ∆H per the diagram

provided. Show your calculations and reasoning:

➢ Example: An endothermic reaction occurs in a flask. What happens to the temperature of

the flask? Explain.

The enthalpy change in a chemical reaction is an extensive property, which means that the more
reactants you use, the __________ the enthalpy change.

➢ Example: How much heat is evolved when a 0.483 g diamond is burned? (∆Hcombustion =
−395.4 kJ/mol C)

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10 points HW assignment 6 Chem 1211 Dr.Stroeva

➢ Example How much energy is evolved during the formation of 98.7 g of Fe, according to
the reaction below?

Fe2O3(s) + 2 Al(s) → Al2O3(s) + 2 Fe(s) ΔH°rxn = -852 kJ

➢ Example: How much energy is required to decompose 765 g of PCl3, according to the
reaction below? The molar mass of PCl3 is 137.32 g/mol and may be useful.

4 PCl3(g) → P4(s) + 6 Cl2(g) ΔH°rxn = +1207 kJ

➢ Example: Consider the following thermochemical equation: 2A → A2, ΔH°rxn = -95 kJ.
What is the heat associated with the reaction when 2 moles of A2 is formed?

Part 3. Ways to measure and compute Enthalpy. Standard Enthalpy change of a reaction
(Video presentations and PPt unit 6 parts 6.6-6.8 )
By completion of this assignment, you will be able:

• Define enthalpy of reaction.

• Understand and be able to calculate enthalpy changes with respect to the stoichiometry of chemical
equations.
• Know, understand, and calculate using reaction enthalpies.
• Understand the use of Hess’s law to calculate the enthalpy change for a reaction from a series of steps.
• Define and understand standard state and standard enthalpy of formation.
• Be able to write thermochemical equations for the formation of compounds.
• Be able to calculate amount of heat released or gained per the thermochemical equation.
• Be able to calculate the enthalpy of reaction using enthalpies of formation of products and reactants.
• Be able to determine enthalpy of the process using Hess’s law.

If a reaction can be expressed as a series of steps, then the ∆Hrxn for the overall reaction is the
______________ of the heats of reaction for each step.

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10 points HW assignment 6 Chem 1211 Dr.Stroeva

➢ Example: Use the standard reaction enthalpies given below to determine ΔH°rxn for the
following reaction:
2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g) ΔH°rxn = ?
Given:
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO(g) ΔH°rxn = +183 kJ
1/2 N2(g) + O2(g) → NO2(g) ΔH°rxn = +33 kJ

➢ Example: Use the standard reaction enthalpies given below to determine ΔH°rxn for the
following reaction:

2 S(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 SO3(g) ΔH°rxn = ?

Given:
SO2(g) → S(s) + O2(g) ΔH°rxn = +296.8 kJ
2 SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2 SO3(g) ΔH°rxn = -197.8 kJ

The standard state is the state of a material at a defined set of conditions:

• pure gas at exactly _______ atm pressure

• pure solid or liquid in its most __________ form at exactly 1 atm pressure and temperature
of interest usually 25 °C
• substance in a solution with concentration ___________ M.

The standard enthalpy change, ∆H°, is the enthalpy change when all reactants and products are in
their _____________ states. The standard enthalpy of formation, ∆Hf°, is the enthalpy change for
the reaction forming _______ mole of a pure compound from its constituent elements: the elements
must be in their _________states. The ∆Hf° for a pure element in its standard state =
_______kJ/mol.

The equation must be balanced, but the coefficient of the product compound must be 1. Use
whatever coefficient in front of the reactants is necessary to make the atoms on both sides equal
without changing the _____________ coefficient.

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10 points HW assignment 6 Chem 1211 Dr.Stroeva

➢ Example: Write the thermochemical equation that illustrates ΔH°f for Li2SO4.

Any reaction can be written as the _______ of _____________ reactions (or the reverse of
formation reactions) for the reactants and products.

The ∆H° for the reaction is then the sum of the ∆ Hf° for the component reactions:

ΔH°reaction = Σ(n∙ Δ Hf°)(products) − Σ(n ∙Δ Hf°)(reactants)

➢ Example: Use the ΔH°f information provided to calculate ΔH°rxn for the following:

ΔH°f (kJ/mol) SO2Cl2(g) + 2 H2O(l) → 2 HCl(g) + H2SO4(l) ΔH°rxn = ?

SO2Cl2(g) -364
H2O(l) -286
HCl(g) -92
H2SO4(l) -814

➢ Example: Use the ΔH°f and ΔH°rxn information provided to calculate ΔH°f for SO3(g):

ΔH°f (kJ/mol) 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2 SO3(g) ΔH°rxn = -198 kJ

SO2(g) -297