PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TOPIC- TRANSFORMER

SUBMITTED BY: SHARVARI SAWAL

CLASS: XII-E

ROLL NO: 36

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 CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT I SHARVARI SAWAL OF CLASS XI
HAVING CBSE ROLL NO. 36 HAS SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED
PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT ON PRESCRIBED BY ALL
INDIA SENIOR SECONDARY CERTIFICATE EXAMINATION
(AISSCE) FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2024-25.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

PRINCIPAL

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I, SHARVARI SAWAL WOULD LIKE TO EXPRESS MY SPECIAL

THANKS TO MY PHYSICS TEACHER MRS. SWETANGADA JENA
AS WELL AS OUR PRINCIPAL DR. AARTI DUA KAPOOR FOR
THEIR ABLE GUIDANCE AND SUPPORT IN COMPLETING MY
PROJECT ON TRANSFORMERS
SECONDLY, I WOULD LIKE TO THANK MY PARENTS AND
CLASSMATES FOR THEIR VALUABLE SUGGESTIONS AND
GUIDANCE HAS BEEN HELPFUL IN COMPILATION OF MY
PROJECT.
NAME: SHARVARI SAWAL
CLASS: XII-E

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 INDEX

SR. TOPIC PG NO.

NO
5-9
1 INTRODUCTION
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2 AIM
10
3 REQUIREMENTS
11
4 PROCEDURE
12
5 SOURCES OF ERROR
13
6 CONCLUSION
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7 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 INTRODUCTION
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary
produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in
the primary as well as in the secondary. In a good transformer, the
whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary is also linked with the
secondary, and then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of the
secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus, if
Ep and Es be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the
primary and the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the
primary secondary coils of the transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant, we
have

Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (1) and

Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (2)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing 2 by 1,

we get

Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (3)

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 As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary
coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the
difference (E – Ep) in the instantaneous values of the applied and back
e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous
current Ip in the primary coil is given by

Ip = E – Ep / Rp

E – Ep = Ip Rp

When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be neglected so

therefore

E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E

Thus, back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns / Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

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 IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant

And Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then

Input power at the instant = Ep Ip and

Output power at the same instant = Es Is

If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then

Input power = output power Or

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 Ep Ip = Es Is Or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is =

IN A STEP-UP TRANSFORMER
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np

As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip

i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same
ratio.
Similarly, it can be shown that in a step-down transformer, whatever we
lose in voltage, we gain in current in the same ratio.
Thus, a step-up transformer steps down the current & a step down
transformer steps up the current

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 The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating
voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice-versa.
A Transformer based on the principle of mutual induction according to
this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing,
an e.m.f is induced in the neighboring coil.
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the
A.C. voltages. A transformer is the most widely used device in both low
and high current circuits. As such transformers are built in an amazing
strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits,
transformer size may be so small that it weighs only a few tens of grams
whereas in high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundreds of
tones.
In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to
another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts.
A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up
transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called
a step-down transformer.
Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high
and low current circuits

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 AIM: To investigate the relation between the ratio of –
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a
self-made transformer.

REQUIREMENTS
1. IRON ROD
2. COPPER WIRE
3. VOLTMETER
4. AMMETER
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 PROCEDURE
1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind
many turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This
constitutes primary coil of the transform
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound a
relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire
on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step-down
transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and
current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and
s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage
and current through primary and secondary coil of step-up
transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by changing
number of turns in primary and secondary coil

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 USES OF TRANSFORMERS
 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner, etc.

 A step-down transformer is used for welding purposes.

 A step-down transformer is used for obtaining large

current.

 A step-up transformer is used to produce X-Rays and

NEON advertisements.

 Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized

power supplies.

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.

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 CONCLUSIONS
1. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with
respect to the input voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the
secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with
respect to the input voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of
a transformer.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C
should remain constant

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BIBILOGRAPHY
1) NCERT textbook class 12
2) NCERT physics lab Manual
3) www.yahoo.com
4) www.scribd.com
5) www.google.co

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