2022-2023

MAYOOR SCHOOL, AJMER

Physics Investigatory Project
Transformers

Submitted to - Submitted by-

Dharamveer Singh Rathore Daksh Gupta
XII-Science
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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have
best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support in
the completion of this project.
Primarily I would like to thank my principal Mr. Sanjay Khati and
physics teacher Mr. Dharamveer Singh Rathore, whose valuable
guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this project and make
it full proof success their suggestions and instructions has served as the
major contributor towards the completion of the project.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me
with their valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful in
various phases of the completion of the project. Last but not the least I
would like to thank my classmates who have helped me a lot.
Thank You

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 INDEX
TITLE PAGE NO.

1. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 2

2. AIM OF PROJECT 4

3. INTRODUCTION 4

4. THEORY 5

5. APPARATUS REQUIRED 10

6. PROCEDURE FOLLOWED 12

7. USES IF TRANSFORMER 13

8. CONCLUSION 14

9. PRECAUTION 14

10. BIBLIOGRAPHY 14

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 INTRODUCTION
A transformer is a device that changes (transforms) and alternating
potential difference (voltage) from one value to another value be it smaller
or greater using the principle of electromagnetic induction.A transformer
consists of a soft iron coil with two coils wound around it which are not
connected to one another. These coilscan be wound either on separate
limbs of the iron core or be arranged on top of each other.The coil to
which the alternating voltage is supplied is called the primary coil or
primary winding. As such transformers are built in an amazing strength of
sizes. In electronic, measurement and control circuits, transformer size
may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in high
voltage power circuits, it may weight hundreds of tones. A Transformer
based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this principle, the
amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced
in the neighboring coil. A transformer is an electrical device which is used
for changing the A.C. voltages.

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relation between the ratio of –
1. Input and output voltage.
2. Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self
made transformer.

THEORY
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When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p1p2, an
alternating current starts falling in it. The altering current in the
primary produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
altering voltage in the primary as well as in the secondary. In a
good- transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with
primary is also linked with the secondary, and then the induced
e.m.f. induced in each turn of the secondary is equal to that
induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if Ep and Es be the
instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and
the secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary
secondary coils of the transformer and
dф / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this
instant, we have
Ep = -Np dф/dt _______________ (I) and
Es = -Ns dф/dt _______________ (II)
Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing
2 by 1, we get
Es / Ep = - Ns / Np ______________ (III)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the

primary coil p1, so the instantaneous current in primary coil is
due to the difference (E – Ep ) in the instantaneous values of the
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applied and back e.m.f. further if Rp is the resistance o, p1p2 coil,
then the instantaneous current Ip in the primary coil is given by
Ip = E – E p / R p
E – Ep = Ip R p
When the resistance of the primary is small, Rp Ip can be
neglected so therefore
E – Ep = 0 or Ep = E
Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation (III) can be written as :

Es / Ep = Es / E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = N s / Np = K
Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
Es < E so K < 1, hence Ns < Np
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If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant
And Is = value of secondary current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant = Ep Ip and
Output power at the same instant = E s Is
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power = output power Or
E p Ip = E s Is Or
Es / Ep = Ip / Is = K
For example-

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 IN A STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns > Np
As, k > 1, so Ip > Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in secondary is weaker when secondary
voltage is higher.
Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in
the same ratio.
Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer,
whatever we lose in voltage, we gain in current in the
same ratio.

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the

current & a step down transformer steps up the current.

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For example-

ENERGY LOSSES
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:
1. Copper loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper
coils of a transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting
wires.
2. Iron loss is the energy loss in the form of heat in the iron core
of the transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in
iron core. It is minimized by taking laminated cores.
3. Leakage of magnetic flux occurs inspite of best insulations.
Therefore, rate of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn
of S1S2 is less than the rate of change of magnetic flux linked
with each turn of P1P2.4. Hysteresis loss is the loss of energy due
to repeated magnetization and demagnetization of the iron core
when A.C. is fed to it.
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 APPARATUS REQUIRED

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 Iron Rod

Copper Wire

Voltmeter Ammeter

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
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 PROCEDURE
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 1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a
large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 40).
This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.

2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound

relatively smaller number of turns (say 15) of thick copper wire
on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step down
transformer.
3. Connect pt.1, pt.2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage
and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through
s1and s2.
5. Now connect s1and s2to A.C main and again measure voltage
and current through primary and secondary coil of step up
transformer.
6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformers by changing
number of turns in primary and secondary coil.

USES OF TRANSFORMER

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A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations-
-Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers and electric bells
etc. Transformers are used in the transmissions of a.c. over long distances.
-Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power supplies.
-A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays and NEON advertisement.
-A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
-A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.
-In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner, etc.

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. Values of current can be changed due to heating effect.
2. Eddy current can change the readings.
3. The magnetic leakage in the secondary winding.

CONCLUSION
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1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input
voltage
2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary
coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input
voltage
3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a
transformer.

PRECAUTION
1. Keep safe yourself from high voltage.
2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C should
remain constant.

BIBLOGRAPHY
1) NCERT textbook class 12
2) INTERNET
3) www.wikipedia.com

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 Thank You

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