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EXEPERIMENT 1

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Elias Biramo
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28 views6 pages

EXEPERIMENT 1

Uploaded by

Elias Biramo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EXEPERIMENT 1

VISCOSITY MEASUREMENT
OBJECTIVE ; To measure the viscosity of heavy duty oil.
To measure the viscosity at various temperature
and to know the effect of temperature on viscosity.

Viscosity is a property of a
THEORY ;
fluid which offers resistance to
flow of one layer of a fluid over
another adjacent layer of fluid. It
is the property of fluid by the
virtue of which it offers resistance to shear or
angular deformation. The more usual form of
relationship, called Newton's equation, states that
the resulting shear of a fluid is directly proportional
to the force applied and inversely proportional to it
viscosity. viscosity(represented by the symbol η
"eta") is the ratio of the shearing stress (F/A) to the
velocity gradient (dVx/dy ) in a fluid.
η = (F/A)/(dVx/dy)
Fluids for which the viscosity is independent of velocity
gradient are called Newtonian fluid. For these fluids the plot
between shear stress and velocity gradient is a straight line
passing through the origin.

Fluids like air, water, kerosene and thin lubricating oils are
essentially Newtonian in character under normal condition .
Fluids such as human blood , thick ;lubricating oil and
certain suspensions for which the viscosity coefficient
depends on velocity gradient are referred to as non
Newtonian fluids.
There exists a distinct difference between fluids of liquid
and gaseous nature in the effect of temperature on the
varies their dynamic viscosity. Increase of temperature
causes a decrease in the viscosity liquid where as viscosity
of gases increase with temperature growth.
Viscosity measurements are made with Falling sphere (ball)
viscometer, there is different type of viscosity measurement
method. Falling ball viscometer is based on the measuring
principle by Hoppler. The basic concept is to measure the
elapsed time required for the ball to fall under gravity
through a sample filled tube inclined at an angle. The tube is
mounted on a pivot bearing which quickly allows rotation of
the 180 degrees, thereby allowing a repeat test to run
immediately.
To calculate the viscosity

For falling ball viscometer η = t(ρ s - ρ f)k


Where η viscosity on mpas
T time in a second
ρ s density of the ball or sphere
ρ f density of the fluid or oil at each average
temperature.

K viscometer constant
Apparatus we used: - viscometer, motor oil,
water and water bath ..
Given data: density of ball is 8.14g/cm^3.
Viscometer constant k= 1.2342 mpacm^3/g.

Experimental procedure;
We recorded time with in different temperature(30°C, 35°C , 40°C & 45°C)

Data we recorded or measured


Temperature Time 1 in Time 2 in Time 3 in Time in 4 Average time
(°C )
°
(sec) (sec) (sec) (sec) in (sec)

30 15.42 18.14 16.36 17.24 16.79


35 14.94 14.94 12.67 13.57 14.03
40 12.68 12.12 10.43 11.68 11.73
45 10.74 10.39 8.27 9.77 9.79
We find density of fluid or oil in different temperature at 30°C,
35°C , 40°C and 45°C . and we find viscosity of fluid for each
time average and for each temperature .
Certainly! The density of oil can also vary based on its
composition and viscosity rating. However, based on
common values, the density of typical motor oil can be
estimated to be:
- At 30°C: around 893.7 kg/m³ = 0.8937 g/cm^3
- At 35°C: around 890.3 kg/m³ = 0.8903 g/cm^3
- At 40°C: around 886.6 kg/m³ = 0.8866 g/cm^3
- At 45°C: around 882.7 kg/m³ = 0.8827 g/cm^3

Please note that the actual density can vary depending on


the specific type and brand of motor oil.

Calculation ;1, calculate the viscosity of the fluid in each


temperature and density of fluid of oil.

η = t(ρ s - ρ f)k , for each density and average time we


find viscosity . by using this formula we workout for each
temperature .
Temperature (°C 30 35 40 45
Average time in t 16.73 14.03 11.73 9.79
(sec)
Density of ball 8.14 8.14 8.14 8.14
ρ s (g/cm^3)
Density of fluid 0.8937 0.8903 0.8866 0.8827
ρ f (g/cm^3)
Viscometer 1.2342 1.2342
constant k
1.2342 1.2342
(mpacm^3/g)
viscosity 149.623 125.535 105.009 87.689
η(mpas)

2, plot temperature vs. viscosity


3, what is the reason when the temperature
increase the viscosity of the gas also increase?
The viscosity of a gas is affected by the average speed and
momentum of its molecules. When the temperature of a gas
increases, the kinetic energy of its molecules also increases,
which causes them to move faster and collide more frequently
with each other and with the walls of the container. This
increased molecular motion leads to an increase in the
momentum transfer between the gas molecules, resulting in a
higher viscosity.

This effect can be explained by the Kinetic Theory of Gases,


which assumes that gases are composed of numerous small
particles moving randomly and colliding with each other and the
walls of the container. As the temperature of the gas increases,
the average kinetic energy of the particles increases, causing
them to move faster and collide more frequently. These collisions
generate forces that are responsible for the viscosity of the gas.

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