1)££P L£Aef'JJrJ'1 1bo12,,1331~q

P-Su.vaJ
- - - - - - - - ~ A = SS~l_:'1~rJ~M:.__:_:£:_"1:.._:""f_--~r_ _ _ _ _ _ _-:--_ _ _c___.Jf_:3_

t. o.. Dtf,'n~ pe1c.ipt-ron , e,cplo.,'n ptrce.p rron leovn,·nq olqor,'f-fim clearl~.

b, f)(.p (a.i'n eepyeJtn t() h'on Power of Ml-Pr.
I
~,fl~ •
.,,,,,..- a) Ptr lt_p hon:
. A perc~prion ,'s rhe s,'mpl~.sr fL1pe oJ- QYh'focW f)lu.Yal network
ma.,·n l~ u.sed -fo1 b,ho..rlj c lo..ss /f,co. hon . gt- ,·s a l,'nea'I c{a.5J1}·er
t-ha..t mop~· inpv.J fe-o.h._.t'fet f-o an ouf-puf cla5J us,'n9 a
we1qh te.d sum oj- ,·npuf-.s. A per ce_p {;-yon eons,J 1-s of
~ nput J : Fe o. 1-u re va lu eJ f Yo rri f-n e do.. /-a,.
Weights~ Value1 Mo} pe.fevm,-,.,e 1 fht: t'tripoif-ancL of-e.o..c,,A inpt.A,f-
feo..ture,
B,a~ ~ A cons f-o.n.f vo..lu.e acldecl fo fhe wei'~h f-ed Sum.

A e,h'vah'on Fun c h'on : A s 1-ep func. h'o" f-haf de f-e1 m,·nes fhe
I ,
ou.Jpu. t b CA.J e.d oh we 10/. ttcl .Su rn . , ,
l J '
Pe -r c. e..p t-Y on L ea r n,'n 9 ~ lq or i' ~ r,, .' 1

7he 'p~t le.pt-Yon le.arni'n9 cilqov,·t-hr·,1 ,s an /revo f,'ve

method to a.clju.sl- ·Me wefr1ri+.1 \and b,as bo..ied on f'/.\t- inp(),

to m; n i rvt r2-e class IJ,'ta. h ·on
do..fo- ery 0 -,,-s. ·the. s h-p.r inv'o lved
1n this o.{go1 i f-h~ are.: 1
,

,.. 9n; h'ai, -i a.. h'on ! S l-o. 1 ~ b~ o.SJ '9 hr'n9 Jmall f a.ndom va lu..e 1
to weiq htJ CH1? b1'p-~.

'l, For eetth # rYo)n in9 sample. {'1.., ~) :

·•) loYYlpu~e. fhe. oufput:

ouJ puJ· ;!. f ( r,.J • ?t + b)

t,,..JheYe.' w 01e.. the welqhtJ , ,i is f-'he_ ,·ri.puf vecfor and
b is t-he b,o.s 1:-e rm .
 ii J Up da. h weigh ts: 9f 1-1.e. ou. fpv- t dou no f rna.1-d, tfiL
ro.fge f- up d0-te -f-ht we i'qhtJ o.ncl bfD.J uJ 1n.9

Wn~i.v ::. W -r 11 (~ - 9) ?l
b"'tw ,:, b-t- n, ( y,-9)
vJhere 'YI, iJ leo.rn,'n9 ya,{-<!-, y d f-o.r9eA· out-put at1d
y ,:S p-,,ed ,c, t-ed OU, fpu t.
3. R.epec..t : (,er"l h'n u t up da hn9 tht we. 1'9h J-J un h' l -t-h.(.

~lqo-r i tnn"t Gan ve,9e~. (i' -e • all e.xa.mp-'llJ ave c lasJ ,·f,·e..d
c,orrec. Hj 0) o rptti /;'eJ hu.r,\.be, of it-era.f,'ons IS -reached)
-rhe perce..p t-Yon learn in9 algov,'Mm trvork well for -l,'neavl~
sepera.ble da:f-a bt).,t ·j-a.il1 when do,Jo. ,'j hot t,·nearl~ se.,,pe.,,a,?lL

b) Mu.th' lat;1er Pere.LP hon:

An ML-P ,:S a heu.raf nehvork wtth mulh ple 1
latjet..r
non- l1'near ach'vC-th'on fune--honJ l1"f;;~_e 12-e-Lu. -01 J19mo,·d. fJl-,'.J
co-po.-ble oj- {earn,'n9 complex, 11an- l,'near 1el0,h'on -th1'pJ
be f- W e_tri i h pu, r Qn d O uJp uJ· da f- 0....
fepre. Jen f-a. hon Power oJ- M LP J;

MLP r ore univusa.£ fvnc h·on a.,ppT01ei' rnafnrs., mean,·"';) rh~

can 11ep,,re..Jto f- an~ Gof\ h~nuou.J fut)c.h'on fo an o.tb i fro.vy
decrre.e oJ- O.LC..u"lac0 g,'ven suff,'c1'enf /'\luronJ ,·n AtddU\ lCtt.JeYJ.

The k.e.~ J-ac..f-oY1 eonf-ribu.h 'n9 f-o fhe.it Pol,Ve1ful -repye.J-en f-a.h~on
c °'-pet b,. li 1-,'e.J ate:

1. rJon _ Une"-1 Ac h'vo. h'on Fune. h'on s:

MlP.c uJt ach'vo..h'on ,}u.nc,h'onJ [,"t~-e. ~cJ...u., J1'9t'()o1'cl > l-anh
tuhi·ch ollow them fu l'Ylode,l tomple.>:, non- l,'neay
ryelCAh'ont hipJ between ir\pub oncl oufpuf-J.
 2.. MuLh'ple. La.~et.r:
Tnt n,'cl den ·{aLj~ 11 t'n M L-PJ tYa.nJ fo rrr, fhe_ ,·n puf dafo.
t'n f-t, proC)1eJJ ,'velj more abJ 1-ro. ct fea l-u.reJ.

3,. Uni ve r1a1 App rax ,rf\o. h'on theo.,em ,

~f 1faf-e.s Hult- o fee.clfolwarcl neuro.1 neJwork. w1t1) 0vt-

{~~ r one Ai dde.n la.lfer o.rd non - Une.o..r a.ch'vo.. hon

furich'on1 can o.ppro )( ,·mate... o.n~ eon h r\U01AJ
0
funt h·on on

a w 1-y\p°'-c~ J e / - prov,'ded /t ha..s ~ n o u 9 h

neCJ1ronJ.

+ • L eo..tn,·119 C,o mp le» fe a. fu.. re.s:

MLP 1 le.arn ht'e.ro:fch,a.L , 'ie,p1e Jen f-a h'on.s. Lo1.µer ltJLtjefJ

cup l-u t e J ,.Mp[ e fea. f-u r e,J wh ,·le A /qh er la~ erJ wmb 1'()e
these J,.Mr le. fea 1-u '(e,J to ye to9niz_e more Complex, po.Jf-eYf'\J.

who'u M LPi h a.ve. J hon9 ie,pre. sent-a. h(m poWer, over fiH-i'riq,

h 'l] h {,-r o.in

1
' n 9 CoM pl f.K i h:J an.cl vo.. n ,'.1 n,·"g qi o . . d , ' e , n t1 (X"(e d ·. . . (

{,'m it-a ht on>.

2..f9D,swsJ f-he. appl,ca..h'on1 of Feed- FovwarcJ Ne.ural /\.l~fwo,ks

~) De J-i'M 6a.c.le. p iO po go. h'or, . U:m s i'de, fh e N rJ be low , cc.1 w lat-, e vvo,
'
of- fhe ne,l--woik. O.r\d appl<j bo.cle. pYopo9a.h·o n fo oph'm,·z..e

<,vei'9ht1 of rhe nel-wotk.

,IJ w,
 111111

{)(nL O.) A-ppl1'ca. h'ons oJ- Feed - Fo,,wa.vd Af(!,urol tJe,rwovk1 (FFN.r-.iJ):
Feed- Fo,wo.rd Ntufal "1e.fworkt are o. f-~pe of o.th'fict'cJ
neu.fai ne I wotk whe-re. 1--he. Conne.c h'ons between l+.e. nodes
do ho~ for rn C-tj c le. g+-J 0..pp l,'ca. h°Ohl ctv'e..
r- Sm age 12 e c,oqn ,· h 'on :
F Ft.JNJ a{e. wide,(lj u.se.d ,·n Gompu. fer v,:.oa,, t-ask-J fo'f

,~den h'f.j1'n9 ob]'ecJs and poJfe-rnJ ,·h ,ma9eJ.

2- r.JaJu.t al La"~'ua ge P1oce.s >fn9 :

9n ~ l-ask.s Juch o.s fexf clo.sJ,'f ·ca ho') > ten h'me(\l-
0..r,o.,ltj~•·.1 and fto..nJla.h'o " FFr-JNJ C~t'\ be 'used.

3. Speevh Rew91"11•h'on ~

FF/\.lrJJ aie used f-o proce.~J audio s,·9nd.1 ancl fYo..nscv,'be.

4'he m in fo f e~ i-- \

4· R.ec..ommenda_h'ori S'-/Jfems-:
-rhe'j (X)wer ye../GolYlM endah·oh en9in.es bj pYe.d,·cttn1 the
pref~rer. ce I of- users.
s. Re~ ie ss ,·on fyob le ms:
-rhese.. rie,riuork.J ore appl,'ed fo p-ved,·cf Conh'nu.ou J vall-{e.J
.such OJ l\ous(. pr,·ce.J ov Jtock- Mo1k.e.f- fyencls.

b) Bac.k. p1opa9a.h' on:

6f- ,-.s a. Ju.petv,·Jed {earn,'n9 al9or,.fhm uJecl fo fYcu'r,
o.'(-/-t·f1·c/aJ.. nevo'd nerwotkJ . gt- ,.nvolves two rnaJn pho..seJ
f. Fo1wo.rd Po.ss: the. i'npuf clo.,~a_ i's .po.Sse.d f-hvoucgh H,e
ne.+work ro qtneta.f-e pyedlc.hbr-. 5.

2· Bo.ckwo..tcJ Pass; The. hefwo1k ccJ.wlo.J·e.s f-he_ e1 ror. -rh~

e1ror ,'.1 /-hen pr0po9afe cl bo.ck. l:hroucgf-. fht ntfwotk. and
the we,9hb ave updaJecJ bc..Je.cl on f+te.. q1adi'enb to
r,1;n,'M1'z_e, f-fie evrOY.
1' 1 -:-O-or W 1 -;..0.1f W.r ::..o. 4-0 b
1
-;,o _ ~r-

I\_..-:. 0. I 0 LJv::.. 0-2,o w 6 ,. o.+r b)., -=-- o. r,,o

LJ1 .,_ 0 . 2- .f w., ,, o . ro
() .QI
0' ~
W4-.,. 0.30 Wr!)--0,f'J
Oz.,~ 0 -4CJ

Fo1wa1d Po..S!:

~ (o.o.r) Co,,,)+ [0-10) (o,'l.-r)t- o-3r-

-z. 0 . 38 ,.__J

OI.,{,+ h, ~

-.. (o.or)(o:2-0)-t \0,10) (o.Jo) ~o-3S-

:: 0·3~
I

ouf hv- =- 1
' • :: o •Y~ l, 3
t+e··hv

0, ~ (ol.,.\,t-h,)w., t- {c,u;I 1',.,,) w, 1 +61.--- '

-= (o.r~4-r) (o.1r,v)-+- (o.rq6J)(o.r-o) + o.bo

2 I • I 3 59
• I I

01.,, =- ( oi;,I- A,) w, -t {ouf- h1.1) Wg- + bi-

I I
:z. ( o. P14- r-) C? • 4- f' 't' ( o. p:, bJ) D -.r.r +' o • 1,

~ 1#1qr~

e 0,1b17
r

I '

t.'fYOY Ca.f.wla. hon:

E-v .. _!_ (o.~q- o,·1c.11) l-:i. o. 02--4-7

:z_...

Bo.ck propo.9eth'or-. !

l)w~ -11,_ d£
dw

-:z {_ouJo, - f-ca9e-+-o,) KOuf-0 1 >< ( 1-ou.+o,) >1ou+ h 1

~ (o.-, r-b q - o. o , ) x ( o. 1 rb q_) )d (, - ).x o. s-q 4-r

o, 1 r- bq

-z o.o~ ,1

he.tAJ W.f z
,., o/1
'-"""J- .\.,.
_0£
0 W,r

2 o .40 - (0.00 (o.0~11)

~ 0.2,qq,
 -
<lt.
., ~--
~£
>O
___
~ ou,ro).,,-
,. ~ 02-
- -
a Wt, l; ou:(; o i, d oi.- awc.

= ( ou.f 0 )~ - b::'- rqLf-oi.) 1 ou.t--o ~ (' ... o l-l-f-02}) ,,: out- h,

~ -f~_-;:1~ --e.q11) ~ (o,1vb-~1-t -{:>~+<, ~ 1- >o 07f-'1 zf-J

- (o,1l,,1 -o.qq) 'I' ( o,7·1,11_) (,- o.1t,1,) x-ouf- h,

~ C- o ,'2,;?--2-3) X to •7 b 1 1) lo. 2 3 1- 3) >' 0 , S-CJ 4- r

z - o . o 2--0 r-

lJt. - 11,_ c, f:
~wt,

:z O, 4-J - CO ,0 I) ( -
I
0 r O 'l,
'
31)
'1 0, 4ro 1-

S1'm;Lo._vl~ , l'-',, w,,_, W3, t,J+, kJ.t, ~8 are aLJo u.ppo...t-e..d.

,-
3. DeJ.ihe.. l"lorn~n rurv) base.d GiD, Net t-e~ov
,t
·(n D, J i:o cho.s h·c <no.
I '
/Jj· Momtn tum Bas eel grr0t d,ent Des cen f- :
gt- ,s an oph'm:2-0.h'Or. d9orU--hm t-Aa_f- a.,'n1s fv acLe...letat-~
'
gYo.diet'it detcen,f- b1 Go~1s,·det1'111 f-he._ pas f- 9rod/enf.s. <at adds

a momentum fer m fo smooM , out f:he 91a c4 ien t de,_j cent-

updo.Je.s1 pvevenh'':} f-h.e.- ~01,·t-Arr, from osci £lo.·h~g too much
Qnd pof-en (,'ally __ Jpeedi°rig u.p loriver9ence .'
1

» At each st-~-p, it CotYtpuJ-e...s the qro.dt'ent oj- f-he_ wrYent-

po.srh'on anc/ updat-es t-Ae velocif~ ve~tor.

Vt = J3 Vt--, -t- tJ._ v' f ( Bt-,) •

.a
Vt = 0t~, - V,f;
r

·whf,e.-
Vt IJ veJoct-hJ a.I- :Jt-e.p t
f3 ts mo •'Y\.tn t-un1 ·hrrn ( c,.uu.olly be,t-wce n o ~9 Q.nd O ·99)

fl i.s le o..r t'\ t' r\~ ra. t-e.

1:-,
°\I J(9i--~ ,s t-1'e qrcu::l/ent of Hte. loss funch·oh ctt st-ep
Dt t'.s the. upda.t-ecl pa,ame ter
Mom.e-1'\.tu.h'l f\~lpi ,·n GLC.C.e Le,ro...hi'h9 GiD t'ri Ye le. va.n t d,·ye_c..,hbn.J

a 11 cl do.mpe-n,·Y19 o.sc,'llCLhbrt! ., 1 po.rf(w{a.Jltj ,·h ve.9,·onJ w,·/:-h

o.. na.r1ow or S~eep 1rad/e,n,(;- •

1'Je; fero v Aue,lero. red lJto..dten t DeJ cent

9-1-- ,·J an -e..x f-(_n.r,·on oJ- NB GJJ) 1

the.. ke.tj df'H-c'fcnc.e... 1:S l-ho.J·

N(i G, o.n h'cJpo.,f-e..s +-ne. ht-i+ poJ1'h'on of (:he po..ya_rne..f-eYJ

be.f-ove. t.oi.t.u.[o..,h'n9 f-he. gro..de'w t , provid,·n~ °'- more accurat(!_

ar\d fas fe,r wn ve.,ge ncG
Vt -~ {?> V~., + ~ '1 f (Dt-, - P, Vt-,)
Ot :. Dt-, - Vt

look- o..hea. d po.s ;~hon : 01:--, - 13 Vt--,

.$t-oc~a.sh'c., gra.di-enf- {)e.scent ~
'

gf updo.JeJ fhe.. model po..Yo..mt t-~rs more.. f'yeg,.ue,n f-L~ bl3

u.s ,·n9 oh½ one. fro.,,'nh,9 eJ(o.rv\ple. at each ~ tef>., '>'o. r1\e.Y f-ho.r,
Gornpuh·n9 ~fie gracJ,·en,f o}- the enh.Ye. da.:f-o..je,~

Bt =- et--, -11 v f; {0+-,)

lvheye.. q !1 ( Bt.,) lJ the 9-ro..d ,'ef\. t- o}- lo,s1 .fu.r\C h'ori fov fhe i fn
fya.in ,·n9 le 1hp· t-, .
cay help
e_xo.mp o..f-

5GrD ir,twdu..tc.J nofu ln Me procGJJ_·: wh,·c.J, ~vo,d

ge f-h ·n9 ! +v..c k ,·n loccJ.. m ,'ri i t'Yla aricl .1 peed u.p eon ve , 9 e. n c ~~
J pe c iallfj ,jov ___,, c
(a-rg ______________
data t-1. ____ Je.
 t-·------

4- fxp{o..1" Re.qufayiz.ah'on ,h autoeneoclers., Dtno/J,'n1 a.ufoeneoder.r_.,

Jpovse auioe.nwdeu, Cont-ra.ch·ve. aut-ot.ncoclers.

~- Requ..la.r,'z..o_h'oh 1'n Autoenwders:

12-equlav,'z.ah'oh Jn Ol~tf;oenv0c1er.1 /nvolveJ te.e-hn,·q,,.uu to

pr l.V(.r\ r ave ( 11· f-h ·n1 and ,'mp vove f--h l 9ene. 1 ol,·z a ho(\ ab/ l ,·t-y
0~ t-Ae aufvenloder. AL-lh,eno,clev~ are. he..u.Yo..l neJworlu. •tho.J
leo.,n tu wrnp-<e..~J [enlVc/e) Oitd {-hen re.eonst-rucf(deeode) dctfcl
a"d w d--h o u t re.q().la.y,·z_af-r'oh, the~ can ea.si l<j 1
(eatn to
s,·n'lpl:j wp~ t-h.e iriput to 4-he output 1
(ead/n9 fv
vvet +•m'n9. \

Type.,J of 'YLgulo.ri'z.o.h'on ~e,chn,C/tu.es:

-f lutiqh d~ca.~ {L-,d--'l/) : AddJ a. perv:J.ty fu fhe.. losJ func h'ori ba.1e.d

on tht mo.~ni i;ttde..- o} fht ().Jl19ht1 ,., ineouro9in9 the. mode.l to

h"'ve.. Jtna,ILer we.J9h~ af\d .smoofher rnapp,·1191.
~ ,Jo(sl- 9r-ijtch"ot: Add1 hoi'Je. fo eiH1e.v -Me.. inpu.f- or h,'dde,f\ {a.<jeU
l:o ma.ke. rnod ei r-r,o re. 10 bu..s t--
D-e no,· s,·~ Auto enCDd~t!:
~t ho.nd feJ t-,oi.S~ -in pu.t do..fo.. af\d ie.orn more 'fobu...tf

re.pve.Je.n to.. honf.

~ ~nsreo.d of d-1YeC:Hj ·lea.tru·h9 fo map ~() inpuf- x. to if-1!-lf.1
\ \
cleno,'sr'ncg au.roene,odeu firsf- 0orv~f /-he !'npu-t -x. b~ o..dd.1'h9 not'Je.
\

-lf ,Ae wuu.pf-ed ;npu.t i iJ fed in to +fie eneoder , etf\d {he. deUJder
I I )

tr,·e..1 to 'ftCOhsf-vuct -Hie. or,'q,·naf cleo.." ihput- ?L

i -rhi [oS$ j-unchon m,'nimiz..~ th,e_ -~1'ffe.,ye.nce bel-we,tn. thG outpu.

ond lhe uncorrup red input:
L l 'X, 5<.) = ({ :x-il/ ~
,._ iJ 'fe C;:Jf\S true ted out put·
 .Jpa 1 se Auf-oencoders .'
9 l- ,·n trodu.c e.J a Jpo..--.r ,· hj Gonl ~ ra,·n t Or\ t-he h ,'dd en laljer
o.c h'va.h ons , h1e.a.nt0q tho.J Ohl~ Cl few he.uron.1 ar l allowed
to be, a.c.. 1-,'ve fov M~ (:} iven t'npu-1:-·

k 9f-- inhoclute. J a pe-r\oJhj term fo ehc.ol)..fO..<Je !povs,·t-y ln f-h.L

f"'dd e.n un / h "-.C: h' vo... hbrd ..
~ Jpor.!e Consfro.,' nt tor\ bl 1mpl~rnc nhd UJt'f"\1

kl- D,\rcrq~nce.. ~- M~o.Jurl.J l--h~ d,·w- ilf\.l~ b~.,.Jiuc_e.f\. l+,e_ a.v(/(a..1e.

G'lC-h'vc.A-,bl\ of- P-.,1dden heu,roru a,nd • !-ar:ie f Jpo..r .o'+tj level.
L, /2t9ulo..rt'z_o..h'oh : Add.r per'\oi!.flj ptopovh'ona/. /-"T7 o.bJolevt-e
voicu.J of-- o..th v ~f,'oru .

Obfe.ch've, -Jun~h'on ! l-(x,i) -t- ,A ~ ~L {fl/ fJ

I
e,· - D\.VeYa.~e, act·/vah bn fu0ch'on of f)l,U(O(\ ,·.

f .._ d~.s,·Y-e-d 1poJ !1'~ lev~l ( e.loJe f-o o) .

>, - A.~ pc'( po ra M e:,,t-~r &:>h r"f oll 1'f\_9 •mporf-o..nc,e. of pe, no.l hj .
Jpo.r1e ~ aufven[J)der_s CHl. u.J~fu-l ,'n leayn/h1 fea.fur0 t--h.e.
·c.cpture.. 1'mpurf-an t Jf-Yv..thtr~ w/\,'[c 1qn,or,'rtg ,rvolwOJl f- da._f-c,.__

Con fya.c_ t,·ve Au f-o e,n God e.rJ :

9f adclJ re9u.lar,'i-o. hon t-e rm f-o lot.s fuY\c,h'on fhoi penoli'-zeJ

/-he sensihv/ hj of- Aicldel'\ repreJen fo.hol'\J to .!mo$( e-ho.riqe,,.1
'"' Me inpu.b-
~ rhe tnoJn gool i.J tt, enJure. Mat .tmai..l cho.n9e-1 t'n t'nput-
leo.d fo J rf'tall cho.~eJ it) +-he e-n cod in1·
L (,x, i) 1- ,A I] '7,c h (~) J J~

Where- fl 'Q-,.. h {1,) l J,: IJ -/+.e .Jq,u.o red FYo b e.ri ,'u}J norm o j- /-1-\e

Ja u:,b ,·an o} ·f-ne.. h ,'d den f ~Y l .sen I-a. /--,'on A (-x.) iv ·Y • f-

in pu.J x,
 '~P~ oj- KL<j Fea fu re_ R.equlo.rlw. hbn
Av..io encoder

'f2e9u la··,i'-z,e,d Appl,'e.J ,r43e,1,lo.rt'za. hof\ p.,even f-1 ove f f/fh'n9

Aufvencoder t-ec./\ "iq;t-tl.f l ,'/e.e. c,ue i'qh f- c,.nc/ rmpro Ve.J
I
d ellt';j, ecu ly 1f-opp1~q. 9ene (o.lt1-o.l1 on.,
ho1'H in jec h'on .
----+-----------f

Denoin'nq 1 roJ'necl fv r (-(,6n S h·u.cl le.or t'tS feo. fur~ fhc1.J

Au. 1:-o erO' cl~ r cA~an iY\puf: fvoM l'\01JV can rt-J1Jt- hOIJ~ ·i'npufJ.
t'nput

f n fort~ .spo·rJe GonJ/-ya.,'rd t) Jl-J ·tc.L, L. 1 to leoyn

0('\ hidden unih. ! po:r J e ye.pr~ Jen. ta. h'of\

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o.,ch;t-ecture...