What is ICT/Information Technology?

- It is a discipline that involves the understanding and design of computers and computational processes.
(the field of computing/computation)

- It is a mixture and application of Applied Mathematics,

Electrical Engineering, and Complexity Theories/Algorithms to understand and/or model information.

- A central focus is on processes for handling and manipulating information.

What is ICT/Information Technology

ICT and Computer Science may not differ if seen in their general form. However, using strict computing
terms, there are differences between the two.

Computer Science refers to the processes used to create computer applications/programs together with
all theories behind those processes.

Information and Communications Technology or Information Technology refers to the application of

computer programs to aid or solve business/organizational processes.

Difference of ICT/IT and COMPSCI

Computer Science – deals more with creating of hardware and software Creating Computer Software

Ex. CPU, motherboard or other hardware devices

Information and Communications Technology (ICT/IT)

Maintaining computers and networks as well as installing, updating and fixing software issues.

What is a computer?

- it is an electronic device that transform data into useful information.

- is a machine that performs a variety of tasks according to specific instructions. It is a data processing
machine which accepts data via an input device and its processor manipulate the data according to a
program.

Basic Function of a Computer

1. Accept data

2. Store data

3. Process data

4. Retrieved the stored data or output generated information as and when required.
Characteristics of Computer

1. Speed
2. Acurracy
3. Reliability
4. Storage
5. Diligence
6. Versatility
7. Resource Sharing

Classification of Computers According to Purpose

 GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTER

A general-purpose computer is designed to perform a variety of tasks. Most computers used in offices,
schools, homes, and personal are general-purpose computers.

 SPECIAL PURPOSE COMPUTER

These computers are designed to handle a specific problem or to perform a

single specific function.

Examples of these computers are used for airline reservations, weather forecasting, satellite tracking,
and air traffic control.

According to the Type of Data Handled

 ANALOG COMPUTERS

Computers that function on data in the form of continuously variable quantities that cannot be counted.
They measure continuous physical magnitudes (e.g. speed, temperature, pressure, and voltage)

 DIGITAL COMPUTERS

A computer that operates with information, numerical physical quantities (can be counted) or otherwise,
represented in a digital form is known as digital computer. Works on digits like (0’s and 1’s)

 HYBRID COMPUTERS

Are computers that exhibit features of analog computers and digital computers. The digital component
normally serves as the controller and provides logical operations, the analog component normally serves
as a solver of differential equations used in process control and in robotics

According to Functionality and Size

MICROCOMPUTERS

The microcomputer is generally the smallest of the computer family. these computers were designed
only for individual users. Microcomputers include desktop, laptop, tablet-PC, and hand-held models.
MINICOMPUTERS

A minicomputer (sometimes called a mid-range computer) is designed to meet the computing needs of
several people simultaneously in a small- to medium-sized business environment. It is commonly used
for data processing. It is capable of supporting 4 to about 200 simultaneous users.

MAINFRAME COMPUTERS

Can run multiple different operating system at the same time Large computers for multiprocessing Also
called the “Big Iron” – large cabinets capability Bulk data processing

Ex. Census , statistics

SUPERCOMPUTERS

Super computers are the special-purpose machines, which are specially designed to maximize the
numbers of FLOPS (floating point operation per second). A super computer can process a great deal of

information and make extensive calculations very quickly. They are the fastest, costliest and mos
powerful computers available today.

Embedded Computers

“computers on a chip”

According to Functionality and Size Computer History

Earliest Computing Tool

Sand Tables – known to be the earliest device for computation

– consists of three groves in the sand with a maximum of 10 pebbles in each groove

Abacus – derived from the Arabic word ‘abaq’ which means ‘dust’

– consists of sliding beads arranged on a rack which has two parts: upper part and lower part

Napier Bones

– small instrument made of 10 rods on which multiplication table was engraved

– enabled to perform multiplication and division

Slide Ruler– jointly devised by Edmund Gunter & William Oughtred

– based on the principle that actual distances from the starting point of the rule is directly

proportional to the logarithm of numbers printed on the rule

Computer systems & its components

What is Computer system? Computer System

– defined as general purpose information processing machine used to troubleshoot various problems
related to data processing

– allows users to input, manipulate and store data

– a basic, complete and functional computer

Two main components:

Hardware

– tangible parts

Software

– intangible parts: data and programs

Computer Hardware- physical machine, consisting of mechanical parts and electronic circuits

Several major units:

- Central Processing Unit (CPU)

- Main Memory (RAM)

- Secondary Memory

- Peripherals (I/O devices)

Central Processing Unit (CPU)- defined as the major component of a computer,

- also known as the ‘processor’ or the “electronic brain” of the computer

- consist of the electronic circuits which are necessary to perform a variety of operations on the
data

Major components:

 Arithmetic Logic Unit

 Control Unit
 Registers

Secondary Memory

– provides stable storage for both programs and data in longer period of time

– often referred to as the disk

Disk drives – are also known as mass storage device because of their capacity to store relatively large
amount of data and many programs.
Peripherals (Input/Output Devices)

– used in getting and displaying information

Classifications:

Input

Output

– Keyboards
– Printings/Plotters
– Pointing Devices
– Monitors
– Sensors
– Remote Control
– Card Readers

The hardware composing a computer can be

divided into categories:

- Input
- Storage
- Processing
- Output

Units that implement the ISPO function:

Input Unit– inputs the data and programs for computer Processing

Storage Unit – stores the input data and programs

Processing Unit– conducts calculations on the input data and controls input unit, storage unit and output
unit

Output Unit– output the result of computer processing in a certain format

Computer Organization Concepts

What is Computer Architecture?

It is a specification detailing how a set of software and hardware technology standards interact to form a
computer system or platform. In short, computer architecture refers to how a computer system is
designed and what technologies it is compatible with.

What is Computer Organization?

it refers to the operational units and their interconnections that realize the

architectural specifications.
 COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
Computer Architecture is concerned Computer Organization is concerned
with the way hardware components are with the structure and behaviour of a
connected together to form a computer computer system as seen by the user.
system.
It acts as the interface between It deals with the components of a
hardware and software. connection in a system.
Computer Architecture helps us to Computer Organization tells us how
understand the functionalities of a exactly all the units in the system are
system. arranged and interconnected.
A programmer can view architecture in Whereas Organization expresses the
terms of instructions, addressing modes realization of architecture.
and registers.
While designing a computer system An organization is done on the basis of
architecture is considered first. architecture.
Computer Architecture deals with Computer Organization deals with
high-level design issues. low-level design issues.
Architecture involves Logic (Instruction Organization involves Physical
sets, Addressing modes, Data types, Cache Components (Circuit design, Adders,
optimization) Signals, Peripherals)

WHO INVENTED COMPUTER?

Charles Babbage (born December 26, 1791, London, England—died October 18, 1871, London), English
mathematician and inventor who is credited with having conceived the first automatic digital computer.

LIVING IN THE IT ERA

Significance of using Computers

- Computer technology is used to serve and connect people in the modern world.
- Individuals, communities, government and organizations rely on computer technology to
produce or innovate the majority of things in their lives, such as food, services, entertainment,
health care, communication, education and transportation.

BENEFITS OF COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY

Communication

 It provides a number of benefits in terms of fast communication.

 Instant messaging, Video conferencing, Email programs

Business

 It allows for the automation of numerous manufacturing processes.

 It provides real-time access to financial markets across the globe, 24 hours a day.

Medicine
  There is an entire sub-discipline in the field of information technology called "health informatics"
that focuses on integration of various computer technologies into the medical field.

Travel

 Computer technology radically alters the process of travel. Savvy travelers no longer need a
travel agent to get to their destination of choice. E.g., Online services, GPS systems.

Education

 The educational benefits of computer technology are manifold. Computers in classroom provide
young children the opportunity to learn skills, such as touch-typing, and core types of programs,
such as word processing and spreadsheet applications, they will need throughout their careers.
The Internet allows users the world over to pursue informal and formal distance learning,
ranging from simple how-to videos up to graduate level college degrees.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Increase your productivity  Carpal tunnel and eye strain
 Connects you to the Internet  Too much sitting
 Can store vast amounts of  Short attention span and too much
 information and reduce waste multitasking
 Helps sort, organize, and search  Can limit learning and create a
 through information dependency
 Get a better understanding of data  Potential of loss of privacy
 Keeps you connected  Time sink and lots of distractions
 Can help you learn and keep you  Increases waste and impacts the
informed environment
 Can make you money  Can reduce jobs
 Can help automate and monitor  Trolls, abuse, stalking, and exploitation
 Save time  You could become anti-social or
 Assist the physically challenged depressed
 Find love in your life
 Keep you entertaned

COMPUTER ETHICS

WHAT IS ETHICS?

- Ethics is derived form the Greek word ethos which means “character” or “custom”, which is
equivalent to Latin word “more”, from which word like morality, morals, and morale are
derived.
- Ethics is the study of the morality of human actions
- Ethics focuses on the care for the soul.
- Ethics is an area of philisopy that deals with man's pursuit of the good life.
- Ethics is a field of study that is concerned with questions of values, that is, judgements
whether what human act (also called conduct or behavior) is a “good” or “bad” (some
theories use the terms “right” or “wrong”, “correct” or “incorrect”).
WHAT IS COMPUTER ETHICS?

Computer ethics deals with the guiding procedures, values and practices that are adopted and applied to
regulate and control the use of computers and its applications.

Ethical practices are written into or can be based from:

1. Laws

Law governs society. Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines

example of written, formal and rigid.

Traditions or belief is an example of unwritten, informal and flexible laws. Constitution of the

Republic of the Philippines

2. Code of Practice, Code of Conduct, Code of Professional Practice, Code of Ethics, Professional Code of
Ethics

This code of practice are styled as a code of Professional Responsibility, which include guidelines to
handle difficult issues and decision.

Computer Ethics Institute (CEI)

10 Commandments of Computer Ethics

1. Thou shalt not use a computer to harm other people

2. Thou shalt not interfere with other people's computer work
3. Thou shalt not snoop around in other people's computer files
4. Thou shalt not use computer to steal
5. Thou shalt not use a computer to bear false witness
6. Thou shalt not copy or use proprietary software for which you have not paid
7. Thou shalt not use other people's computer resources without authorization or proper
compensation
8. Thou shalt not appropriate other people's intellectual output
9. Thou shalt think about the social consequences of the program you are writing or the system
you are developing
10. Thou shalt always use a computer in ways that ensure consideration and respect for your fellow
humans

Walter Maner The term “computer ethics” was first introduced in the mid-1970s by Walter Maner, who
also promoted the idea of teaching computer ethics in computer science curricula

Ramon C. Barquin The commandments were introduced in the paper "In Pursuit of a 'Ten
Commandments' for Computer Ethics" by Ramon C. Barquin as a means to create "a set of standards
guide and instruct people in the ethical use of computers." They follow the Internet Advisory Board's
memo on ethics from 1987.

MISION
Central Luzon State University shall develop globally competitive, work- ready, socially-responsible and
empowered human resources who value life-long learning; and generate, disseminate, and apply
knowledge and technologies for poverty alleviation, environmental protection and sustainable
development.

MISION

The central Luzon state university as a world class national research university for science and
technology in agriculture and allied fields.