Force and Laws of

● to overcome the inertia and make a body

move from rest, we must apply an
external force

Motion A force is something which changes or tends to

change the state of rest or of uniform motion of a
A push or pull on a body is called force. body,
Force can produce the following effects:
1. A force can move a stationary body.
Momentum
2. A force can stop a moving body.
3. A force can change the speed of a moving The force required to stop a moving body is
body. directly proportional to its mass. The force
4. A force can change the direction of a required to stop a moving body is also directly
moving body. proportional to its velocity. Thus, the quantity of
5. A force can change the shape (and size) of motion in a body depends on the mass and
a body. velocity of the body. This gives us another term
known as "momentum".
The momentum of a body is defined as the
Balanced and Unbalanced Forces product of its mass and velocity.
Balanced forces : If the resultant of all the forces 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
acting on a body is zero, the forces are called 𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣
balanced forces. Momentum is considered to be a measure of the
● if a number of balanced forces act on a quantity of motion of a moving body
stationary body, the body continues to
remain in its stationary position.
Similarly, if a number of balanced forces Newtons Second Law of
act on a body in uniform motion, the
body continues to be in its state of
Motion
uniform motion. The rate of change of momentum of a body is
Unbalanced forces : If the resultant of all the directly proportional to the applied force, and
forces acting on a body is not zero, the forces are takes place in the direction in which the force
called unbalanced forces, acts.
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 ∝ 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛

Newton's Laws of Motion 𝐹∝

𝑚𝑣 − 𝑚𝑢
𝑡
𝑚(𝑣−𝑢)
𝐹∝ 𝑡

Newton’s first law of motion 𝐹∝𝑚 × 𝑎

𝐹 = 𝑘 × 𝑚 × 𝑎 {𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 '𝑘' 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡}
A body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in
𝐹 = 𝑚 × 𝑎
motion will continue in motion in a straight line
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
with a uniform speed, unless it is compelled by an
The acceleration produced in a body is direct
external force to change its state of rest or of
proportional to the force acting on it and inversely
uniform motion
proportional to the mass of the body,
● Inertia is the property of a body due to
● if the mass of the body is doubled, its
which it resists a change in its state of
acceleration will be halved. And if the mass
rest or of uniform motion.
is halved then acceleration will be doubled
● the inertia of a body depends on its mass
(provided the force remains the same
Newton's second law gives us a relationship Why the gun recoils
between the force applied to a body and the When a bullet is fired from a gun, the force
acceleration produced in the body sending the bullet forward is equal to the force
sending the gun backward But due to high mass
Application of newtons second law of the gun, it moves only a little distance
backward and gives a backward jerk or kick to the
1. Catching a Cricket ball : shoulder of the gunman. The gun is said to have
A fast moving cricket ball has a large momentum. recoiled.
In stopping (or catching) this cricket ball, its The case of horse pulling a cart
momentum has to be reduced to zero. Now, when To make the cart move, the horse bends forward
a cricket player moves back his hands on catching and pushes the ground with its feet. When the
the fast ball, then the time taken to reduce the forward reaction to the backward push of the
momentum of ball to zero is increased Due to horse is greater than the opposing frictional
more time taken to stop the ball, the rate of forces of the wheels, the cart moves.
change of momentum of ball is decreased and
hence a small force is exerted on the hands of
player. So, the hands of player do not get hurt. Conservation of momentum
2. The case of a high jumper When two (or more) bodies act upon. another,
When the high jumper falls on a soft landing site their total momentum remains constant (or
(such as a cushion or a heap of sand), then the conserved) provided no external force acting.
jumper takes a longer time to come to a stop. The m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
rate of change of momentum of athlete is less due 𝑝 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑝 𝑎𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
to which a smaller stopping force acts on the Total momentum before collision = Total
athlete. And the athlete does not get hurt momentum after collision
3. The use seatbelts in cars
The slightly stretchable seat belts worn by the
passengers of th car increase the time taken by
the passengers to fall forward. Due to longer time,
the rate of change momentum of passengers is
reduced and hence less stopping force acts on
them.

Newtons Third Law of Motion

Whenever one body exerts a force on another
body, the second body exerts an equal and
opposite force on the first body
● To every action there is an equal and
opposite reaction.
Though action and reaction forces are equal in
magnitude but they do produce equal acceleration
in the two bodies on which they act
The acceleration produced will be more in the
body having less mass whereas the acceleration
produced will be less in the body having more
mass.