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12 Continuity

Continuity

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SHIELA MARIE PONCE
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11 views3 pages

12 Continuity

Continuity

Uploaded by

SHIELA MARIE PONCE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Complex Analysis Continuity

Central Luzon State University


Department of Mathematics and Physics
Science City of Muñoz 3119
Nueva Ecija, Philippines

Objectives
On the completion of this reading material, students will be able to:

1. To determine the continuity of a given function at a given point; and

2. To understand and prove some properties of continues functions.

2 Analytic Functions
2.2 Continuity
Definition 2.2.1. A function f is continuous at a point z0 if all the following conditions
are satisfied:

1. limz→z0 f (z) exists;

2. f (z0 ) exists; and

3. limz→z0 f (z) = f (z0 )

Remark 2.2.2. vfdv

a. Conditions (1) and (2) are contained in Condition (3) since the existence of the
quantity in each side of the equation on (3) is needed.

b. By definition of limits, Condition (3) implies that for each ϵ > 0, there exists δ > 0
such that

(1) |f (z) − f (z0 )| < ϵ whenever |z − z0 | < δ.

c. A function of a complex variable is said to be continuous in a region R if it is


continuous at each point in R.

d. The following are direct consequence of Theorem 2.1.7 of our lecture on limits

d.1. If two functions f (z) and g(z) are continuous at a given point z0 , then their
sum f (z) + g(z) are also continuous at z0 ;
f (z)
d.2. Consider the two functions in d.1. g(z)
are also continuous provided that
g(z) ̸= 0.

e. By Theorem 2.1.8 of our lecture on limits, a complex polynomial is continuous in


the entire complex plane.

Prepared by GRJE Page 1


Complex Analysis Continuity

Theorem 2.2.3. A composition of continuous functions is itself continuous.


Proof. Let a function w = f (z) be defined in a neighborhood |z − z0 | < δ for some point
z0 . Also, let W = g(w) be a function whose domain of definition contains the image of
|z − z0 | < δ under f . Hence, the composition W = g(w) = g[f (z)] is defined for each
point z in |z − z0 | < δ. Now, suppose f and g are continuous at points z0 and f (z0 ) in
the w plane, respectively. Since g is continuous at f (z0 ), for each ϵ > 0, there is γ > 0
such that
|g[f (z)]| − g[f (z0 )]| < ϵ whenever |f (z) − f (z0 )| < γ.
Since f is continuous at z0 , |z − z0 | < δ can be made arbitrarily small. It follows that
by choosing |z − z0 | < δ to become arbitrarily smaller, |f (z) − f (z0 )| < γ also become
arbitrarily smaller. Therefore, by Definition 2.2.1 through Remark 2.2.2b, g[f (z)] is
continuous.

Figure 1: The neighborhoods |z − z0 | < δ, |f (z) − f (z0 )| < γ, and |g[f (z)] − g[f (z0 )]| < ϵ
points z0 , f (z0 ), and g[f (z0 )], respectively

Theorem 2.2.4. If a function f (z) is continuous and nonzero at a point z0 , then f (z) ̸= 0
throughout some neighborhood of z0
Proof. Suppose, by contradiction, that there exists a point z in the neighborhood |z−z0 | <
δ for which f (z) = 0. Since f (z) is continuous and nonzero at z0 , it satisfy Remark 2.2.2b.
Also, we can assign |f (z20 )| to ϵ in Remark 2.2.2b. It follows that there is δ > 0 such that

|f (z0 )|
|f (z) − f (z0 )| < whenever |z − z0 | < δ.
2
Since we can arbitrarily choose δ to be small enough, it follows that
|f (z0 )|
|f (z0 )| < ,
2
which is impossible. Therefore, the result follows.
The succeeding theorem tells us that the continuity of a function

(2) f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)

closely related to the continuity of its component functions u and v. This theorem follows
immediately from Theorem 2.1.5 of our lecture on limits.

Prepared by GRJE Page 2


Complex Analysis Continuity

Theorem 2.2.5. the component functions u and v in Equation (2) are continuous at a
point z0 = (x0 , y0 ) if and only if f is also continuous at z0 .

Theorem 2.2.6. If a function f is continuous throughout a region R that is both closed


and bounded, then there exists M ∈ R+ ∪ {0} such that

(3) |f (z)| ≤ M for all point z in R,

where equality holds for at least one such z.

Proof. Let f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y). Then, the function


p
|f (z)| = [u(x, y)]2 + [v(x, y)]2 ,

and is continuous throughout R. And since R is closed and bounded, |f (z)| reaches a
maximum value M somewhere in R. This implies that |f (z)| ≤ M , and therefore f is
bounded on R.

Prepared by GRJE Page 3

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