Scribd
Upload
19 views38 pages

Analog Communication

Uploaded by

Home Tv
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
19 views38 pages

Analog Communication

Uploaded by

Home Tv
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 38

Noise

 Definition
 Sources of noise
 Noise Calculations
Definition:
Electrical noise may be said to be the
introduction of any unwanted energy, which
tend to interfere with the proper reception and
reproduction of transmitted signals.
Types of Noise
Types of Noise
External Noise
Industrial Noise
 The intensity of noise made by human easily outstrip
that created by any other source, between 1 to 600
MHz.

 This includes such things as auto-mobile and aircraft


ignition, electric motors, switching equipment,
leakage from high voltage lines etc.

 Fluorescent lights are another powerful source of


such noise.
Atmospheric Noise
 Also known as static noise.
 Caused due to lightning discharge in thunderstorms or other
electrical disturbances occurring in the atmosphere.
 Random in nature so spread over most of the RF spectrum
normally used for broadcasting.
 Less severe at frequencies above 30 MHz because of two
factors:
 The higher frequencies are limited to line of sight

communication.
 As per nature, noise generates less in VHF ranges and

above.
 Affects radio more than it affects television.
Extraterrestrial Noise
• It is observable at frequencies in the range
from about 8 MHz to 1.43 GHz.

• Apart from man made noise it is strongest


component over the range of 20 to 120
MHz.

• Not much of it below 20MHz penetrates


below the ionosphere.
Extraterrestrial Noise
It is further divided into two categories:
 Solar noise.
 Cosmic noise.
Solar Noise:
 The sun radiates a broad spectrum of frequencies,
including those, which are used for broadcasting.
 It is a large body at very high temperature (over
60000C).
Extraterrestrial Noise
Cosmic Noise:
• Distant stars having high temperatures, they also radiate
noise in much the same way as the sun.
• The noise received from them is called black body noise
(thermal noise), distributed uniformly on the entire sky.
• Noise also comes from distant galaxies in much the same
way as they come from the milky way.
Types of Noise
Internal Noise
Noise generated by any of the active or passive
devices found in the receiver.
Thermal Noise
Thermal Noise
The noise generated by the agitation and interaction of
electrons is called thermal noise.
The internal kinetic energy of a particle can be expressed
through its temperature.

The kinetic energy of a body is zero at absolute zero


temperature.
The noise generated by a resistor, for example, over which the
noise is proportional to its absolute temperature as well as
the bandwidth it is to be measured.
Thermal Noise
Thermal Noise
If the load is noiseless and is receiving the
maximum noise power generated by noisy
resistor then:
2 2 2 2
V V (Vn 2) Vn
Pn    
RLoad R R 4R

Vn  4kTBR
For maximum power transfer:
V =Vn/2

That is the voltage across the load is half the


voltage of the noise generating resistor.

So, Vn2
Pn 
4R

Pn 

4kTBR 
2

4R
Pn  kTB
Q. An amplifier operating over the frequency range
from 18 to 20 MHz has a 10 kilo ohm input
resistor. What is the rms noise voltage at
the input to the amplifier if the ambient
temperature is 27 oC?

Ans : 18.2 μV
Semiconductor Noise
Shot Noise
• Random time taken by electrons to reach at the collector end.
• This appears as randomly varying noise current superimposed
on the output.
• Multiple electrons collected at collector at different times gives
appearance of shot effect.
Shot Noise
The formula for shot noise in a diode:
in  2qI dcf

In = rms shot noise current


1.6 10 C
19

q = charge of an electron
Idc = direct diode current
Δf = frequency bandwidth of system
Example

Q. Find the shot noise current for a diode


with a forward bias of 1mA over a 100
kHz bandwidth.

Ans 5.65nA
Transit Time Noise
Flicker Noise

The frequency spectrum of pink noise is linear in logarithmic scale; it has


equal power in bands that are proportionally wide.
This means that pink noise would have equal power in the frequency
range from 40 to 60 Hz as in the band from 4000 to 6000 Hz.
Flicker Noise
Summary
Noise Calculations
Addition of Noise due to several sources in series
Given two sources of thermal agitation,

Vn1  4kTBR1 Vn2  4kTBR2

The sum of their effect is given by

Vn,tot  V  V  4kTBR1  4kTBR2


2
n1
2
n2

Vn,tot  4kTB( R1  R2 )
Example

Q. Calculate the noise voltage at the input of a


television RF amplifier using a device that has
200 ohm equivalent noise resistance and a
300 ohm input resistance. The bandwidth of
the amplifier is 6 MHz and the temperature is
17oC.

Ans 6.93μV
Noise Calculations
 Addition of noise due to several amplifiers in cascade.

The equivalent input noise resistance,


S/N Ratio

Signal to Noise Ratio

 Why to calculate equivalent noise of a device


 To compare two devices in order to evaluate
their performance.
 To compare the signal and the noise at the same
point to ensure that noise is not excessive.
Problem

NR = 1.832 and NF = 2.63db

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy