Scribd
Upload
8 views22 pages

24 Noise

The document discusses noise in wireless receivers, detailing both internal and external sources of noise that affect signal detection. It explains various types of internal noise, such as thermal, shot, flicker, plasma, and quantum noise, as well as external noise sources like cosmic background noise and electromagnetic interference. Additionally, it covers concepts like noise floor, noise figure, and the distinction between noise-limited and interference-limited links in communication systems.

Uploaded by

Mahzabin Ishrat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views22 pages

24 Noise

The document discusses noise in wireless receivers, detailing both internal and external sources of noise that affect signal detection. It explains various types of internal noise, such as thermal, shot, flicker, plasma, and quantum noise, as well as external noise sources like cosmic background noise and electromagnetic interference. Additionally, it covers concepts like noise floor, noise figure, and the distinction between noise-limited and interference-limited links in communication systems.

Uploaded by

Mahzabin Ishrat
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 22

ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

ORGANISATION OF ISLAMIC COOPERATION (OIC)


GAZIPUR, BANGLADESH

EEE 4541
Wireless Communication

Noise in Wireless Receiver


(Pozar: Chapter 10)

Dr. Mohammad Tawhid Kawser


Professor, EEE Dept.
Noise
Noise power in a receiver is introduced from
the external environment through the
receiving antenna, as well as generated
internally by the receiver circuitry.
Noise
Noise can be passed into a system from
external sources, or generated within the
system itself. In either case the noise level of
a system sets the lower limit on the strength
of a signal that can be detected in the
presence of the noise.
Noise Generated Internally
Noise that is generated internally in a device
or component is usually caused by random
motions of charges or charge carriers in
devices and materials. Such motions may be
due to any of several mechanisms, leading to
various types of noise.
At low frequencies, signals stay around for a long time, allowing these slow fluctuations

Noise Generated Internally


to have a big effect.

At high frequencies, signals change too quickly for these slow variations to have much
impact, so the noise fades away.

• Thermal noise is the most basic type of noise,


being caused by thermal vibrations in any
component at a temperature above absolute
zero. It is also known as Johnson or Nyquist
noise.
• Shot noise is due to random fluctuations of
charge carriers in an active device.
• Flicker noise occurs in an active device.
Flicker noise power varies inversely with
frequency, and so it is often called 1/ f -noise.
Noise Generated Internally
• Plasma noise is caused by random motion
of charges in an ionized gas, such as a
plasma, the ionosphere, or sparking
electrical contacts.
• Quantum noise results from the quantized
nature of charge carriers and photons; it is
often insignificant relative to other noise
sources.
Noise Generated Externally
External noise may be introduced into a
system either by a receiving antenna or by
electromagnetic coupling. Some sources of
external RF noise include the following:
• Thermal noise from the ground
• Cosmic background noise from the sky
• Noise from stars (including the sun)
Noise Generated Externally
• Lightning
• Gas discharge lamps
• Radio, TV, and cellular stations
• Wireless devices
• Microwave ovens
• Deliberate jamming devices
Noise Floor
The noise floor of a receiver is the level of
background noise that is present before any
wanted signals are received.
Your signal must be stronger than the noise floor to be detected.

The noise floor is the signal created from the


sum of all the noise sources.

The noise floor determines the lowest strength


signals that can be received.
Noise Floor
Thermal Noise Power and
Equivalent Noise Temperature
For a resistor at a physical temperature of T
degrees kelvin (K), the electrons in the
resistor are in random motion, with a kinetic
energy that is proportional to the
temperature.
These random motions produce small,
random voltage fluctuations at the resistor
terminals.
Noise Power and Equivalent Noise
Temperature
Noise Power and Equivalent Noise
Temperature
This voltage has a zero average value but a
nonzero rms value given by Planck’s blackbody
radiation law,
Noise Power and Equivalent Noise
Temperature
Using the first two terms of a Taylor series
expansion

Thus,

This is called Rayleigh–Jeans approximation.


Noise Power and Equivalent Noise
Temperature
A noisy resistor can be replaced by a Thevenin
equivalent circuit consisting of a noiseless resistor
and a voltage source
Noise Power and Equivalent Noise
Temperature
Assuming connection of a load resistor R that
results in maximum power transfer from the noisy
resistor, the power delivered to the load in a
bandwidth B is (Vn is an rms voltage),

An ideal noiseless amplifier has a noise


temperature of 0 K.
Noise Power in dB (Example)
• Boltzman constant, k = 1.39 x 10-23 J/K
= - 228.6 dBW/K/Hz
• System Noise Temperature, TS = 75 K
= 18.8 dBK
• Noise Bandwidth, Bn = 27 MHz
= 74.3 dBHz
• Receiver Noise Power,
N = -228.6+18.8+74.3 = -135.5 dBW
Noise Figure
The noise figure of a component is a measure
of the degradation in the signal-to-noise ratio
between the input and output of the
component.
The noise figure, F, is defined as

where Si , Ni are the input signal and noise


powers, and So, No are the output signal and
noise powers
Noise Figure
Noise Limited Links
• The lowest allowable CINR is dictated by
the noise in the system.
• LOS links are usually noise limited. The
receiver location is known and a narrow
beam is used towards the receiver. Thus,
the beam does not spread out and interfere
another radio link. (The narrow beam also
ensures high carrier power)
Interference Limited Links
• The lowest allowable CINR is dictated by
the interference in the system.
• non-LOS links, with frequency reuse, are
usually interference limited. A wide beam
is used. The beam spreads out and it is
likely to interfere another radio link on the
same frequency. The high interference can
overpower the noise making the system
interference limited. (The wide beam also
allows low carrier power)
Noise and Interference Limited Links

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy