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Class 12
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
25 views17 pagesContinuity and Differentiability Ex 5.1 To 5.4
Class 12
Uploaded by
parasbhardwaj52159Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 17
x
16 Prove that the function f(x) = fir * #0 ot differentiable at x = 0:
1, x=0
Hint, Prove that the function is discontinuous at x = 0 and hi
=
47, Examine for continuity and differentiability, each of the following functions +
ence it is not differentiable at
1
[xsi 0 sin-, X70 DVL
copay {75 Z7 TSO Lg wfeo- |x|sin= atx=0
x20 o, xs0
2
ia fod= be oP cos ~
‘Answers
1. Yes 2.No 3. No 4. No 5. No 7. £0
8, (i) to (vi) are all derivable 9. Not differentiable 10. -4
a 1
11. Discontinuous at x = 1; not differentiable at x = 2 15. 2a, a= >
17. (i Continuous at x = 0 but not differentiable at x = 0
(i) Continuous at x = 0 but not differentiable at x = 0
(ii) Continuous as well as differentiable at x = ¢
5.3 DERIVATIVES OF COMPOSITE FUNCTIONS
Theorem. If u = g(x) is differentiable at x and y = f(u) is differentiable at u, then y is differentiable
atxand
dy _ dy du ;
de du de ithout
dx du dx (We accept it without proof)
Another form. The above theorem can also be stated as
If g is differentiable at x and f is differentiable at g(x), then the composite function
idx) = f(g) is differentiable at x and h'(x) = f'(gGd).g @).
Chain Rule. The above rule is called the chain rule of differentiation, since determining the
derivative of y = f(g(x)) at x involves the following chain of steps:
(i) First, find the derivative of the outer function f at ¢(x).
(i) Second, find the derivative of the inner function g at x.
ii) The product of these two derivatives gives the required derivative of the composite function fog
at x.
The chain rule is a very important and useful tool in differentiation. The reader is advised to
have sufficient practice in the use of this rule.
‘The chain rule works perfectly well to more than two functions.
Corollary 1. If h(x) = (f(x))" and f is differentiable at x, then
I(x) = n(f@yyrt. fe.
Proof. Let f(x) = wand g(u) = w", then
h(x) = w= g(u) = g(f()), differentiate using chain rule
W(x) = gf) fe) (since u = f(x) and g(u) exists)
= gu). f(x) = mu? Fx)
i 1 nce Peo. a, Continuity and
Differentiability
yNTRODUCTION
jp this chapter, we shall introduce the concept of continuity and shall learn the relationship
seqeeen continuity and differentiability, In class XI, we learnt to differentiate certain functions fike
palyremial functions and trigonometric functions. In this chapter, we shall learn the differentiation
“gf composite functions, inverse trigonometric functions and implicit functions. We shall learn the
-gleentiation of exponential and logarithmic functions which lead to a powerful technique of
‘ggenthmic differentiation. We shall also learn two important theorems namely Rolle’s theorem
gad Lagrange’s mean value theorem.
3.1 CONTINUITY
51.1 Continuity of a real function at a point
intuitively, a real function should be considered continuous at a point iff the graph of the function
bas no break at the point under consideration i.e. iff the graph of the function can be drawn in the
neighbourhood of the point (including the point) without lifting the pen from the plane of the
papet, which is so iff the values of the function at the neighbouring points are ‘close enough’ to the
value at the given point and hence the continuity of a function at a point is closely related to the
‘imaiting behaviour’ of the function in the neighbourhood of that point. To understand this, we study
some examples giving us an intuitive feeling for what is at issue.
(9 Consider the funcion f defined by
fl) = te xel
2, x41.
Clearly, domain of f = R so that the function values can be obtained for every real value
of x.
Zt fe) = Let (++ f() = 1, when x #1)
1
=i
Also (1) = 2. Y
Here, we observe that Lt fa) exists, but Lt fay =f().
portion of the graph of the function is shown in fig, 5.1.
Note that when we try to draw the graph near x = 1, we
cannot draw it in one stroke i. without lifting the pen from
the plane of the paper. In fact, we have to lift the pen when
we come to 1. Clearly, there is a break in the graph at x = 1. |
This is an example of a function not continuous at x = 1, ¥
yt po
x o (@ Consider the function f defined by
2x2
fx) =
v2
Here, domain of f= R except 2.
Et £Q@) = Lt
= Ut @r-1
=22
Here, we observe that Lt, f(x) exists, but f(2) is not defined.
A portion of the graph of the function is shown in
fig. 52. The graph of f consists of all points on the
straight Line y = 2v ~ 1 except the point (2, 3). Note
that when we try to draw the graph near x = 2, we
cannot draw the graph of the function without lifting
the pen. Clearly, there is a break in the graph at
x = 2 This is another example of a function not
continuous at x
Further, if we define f(2) = 3, then there is no break in
the graph of fat x=2and Lt. f(s) = fl), which we
express by saying that fis continuous at x = 2.
(Gil) Consider the function f defined by
x-L x<0
f@)=4 0, x=0
x+L, x>0
Clearly, domain of f = R so that the function values can be obtained for every real value
ofx.
When x <0, the function values are dictated by x~ 1,
Lt_f(x)= Lt_(x-1)=0-1=-1.
ef) mae 2)
When x > 0, the function values are dictated by x + 1,
Lt fay= Lt (r+ 1204121.
root a0
Thus, Lt. fls)* Lt, fla) Lt, f(s) does not exis.
A portion of the graph of the function is shown in fig. 5.3.
Again we note that we cannot draw the graph of
the function near 0 without lifting the pen. Clearly,
there is a break in the graph of the function at x = 0. This is
yet another example of a function not continuous at x = 0.
‘We know that on the real axis, point x can approach the
given point c either from left or from the right of ¢. This
means that we can talk about the continuity of a function at Fig. 5.3.
x= ceither from left or from right.
Definition. A function f is said to be left continuous or continuous from the left #
x=ciff
(flO exists (i) Lt f(x) exists and (it) Lt fx) = fle),
RB, ort ar iyi a fnction f 48 said t0 be right continuous or continuous from the right at x = c iff
io ne) exists (LL FG) exists and (ii) Lt. fQ) = flO)
+ function f 38 said to be continuous at x = ¢ iff
(a
f(0) exists and (iil) Lt f(a) = f(0)
Hence, # function is continuous at x = c iff it is both left as well as right continuous at
yecie if Lt fa) = Lt, fa = flo,
A function f fails to be continuous at x = ¢ for any of the following, reasons:
1. fis not defined at x =
ie, fC) does not exist.
2 Lt_f(&) does not exist. This happens if either
()Lt_ fla) does not exist or (ji) Lt_ f(x) does not exist
or (ii) both Lt_f(x) and Lt, f(@) exist but are not equal.
3. Lt fa) exists but Lt f(x) # flo).
4.) Lt fla) exists but Lt fla) + flo
Oo. f(x) exists but Lt f(x) # f(0.
When Lt f(a) exists but either f(c) does not exist or Lt fe) +# f(©), we say that f has
a removable discontinuity; otherwise, we say that f has non-removable discontinuity.
ample 1. Examine the following functions for continuity :
1, x<0
apo-| oa #2arer in fe)=| 1 | VS axee
,x=2
2
Staton. ( = y Hat. (2)
ea
=2+2=4
and f2) = 4=> Lt fx) = f2)
= fis continuous at x = 2.
(i) Here f(Q) = 0-2=
ei Fem Bed
= -2)=0-2
gfe eam
=> Lt fly e Lt fa)
= fis discontinuous at x = 0 and it has non-removable
discontinuity at x = 0.
However, Lt, fla)= -2 = f0)
= fis right continuous at x = 0. :
A portion of the graph of f is shown in fig. 5.4,
| (OMNI AN Tih me
since the function fis continuous at x = 0,
Lif) = {O) a+b =k
Hence, the function fis continuous at x= 0 if k =a +b.
Ws
sxample $4. Prove that the function f(x) = | 31’ ~* semnins discontinuous at x = 0 regardless
ky eed
of the choice of k.
solution. Given f(x) =k, when x= 0 = f(0) =k,
ys
= 4
ef" Sera
1 1 1
rat al owed sera aked sa)
= °
eV 1
Lt 1-0
and Lt, f) = ror +
1+0
1 1
[: p90 ato ~adiaeraet sol
1
= Lt f(a) # Lt, f(a) = fis discontinuous atx =0
Hence, the function f remains discontinuous at x = 0 regardless of the choice of k.
Very short answerlobjective questions (1 to 14) :
1. Examine the following functions for continuity at the indicated points :
(i fo) = oo ee hate=0 (ip fo) = + 22-1 atx=1.
» ze
(NCERT) (Exemplar)
x-1
x1
2 IE Fe)
x
for x # 1 and f(x) = 2 when x = 1, show that the function is continuous at
+ #3 show that f is continuous at
3. A function f is defined as f(x) = ;
, x3
xa3.
4, Is the function f defined by f(x) = teas { continuous at
( x-0 (i) x=1 “ d 22? (CERT)
3x+5, ifx22
5. Is the function f defined by f(x) = { a - 2 continuous at x= 22 (Exemplar)
pean? B22 ite
6 Is the function fdefined by f(x)= | y-2 continuous at x=2? (Exemplar)
| Go iia
2
7 eftay= | : 5: ox 1 find so that fmay be continuous atx = 1
a>
Continuity and Differentiability
ei i EE Oe te SE eae erate eee
_ [38-8 x55
SB MFid= a | 2: find ko that f may be continuous at Exempt
[3x~4, 05x52
find 4 s0 that fmay be continuous at
9. Wf) =
lar+a, 2ex55!
10. ( fad= ~~? isnot defined atx =3, What value should be assigned to f(3) for, continu,
of f(x) atx = 32 sc 20
(a WO) = * **-T) find & so that the function f may be continuous /
, el
a CISC 2079)
(ii) Determine the value of ‘K’ for which the following function is continuous at x = 3,
(+3)? - 36
(Os ereae
ko, x=3
+ *#3_ sind k so that the function f may be continuous *
(io) TF fay
,rs3
x
tan3r
a Iffaa)= | ix’ **°, sind & so that the function f may be continuous at x = 0,
1, x=0
12, Is the function f defined by f(x) = tan x continuous at x
13, Is the function f defined by f(x) = |x| continuous at x = 0? (CERN |
14. Is the function f defined by f(x) = |x-1| continuous at x = 1?
Er
Short and long answer questions (15 to 26) :
15, Is the function f defined by f(x) = x- |x| continuous at x = 0?
16, Examine the following functions for continuity at the indicated points:
Sx-4, ifx<1
pred, .
0 fon {28 atx=0 (OPO= Var ae tee MEAL
17. Is the function f defined by
ey
fla)= 2x? - 3, fest
§ , fast
continuous at x = 0? What about its continuity at x= 1 and at x = 2?
18. Examine the following functions for continuity:
x x-4
i—, x#0 J
o =f atr=0 0 for ag
: 0, x=0 O, 2A8 (Exemplar)
19, Examine the following functions for continuity :
¥ sin 2x
0 pine [see PME ae g (i fla) = jing” “PENT FO or yg
| 3), whenx =0 2), whenx=0
(ii) fa) =
Understanding ISC Mathematics-X (1) 5
is continuous at x =5, find the value of k
1@)=
> 5
(i) Find the value of k so that the function
kr +1, ifxs5 :
fa) = {i og, ify > 5 continuous atx=5, (NCERT)
iit) For what value of k is the following function continuous at x = 2?
axt+1, x<2
fQ@)= k, x2
3x-1, x>2
(jo) Find the value of k so that the function f defined by
[kr +1, ifs
f(x) = | cose, ifx > n 8 Continuous at x= n
(©) For what value of kis the function
tanSx
SES, x20
FQ) = [fe 2x/ **° continuous at x= 07
- 0
(vi) Find the value of the constant k so that the function
1-cos4x x#0
f= ex” is continuous at x = 0. (Exemplar)
ko, x=0
21. Find the relationship between a and b so that the function f defined by
(= ax+1, ifxs3
FO)= Vie 43, ife> 3
is continuous at x= 3.
Bax+b, ifx>1
22. If the function fdefined by (x)= 11, ifx=1
Sax —2b, ifx<1
is continuous at x = 1, find the values of a and b.
23. Consider the functions defined as follows, for x # 0. In each case, what choice (if any) of f(0)
will make the function continuous at x = 0?
0 fay= care (i) fe) = SlelStans + sin2x
1
24. Examine the function f(x) [rrr *#0 sorcontinuity atx = 0. (Exemplar)
0, x=0
25. Show that the function f(x) = |x| + |x-1|,x € R, is continuous both at x = 0 and x= 1.
(Exemplar)
* | for continuity at x = 0,
1,x=0
va
26. Examine the function f(x { ee Answers.
¥ © Discontinaoan” — (in continuous sys CNo Cires
5. No 6& Yes 7, 23 8 9-2
1. M6 Gi -4 iy 12 (ivy 4 11.3 12.No 13. Yes
14. Yes 18. Yes 16. a Continuous (iy continuous
17. Yes; atx = 1 discontinuous, atx= 2 continuous
18. () Discontinuous (i) discontinuous
19. ( Discontinuous (ii) discontinuous (ii) continuous
2.10 in 2 Gis G2 we (vi) 1 foes
3 2
22.
23. () 1. Gi) No choice of (0) can make it continuous at x = 0
24. Continuous 26. Discontinuous
5.1.2 Continuity of a function in an interval
A function f is said to be continuous in an open interval (a, b) iff fis continuous at every point ofthe
‘interval (a. b), and f is said to be continuous in the closed interval |a, b] iff f is continuous in the open
interval (a, b) and it is continuous at a from the right and at b from the left.
Continuous function. A function is said to bea continuous function iffit is continuous at every point
of ts domain. In particular, if the domain is a closed interval, say {a, b], then f must be continuous ix
(@, b) and right continuous at @ and left continuous at b.
The set of all points where the function is continuous is called its domain of continuity. The domain
of continuity of a function may be a proper subset of the domain of the function.
3r-2, x1 : :
{ a Fi Z ita continuous function? Justify your answer
Solution, We note that domain of f = R, therefore, we have to examine f for continuity at all
x eR. Letc be any real number. Three cases arise.
Case LIfe <1, then f(c) = 3¢-2.
Lt f(x)= Lt @x-2)=3c-2=/(0)
Example 1. Let f(x) =
= fis continuous for all c< 1.
Case IL. If > 1, then f(c) =3¢-4.
Lt f(x)= Lt (3r-4)=3c-4=f(0)
= fis continuous for all c> 1.
Case III. Ifc = 1, then f(1) = 3 x 1-2
Now Lt f(x)= Lt @x-2)=3.1-
ret
sor
= fis continuous at x = 1 from left. Very short answerlobjective questions (1 to 3) :
1. Is the function f defined by f(x) = [x] continuous at
(x=0 (i) x=1 (iti) rei?
Examine the following (2 to 7) functions for continuity :
x, ifx20 x+5, ifxs1
i =47' i = ’ ‘NCI
2 (i) f(x) ie ifx<0 (NCERT) (ii) f(x) {t -5, ifx>1 (NCERT}
2x-1, ifx<2 divi COE, EO.
Sie) = if = NC
3. (F(x) | 3, feed (ii) f(x) | -i, g=6 (NCERT)
Short and long answer questions (4 to 12) :
4. (fix) = |x| (NCERT) (i) f(x) = |x-5]. (NCERT)
. _ 8-25 i = (NCERT)
5. (i) fix) = — (NCERT) i) f=. (
sin 2x x
6. ona-| zr) Hye0 (i) fo) = ir Bel (NCERT) «
2, ifxs0 0, x=0.
Understanding ISC Mathematics-XI (1) vst "
+ aye | Fite (NCERT) ly foryetans, x8 5
te the points of discontinuity (any) ofthe folloasny (8 to 10) functions
Qv43, ifxs2 <4, ise .
cot [> S een ORR © i ven (NCERT)
Zz #3 cya, ¥>0
wap=|aoz’ ** ww) fo [PAP coms
16, x=2 | “a-ae , 28D
2x, ifr <0 ck2. x51
io af= 0, ifOSxs1 (NCERT) (i) fix) fx-2, Vex<2
[ax ifx > 0, x22
11 Find the value of the constant k so that the function defined by
kt, rs2
fa)= {e 3. yo 2 MY be continuous
1p Forwhat choice of a and b are the following functions continuous
-5, ifxs-1 :
a, xs
(fa)=far-b, if-10.
answers
1 (No (i) No (iii) Yes
2 (Continuous Gi) continuous for all reals except at 1
3. (9 Continuous (ii) continuous 4. (i) Continuous (ii) continuous
5. (Continuous (ii) continuous
6 (Continuous (ii) continuous for all reals except at 0
7. () Continuous for all reals except at 1 (ii) continuous 8.(i)x=2 (ii) none
a()x=2 (i) none 10. (ijx=1 (ii) x=1 n.-}
B )a=3,b=2 (i) b= 0,a may be any real number
513 Properties of continuous functions
Theorem 1. Let f, g be two functions continuous at x = ¢, then
(a fis continuous at x = c, for alla ¢ R (i f + g is continuous at x
(iti) f- g is continuous at x = ¢ (io) fg is continuous at x = ¢
) f is continuous at x = ¢, provided g(c) + 0.
Proof. Since f, ¢ are continuous at x = c,
Lt fee) = flo and Lt g(x) = g(0.
0 Lt af) @)= Lt a fa) =a aoa fix) = a fl) = (@ (0
= Gfis continuous at x = ¢, for all a € R.
Lt f+ g) Gy = Lt FG) +g) = Lt fox) + Lt (2)
= fle) + g() = (F + 8) (©)
++ {+ g'is continuous at x = 6
Continuity and Dibiereatiatniien (ny Jt Oe Le oy gt) Lt fiy- Lt gto
H~ ge) =F gh
> f~ gis continuous at x « ¢
(ir) tt, (fs) (= Lt 0) gO) Lt f@) Lt gay © £0) $f
is continuous atv & ¢
Lt fay
f fl) ate Hey (5
w (= ue | Jo CF gloag
srest L960 900 “Lx oity
> iscontinuous at x = ¢
Corollary. f" is continuous at x = ¢ for all n © N and i
, is continuous at x = c, provided f(e) # 0.
Theorem 2. Let D and D; be the domains of continuity of the functions f and g respecting,
then
( af is continuous on Dy for all a ¢ R (i f + g #8 continuous on Dy A.D,
(if) fg is continuous on Dy \ D; (iv) fg is continuous on Dy 0 D,
ol f is continuous on D, (\ Dy except those points where g(x)
Corollary. f"is continuous on D; for all e Nand + iscontinuous on Dy except at those points
where f(x) = 0. f
Theorem 3. A polynomial function is continuous everywhere.
Proof. Let f(x) =a9 x" +a; x"! 4 ay x24... +4, be a real polynomial and cbe any real number
then
Lt f(a) sage" +a," 4 ac"24... +0, =f0
= fiscontinuous at.
But cis any arbitrary real number => fis continuous everywhere.
Corollary 1. Every constant function is continuous.
(Every constant function is a polynomial function)
Corollary 2. Identity function is continuous.
(Identity function is a polynomial function)
‘Theorem 4. A rational function is continuous at every point of its domain.
Proof. Let fbe a rational function, then
fla) = rey : where g(x), /1(x) are polynomial functions and
by oe of f) = R except those points where h(t) =
tet ta Dy, then cis a real number such that h(c) # 0.
Lt g(x)
Now = Lp Sere _ 8) _
ow USO) = Lay EE)” 0) fo
= _fisa continuous function at every point of its domain.
Understanding ISC Mathematics-XII (1) solute function
4 psolute function ofa function f, denoted by if|, defined by
oe itt) =1f C0) forall x © Dy.
reorem 5.Iffis continuous at c, then | fis also continuous at x=
proof. Since fis continuous atx=c, Lt flx) = flo)
Lr [fll@)= Le 11 =Lfl=1f100
weve, the converse of the above theorem may not be true.
Forexample, consider the function
1, if-vis an integer
fa)= 4
| L, if isnot an integer
} Clearly Dy= R.
| tetebe any integer, then all the nearby points of care non-integers.
i Lt f(a) = Lt CY) =-1 bat f(g) =1
2 Lt fl) #f(0 = fis discontinuous atx,
Further, we note that if x is not an integer then If (x) = f(x) |= 1-11 =1
and ifxis an integer then If1 (x) =1f()|=11121.
‘Thus, If (x) =1 for allx eR.
Ete = Lt a)
\f1(© => Iflis continuous at x = ¢.
| Corollary. The function Ix! is continuous for every x € R,
Proof. Since the function f(x) = x ie. the identity function is continuous for all x € R, therefore,
ty theabove theorem, | fl is continuous for allx € R ie, [x1 is continuous for all x € R.
| Theorem 6. Let fbe a continuous one-one function defined on [a,b] with range [c,d], then the
inverse function f-: [c, d] -> a, b] is continuous on [c, d]
(We accept it without proof)
Theorem 7. Iff is continuous at c and g is continuous at f(c, then gof is continuous atc.
(We accept it without proof)
Continuity of trigonometric functions
Theorem. All the basic trigonometric functions i.e. sin x, cos x, tan x, cot x, secx and cosec x are
continuous,
Proof. (i) To prove sin x is a continuous function, let
j Slt) = sin x, Dy=R
Consider any c € Dyie.¢ € R, then f(c)= sinc
| and Lt f(x) = Lt sinx (putx=c+h, when x ¢, h->0)
= Lt sin(c-+h)= Lt, ine cos h+ cos sin t)
nao
=sine Lt cosh+cosc. Lt sin}t=sinc.1 + cosc.0=sin c= f(c)
a0 hoo
=> fis continuous at x = ¢
But cis any arbitrary member of Dj fis a continuous function
Continu. (2) To prove cos x ts a continuous function,
let f(r) = cos x, Dps R.
Consider any v ¢ Dyiec € R, then fie)
and L
= cose \.
Ma) = Let cosx= Lt cos(c +h)
> “0
# Lt (cose cos h- sinc sinh)
osc Lt cosh sine Lt sinh = cos ¢.1-sinc.0 = cose = fic)
nao hoo
> fis continuous at x = ¢
But c is any arbitrary member of D,=> fis a continuous function.
(tii) To prove tan x 1s a continuous function,
let fin) = tan x, De= Rexcept odd multiples of 2
Consider any c © D;then c € R and it is not an odd multiple of :
Lt sinz
Lt f(x)= Lt tanx= Le BX eres 5 SIMS Stan =f(c)
rac rste raceost Lt cosx cose
=> fis continuous at
But cis any arbitrary member of D;= fis a continuous function.
Alternatively, as sin x and cos x are both continuous functions for all x € R, their quotiese
function 224 is continuous for all x € (ROR) except when cosx=0
cose
> tan x is continuous for all x ¢ R except odd multiples of £
=> tan xis continuous in whole of its domain
== tan xis continuous function.
(@) To prove cosec x is a continuous function,
let f(x) = cosec x, Dy= R except even multiples of -
4s sin xs 2 continuous for al x ¢ R, its reciprocal function ie. —\— is continuous fora
x € Rexcept when sin x =0
= cosec xis continuous for all x ¢ R except even multiples of ;
> cosec x is continuous in whole of its domain
= cosec xis a continuous function.
To prove cot x and sec x are continuous is left for the reader,
Continuity of inverse trigonometric functions
The basic inverse trigonometric functions i¢. sin-! x, cos“! x, tan-1 x, cot-! x, sec~1x, cosec-! x are
continuous at every point of their respective domain of definition and as such, all these functions
are continuous functions (in their respective domains).
| SRA RIED? Ee oe i eenemeaml
Example 1. Proce that the following functions are continuous:
3r?~7x+1
eco Corey MN | | he Butea (2) = YG) og Ge? -2e +1) = tan! Be
Henee, tan=t Gr
2x + 1) is continuous for all. x &
tan’! (3x32 + 1) isa continuous function.
Example 4, Examine the function sin |x| for continuity. (NCERy
Solution, Let f(x) = |], itis continuous for all x € R.
Let gq)
Therefore, continuous for allx € R,
But (gf (2) = ef) = g(x) =sin [x]
Hence, sin [1x] is continuous for all. x ¢ R
ontinuous for all. x € R.
sin 2, itis
vi
= sin |x| is a continuous function,
Example 5. Let f(x) = x ~ Jx—x? |, x © [-1, 1], Find the points of discontinuity (if any) of this functicy
on [-1, 1]
Solution. Let g(x) = x ~ 22, it being a polynomial function is continuous for all x € [-1, 1]
= [x~2°] is continuous for all x € [-1, 1]
(~ if fis continuous at x= ¢, then [f| is also continuous at r=, |
Also h(x) = x is continuous for all x € [-1, 1].
ht — g is continuous for all x € [-1, 1]
=f) =x |x-2?| is continuous for all x ¢ [-1, 1].
Hence, the given function has no points of discontinuity in [-1, 1].
Short answer questions (1 to 7):
1, Is tan xa continuous function?
2. State which of the following functions are continuous?
@ sinx+cosx (ii) sinx-cosx (iti) sin x.cos x.
3. Is the function f defined by f(x) = 2-3x + |x| a continuous function?
4. Is the function f defined by f(x) = |sin x| a continuous function? (CERT)
5. Is the function f defined by f(x) = cos |x| a continuous function? (NCERT)
6. Prove that the following functions are continuous:
2x3 ~ 712 +3
@ (i) Isec.x + tan x
(= D@+3)
7. Examine the following functions for continuity:
(@ cos(x?) (NCERT) (i sin 8x?- 5) (ii) tar1 (2x? +3), (NCERT)
Answers
1. Yes 2. (i (ii) and (ii are all continuous 3. Yes 4. Yes
5. Yes 7. (Continuous (ii) continuous (iii) continuous
5.2 CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIABILITY
Recall the definition of the derivative of a real function at a point x = ¢
A function fis said to havea left derivative atx =c iff is defined in some (undeleted) leh neighbourhood
afcand Lt LE D= $0) exists (initely)
Ao
Oana * ' | il ‘ The sulue of this limit is called the left derivative at x = ¢ and is denoted by f'(e) or Lf'(c) ie:
roe Lt fet)= fe
4 fienction f
said to have a right derivative at x = e iff f is defined in some (undeleted) right
f+ = HO) pu
eqitourhowdofeand | | 2 (finitely),
calue of this limit is called the right derivative at x = c and is denoted by f,(c) or Rf (Cie.
fle +h) ~ fie)
fo= u &
sO
A function fis said to have a derivative at x = c iff fis defined in some (undeleted) neighbourhood of c
{EA = KO prises (initely,
The value of this limit is called the derivative at x = c and is denoted by f(c) i.
Ly feW= fe)
er
From the above definitions, it follows that the derivative of a function f at x = c exists iff both
seleft and right derivatives exist separately at that point and are equal.
The derivative of a function fat x = c is also called differential coefficient of fat x = c
A fiction fis said to be differentiable ata point c iff the derivative of fat c exists. The process of finding
sw derivative of a function is called differentiation,
A function f is said to be differentiable in an open interval (a, 6) iff it is differentiable at
every point of the interval (@, b), and fis called differentiable in the closed interval [a, b) iff i
diferentiable in (2, b) and also differentiable at a from the right and at b from the left.
A function f is said to be a differentiable function iff it is differentiable at every point of its
semain, and the set of all those points where f is differentiable is called its domain of
fferentiability.
PG
Derivative at any point
4 sunction fis said to have a derivative at any point x iff it is defined in some (undeleted) neighbourhood of
hy = fx)
nd 1p LE+W= fla)
ae ho h
The value of this limit is called the derivative of fat any point x and is denoted by f(x) ie.
pey= ts ferns)
wo
52.1 Relationship between differentiability and continuity
‘Theorem. If a function is differentiable at any point, it is necessarily continuous at that point.
exists (finitely)
Proof. Let a function f be differentiable at x = c, then by definition, EA exists
‘itely) a
Pi pe fort. Obviously, f(c) exists.
Now fle + Wyse) = AAH=L0 (2 h20)
= ¢ = fle+h)- fo
e+ -ftey = ur {AAR —L0.4)
LE+M=fO. 14 p
hh
bse fo = ule
hoo AL fe +h - fo) = Pe.o=0
AE fle+ i) = fled = Lt fay = flo) *
Therefore, by definition of continuity, fis continuous at x = ¢ t
The converse of the above theorem may not be true ie. a function may Ie continuous at a poem but we
not be dericable at that point “ k
For example : Consider the function f(x) = |x, D, = R. ;
Let us examine it for continuity and derivability at x = 0.
We note that f(0) = 10! = 0.
Lt fe) = Ub iat= Lt Gx) = 0 and Lt fe) = Uo rat
130 10 10 oe sae
> Lt fQ) = 0= U feds Lt fl) = 0 =f)
ae . rao
=> fis continuous at x = 0. :
:
+h- fn -0
Nowe 0) = tx LOFM= fy fe ;
hae he i
Ini 4
= u Me i
see Oe {
0+ h)~ 0
and ff) = Le Ate i
aot ;
i ou Me ute ae ‘
hao hho h aor 5
=> £10) # f(0) => fis not derivable at x = 0. i
Hence, f(x) = Ix1 is continuous at x = 0 but not derivable at x = 0 4
Corollary. Every differentiable function is continuous. :
‘Domain of differentiability may be a proper subset of the domain of continuity. ee
Example 1. Find the left hand and right hand derivatives of
oe ( F8e 82 ad
FO" toy 5, x22
Hence, show that f is not derivable at x = 2.
x-3, x<2
ae—5, F22
= _ fis defined in a neighbourhood of 2 and f(2) = 2.2-5
Solution. Given f(x) = { = Dy=R
2 f2+W= JQ) _ yy, Q+W-3-C) yh _
Se toe ee ey ied
oh we f2+h)-f2)_ p, 22+h- boty 2
flee. h be h hoot ht
Hence, f/(2)# f,(2) => f is not derivable at x = 2,
f 2. ‘Understanding ISC Mathematics-XII (I) Further pq py Atm Hoy fon) ~0
hover h hoor h
Lt a=0
and AO) = Ls £1. 1, LO=8
how i vob
= lt
nor
Thus, we find that fis deriv
hence fis not derivable at x = 0,
= Lt cost, which does not exist.
nso
able on the left of x = 0 but not derivable on the tight of x = 0 ang
eRe
cA
Very short answerlobjective questions (1 to 8):
1, Ifa function is derivable at a point, is it necessary that it must be continuous at that point?
2. Ifa function is continuous at a point, is it necessary that it must be derivable at that point?
3. Is the function f(x) = |x] derivable at x= 0?
4. Is the function f(x) = cot x derivable at x = 0?
5. Is the function f(x) = sec x derivable at x= 27
6. When a function is called derivable?
7. Ifa function is derivable at x = ¢, then write the value of Lt f(x)
8. Which of the following functions are derivable?
@ sine (ii) cos x (iii) tanx (iv) cot x (2) sec x (Wi) cosecx
Short and long answer questions (9 to 17):
9. Examine the function
l+x, ifxs2
7 i il =2 (Exemplar)
fe) 5-x, ifr>2 for differentiability at x a ipl
10. Iff(2)=4 and f'(2)=4, then evaluate Lt *£@=2/) |
soz or-2
11. Examine the following function for continuity at x = 1 and differentiability at
bx-4, O