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Continuity - L1

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Continuity - L1

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devvrat arya
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Continuity

Lecture - 1

Sunil Kumar Gupta (SKG)


Maths Faculty
Basic Idea of Continuity

The word 'Continuous' means without any break or gap. If the graph of a
function has no break or gap or jump, then it is said to be continuous.
A function which is not continuous is called a discontinuous function.

f(x) = sin x

Limit exist and continuous every where


f(x) = tanx

(Discontinuous)
π 3π
Limit does not exist at x = ± , ± , …….
2 2
𝑥2 − 9
f(x) =
𝑥−3

Discontinuous at x = 3
But limit exist
𝑥 + 1, 𝑥 ≠ 1
f(x) =
3, 𝑥=1

Discontinuous at x = 1
Because 𝐿𝑖𝑚 f(x) ≠ f(1)
𝑥→1

If function is continuous , then its limit exist.


But when limit exist at any point , then it is not necessary that function is
continuous.
Continuous Functions

Following are examples of some continuous function.


(i) f (x) = x (Identity function)
(ii) f(x) = C (Constant function)
(iii) f(x) = x2
(iv) f(x) = a 0xn + a1xn-1+ ....+ an (Polynomial).
(v) f(x) = |x|, x + |x|, x – |x|, x|x|
(vi) f(x) = sin x, f(x) = cos x
(vii) f(x) = ex, f(x) = ax, a> 0
Discontinuous Functions

A function is said to be a discontinuous function if it is discontinuous at


atleast one point in its domain. Following are examples of some
discontinuous function-
(i) f(x) = 1/x at x = 0
(ii) f(x) = e1/x at x = 0
(iii) f(x) = sin 1/x, f(x) = cos 1/x at x = 0
(iv) f(x) = [x] at every integer
(v) f(x) = x– [x] at every integer
(vi) f(x) = tan x, f(x) = sec x ,when x =(2n + 1) p/2, n  Z.
(vii) f(x) = cot x, f(x) = cosec x, when x = np, n  Z.
Ex. Which of the following is a continuous function –
(i) f(x) = sin2x + cos2x
(ii) f(x) = sec2x - tan2x
1
(iii) f(x) =
𝑥2+1

(iv) f(x) = sin(x – a)


1
(v) f(x) =
1−2𝑥
1+cos 5𝑥
Q. Find the point of discontinuity of the function f(x) =
1 −cos 4𝑥
Continuity of the Function at a Point

If a function f(x) is continuous at x = a then


(i) f(a) must be defined
(ii) 𝐿𝑖𝑚 f x 𝑚𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡
𝑥→𝑎

(iii) 𝐿𝑖𝑚 f x = f(a)


𝑥→𝑎

𝐿𝑖𝑚+ f(x) = 𝐿𝑖𝑚– f(x) = f(a) = Finite and unique


𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎
Continuity from Left and Right

Function f(x) is said to be


(i) Left continuous at x= a if
𝐿𝑖𝑚– f(x) = f(a)
𝑥→𝑎

(ii) Right continuous at x = a if


𝐿𝑖𝑚+ f x = f(a)
𝑥→𝑎
 e1 / x - 1
 , x0
Q. f(x) = e + 1
1 / x
check continuity at x = 0.
 0, x=0
3𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 , 𝑥 > 1
Q. Let 𝑓(𝑥) = 11 , 𝑥=1
5𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑏, 𝑥 < 1
is continuous at x = 1, then find a and b.
Q. Find the value of 'a' for which the function f defined by
 p
a sin 2 ( x + 1), x  0
f(x) =  is continuous at x = 0.
t an x - sin x
 , x0
 x 3
 1 - sin 3 x
 2
, x  p/2
 3 cos x
Q. If f(x) =  a, x = p / 2 is continuous at x = p/2, then value of a and b are-
 b(1 - sin x )
 , x  p/2
 (p - 2x )
2

(A) 1/2, 1/4 (B) 2, 4


(C) 1/2, 4 (D) 1/4, 2
Q. Find the values of a and b such that the function f defined by
 x–4
| x – 4 | + a, x  4


f(x) =  a + b, x=4 , is continuous at x = 4.

 x – 4 + b, x  4
 | x – 4 |
1 2
Q. The function f : R\{0}  R given by 𝑓(𝑥) = − 2𝑥 can be
𝑥 𝑒 −1
made continuous at x = 0 by defining f(0) as -
(A) 2 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) 1

Ans. [D]
sin(𝑎+1)𝑥+sin𝑥
, 𝑥<0 Ans. [B]
𝑥
Q. If f(x) = 𝑐 , 𝑥 = 0, is
𝑥+𝑏𝑥 2 − 𝑥
, 𝑥>0
𝑏𝑥 𝑥

continuous at x = 0, then
(A) a = 3/2, c = 1/2, b is any real number
(B) a = –3/2, c =1/2, b is R – {0}
(C) a = 3/2, c = –1/2, b  R – {0}
(D) a = –3/2, c = 1/2, b is any real number
Q. Let k be a non-zero real number.
(𝑒 𝑥 −1)2
𝑥 𝑥 , 𝑥≠0
If f(x) = sin 𝑘
log 1+4
12 , 𝑥=0
is a continuous function, then the
value of k is :
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
Ans. [C]

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