READING &WRITING

TEXT AS CONNECTED - Formal and often lengthy discussion

of a topic where concept and insights
DISCOURSE are arranged in an organized and
logical manner.
“Reading comprehension is the active - Convey meanings, propel actions and
process of constructing meaning from provoke a specific response.
text.” - Communicative reason
-Vaugh and Linan-Thompson (2004)
Examples
• Journal Diary
• News Articles
• Anecdotes
• Procedures
• Critiques
• Opinion Piece
• Research Articles
Purpose
• To Inform
TEXT • To Persuade
- is generally considered as written • To Entertain
material, especially longer pieces of
writing as in a book, a letter or a Three (3) things that may Influence
newspaper. comprehension
- a group of ideas put together to • Experience
make a point or one central idea. • Social Environment
- Text also made up of sentences • Culture

EXAMPLE TEXT AND DISCOURSE

It was dark and stormy night. In her
attic bedroom, Margaret Murry TEXT
wrapped in an old patchwork quilt, at Made up of sentences having the
on the foot of her bed and watched property of grammatical cohesion.
the trees tossing in the frenzied
lashing of the wind. DISCOURSE
Made up of utterances having the
DISCOURSE property of coherence.
- Text with distinct features and
purpose.
TEXT AS CONNECTED DISCOURSE
 READING &WRITING

A text is a connected discourse, which COHESIVE BUT NOT COHERENT

means that all ideas in text must be Example:
related in the sense that they would I had the most beautiful experience
express only one main idea, or that when I went to the zoo. I saw different
the text must have unity by kinds of birds. But it was my first time
combining all ideas to emphasize to see a carabao flying.
central idea.
You can have cohesion without
COHESION coherence but you cannot have
-is the connection of ideas at the coherence without cohesion.
sentence level. It can be readily seen
in a text through smooth flow of the Coherence--------logical order
sentences and the connection of the Cohesion----------helpful links–(glue)
ideas.
-the act of forming a whole unit. COHESION WITHOUT COHERENCE
-a subset of coherence. Example:
-focused on the grammatical aspect Cubism is an avant-grade art
of writing. movement that started in the early
-degree to which sentences are 20th century in Europe. A famous
connected. Filipino cubist painter is Vicente
Manansala. He is a national artist of
COHERENCE the Philippines in visual arts. Did you
-occurs when ideas are connected at know the visual arts have different
the conceptual or idea level. It can be forms including architecture, video,
seen through well-defended and textile?
arguments and organized points.
-the quality of being logical,
consistent and able to be SELECTING AND
understood.
-rhetorical aspects of writing which ORGANIZING
include developing and supporting INFORMATION
your argument, synthesizing and
integrating reading, organizing and What is the role of pre-writing in the
clarifying ideas. writing process?
- Planning our writing helps us
A text will be cohesive if a cohesive work more efficiently and
ties are used. However, it will only be produce better outputs
coherent if the cohesive ties are used PRE-WRITING
appropriately to create meaning.
 READING &WRITING

-The first stage of the writing process Think of a Topic

is PRE-WRITING, which pertains to 1. Interest
different techniques that help you 2. Knowledge
discover ideas before writing the first
draft of a paper. Tone:
Examples:
During pre-writing, you use a variety - Serious
of strategies to find out things that - Sarcastic
interest you about a topic or new - Happy/ joyful
ways of thinking about it. It also helps
you identify what else you need to PRE-WRITING STRATEGIES
know about a topic.
Brainstorming
It is Valuable and Time- saving ■ List down everything that
because it helps you FOCUS in comes to mind as fast as you
executing your writing. can
■ Not logical flow of ideas;
Determining the Writing Situation provide with as many choices
1. Knowing the kind of paper as possible
2. Determine the context of ■ After listing all your ideas,
your paper browse through them and
1. Identify purpose/ pick the one that best
reason appeals to you, or the one
2. Recognize your you know best
Audience ■ Try to connect your ideas,
3. Consider your Topic and see what meaning you
4. Think about your preferred can create (for example,
tone “Eating halo-halo on an April
morning”)
Determine the Context of your paper Clustering/ Mapping
1. Purpose ■ Start by writing a word or
- Inform phrase at the center of the
- Explain page and encircle it; this
- Persuade becomes your main topic
- Entertain ■ Then, think of other words
2. Audience and phrases related to that
- Expectations main topic, write them down,
- Background encircle them, and draw lines
- Knowledge connecting them to the main
 READING &WRITING

topic. These becomes your

subtopics Most teachers would recommend that
■ When you are done drawing you create an outline BEFORE you
your cluster, browse through write the first draft. It is important to
all the ideas and pick one have an outline early on because it
Freewriting will steer your draft in the right
■ Uses the force of narration to direction as you go writing.
draw a stream of connected • It all depends on your writing
ideas out of the writer’s mind style. Middle- to see where
■ Writing down your thoughts they have gone so far, and
nonstop, in the exact order, where they could still go.
language, and form in that End- to find out what they
you think them have discovered while
writing, and how they
CREATING OUTLINES structured their discussion on
the subject matter.
Why do you need to think about the • * Not necessarily. An outline
organization of your paper? is a writing aid that will show
No matter how original or compelling you how to present your
your ideas are, they will not be points from start to end but it
appreciated by the reader if these should not dictate the form
ideas are not organized properly. or style you want to use in
Readers appreciate it when they can your writing.
see the relationship of one part of the
text to the next.
PATTERNS OF
OUTLINE
An OUTLINE is a summary that gives DEVELOPMENT IN
the essential features of a text. WRITING
- It shows how the parts of a • These patterns are
text are related to one considered as techniques and
another as parts that are of principles that you can use to
equal importance, or sections guide you based on your
that are subordinate to a intentions.
main idea. • It gives the writer a different
method in presenting a given
A WRITING OUTLINE is a skeletal scenario or topic that must
version of your essay. be clearly conveyed to the
- It is used as a guide to readers.
organize your ideas
 READING &WRITING

1. NARRATION movements within the plot

- The most basic pattern of or the narrative that the
development. When a writer puts characters forward, be it
down an idea, he is then considered during the dialogue, or within
as the narrator of the literary work. a scene.
- It ultimately describes how, when, - Way of Narration. This
and where an event or occurrence refers to how the writer
actually happened. presents the story. It includes
- sequences events in the order in the pace by which scenes are
which they occurred in time given out; if they had enough
time to be fleshed out or
It is used by writers for a variety of properly depicted for a
purposes: reader, or if they were
1. To illustrate and support hurried through.
ideas with anecdotes. - TERMINOLOGY. It places
2. To entertain the readers with emphasis on the fact that
stories. concepts are critical to
3. To predict what will happen narration. Once writers know
with scenarios, and which ones they want to use,
4. To explain how something they are able to paint a more
happens (or should happen) appropriate setting.
with process narratives.
Example:
Narration tells a story or explains a “It was late spring the last time we
sequence of events. It can be fiction saw Ross. He was standing at the edge
or nonfiction. of the hill, and he never so much as
It can be objective or subjective. looked up even though we were sure
1. Objective Narration presents he knew we were there. There was a
facts to create an accurate bunch of flowers clutched to his fist,
timeline of events. but there really was no reason for him
2. Subjective Narration conveys to be standing there. We knew that
the impressions, feelings, Carrie wasn’t coming to see him. But
insight or point of view. he stood there anyway, waiting, even
The following are the Components as the afternoon sunlight deepened
that build up a story in itself. towards the evening. He must have
- Logical Actions. These been standing there for hours.”
actions are conceivably
happening within the
narrative. These actions are Concrete Terms words that identify
considered the very things, places, and events that can be
 READING &WRITING

measured and observed. These often d. Falling Action – the events

have a physical manifestation in our and complications begin to resolve
world. In contrast, Abstract Terms themselves. The reader knows what
refers to ideas or concepts that are happens next and if the conflict is
intangible, such as the concept of resolved or not.
love, freedom and feminism. e. Denouement – the final
General Terms are commonly used to resolution of the plot in the story.
denote groups , while Specific Terms
refer to an individual component of 4. Point of View
that group. - is the perspective of the writer in
narrating the story.
Elements of Narrative Paragraph
1. Setting A. First person point of view – the
- the time and location in which a story is told by the protagonist or one
story takes place. of the characters who interacts closely
- details of the setting are identified at with the protagonist or other
the beginning of the story. characters using pronouns I, me, we.
B. Second person point of view – the
2. Characters author tells the story in second person
- are significant part of the story. point of view using the pronouns you,
A story features a main character, yours, and your.
protagonist, and a character that goes C. Third person point of view – the
against the protagonist is the narrator is not part of the story but
antagonist. describes the events that happen. The
writer uses the pronouns he, she, him
3. Plot and her.
- is a planned, logical series of events
having a beginning, middle and end. Narration:
Ondoy began to develop from an
There are five essential parts of plot: active low pressure area to a tropical
a. Exposition – the part of cyclone on September 24, 2009. The
the story where the characters and following day, PAGASA raised storm
the setting are revealed. signals all over the Philippine
b. Rising Action – this is archipelago. At that point, signal no. 2
where the events in the story become was raised in Catanduanes and other
complicated and the conflict in the parts of Luzon. By Saturday morning,
story is exposed. reports of flooding started to pour in.
c. Climax – this is the highest Meanwhile, President Arroyo declared
point of interest and the turning point a state of calamity in Metro Manila.
of the story. Immediately, after President Arroyo’s
 READING &WRITING

declaration, various government

agencies began the rescue and relief Two Varieties of Description that a
operations. As soon as Typhoon writer can use:
Ondoy exited the Philippines, more a. Objective Description. This
and more relief and rescue operations looks into factual and
were conducted. scientific characteristics of
what is being described as
2. DESCRIPTION objectively as possible.
- A pattern of development which Example: (Objective Description)
goes into details about a specific The Acer Barbatum is a small to
object, person, or location, in order to medium-sized, deciduous tree usually
firmly set its appearance into the ranging from 15 to 25 m. (50 to 80 ft.)
readers’ minds. tall when mature. Its bark is light gray
- The guideline to remember with a and smooth on younger trees, and it
description is that it answers the becomes ridged and furrowed with
question: “What does it look like?” or age. Leaves are opposite and
“What are its characteristics?” shallowly to deeply palmately lobed,
- These concrete descriptions make with a few blunt teeth but no
the readers visualize the situations serrations. The leaf sinuses are
more thoroughly. As a result, the rounded, unlike those of red maple
reader becomes more immersed with (acer rubrum) which are sharply V-
what they are reading, and with every shaped. Also, the sides of terminal leaf
detail everything becomes more lobes are more or less parallel, while
realistic to them. those of red are widest at the base,
tapering to the tip.
Example:
“The glade was strange. There were b. Subjective Description. This is the
vines that looped and leapt from one sort of description that the author
branch to another, forming a massive would normally use to “paint a
canopy over the clearing. The dome of picture” of how he sees a character,
branches dappled the lances of or how he wants the reader to see a
sunlight falling in. Flowers, unlike character.
anything I’ve ever seen, blossomed in Example:
cracks of mossy stone and peeking My mother had hair so dark that it
through the leaves. Past the tall looked like a waterfall of ink. She
columns of the dark trees crept over always kept it in a braid that fell to her
with vines was a massive pool of slim waist, and always tied with a
water that mirrored and rippled the plain black band. The braid of black
sunlight. And in the middle of that slung over her shoulder, the plaits
pool was a lone circle of grassy land.” shining like scales.
 READING &WRITING

3. DEFINITION In an argumentative or persuasive

- This occurs when there is an object objective in a written text, terms
or fact in the story that the writer should be defined so readers will have
does not want to explain through a clear understanding of the idea
context clues. being presented to them. It is easy for
- Oftentimes, a definition paragraph readers to be persuaded or be moved
(also called an essay) is used as form to take on a position on something
of foreshadowing where it becomes they understand.
vital to the plot later on.
- used in explaining unfamiliar terms. Social acceptability is a function of
- has two major purposes: to explain which group controls society and to
or to convince. what extent minority voices can
influence the spectrum of opinion.
Example: - Kristin Gross, Taking a Stand Against
In the example below, a definition for Sexism
the unfamiliar term psoriasis was Methods of definition:
provided. 1. Use synonym
2. Use comparisons
My father’s hands are grotesque. He 3. Use descriptions
suffers from psoriasis, a chronic skin 4. Use examples by illustrating
disease that covers his massive, thick a word’s meaning
hands with scaly, reddish patches that
periodically flake off, sending tiny 4. EXEMPLIFICATION /
pieces of dead skin sailing to the CLASSIFICATION
ground. - Jan Gray, “Father”
Classification
When explaining how to do - One strategies in writing which
something, words unfamiliar to the involves combining objects or items
readers should be defined. This is into categories based on its distinct
shown in the example below. characteristics. These grouped and
The trouble is, though, that if, classified items are labeled under new
for any reason, the body has more combinations.
cholesterol than it needs, there is a
tendency to get rid of it by storing it Example:
on the inner surface of the blood 1. Simple Machines
vessels – especially the coronary 2. Programmable Machines
vessels that feed the heart. This is 3. Robots
“atherosclerosis”
- Isaac Asimov, “Cholesterol”
 READING &WRITING

Classification paragraphs can be building go to one of these types of

organized using an OFFICIAL or institutions.
PERSONAL classification.
 Official classifications Exemplification
includes widely-known and -Presents the general statement and
accepted categories used by provides concrete and specific
the government, a business, examples to expound on the main
or an organization. idea
 Personal classification -The most important parts are the
includes our own main idea and specific examples
classification.
Example Example
Different students attend various While the Internet offers so many
types of schools; they can usually be benefits to man, it also has its
classified as either public, private downsides. One of these is phishing,
religious, private nonreligious, or which refers to the act of obtaining
alternative. Public schools are funded personal information, such as
by the state, and the majority of passwords and credit card details,
students in the United States attend through online means. In other words,
them. Private schools are schools that phishing is a form of cybercrime. As an
do not receive federal funding but are example, let us consider the case of
instead supported by a private Mr. X. He received an email stating
organization or funding from that his Gmail account has been
individuals. Private religious schools compromised and that he needed to
are based around a particular faith, click a link to update personal
such as Catholicism, Protestantism, information. If Mr. X clicks on the link,
Judaism, and so forth. Religion is part his personal information will be
of the everyday lives of the students illegally acquired by cybercriminals.
and they also learn about their faith in
addition to regular subjects. On the A classification and exemplification
other hand, private nonreligious should be used with the purpose of
schools do not receive state funding emphasizing the differences between
and have the ability to make their own the different criteria.
rules. Alternative schools can be made
up of a variety of different categories, 5. COMPARISON AND CONTRAST
such as the Montessori program or - It occurs between two entities by
technical schools, which are typically presenting their similarities and
self-paced and hands-on. Most differences based on their
students who attend class in a school characteristics or features.
 READING &WRITING

- The general aim is to answer the - Cause and effect can be written in
questions: two ways. A paragraph may either
“What makes these things different?” emphasize the cause or the effect.
“What do they have in common?”
1. Paragraph emphasizing cause.
- organizes ideas based on how As the name implies, this emphasizes
events, places, people, things, and the cause and goes into detail about it
concepts are similar to or different while the effect is subtly expressed in
from one another the sentence.
2 ways of arranging ideas: Example:
separately – involves describing one “Because she had hurled the urn
item first followed by the second down the mountain, it is impossible to
recover it now. She had thrown it with
side-by-side – discussing both items all her strength, not even watching it
based on each point of comparison – sail into the air before it disappeared.”

-Most important parts of a 2. Paragraph emphasizing effect.

comparison-contrast pattern: the This emphasizes the effect and goes
purpose of comparison, points of into detail about it, with the cause
comparison, and the actual similarities subtly hinted at the paragraph.
and differences of the items being Example:
compared “One more delayed payment for the
house rent and it would soon be gone.
The two ways in comparison and They would be left homeless. The
contrast in writing are in chunks and children will have to stop going to
in sequence. school, and she would have nowhere
 In Chunking, the to go.”
characteristics of the items
being compared are
presented separately.
 In Sequencing, the attributes
of the objects are presented
point by point.

6. CAUSE AND EFFECT

- It explains reasons why things
happen or explains the results of
certain phenomena.
 READING &WRITING

being cut down at a rate of fifty acres

every minute! Scientists say that if
deforestation continues, the world’s
climate may change, floods may
become more common, and animals
will die. One solution to the problem
of deforestation is to use less paper. If
you use less paper, fewer trees will be
cut for paper making. How can you
use less paper? One answer is to
reduce your paper use by using both
sides of the paper when you
photocopy, write a letter, or write a
7. PROBLEM-SOLUTION paper for school. A second answer is
- A problem-solution paragraph in a to reuse old paper when you can,
text begins by identifying the problem rather than using a new sheet of
or situation, and later on presents a paper. The backs of old envelopes are
solution to the problem. perfect for shopping lists or phone
- Organizes ideas into problems and messages, and when you write a
proposed solutions rough draft of an essay, write it on the
- Problem section usually includes the back of something else. A final answer
what, who, when, where, why and is to recycle used paper products
how of the problem instead of throwing them away. Most
- Solution section presents the major schools, offices, and neighborhoods
effects of the problem and the have some kind of recycling center. If
possible solutions to address it, as you follow the three Rs-reduce, reuse,
well as the steps in implementing the and recycle-you can help save the
solution world’s forests.

Example
Deforestation is a serious problem
because forests and trees aren’t just
pretty to look at, they do an important
job making the earth’s environment
suitable for life. They clean the air,
store water, preserve soil, and provide
homes for animals. In the past fifty
years, more than half of the world’s
rain forests have been destroyed.
Today, the forests of the world are
 READING &WRITING

- Text organization is the way a

8. PERSUASION text is organized that helps to
- A writing strategy which involves guide the reader logically
presenting a position or standpoint through it.
which is a product of careful research - Refers to the arrangement of
and supported with valid claims in ideas in a text.
order to change the attitudes or - An effective essay explicitly
behavior of others. explains its thesis- complete
- Organizes ideas to show how a set of with supporting details.
evidence leads to a logical conclusion - An OUTLINE can be useful in
or argument organizing text because it
- Presents the issue, the position, and provides a format in which
the supporting evidence that supports ideas can be arranged in a
the position hierarchy- from the general
ideas from the specific of
Example: subordinate ideas.
“Dear Linda, thank you for your letter. Example
I must say that I disagree with your Ancient philosophies believe that a
view. Vaccinations are actually an person has an “aura,” this appears as
extreme necessary part of keeping a rainbow of light around the body
everyone, including your own that can be seen by individuals with
children, safe from disease. The herd clairvoyant abilities. The colors change
immunity that protects us all is only depending on one’s mood, health, and
strong as long as everyone continues thoughts. Some scientists believe that
ensuring that their children are the existence of the aura has
vaccinated. There are children who, something to do with the
for medical reasons, cannot receive electromagnetic fields produced by
vaccination, and therefore are relying cells and tissues in the human body.
on the immunity of the herd. To not Whether auras are real or not, the fact
vaccinate your children would be remains that there are forces
risking so many more in danger to everywhere that are real even though
diseases that the human race has we cannot see them
nearly eradicated.”
B. COHERENCE AND COHESION
- Cohesion refers to a central
PROPERTIES OF A concept or “glue” that holds
all the different ideas
WELL-WRITTEN TEXT together.
- Coherence refers to ideas
A. TEXT ORGANIZATION that are logically sequenced
 READING &WRITING

in a way that is easy to - Refers to the acceptable style

follow for the reader. of language for a particular
- A text with both cohesion form of text.
and coherence has a - Determine when it is
appropriate to use formal
central concept linking all the
language or when informal
ideas in the text, and these
language is acceptable
ideas are presented in a
- Informal language is usually
logical manner.
used in writing for oneself or
Example
in writing to family, friends,
International Women’s Day is
and colleagues. On the other
celebrated on the 8th of March of
hand, formal language is
every year. It began as a Socialist
used in writing academic,
political event in several Western
business, and official texts.
countries. Then, other countries also
Examples:
started celebrating the holiday just as
• We asked the secretary to call the
a way to express their love for
professor and get her permission for
women. Currently, the United Nations
us to continue our research.
observes the holiday as a way to bring
• We requested that the secretary
to light women’s issues around the
contact the professor and obtain her
world.
permission for us to continue our
research.
HOW TO ACHIEVE COHERENCE AND
COHESION
HOW TO ACHIEVE APPROPRIATE
- Use of transitional devices of
LANGUAGE USE
phrases that signals that you
- Make sure that the language you use
are adding more information
is direct and simple rather than
or referring to the previous
complicated.
statement or contrasting the
previous statement. - Avoid using technical or highfalutin
- Using certain vocabulary such words.
as synonyms and antonyms, - You should also be sensitive enough
or repetition of words from to use unbiased language so that you
the previous sentence, or will not offend any individual or any
using pronouns and particular group of people.
conjunctions.
C. APPROPRIATE LANGUAGE D. PROPER MECHANICS
USE - Refers to conventions of
writing - which includes
capitalization, punctuation,
 READING &WRITING

spelling, grammar,
abbreviations, and acronyms. A. One effective way is to diversify his
funds to different investments like
real estate, stocks and money
SPELLING instruments like bonds and trust
- Be consistent. If you are unsure of funds.
the spelling of a word, consult a B. It is always best to expand money
dictionary or a spell checker. to different investment wheels.
C. A wise investor must not put all his
PUNCTUATION eggs in one basket.
- Using a system of symbols such as D. He should always consider the risks
the comma, period, quotation marks, involved in investing his money.
question marks,
A. It is very vital to have social media
Examples: presence however personal blogs
• I love to paint portraits I would paint serve as web domains.
one every day if I had the time B. Most people including celebrities
• I love to paint portraits. I would and businessmen have blogs
paint one every day if I had the time. nowadays.
• This book is dedicated to my C. Therefore, building them will help
parents, Noel and Corazon. anyone in promoting himself or his
• This book is dedicated to my business.
parents, Noel, and Corazon D. Apparently blogs are like our offices
only they are in the internet.
CAPITALIZATION
- The act of writing the first letter of a A. The basic steps in building a
word in uppercase while the rest of website are easy to remember and
the letters are in lowercase. registering a domain name is the usual
- Proper Nouns priority.
- Days of the week B. Designing a layout will come after
- Months of the year that.
- Historical periods, events, C. Finally, adding more content and
documents social media presence are required to
- Titles/ Courses keep your site active.
D. Then you need a hosting provider
to host your site's content in the
DIRECTIONS: Choose the best order
World Wide Web.
and sequence of the following
sentences to form a well-organized
paragraph.
READING &WRITING

Reading and Writing

Skills

CRITICAL READING
requires critical thinking. It means
evaluating an author’s support for a
point to determine whether that
support is solid or not, that a reader
applies certain processes, models,
questions, and theories that result in
enhanced clarity and comprehension.

“Character is like a tree and

reputation like its shadow.
The shadow is what we think
of it; the tree is the real thing.”
-Abraham Lincoln

What is the point that Abraham

Lincoln is proving based on the above
quotation?
a. Character is more substantive than
reputation. Reputation is more easily
seen, but it is not real.
b. Character and reputation are
synonymous with each another.
c. Reputation is more important than
character.

“In the end, we will remember

not the words of our enemies,
but the silence of our friends.”
-Martin Luther King, Jr.

What is the point that Martin Luther

King, Jr. is proving based on the above
quotation?
a. Silence of friends is golden.
 READING &WRITING

b. Friends are more important to us Propaganda is communication that is

than enemies. primarily used to influence or
c. We will remember the betrayal of persuade an audience to further an
our friends more than the attacks of agenda, which may not be objective
our enemies. and may be selectively presenting
d. Betrayal is morally wrong. facts to encourage a particular
synthesis or perception, or using
Critical reading provides high loaded language to produce an
reflective skills which allow you to emotional rather than a rational
stand back and look at the text from response to the information that is
different perspectives. being presented.
It lends you the ability to see and
evaluate how a text presents Propaganda techniques:
arguments. Testimonials- you are convinced to
use a product because it is endorsed
3 Ways to Read Critically: or confirmed by a well-known
1. Separating fact from opinion; personality.
2. Detecting propaganda;
3. Recognizing errors in reasoning.

Separating fact from opinion:

FACT-Information that can be proven
true through objective evidence. Facts
can be checked its accuracy and thus
proven true.
Example:
At least four out of five adults will
experience lower back pain at some
point in their lives.

OPINION-a belief, judgement, or

conclusion that cannot be objectively
proven true. Recognizing errors in reasoning
Example: Circular reasoning (Fallacies that
The best treatment for lower back ignore the issue)- The supporting
pain is physical therapy. conclusion is really the same as the
conclusion.
Example:
Detecting propaganda:
 READING &WRITING

Allan Gordon is a great manager such as anesthetic and

because he is so wonderful at sedative.
managing. 2. The Sampaguita belongs to
the genus Jasmin of the
False cause (Fallacies that family Oleaceae.
oversimplify the issue)- to assume 3. The popularity of the
that because B follows event A, event Sampaguita flowers is most
B was caused by event A. evident in places of worship.
4. Sampaguita is the most
Example: beautiful and most fragrant
My favorite TV Show was moved to a of all flowers.
different time slot this season. No 4 Common Types of Assertions
wonder it’s now getting canceled. (Tiongson, 2016)
The first type of assertion is FACT.
The second type of assertion is
EVALUATIVE STATEMENT CONVENTION.
An evaluative statement is a way of The third type of assertion is OPINION.
giving a better explanation to show The fourth type is PREFERENCE.
the strength and weaknesses of
something through writing. It presents The first type of assertion is FACT.
value judgment based on a set of This is a claim or statement that can
criteria. It is the writer's way of produce objective proof or evidence
explaining why strength is a strength through direct experience,
and weakness is a weakness based on testimonies of witnesses, verified
the evidence gathered (Belino, 2017). observations, or research results.
Since this type of assertion can be
Further, according to Hernandez et al. easily checked through consulting
(2017), an evaluative statement is an various sources, people usually agree
objective and tactful way of reacting on the truth it provides.
to a text.
Example:
As defined by Tiongson (2016), The Sampaguita's roots are used for
assertions are "declarative sentences medicinal purposes, such as
that claim something is true about anesthetic and sedative.
something else." These sentences may The second type is an assertion of the
either be statements of truths or CONVENTION
opinions. This is "a way in which something is
Read the following examples: done, similar to traditions or norms."
1. The Sampaguita's roots are These assertions solely rely on existing
used for medicinal purposes,
 READING &WRITING

laws, rules, usage, customs, and

historical precedent available.

Example:
The Sampaguita belongs to the genus
Jasmin of the family Oleaceae.

The third type of assertion is an

OPINION.
This statement is based on facts.
While facts can be proven objective,
opinions are hard to prove as this
would have to rely on reliable and
soundproofs. Tiongson (2016) said,
"The more ambiguous an opinion is,
the more difficult it is to verify." The
statements commonly leave room for
discussion and disputes.

Example:
The popularity of the Sampaguita
flowers is most evident in places of
worship.

The fourth type of assertion is

PREFERENCE.
Preference relies on personal choice.
These are entirely subjective
assertions that cannot be objectively
proven.
Example:
Sampaguitas is the most beautiful and
fragrant of all flowers.