TCP/IP Network

Networking Model

TCP Layer: Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol.

1. Application:
Protocol:
 HTTP.
 SMIP: Send email.
 FTP: File Transfer Protocol (‫)هو لنقل معلومات وبيانات بأحجام كبيرة‬
 POP3: Receive email.

2. Transport:
Protocol:
 TCP: Sends encryption data by segment, bit after bit, each correct
transportation , the destination sends acknowledgment to ensuring send.
 UDP: sends segment data without encryption(security) , no acknowledgment
from destination, and it faster than TCP.

3. Internet:
Protocol:
 IP: Internet Protocol.
 Addressing.
 Route determinations.
 Best effort delivery.

4. Network Access:
 Framing
 Physical Address.
 Bit transmission.
 By modulation (send signal-bit) and demodulation (receiving signal-bit).

Similarities between OSI and TCP layers:

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1. Each has layers.

2. Both have Application layers.
3. Both have Transport layer (comparable layers).
4. Each model needs to be known by network administration.

Differences between TCP/IP and OSI layers:

1. TCP contains 4 layers, OSI contains 7 layers.

2. Application layer of TCP/IP combines (Presentation, session, application).
3. Network access layer TCP/IP combines (data link, physical).
4. TCP/IP appear simpler than OSI.
5. TCP/IP protocol is standard of the internet.
6. TCP/IP is read protocol, OSI is model protocol.

Exercises:

Match the layers of the OSI to the appropriate description or function.

7) Application 3 Connectivity and path selection.

6) Presentation 6 Format of data.
5) Session 5 Establish, manages, terminates application, conversation.
4) Transport 1 Binary transmission, wires and connectors.
3) Network 2 Physical addressing.
2) Data link 7 Email and file transfer.
1) Physical 4 Reliable connection and error correction.

Convert Table:

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Decimal Binary Hexadecimal

0 0000 0
1 0001 1
2 0010 2
3 0011 3
4 0100 4
5 0101 5
6 0110 6
7 0111 7
8 1000 8
9 1001 9
10 1010 A
11 1011 B
12 1100 C
13 1101 D
14 1110 E
15 1111 F

. Binary ‫ إلى‬Decimal ‫كيفية التحويل من‬

Binary 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
= = = = = = = =
Decimal 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

168 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

223 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

199 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1

237 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

( 168 )10 ( 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0)2

( 223) 10 ( 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1)2

( 199) 10 ( 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1)2

‫ نجمع الرقم في أعلى‬1 ‫ (كل خانة فيها‬. Decimal ‫ إلى‬Binary ‫كيفية التحويل من‬
.) ‫العامود باللون األزرق‬

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Binary 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
= = = = = = = =
Decimal 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
128 + 32 + 8 = 168 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0

128 + 64 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 223 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1

128 + 64 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 199 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1

128 + 64 + 32 + 8 + 4 + 1 = 237 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1

: IP Address
: ‫هي على الشكل التالي‬ -1
. Bits 8 ‫عن‬ ‫•عبارة‬ ‫•جزء‬ ‫•وكل‬
، ‫ أجزاء‬4 ‫ موزعة على‬Bits 32 ‫يتألف من‬ -2
Decimal ‫ في‬255 ‫ و‬0 ‫ هي عبارة عن رقم بين‬Binary ‫ في‬Bits 8 ‫كل‬ -3
..Host ‫ و‬Network ‫موّز ع بين‬ -4

Class A Network Host Nb Network Nb Hosts

224  2
Octet 1 1 2 3 126
16'777'214

Class B Network Host Nb Network Nb Hosts

216 2
Octet 1 2 1 2 2 2
16
65'534

Class C Network Host Nb Network Nb Hosts

Octet 1 2 3 1 28 2 254

Class D Host Nb Network Nb Hosts

232
Octet 1 1 2 3
4'294'967'296

Class D addresses are used for multicast groups. There is no need to allocate
octets or bits to separate network and host addresses.

Class E addresses are reserved for research use only.

1- Classes:
Classes Between Fixed Smallest Biggest
A 0  127 0 00000000 01111111
B 128  191 10 10000000 10111111

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C 192  223 110 11000000 11011111

D 224  239 1110 11100000 11101111
E 240  255 1111 11110000 11111111
E (French) 11110 11110000 11110111

2- Reserved IP Address
IP Description
‫ ومن بعدها يبعث إلى‬، ‫يستعمله الكمبيوتر عند بداية التشغيل‬
1 0.0.0.0 Obtain IP Address ‫ هذا في حال كانت‬.‫ غيره‬IP ‫ ليعطيه‬DHCP
.‫ في الكمبيوتر‬Automatically(True)
‫ رسائل‬4 ‫ حيث يبعث‬، ‫يستعمله الكمبيوتر ليفحص نفسه‬
2 127.N.N.N .‫ ويحصل على إجابات حولها‬،‫للفحص‬
(Class A)N.0.0.0
3 (Class B) N.N.0.0 Network Address ‫محجوزون دائمًا للـ‬
(Class C) N.N.N.0
(Class A) N.255.255.255 ‫ أي عندما يكون لديك عدد كبير من‬، Broadcast ‫محجوزون للـ‬
4 (Class B) N.N.255.255 ‫ تستطيع أن ترسل لهم ما تريد‬IP ‫المستخدمين من خالل هذا‬
(Class C) N.N.N.255 .‫في نفس الوقت‬

5 255.255.255.255 .‫ ألي كمبيوتر‬Broadcast ‫هو‬

‫ وانقطعت عنه الكهرباء فجاءة‬Access Point ‫في حال كان لديك‬

6 169.254.N.N
.‫ مؤقتا‬IP ‫ فيقوم الكمبيوتر باستعمال هذا‬،

Private IP Address:
It uses for Internal network, without connect to internet, such as a company has a lot
of computers connected each to other.
Classes From To
A 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255

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B 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255

C 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255

What happened if you use an IP Private to connect Internet:

Subnet Mask:
Determines the parts of IP Address which for Network, and host.
 For network gives 255.
 For host gives 0.

Exercise: Which IP of the following is valid and explain your answer:

61.0.1.0 Valid
127.1.2.3 Not valid, is a reserved address.
128.268.1.2 No valid, between 0 and 255.
191.1.1.0 Valid.
192.0.0.2 Valid.
10.1.0.0 Valid.
16.1.255.255 Valid

Sub Network

Sub Network always is a part of host.

‫ لدينا هذا‬، Sub network ‫ كمبيوترات نريد وضعهم في‬3 ‫لنفترض أّن لدينا‬
IP .192.168.1.0

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.IP : Class C ‫ يعود هذا‬Class ‫ نقوم بتحديد ألي‬.1

.255.255.255.0 : ‫ له‬Sub Net ‫ تحديد‬.2
.bits : 255.255.255.00000000 ‫ إلى‬Host ‫ تقسيم‬.3
1 2 1
‫ و‬2 ‫ تعطينا‬2 ‫ وبما أن‬، 2 ‫ و‬2 ‫ أي بين‬، ‫ على عدد الكمبيوترات‬Bits 3 ‫ نحتاج إلى‬.4
‫? تعطي نفس‬2 ‫ ولكن في حال يوجد‬، ‫ نأخذ التي تعطي الرقم األعلى‬4 ‫ تعطينا‬22
.‫العدد المطلوب نأخذها‬
:‫ خيارات على الشكل التالي‬4 ‫ ضمن‬Bits 2 ‫ هي عبارة‬4 ‫ هذه‬.5
00 01 10 11
:‫ ّنقسم هذه الخيارات على الشكل التالي‬.6
Sub Network 1
192.168.1.00000000
192.168.1.00111111
192.168.1.0 Sub network Address
192.168.1.63 Broadcast Address

1  62 Number of host

Sub Network 2
192.168.1.01000000
192.168.1.01111111
192.168.1.64 Sub network Address
192.168.1.127 Broadcast Address

65  126 Number of host

Sub Network 3
192.168.1.10000000
192.168.1.10111111
192.168.1.128 Sub network Address
192.168.1.191 Broadcast Address

129  190 Number of host

Sub Network 4
192.168.1.11000000
192.168.1.11111111
192.168.1.192 Sub network Address
192.168.1.255 Broadcast Address

193  254 Number of host

Choose the correct answer

1. What is the mask of the network 192.168.32.0 to provide 254 stations by sub-network?
a. 255.255.0.0
b. 255.255.255.0
c. 255.255.254.0
d. 255.255.248.0

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2. How much of networks can be use for a class A address by using the default mask.
a. 254
b. 127
c. 126
d. 128
e. 511
f. 512

3. What criteria do indentify a class B address?

a. The first byte between 1 and 127
b. The first byte between 127 and 191
c. The first byte between 128 and 192
d. The first byte between 128 and 191
e. The first byte between 192 and 223

4. What is the broadcast address of the network having the address 192.168.32.0
using the default subnet mask?
a. 192.168.0.0
b. 192.168.0.255
c. 192.168.32.0
d. 192.168.32.254
e. 192.168.32.255

5. The network 128.128.32.0 has 1022 hosts. What is the mask of this network?
a. 255.255.250.0
b. 255.255.252.0
c. 255.255.254.0
d. 255.255.255.0

6. In the network shown below in the diagram, where it would be suitable to use
the private address?

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a. Only region A
b. Only Region B
c. Only Region C
d. Regions A and B
e. Regions B and C
f. Regions A and C
g. Regions A and B and C

7. How many sub-networks can you create while applying the mask 255.255.255.0
to a class B address?
a. 256
b. 255
c. 254
d. 510
e. 512
f. 511

8. What is the network address and the broadcast address for the host with IP
198.101.6.55 and mask 255.255.255.240? (choose two)
a. 198.101.6.0
b. 198.101.6.32
c. 198.101.6.48
d. 198.101.6.57
e. 198.101.6.63
f. 198.101.6.255

1. b) 255.255.255.0
2. c) 126
3. d) The first byte between 128 and 191
4. e) 192.168.32.255
5. b) 255.255.252.0
6. f) A and C.
7. a) 256
8. c) 198.101.6.48 e) 198.101.6.63
Giving the following IP Address 193.16.100.3

a) To which class belongs this address?

it belongs to the class C 192  193  223

b) What is the default the subnet mask?

255.255.255.0

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 TCP/IP Network

c) What is the network address?

193.16.100.0

d) The administration wants divides this network to 6 sub network. What is the
corresponding subnet mask?
255.255.255.00000000
255.255.255.11100000
255.255.255.124

e) what is the total number of sub network?

255.255.255.11100000
23 = 8

f) What is the number of host per sub network?

25  2 = 30

g) What is the sub network address of third sub network?

193.16.100.01000000
193.16.100.64 Sub network Address

h) what is the broadcast address of fourth sub network?

193.16.100.01111111
193.16.100.127 Broadcast Address

i) What are the valid IP address of fifth sub network?

193.16.100.10000000
193.16.100.10011111

193.16.100.128
193.16.100.159

Given the IP address 176.31.101.153 and its Subnet Mask-S/M 255.255.255.224.

a. To which class this IP address belongs? Justify your answer.
b. What is the default subnet mask of this class?
c. What is the purpose of the subnet mask?
d. Determine the network address.
e. What is the maximum number of subnets.
f. Determine the subnet network address to which this IP address belongs.

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 TCP/IP Network

g. Determine the broadcast address of this subnet.

h. What is the maximum number of stations per subnet?
i. Is the IP address 176.31.101.145 in the same subnet? Justify.

a. Class B 128  176  191

b. 255.255.0.0

c. The difference between network parts and host parts.

d. 176.31.0.0

e. 255.255.255.224
255.255.11111111.11100000
211 = 2048

f. 255.255.255.224
255.255.11111111.11100000
25  2 = 32
0  31
32  63
64  95
96  127
128 159
Sub network Address is 176.31.101.128

g. Broadcast Address is 176.31.101.159

h. 25  2 = 32
= 30 hosts

i. Yes , because 145 between 128  145  159

Sub network ‫ في كل‬Hosts‫ عندما قمنا بتحديد عدد‬، ‫كما مّر معنا في التمرين أعاله‬
‫ الذي نعمل عليه وهو‬IP ‫ للـ‬Sub network Address ‫ وأردنا أن نعرف ما هو‬، 32 ‫وهو‬
‫ على الشكل‬Hosts ‫ على أساس عدد‬Sub network ‫ فبدأنا نقّس م‬، 167.31.101.153
:‫التالي‬
0  31
32  63
64  95
96  127
128  159

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‫ الموجودة في‬153 ‫ اعتبرنا أّن‬، ‫ كنهاية‬159‫ كبداية و‬128 ‫وعندما وصلنا إلى الرقم‬
.IP ‫ لهذا‬Broadcast ‫ هي‬Sub network Address ، 159 ‫ هي‬128 ‫ وأّن‬، ‫ تقع بينهما‬IP

‫ كما فعلنا‬Sub Network ‫ في كل‬Hosts ‫بعبارة أخرى حّتى ال نقوم باحتساب عدد‬
:‫ وهي على ضمن الخطوات التالية‬، ‫ يوجد طريقة ثانية‬، ‫أعاله‬
. Binary ‫ المعطى لنا إلى‬IP ‫ نحّول‬
‫ًا‬
. ‫ أيض‬Binary ‫ ونحّوله إلى‬، ‫ المعطى لنا‬Subnet Mask ، ‫ بعد تحويله‬IP ‫ نضع تحت‬
‫ تكون‬1 ‫ إذا كان اإلثنين يحويان رقم‬، Subnet Mask ‫ من‬IP ‫ نقوم بعملية طرح‬
:‫ على الشكل التالي‬، 0 ‫ وغير ذلك تكون النتيجة‬، 1 ‫النتيجة‬

167.31.101.153 10110000•00011111•01100101•10011001
255.255.255.224 11111111•11111111•11111111•11100000
Sub network Address 10110000•00011111•01100101•10000000 176.31.101.128
Broadcast 10110000•00011111•01100101•10011111 176.31.101.159

Given the following subnet mask 255.255.255.240. Indicate the valid IP Address

255.255.255.11110000(sub network address)

255.255.255.11111111(sub network broadcast)

196.200.1.15 255.255.255.00001111 not valid (sub network broadcast).

196.200.1.30 255.255.255.00011110 valid
196.200.1.31 255.255.255.00001111 not valid (sub network broadcast).
196.200.1.160 255.255.255.10100000 not valid (sub network address).
196.200.1.191 255.255.255.10111111 not valid (sub network broadcast ).
196.200.1.79 255.255.255.01001111 not valid (sub network broadcast).
196.200.1.127 255.255.255.01111111 not valid (sub network broadcast).
196.200.1.223 255.255.255.01111111 not valid (sub network broadcast).
196.2001.225 255.255.255.11100001 valid

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