The Rise of American Power (1890-1920) Section 1: The Uaited States Becomes aWorld Power Section 2: The United States and World Wart Section 3: World Warl Affects American Society Chapter Overview || Asthe United Statesbecamea more industrialized and urbanized nation, ‘new economic and socal factors contributed toa major shin America’s foreign policy objectives. The nation extended its belie in manifest destiny beyond its borders. By 1917, the United States had acquired fan empire, It spread from Puerto Rico in the Caribbean to Panama in Central America to Hawaii inthe Pacific Ocean tothe Philippines inthe South China Sea. n addition, America became involved in diplomatic, ‘economic, and military actions diectly elated fits new possessions. As presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson dominated foreign policy presidential power also became an issue | This dramatic change in foreign policy sparked debates between EEE —__} World War I impacted the society politics, and economy ofthe United States. Women’s role inthe war aided their campaign for suffrage. The Great Migration of African Americans also affected American socely. The extent of civil liberties in time of war again provoked a serious constitutional debate. In addition, the nation experienced another period ‘of xenophobia, or fear of foreigners 79fatea| The United States Becomes pa World Power Section Overview From 1865 to 1920, anew Indusralized Unie States moved beyondthe border Concept ‘Sf North Amen to become a npr power ona gla see Srategic and “Stone aus lunes ths stn tracttonal foreign policy. The raion sought Zegemonine tan, ——‘Teelgmaras recuren nd csing wats mmsawenepeied || _asamercabepantoacquireanoverseasempin, the natin debated is motivations, aren cmr edt Poles and principles and the effects of suitors on people at home and ‘Facronscurerr ——Ebroad citizen discussed wheter» foreign poly gal of oversexs expansion ‘te Untedstt len ain the mation’ interest Debate continued over te annexation of Hewal causes nd effec ofthe Spanish-American War the Tey of Pars of 1898 andannexation ofthe Philippines. Controversy persisted as the United States expanded American influence in the Cribbccn and Latin America through the creation of the anama Canal and the Implementation ofthe Roosevelt Corollary. As presidents Theodore Roosevelt tnd Woodrow Wilson dominated foreign policy, presidential power also became Unifying Themes ‘As you review this section, tke special note ofthe following themes = Geography, Humans, and the Envlonment What geographic fects Influenced the acauistion of specie eritories bythe United Siates? \What geographic factors influenced the selection of nations in Which the United states attempted to exercise influence? + Development end Transformation of Socal Structures What were the effects of intemetional Involvement at the turn ofthe last centary on the United States and other peoples around the world? + Power Authority, and Governance How dd foreign policy actions of presidents Wllam McKinley and Theadore Roosevelt increase toth the power of the United States and the power of the presidency? What Examples would ant-imperalits and impertalss use in suppor: of thelr positions while debating Amerie expansion overseas? Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems What were the auses of greater international involvement by the Urited States from 1890 to 19207 How did Americas indusralztion increase pressures for ‘overseas expansion? Key People ‘Theodore Roosevelt Wiliam Mekieley Allred Mahan George Dewey Queen tiuokalant John Hay Matthew Perry "40 crap ne see or merce Fover 850-826KeyTermsandEvents 0 strategic joint resolution ‘raty of Pais of 1898 ‘105s national product sphere efinfluence Philippine american Manifest Destiny pen Door Poli ‘Wer Soda Darwinism Gentlemen's Agreement imperialism Socal Gospel Spanish-American War Roosevelt Coolary ‘aeitt yellow journalism Big Stick plomacy ‘annexation Iegoism dala ciplomacy ‘Key Supreme CourtCases As you review this section, be sure you understand the significance ofthis key ‘Supreme Court case: Insular Cases (1901-1902) Emerging Global Involvement ‘Territorial expansion ofthe United States prior tothe 1890s was confined, with to exceptions to what is now the contiguous 48 states. In 1867, the United States bought Alaska from Russia in order to end Russian trade and exploration in North America. In addition, the Aleutian Islands offered a strategic location fora coaling station. That same year the United States annexed uninhabited Midway Island in the Pacific Ocetn. ‘Then, in the 18008 and early 19005, the United States increased its fous on foreign affairs. Today, some historians consider this American expansion shift in many ‘ways « resumption ofthe drive that had boon halted by the Civil War, Othet historians see its international focus as marking a turing point inthe nation's history. A number of factors led the United States into greter global involvement Inthe late 1800s Factors that Led to the United States Overseas Expansion Economic intrest influenced the United Sats to seek foreign markets resources, and coaling stationsin the ate 18005. Other motivations wee pallial, geographic, tnd cult ‘The Economy Drives Search for New Markets and Raw Materials Inthe 1850, economics inked the domestic and foreign policy goals ofthe United States. fer the Civil War, the Norther economy continued fo grow, slowed only by the Panic of 1893, which ed toa mejor depression Iatng until 1857 + Between 1860 and 1857, United States exports triple. + By 1096, the United States sold $1.3 billion in overseas exports per year, representing only 10 percent of American produetion. * Atthe same time, from 1865 fo 1856, United States imports increased from $238 nillion to $616 million per yes + Between 1859 and 1858, American iron and steel exports rose 230 percent + By 1890, manufacturing and mining represented 30 percent ofthe nation’s gross ‘ational produet (GNP). + From 1880 to 1890, farming’s percent of the nation’s GNP dropped from 28 percent to 19 percent. Technology in agriculture led to fewer farmers producing more goods with an excess available fr export Social Studies Practices ‘Geographical Content + Desert he gesranhie Fesoning tated the scutiion the ‘eowing US tee hier val, Frida Cfo, unt hen the, ‘he poste and negate ttle onthe Und Toure ste Bacon eNotPvar 184ery ‘Sts Based ‘Questions: Bar Graph onthe ba S36 haben, somes the Tolling evens + wat asthe aot UedStates lpn trade tin orn + ut epee lnatane! te Songer ene + Wa viene supports yor eater Value of United States Exports, 1870-1920 a7 1 10 19901910100 veo Seu: atari Sates fe Une ats, Clo Teer 1370 Business leaders wanted raw materials from abroad. Business leaders and farmers Wanted overseas markets for both their industrial and agricultural products. Overseas markets could provide economic stablity, especially when, asin the 1880s, domestic consumption could not absorb the nation’s output, Overseas ‘markets could also sbsor® American eeports when the economy at ome slowed Anternational Rivalry Influences American Expansionism Most ofthe country agreed with the ousiness and agricultural interests seeking fave materials and new markets. Other groupe also sa the need for the United Sates to acquire colonies and conto valuable sea routes. In the late 19th into the carly 20th century, imperialism droveinterational competition for new marks, ‘aval bases, end colonies. Afsica and Asa were major targets of European nations and Japan American expansionist were concerned tha the United States was alread ‘entering the competition. They recognized that improvements in transportation thd communication technology shortened distances around the world Communications technology quickly provided information on international markets and on evens in ater nations tht might affect the United States. The ation had to aser self in an increasingly interdependent and aggressive world. not seen a a threat by other nations, the United States would become a target {even inthe Western Hemisphere. Ths was the poston of Theodore Roosevelt ‘when he was assistant secretary f he Navy fom 1857 to 1898, and Inter, a8 vice president and then president. Expansionists and the Growth of Naval Power Congress approved the Naval Act of 1890 to build a bigger, modern US. Navy. ‘By 1698, 114 triple-stel-ulled warships with star engines and the latest in "weapons were a the core ofthe 160-hip navy. Behind this growth was the urging ‘Of expansionss ike navy Captain ater Admiral, fed, Mahan, In 190, Mahan ‘wrote the influential book, Thelunce of Sen Power Upon History, 1660-1783. Mahsn’s naval strategy and the balding ofa bigger and better navy encouraged expansion, Captain Mahan argued Ht + throughout history great nations ad powerful navies. + as foreign trade grew, a nation needed a modem steam-powered navy to protect its shipping routes 182. chaperé the aro Aman Four (880-1820)*+ the navy andthe merchant feet needed coating stations at which to refuel and restock supplies. + building «cand acioss dhe Cetra American isthmus would cut by tw thids the time to move the navy and merchant ships between the Atlantic and the Pacific oceans, In addition to economic and military factors, new beliefs held by Americens Ingluenced the push for expansion, ‘Manifest Destiny andthe losing ofthe Frontier Ina famous 1893 essay, historian Frederick Jackson Turner argued that the existence of frontier throughout out history had been vital in shaping the American characte. He noted thatthe frontier no longer existed but “the demands fora vigorous foreign policy for {an interoceanic canal for a revival of our power upon out seas, and forthe extension of American influence to outlying islands and adjoining counties are indications thatthe forces [of expansion] will continue.” Expansionists saw Tamers connection ofthe frontier to imperialism as Turther support for extending Manifest Destiny overseas. Manifest Destiny i the belie thatthe ‘United Sites hada divine mission to expand in order to spread the ideals of freedom and democracy Soci! Darwinim and imperialism A component of Manifest Destiny isthe idea {hat the American way of lifes so superior thatthe United States s obliged to carry its Benefits to other people in othe lands, Few wondered whether these people wanted American “benefits,” or tecognized that tis notion implied that other pope and this ways of fe were inferior. Te Lelie Anglo-Saxon Super) {Sa form of Social Darwinism. You have seen how Socal Darwinism was used to defend business practices Is also an ideology tht supports imperialism. According t Socal Derwinist, the Jaw of nature resulted in the survival of superior people. The sme law led tothe survival of superior nations, which are meant to dominate inferior nations. Few ‘questioned the fact that no scientific evidence supported this theory. United States Expansion, 1903-1867 Bite ierioy, aw Acquired 003 Lovins Rte | purthse tom Fane 189 Fria scxpaton alowed ray with Spin 1045 Teas ens oet ssonof Congress tas gen oety erenent wth Gest tin 1008 Mean Caon esc scan Waray ith Mees 13 Gadsden ce purchase em Meso 1967 ‘Alla chased om sa 1367 Moy = ‘The Missionary Spirit Underlying Manifest Destiny, Socal Darwinism, and the missionary movement were felings of patriotism, nationalism, racism, and 3 ‘strong sense of cultural superiority: Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred ™. Mahan Urged expansion for political and strategie reasons eather than in the interest of ‘commerce. Josiah Strong, a minster and Roosevelt's tend, provided American imperialism witha religious, missionary rationale, Coe) Regents Stimulus Based ‘Questions: Chart ing te hata te tert arse along + How doe te action tales ane Md) Sater tem ne ter feritrer onthe chr? + Wy wuld the Ue State seq Aas Sead? + How 885. foregn ey betwen 109) 1920 change Tom previo olay ‘ieclons {orig ot deco? + How dd US. nates for ‘puro ifr etueen ‘epi of a as? ‘toot ‘We nie Ses Scones Wodover 183,‘Stimulus-Based Questions: Quote + ater reaig he uote, ‘rma oan Song poi eon ineraion. Than nity teeta Sitar tat neyo venta ‘In Our Country (1885 Strong, a minister and soca reform, wrotethatto introduce CChvistonity and “civilization” to ctbers was the mission and that the “Anglo ‘Saxon, atthe great representative ofthese two ideas, i divinely commissioned to berina pecullar sence his brotie's keeper...” Strong's argument continued “The tin coming who... te swore enter upon. he fnl competition of ces. Ten ths race of equ exergy eth alt majesiy of mbes an he night of wealth bind tte oreo hap, ofthe large! Met, the purest Chrsinty th highest citation il pred isef ove the ent... And Ean anyone dutta! theres of ths compettin of races wl be the “suri of the files”? Josiah Srong, Our County ls Posie Future ard Its Psent Crisis, 185 “The Social Gospel, Protestant religious movement ofthe time, motivated some Inissionaies to work not only for dividual salvation bat also for socal reform tnd socal justice as well, The numberof American Protestant missionaries just NCI grew TSAO, a Mis ‘were deeply commited to their work, They helped # 9pread American cultural, {conomi, and political views throughout the world. Thee voices often added to those who championed the couse o imperialism, ‘Case Study: The United States Annexes Hawaii From the beginning of the nineteenth century, Americans—raders, whalers, tmisionaree “came to Havall Deseendans of some the missionaries developed busines interests there + By 1886, two thirds of Hawaiian sugar was produced on American-ovned sugar plantations. + in 1887, the United States gined he right to establish naval baat Port Harbor. + By 1890, Americans dominated the islands politically, economically, and larly, but Hawai remained an independent country ruled by a monarch “Then in 1890, Congress, ina new tari ly, eliminated the favored stats given in 1875 to Hawaiian sugar imports Tre new law allowed all sugar tener the United ‘States duty fee but gave sugarcane producers inthe United States an incentive to encourege the industry at home, This meant that Americans would be more Tikely to buy domestic sugar rather than Hewallan sugar, and American planters in Hawail would lore money. [Atte same time, American planters i Hawali feared a movement of Hawaian ‘pationalism led since 1891 by Queen Uuokalan, Challenged both economicelly thd politically in 1893 American planters and businessmen carried outa sucessful evolution against the Havwaian ruler They were aided by US. ambassador to FHwaii John L, Stevens who, without authorization alld in American marines ‘nd recognized the goverment se up afer the coup. ‘The new government quickly asked that the United States annex Hawali so that their sugar would be considered a domestic impor. But President Grover Cleveland, jst weeks in office, opsoeed expansion by force aginst the wishes of ‘be native people Hawai remained in the hands ofthe American sugar interests ts the independent Republic of wail with Sanford B. Dole as president Havali dd not become a U.S. posesion until 1898 during the Spanish-American ‘iar It then became imporant asa strategic military and commercial link to the Prilippines, Chin, and the rest @ East Asia, Asin the case of Texas, annexation ‘as secomplished by aint resoution rather than a woaty. Hawaii was made a territory in 190s first tp to statehood, In 1959, It became the Sh state 184 chop the Ratt Ac Per (1850-1820The United States Expands its Interests in Asia and the Pacific Inthe late 1850s and early 1900s, expanded economic tes with Cina and Japan Jed to increasing involvement of the United States in Ala. The acquisition of Hiavell island Bases in the Pacific and the Philippines added a strategic motive to “American interest in the region China ‘American trade with China began inthe 1780 through the port of Canton. By the late 180s, however, Americans were afrald that thir economic opportunites {China might be limited. Throughout the nineteenth centry, China had been subjected to imperialistic demands by Japan, Germany, Russia, Great Britain, and France. Each nation, except the United States, gained sphere of influence-a region in which thed exclusive trade, mining, of other economic rights, (Open Door Policy In 1895, Secretary of State John Hay tried to secure an economic ‘opportunity in China forthe United Sates, He asked the European powersto keep sn “open door” to China. He wanted to ensure through his Open Boor Policy that the United States would have equal acces tothe Chinese market. The European powers, however, mt his request with a cool response The Boxer Rebelin In 1900, a secret patriotic Chinese society called the Boxers attacked missionaries, diplomats and other foreigners in China in what is known, 2 the Boxer Rebelion. The Boxers were revolting against the Manchu Dynasty land against the intervention of Westem powers in China, The Western nations Including the United States, sent troops to restore order Fearing that rival nations ‘would take even more Chinese lane, Hay expanded the Open Door Paicy (1900) ‘to mean that the current boundaries of China should be preserved, Japan Japan hd developed into a major economic power fer 1854 the year in which Commodore Matthew Pery ended Joan’ clon by nepoining © eat) ‘pening two Japanese prs hip fom te Unies Sates, Ute Cia, Ja ‘Erie out farreachng modernization progam making it «mejor score owe by 150, From 1990 f 141 a key am of American policy Asia bene Protecting Ameren come, polite and verona ners y providing the Salone of power ost Japanese expuion + Japan dloplayea its growing strength by defeating Rusia inthe Russo-Japanese ‘War of 1904-1905. President Theodore Roosevelt mediated the Treaty of Portsmouth in an effort to protect American possessions and interests in Asi. It was understood that Japan could remain in Manchuria and annex Kore, ‘The United States agreement to the Japanese takeover of Korea was formalized in the 1905 Taf-Katsura Agreement. in retur, Japan would not threaten the Philippines 191906, when the San Francisco schools placed Asian children in separate asses, the Japanese government protested. In 1907, President Theodore Roosevell’s negotiations with Japanese officals resulted in the Gentlemen's Agreement. 'W ended school segregation in San Francisco but aso restricted Japanese Immigration tothe families of those who were alreadyin the Unite Stats, Jn 1908, the two nations entered ina the Roo-Takahira Agreement n which the United States recognized Japan's interest in Manchuria, while the Japanese ‘agreed to uphold the Open Door Policy and support China's independence anc integrity. Each nation agreed to maintain the status quo, meaning no atempt would be made to seize the other's possessions Serearyof saat Hy ‘Analyzing, ‘Documents The pokey of he Gove ofthe ited Str ck Stott woh may tng about permanent sate ne pese to ng reserve Cee tart Sescmiiratve ra protec hts ‘unrated fray Bowers by treaty od ieee {alert word the pice fea Sndinparl tae ith ‘pars of he care Ene + Selainhow ‘eoprapcal ana Fire cramsance ‘ced the sacs ot + Araya toe worg for tierce athe ilfrtheprsorslon ‘thee trl nd Stone ney, Te Unies stra Sunes Nora 185.stimu Based Questions: Timeline ‘erg then rane he + Wire caite Theor ot ‘estes iponse en + win re er ohar alfa? Secretary of states of ef prore scm Sarat nd whotalnetey Scag ‘American imperialism, 1867-1914 iat Rae ia Sa Samoa TH 67 th Untied Sats gined the rig a naa tation t Pago Pago nha a por was 3yGemmany an situated in the Pace on the fade route to Australia, Conficts arove among the three nations. In 1899, Germany and the United Stas divided Samo. ‘The Causes and Effects of the Spanish-American War {1895 the United States began to acquire new tetoie, making it an imparial power Most of these territorial gains resulted fromthe Spanish-American Wat. ‘The Interests and Actions of the United States, Spain, and Cuba Inthe 180s, Spin, once a great worl power, was deeply in debt is empire tedoced, Cube and Punto Rio in the Carsbean and Guam and the Piippines inthe Pace Ocean were its only majo remaining possessions Spain's foreign poly objective wa keep contol of what it el in 185, Cubans rebelled ig pins in 198. Economic By 1898, United States business interests had invested $50 milion in Cuba, and Cuban-American traderan to about $100 milion per year with Slmost ail of Cuba's suger exported (0 the United States. As in Havll, US. tariffs played a roe in the revolution in Cuba. In 1894, the United States had placed high protective tariff on Cutan sugar which had previously entered ‘ur nation dy fee. Growers In Cuka lost millions because their sugar was fo longer competitively priced. Cubafell into economic ches. The disruption, ‘combined with resentment of oppressveand incompetent Spanish rl in 1895 Setoff another Cuban revolt against Spain, The revolution further endangered ‘American investments. The Cubans ‘ought a guereils war. They burned the Sugar cane fields and buildings engaged in sugar production to force the Spanish to give up Cube. Expansionist From the point of view of American imperalists—including ‘Theodore Roosevelt, Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, and Secretary of State John Hay-the Cuban revolution offered an opportunity to selze territory from a "weak Spain, The imperialist cause wis sided by widespread condemnation of the tactics ofthe Spanish military conmander, General Valeriano Weyle, who was sent fo put dewn the insurgency. Weyler placed hundreds of thousands of Can civilians in reconcentration camps to folate them from the insurgents. By the time thatthe Spanish-American War began in 1888, bout 30 percent of| tose in comps had dled from disease and starvation, 126 cher Te ect Ameri tover aHeI82Moving Toward War ‘Americans’ emotions were sted up as result of several events and demand for aggressive action against Spain began to grow. The Yellow Press Americans sympathized with the Cuban revolution and were appalled by the effets of General "Butcher" Weyler’s policy. Humanitarian and Patriot flings wore tr hy yall jurnalicm or fneatcnelom in he Ite 18505, oof the mest famous American publishers, Willam Randolph Hearst of the New York Morning Journal and Joseph Pulitzer ofthe New Yor: Werd, were Battling for readers in a circulation war. Both newspapers printed sensational stories and pictures about thehorsors ofthe Cuban revolution. The stores routinely ‘exaggerated and distored events for emotional eet. Hearst and Pitzer also ran articis that fe growing ingolsm—a super patriotism and demand fr aggresive ‘tions in foreign affais—that crate warlike climate. ‘The de Lome Letter A personal letter written by the Spanish minister tothe United States, Enrique Dupuy de Lome, as printed inthe New York Journal in February 1898, De Lome's unfavorable comments—he called President Wiliam Mekinley “weak and catering tothe rabble"—-made it hard forthe president and other political leaders to withstand demands for war Sinking ofthe Maine Less than 2 week ater publication of the de Lime letter, the USS Maine, an American battleship, exploded and sank inthe harbor of Havana, Cuba, killing 266 Americans. Encouraged by the “yellow press,” 3 shocked public blamed Spain, although later investigation was never able to ‘determine the cause ofthe explosion nor assign sesponsiblity, ‘Fighting the Spanish-American War in the Caribhean Sea In April 1898, despite Spain's agreement to an armistice with Cubs, MeKinley ‘asked Congress to declare war. Congress complied. It also approved the Teller ‘Amendment, which promised that the United States had no “intention to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or contol” over Cuba. Theodore Roosevelt resigned as assistant secretary ofthe Navy to orgonize a volunteer cavalry unit, the Rough Riders, made up of western cowboys eastern Ivy League athletes, immigrants, and Native Americans. The publicity led to Roosevelt's election as New York governor, putting him on the road tothe presidency Fighting the Spanish-American. ‘War in the Pacific Ocean, On May 1, 1898, Commodore, later ‘Admiral, George Dewey, sailed into Manila Bay in the Philippines with six ‘warships. In the marning, the US. Navy destroyed the entire outdated Spanish fleet. In August, American soldiers took the city of Manila. Emilio Aguinaldo who, since 1896, had led the Fight againet the ‘Spanish for Philippine independence set Lup a provisional Filipina government lunder & constitution based on that ofthe United States, Earlier inthe war the US, Navy had taken contol of Guam, Roos (enter and the Rough ier Unifying Themes Power rete ngoum comes ‘fom ane) Sg Me dort want fight but br inge we do eve othe sh weve Beene were get + wna do jingoim, ‘tram ane + ha ae te terns Inthe thre orm + Wat spc et ete ong Tented site Bones Wot Fonee 187‘The Spanish-American War Ends The Spanish-American War lasted four months, with fighting in both the Caribbean Sea and in the Pacific Ocean. In December 1898, the terms ofthe ‘Treaty of Paris of 1898 negotiated with Spain + granted Cub its independence. + gave the Philippines tothe United States in tur for$20 milion «+ ceded Puerto Rico and Guam othe United States For the United States, the Treaty of Paris of 1695, ote + ed to the acquisition of former Spanish ertories hat formed the basis of an sida teimmetae American empire _camelterm” gt sstlfa non debt between imperial nd antiport eanwrizrie, | Eeand merci elven Lin Ame fn a en SS agin pnettn fete eee poses Sees oy tthe Eats Kerns wo ot Toes Teer an 0 wae ETA Tears, untcierardel ga nnsen aed ds bu he wort be ang SEAT Sa yeiocoe en The Spanitametan Wi ae ma ee ‘ome oh ee oe! See Serevent piapmes. eee ere ee ——— | SSee, _) [mee]| eons. Seca se See eer men) [satires 5 see eee eaeane roche ioe - (eetoencomneceeat eee ones aos ween eee Sar pata seve eatin cee eon aimporm ‘The Aftermath of the Treaty of Paris SECS! Te sounnneeen renew sith Tay of Pe EERE RSIUUARTE MG aside pats je ene eee re he Philppine-Smerican War aes Terre, rn kine eure ea rien ofthe ety we eTeiigrocrenenreee con etn, Agua ecg econ e temay he Unies Safad deca ie Plpiners epae Leche Seer etsaot ecopuse US vewrlpay oft ik pale Seediin” "The Ute Sate di no ecg th sovereign te lip republic A Waterers brutal Philippine: American Wa followed. The fighting lasted from 1899 unt Savevncre nc 1902 when the Filipinos surrendered + How dd the Open Door More thar 4,000 Americans soldiers and some 20,00 Filipinos were killed in tela erdcesrtg tm, this war. An additional 200000 Filipinos died from starvation and disease Enitppins fect unied s roites were cominitte by both sides. In 1916, the Jones Act promised the {heretortetaenteth Philippines independence. In 193, the independence date was set fr 1948 cenunt This promise was delayed because of World War I'but was honored in 1946. when the Philippines became independent. 188 hopes th ie Amacom (190-1920)‘Does the Constitution Follow the Flag? 1t was left upto the Supreme Cour in the Insular (sland) Cases (1901-1902) to Aetermine thestatus ofthe residents ofthe new colonies. The key question wasand 's Does the Constitution follow the ag? The Cour lft the answer up to Congress ‘The result is a complicated and sometimes controversial answer about the rights ofthe colonists (Cuba After the Treaty of Paris US troops remained in Cuba unit 1002. Thay were sant to Cuba fice more between 1902 and 1922-Cuban independence was limited by the Platt Amendment (4901), which remained pat ofthe Cub constittion unl 134, The amendment (1) required that the United States approve treaties between Cubaand other nations, (2) gave the United tates the right fo lease naval Bassin Cub, and (3) allowed the United States to intervene in Cuba to preserve oder or peace. ‘ThePlatt Amendment gave the United States the right tolease the Guantanamo Bay area “for use as coaling or naval sation only” When the realy was renegotiated {in 1934, it stated thatthe agreement can be broken only by "mutual consent” ot US abandonment. Further controversy has surounded the bas. In 2002, President George W. Bush used partof the base asa detention camp for “enemy combatants In 2008, President Barack Obama ordered the detontion camp closed but faced congressional opposition to its relocation in the United Sates and problems with transfers of detaines to other nations. In 2018, Presiden Tap signed an order 10 keep the detention camp open. ‘Puerto Rice After the Treaty of Paris, ‘The Foraker Act of 1900 provided fora Puerto Rican legislature elected by the people but with a governor and council appointed by the American president. In 1917, Puerto Ricans eceived United States citizenship In 1952 the island became 8 commonvealth This status gives Puerto Rico many righs ofa state excluding sending representatives to Congress. Puerto Ricans participate in primary elections for US. president, but they may only vote in a presidential lection if they ive in the United States, notin Puerto Rico, ‘he Ue Sates canes 2 Woifover 189ere aa pty tee ieoneeee mere oan Somer pene san oan “eet oom ire Raat must soon stimukirBaced Questions: Char Setar bat ‘Sregn pokey ofen tat ‘sere rd (rmsd yan nd ‘isola Earn eee 900. ‘ted ont ‘atonal Imperialism: The Great Debate Ratification ofthe Testy of Pars of 158 set of great debate in the United States, As with al real it had tobe rated by a two-thirds woe ofthe Senate ‘The findsmental question was whether the United States should be practicing imperialism the policy of expanding aatons power by foreign scquisions and ‘conomi contro Wes imperial compatible with Amer’ dent? Ameria in bath poi parts, ial regions, and fom all soi asses could te found on ether sie ofthe debate, Emotions were tong. Progressives were tlk divided. Imperialist included Theodore Roosevel Senator Herzy Cabot Lodge, nd Aled Mahan. Among the an-mpeaists were Andrew Carnie, Samuel Gompers, Mak Twain Jone Addams, Willa Jennings Bryan, BookeT. ‘Weshinglon and former President Grover Cleveland ‘Tho Azgumonts of the Anti-Imperialists “The American Anthimperialst League as organized in 1898 to oppose the ‘annexation of the Philippines anc #9 oppote the Spanlsi-Amrian War 35 limperaistc Its main reaton for opposing imperialism was that it violated the ‘most fundamental beliefs ofthe nation as expressed in founding documents such 35 the Declaration of Independence, The ant-mperialiss focused on belies in liberty, democracy, and the “consent ofthe governed.” The Philippines, Hawali,and Cub ‘were all ating on nationalistic motives atthe ne that Americans intervened, [Nativits among the ant-iperalist argued that the population of the sands we hha acquired was ofan “inferior face” and cosld not and should not be absorbed into America. Labor leaders, such as Samuel Gompers, feared that new cheep tinsilled labor would take Jobs away from Americans and depress wages. Others tere proponent of tade across the world without the burden and problems of an fmpite Antiimperalits pointed out the costs of maintaining an empire and the ‘dangers of imperialism dragging the United Stats into confit abrod. ‘The Arguments of the Imperialists Lmperialists had the support of mach of the nation. Their major arguments were political, humanitarian, and economic as well as patrcic. Imperialism was & Continuation ofthe nation’s long westward expansion. As with Manifest Destiny, the United States could now cary ts beliefs and values overseas to civilize people and conver them to Christianity. The sation needed new markets and resources. ‘The Philippines were in a strategic location to aid trade with China and other nations of East Asi Imperialists believed that the nation, divided by civil w the draft favored voluntary military service. They viewed ihe draft as an example ‘ofthe rch and educated exercising power over the poo, the working class, and ‘mmigranis ‘Mobilizing the Economy and the Workforce ‘To get the nation’s economy geared up for war, certain economic operations were ‘centralized and concentrated trough aseres of government agencies Relying on the broad wartime powers ofthe president, Woodrow Wison used the Couel (of National Defense to averse thee agencles. For the firs time, the government ‘entered fields suchas housing and labor relations. Italo supervised various public ‘lilies, including the telephone and telegraph, ‘The War Industries Hoard (WIB) was crested to orgoniae and standardize all sspects of war production. To operate effectively the WIB worked with newly

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