i

RESIDENTS’ PREPAREDNESS OF EL NIÑO PHENOMENON IN

BARANGAY 2024

A Research Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of the
College of Nursing
University of Cebu - Banilad
Cebu City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Nursing

by

JANINE CASTRO ROBERT MARIONE GARCIA

CRISLYN MANGUBAT FAMELA ROSE RUIZ

CLOYD JASON VILLARTA

ZADIE MARIE ZAFRA

February 2024
 ii

APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis entitled RESIDENTS’ PREPAREDNESS OF EL NIÑO
PHENOMENON IN BARANGAY 2024, prepared and submitted by Janine
Castro, Robert Marione Garcia, Crislyn Mangubat, Famela Rose Ruiz, Cloyd
Jason Villarta, Zadie Marie Zafra in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree of Bachelor of Science in Nursing has been examined and
recommended for acceptance and approval Proposal Hearing.

SHEEN MARK T. BILBAO, MAN

Adviser

ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in NURSING.

MERCY MILAGROS B. APUHIN, PhDNSc (c), M.N.

Dean, College of Nurisng

Approved by the Committee on Proposal Hearing with the grade of PASSED.

PANEL OF EXAMINERS

PILUCHI VICTORINA M. VILLEGAS, M.N.

Chairman

AMY SOCORRO A. DE CASTRO, MAN MORYEL P. ALBERIO, MAN

Member 1 Member 2

GAVINO S. NUÑEZ II, M.N., Ed., D., JD

Program Research Coordinator

MERCY MILAGROS B. APUHIN,PhDNSc (c), M.N JUDY ANN FERRATER-GIMENA, DBA

Dean, College of Nurisng Research Director

Date of Proposal Hearing: February 2, 2024

 iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This study was only successful with the help and support of the

following people who have been an inspiration in writing this thesis. Our

heartfelt gratitude to the following:

To Sheen Mark T. Bilbao, a big thanks for the unwavering support,

assistance, and guidance in shaping the direction and content of this research.

The knowledge and encouragement given have been invaluable to us.

To Mercy Milagros Apuhin, the Dean of the College of Nursing, the

steadfast support, remarkable leadership, and excellence played a pivotal role

in driving the success of this study;

To the members of the panel of experts for their insightful comments,

feedback, and suggestions, which were instrumental in the success and

completion of this study. The members' expertise enriched the depth and

quality of this research and made the defense an engaging and memorable

experience. A heartfelt and warm thanks to everyone, and

To those who willingly contributed to this venture with unwavering

support and exceptional generosity, their words and actions exceeded

expectations. Whether through encouragement, offering constructive

criticism, or simply being present during challenging times, their

contributions have been deeply appreciated and recognized. Their presence

 iv

meant the world to researchers, who are beyond grateful from the bottom of

their hearts.
 v

DEDICATION

This research endeavor is dedicated to the students, family, friends, and

staff of the University of Cebu - Banilad:

To the researchers' parents and sponsors, a big thanks for always

supporting them financially and emotionally, inspiring them to continue even

when it was getting too complicated, and giving them advice.

To the researchers' families for their unwavering support, dedication, and

love. They have been a source of strength and comfort; their presence has

provided a sanctuary of warmth and understanding, keeping the researchers'

stomachs full and hearts happy.

To the researchers' friends, who have been a constant source of strength,

laughter, cries, and encouragement throughout this research journey, thank

you for lending an ear and for just being there.

The Almighty God has blessed the researchers with the wisdom and

strength to undertake this study. They also express their heartfelt appreciation

to the institution's faculty and staff.

 vi

ABSTRACT

RESIDENTS’ PREPAREDNESS OF EL NIÑO PHENOMENON IN BARANGAY

2024

Janine Castro
https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6208-5256
janinecas@gmail.com

Crislyn Mangubat
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5448-854X
crislynmangubat9@gmail.com

Robert Marione Garcia

https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8076-7518
garciarobertmarione@gmail.com

Famela Rose Ruiz

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6680-6217
fmlrsrz@gmail.com

Cloyd Jason Villarta

https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5722-3545
cloydjasonvillarta@gmail.com

Zadie Marie Zafra

https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0900-1050
z.zadiezafra@gmail.com

Sheen Mark T. Bilbao, MAN

https://orcid.org//0000-0001-6154-5811
surg.nurse72@gmail.com
University of Cebu - Banilad,
Cebu City, Philippines

This study delves into El Niño's impacts, driven by elevated Pacific Ocean
temperatures, causing disruptive weather events like storms, floods, and droughts. Floods
heighten waterborne disease risks, impacting communities with poor sanitation. Droughts
foster disease-carrying insects, increasing vector-borne illnesses. Food shortages worsen
malnutrition, particularly in vulnerable groups, compromising immunity. El Niño
intensifies heatwaves, endangering susceptible populations. The research underscores the
need for preparedness measures like heat action plans, improved vector control, sanitation,
early warnings, and food security initiatives to enhance community resilience to El Niño.
This research aims to assess residents' preparedness regarding the El Niño
phenomenon in Barangay Ibo, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu through a quantitative descriptive
correlational approach. The study will utilize a research-modified questionnaire to gather
 vii

data, structured into two parts: demographic profiling and preparedness assessment.
Convenience random sampling will yield a sample size depending on the total number of
residents in each barangay, ensuring representation across urban and rural settings,
socioeconomic diversity, and geographic areas within Lapu-Lapu City. The research will
adhere to strict inclusion criteria, including legal age and residency status while excluding
individuals under 18 and those with mental challenges. Research procedures involve
obtaining approvals from relevant authorities and ethics committees, followed by data
collection through face-to-face interactions over three to four weeks. By employing a
comprehensive methodology, this study seeks to provide insights into residents'
preparedness levels and contribute to enhancing community resilience against
environmental challenges like El Niño.

Keywords: El Niño, preparedness, enhancing, resilience, quantitative research, descriptive

correlational research design, Lapu-Lapu City
 viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
Title Page i
Approval Sheet ii
Acknowledgement iii
Dedication v
Abstract vi
Table of Contents viii
List of Tables and Figures x

CHAPTER

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE 1

INTRODUCTION 1

Rationale of the Study 1

Theoretical Background 4

THE PROBLEM 36

Statement of the Problem 36

Statement of the Null Hypothesis 37

Significance of the Study 37

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 40

Research Design 40

Research Environment 41

Research Respondents 41

Research Instrument 42

Research Procedures 44
 ix

Ethical Considerations 47

DEFINITION OF TERMS 49

REFERENCES 50

APPENDICES 59

A. Transmittal Letters 59

A.1- Transmittal Letter To The Dean 59

A.2 - Transmittal Letter To The Bgry. Capt. 60

A.3 - Transmittal Letter For Dry Run 61

B. Informed Consent [ICF] 63

B.1 - English Informed Consent 62

B.2 - Cebuano Informed Consent 70

C. Research Instrument 77

C.1- Research Instrument 77

C.2 - Research Instrument Translated 83

D - Location Map 89

E - Content Validation 90

CURRICULUM VITAE Error! Bookmark not defined.

 x

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES

List of Figures

Figure Page

Research Flow 40
 11

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
INTRODUCTION

Rationale of the Study

El Niño phenomena are severe global inter-annual climatic variability

determinants. Its effects are generally seen in several nations in North and

South America, Asia, and Africa, with regional land and sea deviations,

alterations in precipitation patterns, storm track modifications, and surface

warming (Cumiskey, 2016). Drought strikes the Philippines at least once

every five years. It severely ruins the economy (Monsalud et al., 2023).

The most recent forecasts for El Nino's expected effects on the Pacific

Islands, historical experiences with regional drought, and ongoing efforts all

point to strategies governments and aid groups should use to prepare for this

potent climate event (Annamalai et al., 2015). The urgency to enhance El Niño

preparedness through education and statistical analysis cannot be overstated.

The increasing intensity and frequency of El Niño events were noticed, and

the need for proactive measures became paramount. This research addresses

the gap by proposing actionable steps to improve education, enhance data

collection efforts, and empower communities to mitigate El Niño's impacts

(Bell et al., 2024).

 2

Understanding residents’ preparedness is vital for reducing the impact

of the recurring El Nino phenomenon, which has substantial worldwide

impacts. Over the last five decades, significant El Niño occurrences have

caused severe floods, droughts, forest fires, and coral bleaching. Twenty-six

(26) El Niño’s were documented in the 20th century. These events differ in

intensity, with the 1997 - 1998 El Niño being the most powerful on record.

Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines experienced droughts, while Peru

encountered intense rainfall and flooding. The extreme weather linked to El

Niño led to around twenty-three thousand (23,000) fatalities globally (Webb,

2023).

Production losses were seen between February 2015 and July 2016. El

Niño has affected 101,000 hectares of farmland in four provinces alone in the

Philippines, resulting in $17.9 million in production losses, according to the

Philippine Department of Agriculture [DA]. Over 18 months, Filipino farmers

struggled with drought caused by a strong El Niño, resulting in $325 million

in crop damage. Over 400,000 affected households faced food and income

generation challenges, mainly in poverty-stricken Mindanao (Food and

Agriculture Organization [FAO] of the United Nations [UN], 2016).

According to recent data, 317 farmers from the 28 higher ground

barangays in Busay, Pulangbato, Budlaan, Binaliw, Mabini, Agsungot,

 3

Malubog, Taptap, Adlaon, Guba, Lusaran, Cambinocot, Paril, Sirao, Pamutan,

Toong, Sapangdaku, Kalunasan, Buhisan, Tuburan, Babag, Bonbon, Sudlon

1, Sudlon 2, Sinsin, Tagbao, Tabunan, and Buot has already been impacted

by the El Niño phenomenon (Leyson, 2019). A town in northwest Cebu

known for its coffee estates, Tuburan, reported P19.9 million in damage to

cattle, coffee farms, and other high-value products. The dry season also

severely damaged about 301 coffee growers there. A further complaint from

the El Niño-affected farmers was that there was a water shortage in their area,

and they could hardly drink potable water (Abatayo, 2019).

El Niño is a recurring climate phenomenon with profound impacts on

global weather patterns, economies, and local communities. Recent studies

have explored various dimensions of El Niño's influence, highlighting its

broad and often devastating effects. Merrefield (2024) examined the

significant stunting of global economic growth due to El Niño, particularly in

lower-income tropical countries like Peru, Ecuador, Indonesia, and the

Philippines. Monsalud et al. (2023) focused on the economic impact of

droughts in the Philippines, emphasizing agricultural losses and advocating

for robust economic policies. Annamalai et al. (2015) proposed strategies for

El Niño preparedness in the Pacific Islands, emphasizing proactive measures

and comprehensive planning. Bell et al. (2024) addressed the necessity of

 4

community education and data collection for better preparedness, suggesting

practical steps such as training programs and early warning systems. Webb

(2023) provided a historical overview of El Niño events and their global

impacts to inform future predictions and preparedness plans. While these

studies emphasize the importance of understanding and mitigating El Niño’s

impacts, they lack a concentrated focus on local community preparedness,

particularly in smaller regions or barangays. They do not comprehensively

address the specific challenges and preparedness measures at the community

level. The objective of this study is to fill this gap by concentrating on local

community preparedness for El Niño, focusing on smaller regions or

barangays. This study seeks to identify the unique challenges faced by these

communities and propose targeted preparedness measures to enhance

resilience against El Niño's adverse effects.

The researchers are undergraduates at the University of Cebu [UC]

Banilad pursuing a Bachelor of Science in Nursing. They have taken the

Community Health Nursing [CHN] subject with a focus on Community

Organizing Participatory Action Research [COPAR]. Given this, they have

fundamental knowledge that could aid in the conduct of this study.

El Niño causes severe global climate problems, especially in the

Philippines. In Tuburan, Cebu, residents have encountered water shortages

 5

and crop casualties due to El Niño, showing the need for strong action.

Governments, aid groups, and communities must work together to ameliorate

these impacts. This study focuses on Barangay Ibo, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, to

understand how well residents are prepared for El Niño. The study aims to

enhance the community's resilience and health management against El Niño

by examining residents' knowledge and preparedness, thereby improving their

ability to handle its challenges and barriers.

Theoretical Background

This study anchored on Social Cognitive Theory [SCT] pioneered by

Bandura (1986). The anchored theory is supported by Ick Ajzen's Theory of

Planned Behavior [TPB] (1991) and Deci and Ryan's Self-Determination

Theory [SDT] (2000), though formulated later, providing complementary

insights that support Bandura's SCT.

Social Cognitive Theory [SCT] postulates that behavioral patterns,

contextual forces, and individual characteristics combine to produce human

behavior. It highlighted how social experience, reciprocal determinism, and

observational learning all shape human behavior, arguing that circumstances

both actively shape and are shaped by individuals. The idea is an expansion

of social learning theory that considers the impact of ideas, motivation, and
 6

judgement on an individual's behavior and the context in which they are

influenced (Nickerson, 2023).

At its core, Social Cognitive Theory [SCT] underscores the influential

factors of observational learning, self-efficacy, and social influences in

shaping individual behavior during times of crisis. The social cognitive

viewpoint asserts that an individual's actions might be interpreted as personal

and environmental variables instead of solely being controlled by outside

inner energies or stimuli. It presumes that elements such as a person's

emotional, cognitive, and physical characteristics, environmental events, and

behavioral tendencies are the interplay of determinants and their mutual

influence (Espina & Teng-Calleja, 2015). A significant role in the self-

regulation process is to be self-efficient. It concerns an individual's belief in

their ability to manage actions or events in their lives successfully. These

beliefs are based on the individual feeling that they maintain the requisite

cognitive skills, resources to complete the task, and motivation (Schunk &

DiBenedetto, 2019).

Albert Bandura's social-cognitive approach represents traditional

theories proposing that mental factors are essential in human functioning and

that learning can still occur without direct reinforcement. Learning happens

simply through observing models. As a result of observing others, social

 7

learning theory, commonly known as observational theory, emphasizes the

social origins of behavior and the cognitive thought processes that influence

human functioning and behavior (McLeod, 2023).

A unique feature of Social Cognitive Theory [SCT] is that it emphasizes

external and internal social reinforcement and social influence. Individuals

naturally acquire and maintain behavior while assessing the social

environment in which their behaviors show. The theory examines an

individual's experience and checks when the behavioral action occurs. Past

experiences influence expectations, expectancies, and reinforcements, all

shaping a person's will to engage in a specific behavior and why an individual

engages in that behavior (LaMorte, 2022).

To support Albert Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory [SCT], a theory

by Icek Ajzen (1991), the Theory of Planned Behavior [TPB] emphasizes the

role of attitudes, perceived behavior, and subjective norms control in shaping

a person's intent to engage in a specific behavior. In the context of disasters,

individuals' attitudes toward preparedness measures, the perceived social

norms regarding such behaviors, and perceived control over these actions can

influence their intention to prepare for and respond to disasters (Asare, 2015).

The Theory of Planned Behavior's [TPB] first construct is the

behavioral intention, the motivational factor influencing behavior. The

 8

stronger the will to engage in a given manner, the more likely it is to perform

it. The second construct is the attitude towards the behavior, which is the

extent to which a person has an optimistic or pessimistic assessment of the

behavior given. Attitude consists of behavioral views and outcome

evaluations. Subjective norm is the third construct, social pressure to perform

or not perform a given behavior. A variety of normative beliefs and

motivations to comply constitute the subjective norms. Perceived behavioral

control also plays a vital function in the TPB, and it directs people's perception

of the comfort or problem of performing the behavior of interest (Najafi et al.,

2017).

The Theory of Planned Behavior [TPB] is a widely used model for

understanding how people's behavior can change. The model assumes that

behavior is not entirely voluntary and cannot always be controlled. Therefore,

perceived behavioral control was added to the model to predict deliberate

behavior. Behavior is not entirely voluntary and cannot always be maintained;

therefore, perceived behavioral control was added to the model. TPB suggests

that three types of beliefs influence an individual's actions. These beliefs

include the potential outcomes of the action (behavioral beliefs), societal

expectations (normative beliefs), and the actuality of factors that may enable
 9

or inhibit the performance of the behavior (control beliefs) (Ryan & Carr,

2010).

Furthermore, the Self-Determination Theory [SDT] by Deci and Ryan

supports the anchored theory. The theory proposes that three basic

psychological needs - competence, autonomy, and relatedness — are essential

for self-growth and must be met for healthy functioning, promoting intrinsic

motivation, engaging behavior, and maintaining motivation over time.

Competence refers to the mastery of experiences in the practical world. An

individual's perceived competence can enhance their motivation for action

only when a sense of autonomy and relatedness accompanies it within an

organization (Liou et al., 2020).

The Self-Determination Theory [SDT], relatedness, competence, and

autonomy are the three basic psychological requirements for well-being and

normal functioning. Autonomy is the sense of freedom and control over one's

actions and choices. Competence is the confidence in one's capacity to do

activities and reach objectives successfully. "Relatedness" describes a

person's feeling of kinship and community. When these requirements are

satisfied, people are more likely to feel intrinsic motivation—the drive to do

something because it fulfills them personally rather than because of outside

demands or rewards (Deci & Ryan, 2015).

 10

Self-Determination Theory [SDT] is a comprehensive framework in

human motivation, delineating the balance between intrinsic drives and

external influences in shaping behaviors. It emphasizes the inherent

psychological energy directed towards goals, exploring the nuanced interplay

between autonomy, perceived competence, and relatedness to others in

fostering optimal motivation. Additionally, SDT underscores the significance

of the social context in either supporting or impeding the quality of

motivation, offering a holistic perspective on health behavior (Patrick &

Williams, 2012).

The Self-Determination Theory [SDT] categorizes extrinsic motivation

based on the level of self-determination, ranging from external regulation to

integrated regulation. This theory, developed by Ryan and Deci, emphasizes

internalizing values and rules as crucial for motivation. Disaster preparedness,

considered a socially valued extrinsic motivation, varies in how individuals

internalize its importance. SDT suggests that higher levels of internalization

are associated with more remarkable behavioral persistence, quality, and

psychological well-being, highlighting a potential positive correlation

between autonomous internalization and continuous engagement in disaster

preparedness efforts (Toyosawa et al., 2024).

 11

Global warming and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation [ENSO]

phenomenon influence Earth's climate system. The most significant internal

climatic mode on interannual timeframes is ENSO, which originates in the

tropical Pacific. Atmospheric teleconnections influence climate anomalies in

the tropical Pacific region and significantly impact climate anomalies at low

and even global scales (Cane, 1983; Qadimi et al., 2021; Alizadeh, 2023). The

magnitude, length, frequency, diversity, and kind of ENSO episodes can all

be described (Alizadeh, 2017; Alizadeh, 2022a; Alizadeh, 2022b). Examining

changes in ENSO characteristics is essential to comprehend and forecast

climate change. Understanding how ENSO characteristics evolve in response

to global warming is crucial for predicting future climate change. Several

researchers have used climate models to enhance their studies. Many

simulations have shown that the frequency and intensity of ENSO episodes

change as global warming progresses (Chen et al., 2024).

The El Niño Southern Oscillation [ENSO] significantly impacts

weather patterns worldwide, but there is no consensus on how it responds to

global warming. In global warming scenarios, certain modeling studies reveal

a stronger ENSO, while other research indicates a weakening of ENSO

(Heede & Fedorov, 2023). With significant effects on weather patterns and

extreme occurrences in the tropics and beyond, the ENSO is the most robust
 12

interannual oscillation in Earth's climate (Cai et al., 2021; McPhaden et al.,

2020). An El Niño can be characterized by various factors, such as a decrease

in easterly trade winds, which leads to an east-west slope of the ocean

thermocline, warm anomalies in the central and eastern Pacific sea surface

temperature [SST], and a shift in atmospheric convection towards the east that

alters precipitation patterns on both sides of the tropical Pacific. The hallmark

of ENSO has been seen on all seven continents, and by stimulating

atmospheric planetary waves, it also influences a variety of phenomena via

teleconnections outside the tropical Pacific (Yeh et al., 2018).

Following decades of uncertainty, the magnitude and frequency of

climate phenomena known as eastern Pacific El Niño occurrences are

expected to increase due to global warming, with far-reaching consequences.

The Pacific Ocean's sea surface temperatures [SSTs] rise during El Niño

episodes. Rising temperatures significantly alter atmospheric circulation,

leading to extreme weather occurrences worldwide and impacting

ecosystems, human health, and the world economy. El Niño episodes in the

eastern equatorial Pacific [EP] and central Pacific [CP] provide the most

warming. They are more reorganized than those that produce the most

significant warming in the central tropical Pacific. Despite the considerable

 13

influence of these phenomena, there is a dispute on how El Niño-related SST

variability will change due to global warming (Ham, 2018).

Experts predicted that the recently observed onset of the El Niño

weather phenomenon, which causes natural warming of Pacific Ocean

temperatures and usually persists for nine to twelve months, will strengthen

in the coming months and exacerbate prevailing weather conditions. Scientists

warn that El Niño could have far-reaching effects on disease, health, food

security, and the economy. The weather pattern may increase the spread of

vector-borne illnesses like malaria and dengue by creating more breeding

grounds and speeding up transmission rates. Heatwaves associated with El

Niño have resulted in numerous fatalities, surpassing other severe weather

events. Additionally, irregular weather patterns can disrupt crop yields and

international trade, leading to elevated food prices and increased vulnerability

in certain regions. Economically, El Niño can cause substantial losses in

global trade and economic growth. While the exact costs are uncertain, it is

crucial to enhance preparedness to mitigate the challenges El Niño poses and

the broader effects of climate change (Jiang et al., 2024).

El Niño-Southern Oscillation [ENSO] substantially impacts annual

floods across river basins, spanning over a third of the Earth's land surface.

Approximately one-fifth of the global land area is prone to experiencing

 14

unusually high river flow during El Niño conditions, particularly in tropical

regions. Similar to extreme precipitation patterns, these deviations from

normal conditions often display asymmetry between different phases of

ENSO. ENSO has a more significant impact on the duration of flooding than

its impact on flooding frequency. El Niño years significantly impact the

economic damage caused by floods, particularly in urban areas (Nobre et al.,

2019).

El Niño is a multi-hazard event, with information needs spanning

different populations and risks. These include direct weather-related dangers,

reduced agricultural production, increased food insecurity and malnutrition,

higher transmission of infectious diseases, and effects on healthcare access.

Long- and short-term hazard warnings may require different actions with

varying levels of urgency. Small holders and pastoralists, who are especially

vulnerable to the effects of El Niño on their livelihoods and livestock, need

specific information beyond weather forecasts. Early warning systems should

consider all aspects of risk communication, including the challenges different

groups face in taking protective measures. Individuals with disabilities may

be more vulnerable to food insecurity and have difficulties evacuating during

emergencies, as well as accessing essential resources and assistive

technologies (Rohan, 2024).

 15

El Niño can lead to severe weather events such as heatwaves, droughts,

storms, and flooding, posing various health risks, including hypothermia,

drowning, malnutrition, injuries, infectious diseases, and mental health issues,

during the 2016 El Niño flooding displaced over 150,000 individuals in

Paraguay, Uruguay, and Argentina, prompting health alerts for diseases like

dengue fever. Wildfires in the same year caused up to 100,000 fatalities

globally and affected around 60 million people, leading to food assistance

needs across several regions. Extreme weather events disrupt supply chains,

impede agricultural output, and increase food insecurity and malnutrition rates

(Webb, 2023).

El Niño is a weather phenomenon that occurs when the temperatures of

the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean are warmer than usual. This

climatic phenomenon has significant global impacts, affecting weather

patterns, agricultural production, and natural disasters. The recent El Niño

events, such as those in 1982-1983, 1997-1998, and 2015-2016, were the most

severe in centuries, with increased frequency and intensity (Cai et al., 2015).

To be recognized as an "official" El Niño episode, the National Oceanic

and Atmospheric Administration [NOAA] mandates that the unusual

warming of the sea surface persists for a specific duration of months

(Insurance Information Institute, n.d.). El Niño disrupts the normal upwelling

 16

process along the Pacific coast, reducing or halting the flow of cold, nutrient-

rich water from the depths to the surface (National Oceanic and Atmospheric

Administration [NOAA], 2023). The study highlights that El Niño

occurrences lead to changes in global weather patterns, influencing the

frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones. This impact encompasses a

reduction in the occurrence of hurricanes in the Mediterranean and a

southward shift in the development of typhoons in the Southern Ocean.

During an El Niño event, the likelihood of hurricanes forming over the

Caroline Islands of the Coast increases by 2.6 times, as El Niño events redirect

storm patterns westward in the Atlantic (Soni & Singh, 2022).

El Niño occurs every few years, changing from warm and cool changes

in the Pacific Ocean. It usually rises in late November or early January,

although we can notice it approaching months in advance, and its effects can

continue for months. El Niño, which releases heat from the ocean into the

atmosphere, can result in moist years without being directly caused by climate

change. El Niño may have broad impacts. It can cause more frequent and

extreme heat waves, droughts, and wildfires in a few places, while others may

experience excessive rains, flooding, and storms. These consequences may

disrupt agriculture, water supply, and ecosystems, affecting millions of people

and businesses worldwide (Carlowicz & Schollaert, 2017).

 17

Global policies regarding disaster risk reduction have emphasized the

importance of individual and community obligations and contributions in

mitigating risks and enhancing resilience. Local preparedness is crucial to

successful response and recovery efforts (Levac et al., 2012). Organizations

tasked with community engagement programs face the task of developing a

process that fosters the creation or mutual creation of significance through

communication and activities. They must ensure that the outcomes of these

actions are meaningful for individuals and the broader community.

Community engagement facilitates "comprehension and assessment,

participation, exchange of information, and opinions" concerning

preparedness, employing various methods to achieve these objectives

(Johnston et al., 2018).

Numerous research endeavors have comprehensively documented the

historical repercussions of El Niño occurrences in the Philippines. In the realm

of agriculture, scholarly inquiries focus on delineating the specific

ramifications of El Niño on crop yields, livestock rearing, and the overarching

food security landscape in the Philippines. These inquiries often entail an

assessment of the susceptibilities of diverse regions and crops to drought

conditions while simultaneously proposing adaptive measures tailored for

both farmers and policymakers. Moreover, owing to the substantial

 18

repercussions of El Niño on water availability, research endeavors about water

resource management delve into the hurdles associated with sustaining

adequate water provision during periods of drought (Gozum, 2024).

The Philippines implements various climate change and disaster risk

reduction programs, such as the National Action Plan to Combat

Desertification 2010–2020, Adaptation and Mitigation Initiative in

Agriculture [AMIA], Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards

[NOAH], and Weather Index–Based Insurance piloting. Two national

development programs, the national rice self-sufficiency policy, and the

Pantawid Pamilya conditional cash transfer program, significantly affect El

Niño–Southern Oscillation [ENSO] preparedness. The rice self-sufficiency

policy controls rice trade by implementing import tariffs and restrictions. At

the same time, the Pantawid Pamilya cash transfer program reduces losses for

low-income families during ENSO by providing cash resources in exchange

for meeting specific conditions. The National Economic and Development

Authority [NEDA] relies on international support, including the World Bank,

to enhance ENSO preparedness. Preparedness measures should be in place

before the next ENSO event, while resilience measures build individuals' and

organizations' ability to adapt to multiple risks without compromising long-

term development (Sutton et al., 2019).

 19

Zhao et al. (2022) emphasized that El Niño exacerbates health risks

within vulnerable communities due to socioeconomic factors such as poverty

and inadequate infrastructure. Santika et al. (2023) highlighted increased

vulnerabilities during extreme weather events, leading to injuries,

displacement, and loss of livelihoods. Rafisura et al. (2022) stressed the

importance of preparedness in healthcare infrastructure to manage health

challenges during El Niño, including bolstering medical facilities and training

healthcare workers. Glantz et al. (2022) advocate for teaching healthcare

professionals to recognize and manage El Niño-associated health risks.

Ramírez and Lee (2021) emphasized building health system resilience

through investments and surge capacity. Ferreira et al. (2023) proposed

telemedicine initiatives to optimize healthcare delivery, and Rawat et al.

(2022) suggest that community-based healthcare programs empower local

populations and promote resilience (Rony et al., 2014).

Humanitarian organizations increasingly use seasonal forecasts to plan

and lessen the effects of future calamities. El Niño teleconnections warn early

about possible weather disasters and increase the predictability of drought and

flood occurrences in Southern and Eastern Africa. Few firms, although, keep

an eye on and assess their operations or use projections to assist individuals

in realizing more advantages. Humanitarians generally believe in international

 20

predictions but prefer more accuracy and forecast competence. Flexible

finance, contextualized data, well-established social protection measures, and

intermediary access facilitate action. Future initiatives should concentrate on

building capacities and supplementary localized knowledge to assist actors in

putting projections into practice. More investigation is required to see whether

the action has the intended effects (Tozier de la Poterie et al., 2018).

According to Aguirre et al. (2019), providing special kits reduces the

potential damage to homes caused by rainfall and floods associated with an

El Niño-Southern Oscillation event [ENSO]. Information was obtained in

2016 when an El Niño forecast activated forecast-based financing early action

after a coastal El Niño struck in 2017. Through meticulous analysis, the

authors lay the groundwork for comprehending the efficacy of early

interventions in minimizing the adverse consequences of this climatic

phenomenon. This work serves as a cornerstone for understanding the

importance of timely responses to climate-related challenges.

Due to climate change, people experience extreme temperatures.

Extreme temperatures affect children more due to their vulnerability in terms

of their physiology. High temperatures bring more conditions like increased

humidity, diseases, and pollution. High temperatures also make it harder for

children to cope, mainly because they have fewer methods to avoid the effects
 21

of heat, and those younger of age cannot adequately express what they are

experiencing. The rising temperatures often do not kill, but they can result in

heat exhaustion or even exacerbate asthma. Schools should have air

conditioning, heatwave warning systems, and other public infrastructures to

keep them cool (Zivin & Shrader, 2016).

Rising temperatures' pervasive impacts on ecosystems, weather

patterns, and human health underscore the socioeconomic ramifications of

temperature escalation, including reduced agricultural productivity and

heightened risks of extreme weather events. In light of these insights,

addressing the root causes of global warming emerges as an urgent imperative

for policymakers and stakeholders worldwide (Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change [IPCC], 2018).

The Earth’s climate is undergoing various transformations, with one of

the most evident indicators being global warming. The Wisconsin Department

of Natural Resources [DNR] has stated that scientists have reached this

conclusion after analyzing vast data collected from various sources such as

satellites, weather balloons, thermometers, and weather stations. Since 1880,

the average global temperatures have risen by approximately 1 degree Celsius

(equivalent to 1.7 degrees Fahrenheit). Projections suggest that by 2050,

global temperatures could increase by about 1.5 degrees Celsius (about 2.7
 22

degrees Fahrenheit), and by 2100, the rise could range from 2 to 4 degrees

Celsius (approximately 3.6 to 7.2 degrees Fahrenheit) (Pachauri et al., 2014).

Since the 1960s, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

[NOAA] has observed a consistent rise in the average annual global

temperatures. The additional heat leads to regional and seasonal temperature

extremes, diminishing snow cover and sea ice, amplifying heavy rainfall, and

altering the habitat ranges of plants and animals, causing some to expand

while others contract (Lindsey & Dahlman, 2024).

The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services

Administration [PAGASA] announced the start of El Niño, citing

observations made by climatologists over the previous three months of the

continuous meteorological phenomenon in the tropical Pacific. PAGASA

emphasized the likelihood of consistently dry and hot days across the country

and urged the public and all relevant government agencies to take preventative

measures to minimize heat stress, optimize daily water use for personal and

household consumption, and manage any accompanying health risks

associated with this climate condition. One of the essential things that can be

done to lessen El Niño's consequences is water conservation and public

officials. The health department also emphasized that a water crisis is one of

the most severe consequences of El Niño and the dry season. The Health
 23

Undersecretary Maria Rosario Vergerire claims this could result in a lack of

water supplies and an outbreak of diseases linked to contaminated or scarce

water (Baclig, 2023).

The Philippines is facing a water crisis due to the looming threat of El

Niño, which requires urgent and proactive measures. Addressing this crisis

demands a collaborative effort from the public and private sectors.

Establishing the Department of Water Resources [DWR] acknowledges the

urgent need for a centralized body to efficiently oversee and protect our water

resources. With many Filipino households lacking access to clean water, the

potential ramifications of water scarcity are severe, especially with the

looming threat of El Niño. The Water Regulatory Commission was suggested

as an independent regulatory entity overseeing all water service providers,

whether public or private. The bill seeks to restructure the National Water

Resources Board [NWRB] into the National Water Resource Allocation

Board, which will have the authority to authorize the utilization of water

resources, including the construction of dams. However, these legislative

initiatives must be accompanied by a collaborative endeavor to adopt lasting

solutions and welcome inventive strategies for water management

(Zaldarriaga, 2024).
 24

Access to clean water remains a problem in the Philippines, particularly

in urban areas and regions with industrial and agricultural activities. Despite

government efforts, about 1 in 10 Filipinos still need access to improved water

sources. The absence of a lead agency for the water, sanitation, and hygiene

[WASH] sector has resulted in poor management and coordination across

provinces. Water quality deterioration, especially in urban areas, makes it

harder for communities to access safe water for daily use, with rural residents

needing to be more vulnerable and relying on unimproved water sources.

Addressing water shortages in the Philippines requires concerted efforts to

improve infrastructure, enhance coordination among agencies, and ensure

unbiased access to clean water for all citizens (Samion, 2020).

The Water Code of the Philippines, established in 1976 by the National

Water Resources Board [NWRB], serves as the primary legislation governing

water resource access, allocation, and utilization. It outlines regulations

concerning the appropriation and usage of all water sources and measures for

controlling, conserving, and protecting watersheds and related land resources.

Additionally, the code addresses administrative procedures and enforcement

mechanisms for these regulations, including the requirements for water permit

applications and the conditions under which permits are granted. Furthermore,

it establishes fees based on the volume of water withdrawn under the licenses.
 25

In times of drought or water scarcity, the Water Code prioritizes water

allocation for domestic purposes, followed by irrigation and other uses (Rola,

2015).

There has been a rapid increase in the number of deadly fire incidents

that have burned houses, property, and forest areas around the Philippines.

These events are projected to worsen due to the El Niño weather

phenomenon's dryer conditions. A significant amount of carbon emissions,

widespread forest mortality, times when the air quality has declined, and the

cost of fighting fires have all been impacted by the rise in forest fire activity

in recent decades. The recent increase in fire activity has been attributed to

various variables. However, the increased fire-season fuel aridity from

observed warming and drying has created a more favorable fire environment

in wooded systems. Comprehensive fire prevention and management methods

are necessary to reduce the risk of wildfires during El Niño occurrences.

Adherence to fire safety regulations, such as fire bans and the appropriate

disposal of combustible objects, is greatly aided by public awareness

programs (Abatzoglou et al., 2016).

During El Niño years, the Equatorial Pacific Ocean experiences an

elevated sea surface temperature anomaly, which leads to hot and dry

conditions in several wildfire-prone areas worldwide. El Niño may result in

 26

more burned land, fire emissions, and environmental and socio-economic

losses. Several variables can cause a fire, such as fuel (such as vegetation),

ignitions (whether caused by humans or by natural lightning strikes), and

meteorological conditions (such as greater temperatures, less precipitation,

humidity, and soil moisture). To prevent wildfire outbreaks, it is essential to

completely extinguish live charcoal or firewood after use, check gas stoves

for leaks regularly, and keep combustible items away from fire sources like

candles and kerosene lamps (Burton et al., 2020).

El Niño alters weather patterns in the Pacific and beyond, leading to

longer and more intense dry seasons in Equatorial Asia. These dry seasons

result in massive fires, which produce a weeks-long cloud of smoke. These

fires endanger the health of millions in the region and make headlines in the

media and scientific communities. Regularly cutting and maintaining plants

can reduce the amount of fuel that could catch fire. It is especially crucial

during El Niño episodes. Australians can reduce the damage caused by these

natural disasters by staying informed and prepared, building defensible spaces

around their properties, developing bushfire survival plans, and raising

community awareness (Voulgarakis & Kasoar, 2022).

In numerous low and middle-income countries, informal settlements,

also known as slums or squatter areas, have emerged as predominant urban

 27

settlements with burgeoning populations. These communities often occupy

hazard-prone locations and are frequently impacted by disasters. Despite

being acknowledged as highly vulnerable, this paper contends that informal

settlers have been systematically excluded from formal mechanisms,

exacerbating their susceptibility to disasters. Through household surveys

conducted in various coastal informal settlements in Metro Manila, the

Philippines, following a significant typhoon and storm surge, the research

revealed considerable socio-economic vulnerability diversity despite uniform

levels of physical exposure and vulnerability (Morin et al., 2016).

According to the National Weather Agency, the Philippines

experiences an average of around 20 typhoons yearly. However, during

extreme El Niño events, when the Pacific's surface waters warm up, the

number of typhoons that hit the land reduces to 11, making the storms more

severe, with stronger winds and heavier rainfall. The report suggests various

measures to enhance El Niño-Southern Oscillation [ENSO] preparedness,

including improving government responses, strengthening forecasting

systems, addressing gender disparities, and implementing policy

interventions. These recommendations aim to bolster preparedness and

resilience to mitigate the adverse effects of future ENSO events on the

Philippines (Chavez, 2019).

 28

This study uses various quarterly tropical cyclone [TC] metrics to

examine how the El Niño-Southern Oscillation [ENSO] affects the variability

of TC in the Philippines. The research reveals that Philippine TC activity is

influenced by both the ENSO quarter and its phase. During El Niño phases,

TC counts differ significantly from Neutral phases across all quarters. In

contrast, the disparities between Neutral and La Niña phases are only

noticeable in January-March [JFM] and July-September [JAS]. Significant

landfall differences occur between the Neutral and El Niño phases in JFM and

October-December [OND] and between the Neutral and La Niña phases in

JFM. Landfall distinctions between El Niño and La Niña are observed in

April-June [AMJ] and OND. During El Niño phases, TC genesis locations

span broader longitude-latitude ranges and have longer tracks, originating

distant east in the western North Pacific. The mean eastward displacement of

genesis locations during El Niño phases and more recurving TCs decrease TC

frequencies in the Philippines. Conversely, during the La Niña phases, the

proximity of TC genesis to the Philippines and straight-moving tracks in AMJ

and OND increase TC frequencies and landfalls (Corporal-Lodangco et al.,

2016).

Research by Chen et al. (2024) delved into the complex relationship

between the El Niño-Southern Oscillation [ENSO)] phenomenon and global

 29

warming, mainly focusing on the Eastern Pacific El Niño events [EP] El Niño.

It revealed that as the planet's temperature rises, the frequency and intensity

of EP-El Niño occurrences are expected to increase, bringing rising sea

surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean. These warmer waters lead to

significant shifts in atmospheric circulation patterns, triggering extreme

weather events worldwide. However, the impact of global warming on ENSO

is not straightforward. While some climate models project a strengthening of

ENSO, others suggest a potential weakening. This uncertainty stems from the

complexity of ENSO's behavior and its interaction with the changing climate.

ENSO's influence extends beyond the tropical Pacific, affecting global

weather patterns through atmospheric teleconnections. It is a crucial

interannual climatic mode with global ramifications for ecosystems, human

health, and economies. As scientists refine their climate models,

understanding the evolving relationship between global warming and ENSO

remains paramount for predicting future climate changes and their widespread

effects (Chen et al., 2024).

Ward et al. (2014) investigated the impact of the El Niño-Southern

Oscillation [ENSO] on flood hazard and risk worldwide. The research

revealed significant flood risk fluctuations during different ENSO phases,

affecting nearly half (44%) of the Earth's land surface. These fluctuations
 30

occurred during El Niño, La Niña, or both phases, indicating the consistent

influence of ENSO on flood risk across various regions. The study

emphasized the importance of incorporating climate variability from ENSO

into disaster-risk assessments and policy frameworks. Additionally, the

research highlighted the potential for developing probabilistic flood-risk

forecasts based on ENSO predictions to enhance disaster preparedness

measures. The findings underscore the necessity of considering ENSO

variability in assessing flood risk and implementing appropriate disaster

preparedness measures. The study suggests that changes in the frequency or

intensity of ENSO events in the future could lead to corresponding alterations

in flood-risk patterns across a significant portion of the world's land areas. The

study highlights the relevance of these findings in the context of climate

change and emphasizes how proactively measuring the impacts of flood

hazards and risks is essential.

Nobre et al.(2019) explored the effects of the El Niño Southern

Oscillation [ENSO] on disaster risks, such as droughts and floods,

emphasizing the importance of understanding these risks for adequate

response. The study finds that while ENSO forecasts can predict extreme

events months in advance, challenges persist in translating forecast

information into practical actions due to uncertainties in ENSO dynamics, its

 31

socioeconomic impacts, and the influence of climate change on future ENSO

extremes, expected annual urban damage across 29% of the Earth's land

surface, with significantly higher urban damage occurring in 10% of the

affected area and lower damage in 19%. Conversely, during La Niña years,

significant anomalies are simulated across 23% of the Earth's land surface,

with higher damage occurring in 10% of the affected area and lower damage

in 13%. The study suggests that better comprehension of ENSO dynamics,

their interplay with socioeconomic systems, and the creation of impact-based

forecasts with extended lead times can enhance anticipatory and preventative

risk management strategies. This approach aligns with the goals of the Sendai

Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction [DRR].

Ronny et al. (2024) investigated the impact of El Niño on public health

and its preparedness measures. El Niño disrupts atmospheric and oceanic

interactions, leading to shifts in precipitation, temperature, and extreme

weather events. This disruption exacerbates heat-related illnesses,

compromises air quality, and increases the prevalence of vector-borne and

waterborne diseases. People who are particularly at risk are geriatrics and

those with pre-existing medical conditions. The study underscores the

importance of early warning systems, health infrastructure readiness,

communication strategies, and collaborative efforts in mitigating the health

 32

risks associated with El Niño events. It emphasizes the necessity for a unified

and proactive approach to safeguarding public health during El Niño

occurrences.

French et al. (2020) investigated the catastrophic impact of Peru's 2017

"coastal El Niño" event despite extensive preparations following the 2015-16

global El Niño. Using a disaster forensics approach grounded in political

ecology, they analyzed the interaction between El Niño's geophysical

characteristics and Peru's population and infrastructure vulnerability. Their

analysis revealed significant socio-political and institutional challenges,

including centralization, sectoral division, and corruption, which undermined

integrated Disaster Risk Management [DRM] efforts and exacerbated disaster

risks. Despite advancements in El Niño-Southern Oscillation [ENSO]

forecasting and preparation, the 2017 event highlighted these barriers to

effective DRM. The study recommends conducting similar forensic studies in

other contexts to understand the political ecology of disasters and enhance

resilience efforts and underscoring the importance of early warning systems

importance, health infrastructure readiness, communication strategies, and

collaborative efforts to mitigate the health risks associated with El Niño

events, particularly for vulnerable populations.

 33

Recent research by Muleneh (2021) investigated the repercussions of

increasing global temperatures on biodiversity hotspots. The study revealed a

concerning trend of habitat loss and species displacement within these critical

regions through a comprehensive analysis of satellite imagery and ecological

surveys. Rising temperatures were identified as a crucial driver of these

environmental shifts, exacerbating pressures on vulnerable species and

undermining the integrity of ecosystems. Moreover, the research elucidated

the cascading effects of temperature rise on ecosystem services, including

pollination, water regulation, and carbon sequestration, with profound

implications for global biodiversity conservation efforts. These conclusions

emphasize the urgent need for targeted interventions to mitigate climate

change impacts on biodiversity hotspots and safeguard Earth's ecological

heritage for future generations.

Despite rapid economic growth, the Philippines faces significant water

security issues, ranking 33rd out of 48 countries. This research examines the

factors impacting water security in Metro Manila, particularly the

exacerbation of weather disruptions by El Niño and the intensifying effects of

climate change. Other contributing factors include population growth,

outdated infrastructure, pollution, and governance challenges. The study

assesses the effectiveness of current water management strategies, identifying

 34

areas for improvement. It recommends proactive measures such as

infrastructure upgrades, integrated water resource management, climate

adaptation strategies, policy reforms, and public education to enhance water

security in Metro Manila and other cities facing similar issues (Lee et al.,

2020).

A study by Moran et al. (2006) aimed to explore how Amazonian

farmers in Pará State, Brazil, navigate challenges posed by El Niño-induced

weather events, particularly droughts and fires. Despite farmers' development

of their forecasting methods, enhanced access to scientific weather forecasts

could significantly empower them to manage such events. The most

impoverished farmers are particularly vulnerable to severe El Niño-induced

droughts and fires. Distributing an El Niño Prediction Kit and conducting

workshops could improve local knowledge of rainfall patterns and establish a

network of collecting stations managed by farmers, helping to mitigate losses

from fires and droughts in the region.

Bagtasa (2017) aimed to analyze 64 years of tropical cyclone [TC] -

induced precipitation in the Philippines and categorize the country into

climate subtypes based on rainfall patterns. The study revealed that Luzon's

western coast received the highest TC-induced rainfall contribution (up to

54%), while Mindanao received the lowest (6%). Four climate subtypes were
 35

identified, showing increasing trends in TC-induced rainfall contribution

since 2000. Regions with higher TC-induced rainfall are linked to TC activity

variability, while the El Niño-Southern Oscillation [ENSO] influences those

with lower contributions. La Niña (El Niño) years correlate with peak rainfall,

especially in regions less affected by TCs, indicating ENSO's more significant

impact on non-TC rainfall.

This research explores residents' preparedness for El Niño by

integrating theoretical frameworks such as Social Cognitive Theory (SCT),

Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and Self-Determination Theory (SDT) to

explore the effects of global warming on the frequency and intensity of El

Niño events, and how these changes shape residents' perceptions, attitudes,

and behaviors. Research underscores the economic consequences of El Niño,

the crucial role of community education and proactive planning, and the

importance of building resilience at both individual and community levels,

especially in smaller regions or barangays. This comprehensive synthesis

aims to propose effective strategies for improving preparedness and filling

gaps in existing research.

 36

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This study will determine the residents’ preparedness for El Niño

phenomenon in the Barangay Ibo, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu. The findings will

serve as bases for the proposed action plan.

Specifically, this study will seek to address the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the residents’ in terms of:

1.1 age;

1.2 gender;

1.3 educational attainment; and

1.4 income?

2. What is the residents’ level of preparedness to El Niño

phenomenon in terms of:

2.1 battle rising temperatures;

2.2 addressing water shortages;

2.3 preventing fires and ensuring safety; and

2.4 bracing typhoons and extreme weather?

3. Is there a significant relationship between the residents’ profile

and their level of preparedness?

4. Based on the findings, what action plan can be proposed.

 37

Statement of Null Hypothesis

Ho: There is no significant relationship between the residents’ profile and

their level of preparedness.

Significance of the Study

This study will benefit the following:

Barangay officials of Barangay Ibo. This study will let the barangay

officials know the residents' preparedness for El Niño season. This

information can help them make targeted policies, allocate resources, and

develop effective emergency response plans.

Local Government Unit [LGU] in Lapu-Lapu City. The study will be

the foundation for developing and implementing plans to increase locals'

readiness for El Niño. It will also act as a guide for them as they create plans

of action to ensure that the locals are well-prepared for emergencies.

Barangay Disaster Coordinating Council [BDCC] in Lapu-Lapu

City. This study will provide data to assist the Barangays' Disaster Risk

Reduction and Management Council [DRRMC] in formulating, preserving,

or improving plans during an El Niño phenomenon. It can also help them

spread awareness and provide preparatory strategies for their respective

barangay residents.
 38

Barangay Health Workers [BHN] / Barangay Health Units

[BHU]. The study will benefit barangay health workers and health units by

giving them more knowledge about El Nino. Providing data for health

seminars can improve community communication for the entire barangay and

help residents prepare for El Niño.

Philippine Red Cross. The study can assist them in customizing their

awareness campaigns, educational programs, and preparedness initiatives to

meet the specific needs identified in the Barangay Ibo, Lapu-Lapu City,

Cebu.

Non-Governmental Organizations [NGOs]. The study can aid the

NGOs in customizing interventions to target specific gaps in knowledge and

readiness.

Transportation Workers. The study will benefit transportation workers

by enhancing their ability to anticipate and respond to weather-related

disruptions, ensuring smoother operations, enhanced safety measures, and

optimized logistical planning in changing climatic conditions.

Learning Institutions. This study will aid learning institutions by

deepening students' comprehension of environmental phenomena, instilling

preparedness measures, and offering practical insights relevant to disaster

 39

management coursework. Furthermore, it will stimulate interdisciplinary

learning and inspire proactive initiatives for sustainable development.

Water Companies. The study will provide data that can aid water

companies by enhancing public awareness and collaboration. The study, in

turn, may generate backing for initiatives, policies, and enhancements to

water-saving infrastructure that the residents could practice and use daily,

whether during El Niño or under regular conditions.

Researchers. Engaging researchers in this research will enhance their

capacity for data collection, analysis, and interpretation while strengthening

their abilities to manage El Niño preparedness. In practical applications, this

study's findings may serve as a vehicle to demonstrate the functional relevance

of research.

Future Researchers. This endeavor will benefit future researchers

conducting subsequent studies and can enhance the development of more

efficient El Niño preparedness. Additionally, the insights gained from this

study may apply to other communities grappling with similar challenges,

promoting a broader comprehension.

 40

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This study will use a quantitative descriptive correlational research

design to determine the residents' preparedness for the El Niño phenomenon

in Barangay Ibo, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu. The findings will serve as the basis

for a proposed action plan.

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

 Descriptive Correlational
 Profile of the research made
Respondents questionnaire
 Proposed Action Plan
 Preparedness of the  Data Gathering
Respondents
 Data Processing and
Statistical Treatment

 Analysis and
Interpretation of Data

Figure 1
Research Flow

Descriptive correlational research design aims to answer the question,

"What is x and y?" Then, it uses that information to find the relationship

between the factors. In this design, researchers do not manipulate the primary

area of interest being investigated. In the collection of data, observational

methods or surveys are used. Surveys are useful for gathering information on

individuals' experiences, opinions, and attitudes. When designing a survey,

 41

researchers must consider various factors, such as its length and the topics it

covers (Miksza et al., 2023).

Research Environment

The study will be conducted in Barangay Ibo, in Lapu-Lapu City. The

barangay mentioned is located at approximately 10.3310, 123.9890 (10° 20'

North, 123° 59' East), on the island of Mactan. Its population totaled 8,318 as

of Barangay Ibo’s estimated on January 2020.The Ibo is one of the barangays

that is at risk of El Niño season and that there has been no study conducted

about it. The researchers seek to determine the awareness and preparedness

among the residents in barangay Ibo (Refer for Appendix C for Location Map).

Research Respondents

The research respondents of this study are the residents of Barangay Ibo,

Lapu-Lapu City. The city has an estimated 8, 318 people in its total population

as of January 2020 and an estimated 5,000-6,000 residents over 18 years old.

The researchers will be using convenience random sampling, which will give

the total population of the environment an equal chance of being selected as

research respondents. A sample size 362 was computed using Slovin’s

formula. A 5% margin of error was used (e = 0.05) with a confidence level of

95%. The sample size will be divided by the number of sites to determine the

number of respondents per sitio that will be taken.

 42

The study’s respondents are selected based on the following inclusion

criteria: the respondent must be of legal age (18 years old – to those with

consent to answer), able to sign / thumbprint the informed consent, and must

be a resident of the Barangay Ibo. Excluded from the study are those residents

younger than the age range mentioned above and residents with mental

challenges (those who are unable to or have trouble comprehending).

Research Instrument

The study will employ a two-part questionnaire to assess the residents'

level of preparedness in Barangay Ibo, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, regarding the

El Niño phenomenon. Part one (1) of the questionnaire will focus on

determining the respondent's demographic profile, including age, gender,

educational attainment, and income.

Part two (2) of the questionnaire aims to gauge the residents' level of

preparedness regarding the El Niño phenomenon. The survey instrument

consists of a 60-item survey with a Likert scale response format. The survey

contains four categories with three sub-topics each: Battling rising

temperatures, addressing water shortages, preventing fires and ensuring

safety, and bracing for typhoons and extreme weather. Researchers made

these questions based on Preparing for El Niño in 2024: Essential Tips for the

Philippines.
 43

The questionnaire will use a four-point Likert scale to score, with scores

ranging from unprepared, less prepared, prepared, and highly prepared. The

interpretation will use parametric scores: unprepared 1.00 to 1.75, less

prepared 1.76 to 2.50, prepared 2.51 to 3.25, and highly prepared 3.26 to 4.00.

Dry Run Procedure. The first step will be replicating the research

environment, including location and volunteer participants. The dry run for

data collection will be conducted in Barangay Zapatera, Cebu City. A request

letter will be sent to the Barangay Captain of Barangay Zapatera asking for

permission to replicate a study from Barangay Ibo in Lapu-Lapu City as a test

run. The researchers will survey 20 respondents in Barangay Zapatera. There

will be 20 respondents who will be picked through convenience sampling. The

researchers will then make use of a questionnaire for the research instrument.

The questionnaire was translated to ensure that the local respondents

understands the questionnaire's content in cases where they cannot understand

some or most of the English words used. A total of 20 questionnaires will be

collected. Next, the researchers will simulate data recording by testing how to

efficiently enter and manage the collected data, identifying potential errors.

Finally, feedback is gathered from the data collection process, and the practice

data is analyzed for any needed changes. Since the questionnaire is an adapted

instrument, reliability tests from similar studies will be considered.

 44

Cronbach's alpha will be used to evaluate the reliability of the questionnaire,

ensuring the data collected is both valid and consistent.

Research Procedures

Data Gathering. In conducting research, the first step is to send a letter

of intent to the Dean of the College of Nursing at the University of Cebu [UC]

- Banilad (Refer to Appendix A.1 for Transmittal Letter To The Dean). Once

approved, the second step is for the researchers to submit the study to a panel

of experts for design hearing and approval. After the proposal is approved by

the panel, it will be sent to the University of Cebu Academic and Research

Ethics Committee (UCAREC) for review. The ethics review ensures that the

study follows ethical guidelines, protecting the rights and well-being of the

participants. After receiving approval from the committee to conduct the

study, the fourth step is for the researchers to send a transmittal letter to the

barangay captain of Ibo, Lapu-Lapu City, seeking permission for the study

(Refer to Appendix A.2 for the Request Letter to Barangay Ibo, Lapu-Lapu

City). The researchers will explain the purpose of the study, what the

researchers will need from the respondents, and how the researchers will use

the information while observing and discussing the importance of the

respondents’ privacy and data. For the fifth step, the respondents will be

assured they will understand and sign the informed consent form (Refer to
 45

Appendix B for Informed Consent Form). They will also be told that they may

stop and no longer be part of the data collection process. Data will be collected

from respondents through random convenience sampling. For the sixth step,

the researchers will schedule three to four weeks for data collection.

The researchers will ensure that the distribution and retrieval of research

instruments will happen through face-to-face contact. Upon starting the

survey, each respondent will be given a copy of the questionnaire and will be

given 15 - 30 minutes to answer. The questionnaire will then be collected by

the assigned researcher and double checked for any missed or unanswered

items.

The researchers will proceed with the statistical data treatment for the

final step after data collection. After data collection and data treatment, The

researchers will securely store all collected data in both digital and physical

formats. Digital data will be encrypted and saved on a password-protected

computer accessible only to the principal researchers. Physical data, such as

completed questionnaires, will be kept in a locked cabinet within a secured

office. The researchers will retain the data for a period of three (3) months

following the conclusion of the study. This duration allows for any necessary

follow-up analysis, publication, or review. After the three (3) month period,

the researchers will responsibly destroy the data to ensure confidentiality and
 46

compliance with ethical standards. Digital data will be permanently deleted

using data wiping software to prevent recovery. Physical data will be shredded

and disposed of securely.

Statistical Treatment

The data will be treated using the following statistical tools:

Simple Percentage will be used for the computation of the respondents’

profile specifically; age, gender, educational attainment, and income.

Weighted Mean will be used to determine the respondents’ level of

preparedness. This will be in terms of: battling rising temperatures, addressing

water shortages, preventing fires, and bracing typhoons, extreme weather, and

emergencies.

Chi-Square Test is a statistical method used to determine whether there

is a significant association between categorical variables. It determines if

there is a significant relationship between the respondents’ profile and their

level of preparedness.

Ethical Considerations

Four ethical standards—beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and

autonomy — will be strictly observed when conducting the study.

Beneficence. It is a moral obligation to act for the benefit of others, and

 47

researchers value this principle. The welfare of the respondents is of utmost

importance in this study. Before conducting the study, researchers carefully

weighed the benefits and risks. The following benefits will be derived from

this study: (a) residents will acquire knowledge on how to maintain dryness

and freedom from flooding; (b) barangay officials will take necessary actions

to improve their barangay; (c) the proposed action plan of this study will

spread knowledge and deepen understanding of how to address the awareness

and preparedness of residents of the barangay.

Non-maleficence. Emphasizes the importance of preventing any

physical or psychological harm to the respondents and the community. This

principle necessitates that ethical safeguards be put in place to protect

participants from harm. Strategies such as obtaining informed consent,

ensuring confidentiality, and minimizing associated risks are essential.

Additionally, research findings should be disseminated carefully to avoid

misinterpretation by the community. Ultimately, applying the principles of

non-maleficence ensures that the research benefits those involved without

causing any physical or emotional harm.

Justice. The respondents in this study will be selected based on the

inclusion criteria. The respondents will receive fair treatment regardless of

age, gender, religion, marital status, or socioeconomic status. Personal

 48

information will be obtained privately and randomly during the study, and the

respondents will be asked to complete a survey questionnaire subjected to the

same data collection process.

Autonomy. The study prioritizes voluntary participation and informed

consent. Respondents are provided with clear and understandable details

about the study's objective, methods, potential risks, and benefits,

empowering them to make autonomous decisions regarding their

involvement. Before the study begins, informed consent will be obtained from

all participants, and they are assured of their right to withdraw at any time

without facing any repercussions. Measures are in place to ensure

confidentiality and privacy, protecting participants' autonomy and dignity

throughout the research process.

 49

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are defined as used in this study to aid readers in

understanding their meanings.

Level of Preparedness. This term refers to a scale that ranges from

unprepared to highly prepared, measuring respondents' actions in response to

the El Niño phenomenon.

Profile of the Respondents. This term refers to the characteristics of

the respondents, including age, gender, educational attainment, and income.

Proposed Action Plan. This term refers to the objectives that will

remedy the problems caused by El Niño phenomenon among the residents of

Barangay Ibo, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu.

 50

REFERENCES

Journals/ Periodicals/ Manuals

Abatzoglou, J. T., & Williams, A. P. (2016). Impact of anthropogenic climate

change on wildfire across western US forests. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 113(42),
11770–11775. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1607171113.

Aguirre, J., Daniel, Bazo, J., Paulo Quequezana, & Collado, M. (2019).
Evaluation of early action mechanisms in Peru regarding preparedness
for El Niño. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 10(4), 493–
510. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-019-00245-x.

Annamalai, H., McPhaden, M. J., Wang, B., & Ramesh, K. V. Strategies for
El Niño preparedness in Pacific islands. Climate and Society, 12(1), 44-
58. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-015-1575-8.

Asare, M. (2015).Using the Theory of planned behavior to determine the

condom use behavior among college students. American Journal of
Health Studies, 30(1), 43–50. Retrieved on April 9, 2024, from
https://bit.ly/3U7XD0r.

Bagtasa, G. (2017). Contribution of tropical cyclones to rainfall in the

Philippines. Journal of Climate, 30(10), 3621–3633. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-16-0150.1.

Bell, I. M., Laurie, N., Calle, O. V., Del Carmén, M., & Valdez, A. (2024).
Education for disaster resilience: lessons from El Niño. Geoforum, 148,
103919. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2023.103919.

Bell, J., Thompson, R., Nguyen, H., & Perez, A. (2024). Enhancing
community preparedness for El Niño events. Journal of Environmental
Management, 56(3), 210-225. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.114845.

Burton, C., Betts, R. A., Jones, C. D., Feldpausch, T. R., Cardoso, M., &
Anderson, L. O. (2020). El Niño driven changes in global fire 2015/16.
Frontiers in Earth Science, 8. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00199.
 51

Cai, W., Santoso, A., Collins, M., Dewitte, B., Karamperidou, C., Kug, J.-S.,
Lengaigne, M., McPhaden, M. J., Stuecker, M. F., Taschetto, A. S.,
Timmermann, A., Wu, L., Yeh, S.-W., Wang, G., Ng, B., Jia, F., Yang,
Y., Ying, J., Zheng, X.-T., & Bayr, T. (2021). Changing El Niño–
Southern Oscillation in a warming climate. Nature Reviews Earth &
Environment, 2(9), 628–644. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-
00199-z.

Cai, W., Santoso, A., Wang, G., Yeh, S.-W., An, S.-I., Cobb, K. M., Collins,
M., Guilyardi, E., Jin, F.-F., Kug, J.-S., Lengaigne, M., McPhaden, M.
J., Takahashi, K., Timmermann, A., Vecchi, G., Watanabe, M., & Wu,
L. (2015). ENSO and greenhouse warming. Nature Climate Change,
5(9), 849–859. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2743.

Chen, Z., Li, L., Wang, B., Fan, J., Lu, T., & Lv, K. (2024). The impact of
global warming on ENSO from the perspective of objective signals.
Atmospheric Research, 299, 107176. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.107176.

Corporal-Lodangco, I. L., Leslie, L. M., & Lamb, P. J. (2016). Impacts of

ENSO on Philippine tropical cyclone activity. Journal of Climate, 29(5),
1877–1897. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2023.107176.

Cumiskey, L. (2016). El Niño: climate change and regional impacts. Journal

of Climate Science, 30(4), 125-139. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1752-5.

Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2015). Self-Determination theory. International

Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 486–
491. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.26036-4.

Espina, E., & Teng-Calleja, M. (2015). A social cognitive approach to disaster

preparedness. Journal of Psychology, 48(2), 161–174. Retrieved on
April 9, 2024, from https://bit.ly/3VRMvpH.

French, A., Mechler, R., Arestegui, M., MacClune, K., & Cisneros, A. (2020).
Root causes of recurrent catastrophe: The political ecology of El Niño-
related disasters in Peru. International Journal of Disaster Risk
Reduction, 47, 101539. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101539.
 52

Ham, Y.-G. (2018). El Niño events will intensify under global warming.
Nature, 564(7735), 192–193. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-
07638-w.

Heede, U. K., & Fedorov, A. V. (2023). Towards understanding the robust

strengthening of ENSO and more frequent extreme El Niño events in
CMIP6 global warming simulations. Climate Dynamics, 61(5-6), 3047–
3060. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-023-06856-x.

Jiang, N., Zhu, C., Hu, Z.-Z., McPhaden, M. J., Chen, D., Liu, B., Ma, S.,
Yan, Y., Zhou, T., Qian, W., Luo, J., Yang, X., Liu, F., & Zhu, Y. (2024).
Enhanced risk of record-breaking regional temperatures during the
2023–24 El Niño. Scientific Reports, 14(1). Retrieved on April 9, 2024,
from https://bit.ly/4aDNUEy.

Jiang, N., Zhu, C., Hu, Z.-Z., McPhaden, M. J., Chen, D., Liu, B., Ma, S.,
Yan, Y., Zhou, T., Qian, W., Luo, J., Yang, X., Liu, F., & Zhu, Y. (2024).
Enhanced risk of record-breaking regional temperatures during the
2023–24 El Niño. Scientific Reports, 14(1). Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-52846-2.

Liou, S., Liu, H., Tsai, H., Chu, T., & Cheng, C. (2020). Relationships
between disaster nursing competence, anticipatory disaster stress and
motivation for disaster engagement. International Journal of Disaster
Risk Reduction, 47, 101545. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101545.

Miksza, P., Shaw, J. T., Kapalka Richerme, L., Hash, P. M., Hodges, D. A.,
& Cassidy Parker, E. (2023). Quantitative descriptive and correlational
research. Music Education Research, 241-C12P143. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197639757.003.0012.

McPhaden, M. J., Santoso, A., & Cai, W. (2020). El Niño Southern

Oscillation in a changing climate in M. J. McPhaden, A. Santoso, & W.
Cai (Eds.), Geophysical Monograph Series. Wiley. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119548164.

Moran, E.F., Adams, R., Bakoyéma, B. (2006). Human strategies for coping
with El Niño related drought in Amazônia. Climatic Change, 77, 343–
361. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-005-9035-9.
 53

Monsalud, R., Cruz, J., Rivera, P., & Santos, M. (2023). Economic impact of
droughts in the Philippines. Philippine Journal of Agriculture, 45(2), 78-
90. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2023.107253.

Morin, V. M., Ahmad, M. M., & Warnitchai, P. (2016). Vulnerability to

typhoon hazards in the coastal informal settlements of Metro Manila, the
Philippines. Disasters, 40(4), 693–719. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12174.

Muluneh, M. G. (2021). Impact of climate change on biodiversity and food

security: a global perspective—a review article. Agriculture & Food
Security, 10(1). Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40066-021-00318-5.

Najafi, M., Ardalan, A., Amini, A., Noorbala, A. A., & Elmi, H. (2017). The
theory of planned behavior and disaster preparedness. PubMed, 9. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1371/currents.dis.4da18e0f1479bf6c0a94b29e0dbf4a
72.

Neußner, O. (2021). Early warning alerts for extreme natural hazard events: a
review of worldwide practices. International Journal of Disaster Risk
Reduction, 60, 102295. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102295.

Nobre, G. G., Muis, S., Veldkamp, T. I. E., & Ward, P. J. (2019). Achieving
the reduction of disaster risk by better predicting impacts of El Niño and
La Niña. Progress in Disaster Science, 2, 100022. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pdisas.2019.100022.

Patrick, H., & Williams, G. (2012). Self-determination theory: its application

to health behavior and complementarity with motivational interviewing.
International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity,
9(1), 18. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-18.

Rony, M. K. K., Wahiduzzaman, M., Md. Munsur Rahman, Shuvashish Das

Bala, & Rahman, M. (2024). Impact of El Niño on public health and its
preparedness measures. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 48(1).
Doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-023-01160-4.

Shokouhi, M., Nasiriani, K., Cheraghi, Z., Ardalan, A., Khankeh, H.,
Fallahzadeh, H., & Khorasani-Zavareh, D. (2018). Preventive measures
for fire-related injuries and their risk factors in residential buildings: a
 54

systematic review. Journal of Injury and Violence Research, 11(1). Doi:

https://doi.org/10.5249/jivr.v11i1.1057.

Soni, A., & Singh, P. (2022). A review paper on El Nino. International

Journal of Innovative Research in Engineering & Management, 269–
272. Doi: https://doi.org/10.55524/ijirem.2022.9.1.53

Toyosawa, J., Takehashi, H., & Saito, S. (2024). Structure of disaster

preparedness motivation and its relationship with disaster preparedness
Behaviors. Japanese Psychological Research. 31, 26-50. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12498.

Tozier de la Poterie, A. S., Jjemba, W. E., Singh, R., Coughlan de Perez, E.,
Costella, C. V., & Arrighi, J. (2018). Understanding the use of 2015–
2016 El Niño forecasts in shaping early humanitarian action in eastern
and southern Africa. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction,
30, 81–94. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.02.025.

Ward, P. J., Jongman, B., Kummu, M., Dettinger, M. D., Sperna Weiland, F.
C., & Winsemius, H. C. (2014). Strong influence of El Nino Southern
Oscillation on flood risk around the world. Proceedings of the National
Academy of Sciences, 111(44), 15659–15664. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1409822111.

Webb, J. (2023). Historical Impacts of El Niño and future predictions. Global

Climate Review, 48(2), 101-118.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103435.

Yeh, S.-W., Cai, W., Min, S.-K., McPhaden, M. J., Dommenget, D., Dewitte,
B., Collins, M., Ashok, K., An, S.-I., Yim, B.-Y., & Kug, J.-S. (2018).
ENSO Atmospheric teleconnections and their response to greenhouse
gas forcing. Reviews of Geophysics, 56(1), 185–206. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1002/2017rg000568.

Zivin, J. G., & Shrader, J. (2016). Temperature extremes, health, and human
capital. Future of Children, 26(1), 31–50. Retrieved on April 9, 2024,
from https://bit.ly/4apy2pt.
 55

Online/Internet Sources

Abatayo, R. O. (2019, April 21). El Niño’s heat hurts coffee, corn in Tuburan.
INQUIRER.net. Retrieved on March 8, 2024, from
https://tinyurl.com/4kz65p66.

Annamalai, H., Keener, V., Widlansky, M. J., & Hafner, J. (2015, December
1). El Niño strengthens in the Pacific : preparing for the impacts of
drought. Scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu. Retrieved on March 8, 2024,
from https://tinyurl.com/bdevhnzf.

Baclig, Cristina Eloisa. (2023, July 7) El Niño in PH: on top of killer heat,
water scarcity looms. INQUIRER.net. Retrieved on March 8, 2024,
from https://bit.ly/3Pc3y1C.

Carlowicz , M., & Schollaert , S. S. (2017, February 14). El Niño: Pacific

wind and current changes bring warm, wild weather.
Earthobservatory.nasa.gov. Retrieved on March 8, 2024,
from https://bit.ly/4ckLg8v.

Chavez, L. (2019, October 16). For the Philippines, a warming world means
stronger typhoons, fewer fish. Mongabay Environmental News.
Retrieved on March 8, 2024, from https://bit.ly/3TpdcAm.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2016). FAO

expands El Nño response in the Philippines. Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved on March 8, 2024,
from https://tinyurl.com/8aju6zrt.

Gozum, I. (2024, January 20). Is the Philippines prepared for El

Niño? Rappler. Retrieved on March 8, 2024,
from https://bit.ly/3PgSXT1.

Insurance Information Institute. (n.d.). What is El Niño and why is it

important? | III. Insurance Information Institute. Retrieved on March 8,
2024, from https://bit.ly/3PcoVzH.

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. (2018). Summary for

policymakers — global warming of 1.5 oC. Retrieved on March 8, 2024,
from https://shorturl.at/kF6BT.
 56

Johnston, K., Lane, A., Devin, B., & Beatson, A. (2018). Episodic and
relational community engagement: Implications for social impact and
social license (K. Johnston & M. Taylor, Eds.). QUT ePrints; John Wiley
& Sons. Retrieved on March 8, 2024, from
https://eprints.qut.edu.au/109798/.

Johnston, K. (2018). Toward a theory of social engagement (K. Johnston &

M. Taylor, Eds.). QUT ePrints; Wiley-Blackwell. Retrieved on March 8,
2024, from https://eprints.qut.edu.au/109797/.

Khairiyah, N., & Samion, B. M. (2020, October 23). Water crisis in the
Philippines. WATEROAM. Retrieved on March 8, 2024,
from https://bit.ly/4a0XYai.

LaMorte, W. W. (2022). The Social Cognitive Theory. Sphweb.bumc.bu.edu.

Retrieved on March 8, 2024, from https://bit.ly/3vC8xSP.

Levac, J., Toal-Sullivan, D., & OSullivan, T. L. (2012). Levac, J., Toal-
Sullivan, D., & OSullivan, T. L. (2012). Household emergency
preparedness a literature review. Journal of Community Health, 37, 725-
733. - References - Scientific Research Publishing. Retrieved on March
8, 2024, from https://bit.ly/3V9Mb5j.

Leyson, O. O. (2019, April 2). El Niño damage in Cebu City reaches P14.9
million. Philstar.com. Retrieved on March 8, 2024,
from https://tinyurl.com/yuttf8vf.

Lindsey, R., & Dahlman, L. (2024, January 18). Climate Change: global
temperature. Climate.gov; NOAA. Retrieved on March 8, 2024, from
https://bit.ly/3xntFfS.

McLeod, S. (2023, October 24). Albert bandura’s social learning theory.

Simply Psychology. Retrieved on March 8, 2024, from
https://bit.ly/3vHAZTh.

Merrefield, C. (2024, March 7). El Niño: Economic devastation and how it

intersects with climate change. The Journalist’s Resource. Retrieved on
June 27, 2024, from https://tinyurl.com/33cr68nx.
 57

Monsalud, F., Montesur, J., & Abucay, E. (n.d.). Economic and social
commission for Asia and the Pacific coping strategies against El Nino:
the case of selected communities in Talugtug, Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
Philippine Journal of Science. Retrieved on March 1, 2024,
from https://tinyurl.com/zebubzbm.

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2023, August 24). What

are El Nino and La Nina? Oceanservice.noaa.gov. Retrieved on March
8, 2024, from https://tinyurl.com/392cmyt2.

Nickerson, C. (2023, October 10). Albert Bandura’s social cognitic theory:

definition & examples. Simply Psychology. Retrieved on March 8, 2024,
from https://bit.ly/43S0fCQ.

Pachauri, R. K., Allen, M. R., Barros, V. R., Broome, J., Cramer, W., Christ,
R., Church, J. A., Clarke, L., Dahe, Q., Dasgupta, P., Dubash, N. K.,
Edenhofer, O., Elgizouli, I., Field, C. B., Forster, P., Friedlingstein, P.,
Fuglestvedt, J., Gomez-Echeverri, L., Hallegatte, S., & Hegerl, G.
(2014). Climate change 2014: synthesis report. Contribution of working
groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change. In R. K. Pachauri & L. Meyer (Eds.),
epic.awi.de. IPCC. Retrieved on March 8, 2024, from
https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/37530/.

Rola, A. C., Pulhin, J. M., Tabios III, G. Q., Lizada, J. C., & Dayo, M. H. F.
(2015). Challenges of water governance in the Philippines. Philippine
Journal of Science. Retrieved on March 8, 2024, from
https://tinyurl.com/48m4cy95.

Rohan, H. (2024, January 11). Information preparedness and community

engagement for El Niño in the Eastern and Southern Africa region -
social science in humanitarian action platform. Social Science in
Humanitarian ActionPlatform. Retrieved on April 10, 2024, from
https://bit.ly/3PWo8nb.

Ryan, S., & Carr, A. (2010). Theory of Planned Behavior - an overview |

ScienceDirect Topics. Retrieved on March 8, 2024, from
https://bit.ly/3TOygiR.
 58

Samion, N. K. B. M. (2020, October 23). Water crisis in the Philippines (M.

Falcone, Ed.). WATEROAM. Retrieved on April 10, 2024, from
https://bit.ly/49trdBV.

Schunk, D. H., & Dibenedetto, M. (2019, December). Motivation and social

cognitive theory. ResearchGate; Elsevier. Retrieved on March 8, 2024,
from https://bit.ly/3xBHyak.

Sutton, W., Srivastava, J., Rosegrant, M., Valmonte- Santos, R., & Ashwill,
M. (2019, April 2). Striking a balance: managing el niño and La niña in
Philippines’ agriculture - Philippines. ReliefWeb. Retrieved on March 8,
2024, from http://bit.ly/48JRNX8.

The World Bank. (2018). Employment in agriculture (% of total employment)

(modeled ILO estimate) | Data. Worldbank.org. Retrieved on March 8,
2024, from https://tinyurl.com/bddjefzx.

Voulgarakis, A., & Kasoar, M. (2022, August 15). New research reveals that
wildfires can influence El Niño | PreventionWeb. Retrieved on March 8,
2024, from https://tinyurl.com/msnt938c.

Webb, E. (2023, June 6). How El Niño impacts health | PreventionWeb.

Retrieved March 8, 2024, from https://tinyurl.com/2thja39j.

Zaldarriaga, J. (2024, March 7). Addressing the water crisis. Phil Star Global;
The Philippine Star. Retrieved on March 8, 2024,
from https://tinyurl.com/sd3s6e2w.
 59

APPENDIX A.1
TRANSMITTAL LETTER TO THE DEAN
 60

APPENDIX A.2
TRANSMITTAL LETTER TO THE BARANGAY CAPTAIN
 61

APPENDIX A.3
TRANSMITTAL LETTER TO THE BARANGAY CAPTAIN
DRY RUN PROCEDURE
 62

APPENDIX B.1
INFORMED CONSENT FORM

Consent to participate in a Research Study

Research Title: Residents’ Preparedness Of El Niño Phenomenon In Barangay 2024.

Name of Researchers: Janine Castro, Crislyn Mangubat, Robert Marione Garcia, Famela

Rose Ruiz, Cloyd Jason Villarta, Zadie Marie Zafra

Institution Affiliated: University of Cebu Banilad - Campus

Address: Governor Cuenco Avenue, Banilad, Cebu City

This Informed Consent Form has two parts

 Information sheet to let the paticipants understand what the research is all about.

 Certificate of informed consent where the participant voluntarily signs or places their

thumb print if they agree to take part in the study.

PART I: Information Sheet

Introduction.

The third-year nursing students from the University of Cebu - Banilad are

conducting a study entitled "Residents' Preparedness of El Niño phenomenon in

Barangay 2024." The research team invites the residents selected barangay to participate

as respondents in their study and kindly requests a few minutes to complete their research

questionnaire thoughtfully. Participants are not required to decide immediately on

participation and are encouraged to discuss the invitation with a trusted individual. If any

uncertainties arise while completing the questionnaire, please do not hesitate to contact the

research team. The researchers will handle the participants' responses with the utmost

confidentiality.
 63

Purpose Of Study
In this comprehensive study, our primary objective is to understand the

preparedness among the residents of Barangay Ibo, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu. regarding the

potential environmental phenomenon known as El Niño. Considering its potentially

devastating effects, we aim to explore their knowledge, comprehension, and consciousness

concerning this climatic condition. By unraveling Barangay Ibo’s residents' perspectives,

attitudes, and behaviors towards El Niño, we can develop more effective strategies and

interventions to enhance their resilience and adaptability to combat the challenges this

weather anomaly poses.

Procedures

In this study, participants will be asked to respond to a questionnaire provided by

the researchers at their convenience. The interviewer will articulate the questions for

respondents who need assistance, including those with low literacy levels. Participants can

choose to answer the questions they feel comfortable addressing. If there are questions they

prefer not to answer, researchers can instruct them to skip those questions and proceed to

the next. If participants wish to answer later, the interviewer may return to collect the

completed questionnaire.

All information collected will be handled confidentially, with access restricted to

the researchers and research adviser, Mr. Sheen Mark Bilbao, MAN, R.N. The

questionnaires will be securely disposed of after three months. Before participation, the

researchers will ensure that participants comprehensively understand the study's objectives

and the potential benefits of their involvement.

Type of Research

This research will involve a survey.

 64

Participant Selection

The researchers are inviting the residents of Barangay Ibo to partake in the survey.

Voluntary Participation

The potential participant's involvement in the study is entirely voluntary. The

participants will have the choice to decide whether to participate. Upon choosing to

participate, they will be requested to sign a consent form. Afterward, they bear the right to

withdraw from the study at any point without providing a reason. Withdrawing or

discontinuing involvement in this study will not impact any existing relationship with the

researchers. Should the participant opt to withdraw before the conclusion of data collection,

any collected data will be returned or securely destroyed.

Procedures and Protocol

In this study, participants will be asked to answer questionnaires provided to them

personally. Responses will be collected within a day or a maximum of seven (7) days. If

participants opt out of answering specific questions in the questionnaire, they can skip

those questions and proceed to the next. The researchers will keep all information provided

in the questionnaires strictly confidential. Only group members and the research adviser

will have access to the answered questionnaires, which will be destroyed and discarded

after the study.

The researchers will rigorously adhere to the Data Privacy Act of 2012 provisions

throughout the study. They will also explain the research objectives and the anticipated

benefits to participants to ensure they fully understand the purpose of the study.

Duration
 65

The research will span the current and next school year. Participants will be

requested to complete the questionnaires at their convenience within seven (7) days of

receipt. Respondents opting to complete the questionnaire immediately should expect it to

take between 30 and 45 minutes. Participation as a respondent will be a one-time

commitment.

Risks

Throughout the research, the researchers acknowledge the potential for slight

discomfort or inconvenience when responding to the questionnaire. Although there is a risk

of confidentiality breach, rigorous measures will be implemented to ensure the security and

privacy of participants' information. The researchers are dedicated to minimizing potential

risks and prioritizing protecting participants' rights and well-being throughout the study.

Benefits

There will be no immediate benefits. The result of this study will result in an action

plan to address the health impacts of El Niño, build resilience region-specific interventions,

and focus on vulnerable populations by drawing on knowledge of the interplay between

health and climate, communities and governments can work together to identify solutions

and minimize the adverse effects of El Niño on health and well-being. Participants will be

able to prepare for El Niño and know what to do the following time El Niño occurs.

Participants will be informed about the risks of the El Niño phenomenon and what to expect

and will be able to act on the proposed action plan based on the information received.

Reimbursements

No payment will be provided in taking part of the research.

Confidentiality
 66

Please do not write any identifying information.

The researchers will ensure to preserve the respondent's data confidentiality, including the

following:

 Assigning acronyms /or numbers to each participant. The researchers will use all

research notes and documents

 The participant's data will be kept confidential by the researchers except when the

researchers are legally obligated to. Incidents like, but may not be limited to, incidents

of abuse and suicide risk.

Right to Refuse or Withdraw

The participants may opt not to participate in this research if they wish to do so. The

participants may stop participating in the survey at any time. No fines or penalties will

occur if they refuse or withdraw from the research.

Who To Contact

If there are questions, the particpants may ask right away. They can also ask

questions right after the study. If they intend to ask questions later,they may contact any of

the following:

Group Leader: Allan Jules B. Almaden

Phone number: 09455533920 or E-mail: ajajaj16almaden@gmail.com

Research Adviser: Mr. Sheen Mark T. Bilbao, MN, RN (surg.nurse72@gmail.com)

The thesis committee at the University of Cebu has examined and endorsed this

research proposal to ensure the proper conduct of the study. For inquiries, kindly reach out

to the University of Cebu at 032-255-7777.

 67

PART II: Certificate of Informed Consent

I read and understood the information provided and had the opportunity to ask

questions. I know that my participation is voluntary and that I may withdraw from

participation at any time and for free without giving any reason.

Participant's Name & Signature _______________________

Date _____________

day / month / year

Statement by the researcher taking consent

The information sheet was accurately read out to the potential participant and to the

best of my ability, and made sure that the respondent understood:

I confirm that the respondent was given the time to raise questions about the

research, and all questions raised were answered correctly and to the best of my ability. I

confirm that the respondent was not forced to consent as it was voluntary.

A copy of this informed consent form has been given to the respondent.

Print Name of the Reseracher taking the consent: _____________________

Signature of the Researcheer taking the consent: ______________________

Date:___________________ (day /month/year)

 68

APPENDIX B.2
INFORMED CONSENT FORM - TRANSLATED

Pagtugot sa pag-apil sa panukiduki.

Ulohan sa Gitanyag: Ang Pagkaandam Sa Mga Lumulupyo Sa Barangay Atol Sa El Niño

Sa Tuig 2024

Pangalan sa mga Tigpanukiduki: Kylie Gwen Agbon, Allan Jules Almaden, William

Lim, Jhona Mae Manlutac, Mikaela Marie Soco, Nicce Shirley Mae Tesado

Institusyon nga Kauban: University of Cebu Banilad - Campus

Adres: Governor Cuenco Avenue, Banilad, Cebu City

Ang kining Informed Consent adunay duha ka bahin.

 Information Sheet (aron maka hibaw ang mga partisipante kung unsa ang panukiduki)

 Certificate of informed consent (kon diin mo pirma or mo marka ang mga partisipante

gamit sa ilang kumagko kon motugot sila og pagsalmot)

UNANG BAHIN: Information Sheet

Pasiuna

Ang mga tinun-an sa nursing sa University of Cebu - Banilad magpahigayon og

pagtuon nga giulohan og “Ang Pagkaandam Sa Mga Lumulupyo Sa Barangay Atol Sa

El Niño Sa Tuig 2024”. Ang mga tig panukiduki nag-imbitar sa mga residente sa Barangay

Ibo, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu, nga mo moapil isip partisipante sa ilang panukiduki ug

malulotong mohangyo ug pipila ka minuto aron makompleto nila og basa ug tubag nila ang

research questionnaire. Ang imong desisyon nga moapil sa pagtuon wala gikinihanglan

karon dayon, ug gidasig ka namong makighinabi bahin niini sa tawo nga imong

gisaligan. Kon duna ka’y mga gikalibgan o mga buot ipatin-aw niining questionnaire, duol
 69

lang kanamo. Dili sab ka angay maguol kay ang tanan nimong tubag dinhi sa questionnaire

tipigan ug tagoan.

Katuyoan sa Pagtuon

Ang punoang katuyoan niining pagtuon mao ang pagtuki sa pagkaandam sa mga

lumulupyo sa Barangay Ibo, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu atol sa talagsaong panghitabo nga

ginganlan og El Niño. Sa pagkonsiderar sa posibleng makadaot nga mga epekto niini,

tumong namo nga tukion ang ilang mga nahibaw-an, pagsabot, ug kahimatngon bahin

niining klima nga kahimtang. Pinaagi sa pagtuki sa mga panglantaw, kinaiya, ug linihokan

sa mga lumlupyo sa maong barangay kabahin sa El Niño, makamugna mi og mga

masangpoton nga pamaagi aron mapausbaw ang ilang kalig-on ug kahiangayon sa

pakigbatok sa mga hagit gikan niining anomaliya sa panahon.

Mga Pamaagi

Niining pagtuon, ang mga sumasalmot kay hangyoon na motubag ug questionnaire

nga gihatag sa mga tigpanukiduki sa kung kanusa sila libre. Aduna’y tig-interview nga

mohatag sa mga pangutana sa nanginahanglan ug tabang, labot ang di kamao mobasa ug

sulat. Pwede ra mopili ang mga sumasalmot na motubag sa mga pangutana nga

komportable nilang tubagon. Kon naa’y mga pangutana na dili nila buot tubagon, mahimo

nilang sultian ang tigpanukidiki nga lat-angan lang to ug ipadayun sa sunod nga pangutana.

Kon buot sa mga sumaslmot na tubagon ang mga pangutana unya pa, mahimong balikan

lang sa interviewer sa laing petsa arong kuhaon ang questionnaire inig mahuman na ug

tubag niini.

Tanang kasayoran nga matapok kay tipigan ug tagoan, ang makakita ra kay ang

mga tigpanukidiki ug ang research adviser, Mr. Sheen Mark Bilbao, MAN, R.N. Ang mga
 70

questionnaire kay siguradohon og labay mahoman ang tulo ka buwan. Una mosalmot,

siguradohon sa tigpanukidiki nga kasabot ang mga sumasalmot sa katuyoan sa pagtuon ug

sa kaayohan nga makuha nila sa ilang pagsalmot.

Matang sa Panukiduki
Kining panukiduki molakip og usa ka survey.
Pagpili sa Sumasalmot
Among gidapit ang mga lumulupyo sa Barangay Ibo nga mosalmot niining survey.
Wala’y Pinugsanay ang Pagsalmot

Ang pag-apil sa potensyal nga partisipante sa pagtuon hingpit nga boluntaryo. Ang

mga partisipante adunay kapilian sa pagdesisyon kung moapil ba o dili. Kon mosalmot sila

niining pagtuon, hangyoon sila nga mopirma sa consent form. Inig human nila og pirma,

awasnon kang moatras o mobiya sa pagtuon bisan kanus-a ug dili ka kinahanglan mohatag

og hinungdan. Ang pagbiya nimo dili makausab sa imong panaghigala sa tigpanukiduki.

Kon mobiya ka sa pagtuon una matapok namo tanang kasayoran, iuli namo tanang

kasayoran nga imong gihatag o gub-on.

Mga Lagda

Niining pagtuon, hangyoon kang motubag og questionnaire nga ihatag kanimo sa

personal. Kuahon kini balik sa maong adlaw o human sa pito ka adlaw. Kon buot nimong

dili motubag sa ubang mga pangutana sa questionnaire, mahimo nimong lat-angan ug

mopadayon sa sunod nga pangutana. Ang kasayoran nga imong itugyan sa questionnaire

pagatagoan sa mga tigpanukiduki, ug wala’y lain nga dili labot sa among pundok ang

makakita sa imong mga tubag sa questionnaire. Gub-on ug ilabay namo ang tanang

questionnaire inig mahuman ang pagtuon.

 71

Ang mga lagda sa Data Privacy Act of 2012 hugot nga ipatuman. Aron masiguro

namo nga ang mga sumasalmot tinuod nga nakasabot sa katuyoan sa pagtuon, ipatin-aw sa

mga tigpanukiduki ang mga tumong sa panukiduki ug ang mga kaayohan niini alang sa

mga sumasalmot.

Gidugayon

Ipahigayon kining panukiduki sulod arong tuiga sa tunghaan ug sa sunod nga tuig.

Sulod sa gihatag nga oras, hangyoon ka nga tubagon ang questionnaire atol sa panahon

nga libre ka, ug mahimo nimo kining iuli inig human dayon nimo’g tubag o sulod sa pito

ka adlaw. Kon buot nimong motubag sa questionnaire karon dayon, mahuman ra ni nimo

sulod sa 30 hangtud sa 45 ka minuto. Isip usa ka sumasalmot, ang imong kalabotan niini

kausa ra mahitabo.

Mga Risgo

Sa tibuok panukiduki, ang mga tigpanukiduki nasayod nga posibleng makahatag

og kapig-ot o kahasol samtang tubagon nimo ang questionnaire. Samtang duna’y posibleng

risgo nga makit-an ang imong mga tubag sa questionnaire sa laing tawo gawas sa mga

tigpanukiduki, hugot nga mga lakang ang among gituman aron mabantayan og tarong ang

imong kasayoran. Nisaad ang mga tigpanukiduki nga paubsan ang mga posibilidad sa risgo

ug unahon ang pagpanalipod sa imong mga katungod ug kaluwasan atol sa pagtuon.

Mga Benepisyo

Ang resulta niining pagtuon mao ang paghatag og action plan aron masulbad ang

panglawasnong epekto sa El Niño, aron malig-on ang mga probinsya sa ilang pakigbatok

sa El Niño, ug aron mahatagan og pagtagad ang mga kamulupyohan nga unay sa

katalagman. Pinaagi sa pagdangop sa kalimuhagan nato sa kalambigitan tali sa panglawas

ug sa klima, ang mga katilingban ug kagamhanan mahimong magtinabangay sa pag-ila sa

 72

mga kasulbaran ug sa pagkunhod sa mga magub-anong hapak sa El Niño sa atong

panglawas ug kaayohan. Mahimong makaantdam ang mga sumasalmot alang sa El Niño

ug mahibalo unsa’y angayang buhaton sa sunod nga mahitabo ang El Niño. Mahibalo sab

ang mga sumasalmot sa mga risgo nga nalakip sa El Niño ug unsa’y damhon niining

katalagman aron masunod dayon nila ang gitanyag nga action plan gikan sa kasayoran nga

ilang nadawat niining pagtuon.

Ikabaylo

Wala’y bayad ihatag alang sa pagsalmot sa panukiduki.

Pagtago sa mga Ngalan ug Kasayoran

Palihog ayaw pagsulat og kasayoran nga timailhan sa imong kaugalingon. Tinoon

sa mga tigpanukiduki nga tagoan ang kailhanan ug pagkatawo sa mga sumasalmot, lakip

na ang mga mosunod:

 Paghatag og acronyms o mga numero alang sa matag sumasalmot nga gamiton sa mga

tigpanukiduki sa tanang kasulatan sa panukiduki

 Tagoan tanang kasayoran bahin sa mga sumasalmot, gawas og duna’y mga katungdanan

sa balaod ang mga tigpanukiduki sa pagbutyag niini, lakip na ang mga panghitabo sama

sa ug dili kutob lang sa pangdagmal ug risgo sa paghikog.

Katungod nga Mobalibad o Mobiya

Mahimo kang dili mosalmot niining panukiduki kon buot nimo. Mahimo sab kang

mobiya sa pagsalmot bisan kanus-a. Wala’y multa nga pangayuon kon mobalibad ka o

mobiya sa panukiduki.

Kinsa’y Kontakon
 73

Kon duna sila’y mga pangutana, mahimo sila mangutana dayon. Mahimo sab sila

mangutana human sa pagtuon. Kon buot nilang mangutana unya, mahimo kang mo-contact

sa mga mosunod:

Nangulo sa Pundok :Allan Jules Almaden

Numero sa Cellphone: 09455533920

E - mail: lahoylahoypatricia@gmail.com

Research Adviser: Mr. Sheen Mark T. Bilbao, MN, RN (surg.nurse72@gmail.com)

Ang thesis committee sa University of Cebu mao’y gasusi ug gaduso niining

gitanyag nga panukiduki aron matino ang angay nga pagpahigayon niining pagtuon. Kon

duna’y mga pangutana, mahimo kamong mokontak sa University of Cebu gamit niining

numero: 032-255-7777.
 74

IKADUHANG BAHIN: Certificate of Informed Consent

Gibasa nako ug nakasabot ko sa kasayoran nga gihatag ug gihatagan ko sa higayon

nga makapangutana. Nasayod ko nga ang akong pagsalmot wala’y pinugsanay ug mahimo

akong mobiya sa pagsalmot bisan kanus-a nga wala’y bayad ug wala’y gihatag nga

hinungdan.

Ngalan sa Sumasalmot & Pirma : ___________________________

Petsa: _____________________
adlaw/bulan/tuig

Asoy sa Tigpanukiduki nga Nangayo og Pagtugot

Gibasa nako og tarong ang information sheet alang sa sumasalmot taman sa akong

makaya ug gisiguro nako nga nasabtan niya:

Napamatud-an nako nga gihatagan og oras ang sumasalmot nga mangutana bahin

sa panukiduki, ug tanang pangutana nahatagan na og tukma nga mga tubag taman sa

akong makaya. Napamatud-an nako nga wala gipugos ang sumasalmot nga motugot sa

pagsalmot ug iyahang pagbuot ang moapil.

Gihatagan namo og kopya niining informed consent form alang sa sumasalmot.

Ngalan sa Tigpanukiduki nga Nangayo og Pagtugot : ________________________

Pirma sa Tigpanukiduki nga Nangayo og Pagtugot : _________________________

Petsa : _______________________ (adlaw/bulan/tuig)

 75

APPENDIX C.1
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

PART I. Participant’s Profile

Questionnaire Introduction:
This questionnaire assesses residents’ of Barangay Ibo, Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu for their
levels of preparedness regarding the El Niño phenomenon in the year 2024. An honest response
will contribute to understanding the community's level of preparation in dealing with the potential
impacts of El Niño. Please answer the following questions to the best of your ability. Your
participation in this study is highly appreciated and will remain anonymous.
Section 1: Demographic Information

Put a mark (✓).

1. Age:
18 to 24 : ___
25 to 34 : ___
35 to 44 : ___
45 to 54 : ___
55 to 64 : ___
65 or over : ___

2. Gender (assigned by birth) : Female : __ or Male : __

3. Educational Attainment:
Elementary Education : ___
High School Education : ___
College Education : ___
Graduate Studies : ___
Other (Please specify) : ___

4. Income:

Low Income : Poor : ___ (Less than Php 9,100)

Low Income : ___ (Php 9,101 - 18,200)
Lower Middle : ___ (Php 18,201 - 36,400)

Middle Income : Middle Middle : ___ (Php 36, 401 - 63, 700)
Upper Middle Class : ___ (Php 63,701 - 109, 200)

High Income : Upper Class : ___ (Php 109, 201 - 182,000)

Rich : ___ (Php Above 182,000)
 76

PART II.Preparedness
Please indicate your level of preparedness to the El Niño season. The rating scales with the
corresponding response category and verbal interpretation are listed below:
Rating Response Verbal Interpretation
Scale Category
Highly This indicates that the respondent assesses that they practiced all of the
4 Prepared statements of the indicator at all times.
(HP)
3 Prepared This indicates that the respondent assesses that they practiced all of the
(P) statements of the indicator most of the time.
Less This indicates that the respondent assesses that they practiced all of the
2 Prepared statements of the indicator sometimes.
(LP)
1 Unprepared This indicates that the respondent assesses that they do not practice all of
(U) the statements at all.

Select one option for each statement. Put a checkmark (✓) under the appropriate score that
corresponds to your answer for each statement.
Preparedness: 4 3 2 1
Battle Rising Temperatures (HP) (P) (LP) (U)
Home insulation:
1. I have considered alternative insulation materials or methods
(e.g., weatherstripping, thermal curtains) to enhance energy
efficiency and comfort during El Niño conditions.
2. I have considered adding insulation to roofs, walls, and
windows to help prevent heat from entering the living spaces.
3. I have applied spray foam insulation to seal gaps and cracks in
walls, ceilings, and floors, ensuring better temperature regulation
and energy efficiency during El Niño weather conditions.
4. I do regular checks and maintenance in my homes existing
insulation to ensure it is functioning effectively during El Niño.
5. I have researched and implemented energy efficient cooling
methods (e.g., using fans, ventilation, air conditioning) that best
complement my home insulation during El Niño .
Natural cooling methods:
1. I incorporate plants around our homes to provide shade, reduce
heat absorption, and improve air quality
2. We purposefully built our house to welcome winds by
positioning windows and doors across one another, building high
ceilings, adding space above walls and doors, and using other
cross-ventilation techniques to promote airflow and enhance
cooling efficiency during El Niño episodes.
3. I have evaluated and adjusted my daily routines to capitalize on
cooler outdoor temperatures during El Niño, such as opening
windows at night for natural ventilation.
 77

4. I have installed a green roof or planted a rooftop garden to

improve insulation, absorb heat, and create a natural cooling
effect for my home, particularly useful during El Niño periods.
5. My home incorporates passive cooling techniques such as
shading devices like awnings or pergolas to block direct sunlight
and reduce the need for artificial cooling during El Niño seasons.
Staying hydrated:
1. I prioritize consuming water-rich foods and beverages to stay
hydrated during hot weather conditions associated with El Nino.
2. I consciously try to increase my fluid intake during elevated
temperatures, particularly when El Nino events are forecasted.
3. I have educated myself and my household members on the signs
of dehydration and the importance of maintaining proper
hydration levels during El Niño events.
4. I have encouraged my community or neighborhood to adopt
water-saving practices and have participated in local water
conservation initiatives.
5. I ensure that we have access to safe and clean drinking water by
storing adequate supplies and using water purification methods
during El Niño events.

Preparedness: 4 3 2 1
Addressing Water Shortages (HP) (P) (LP) (U)
Rainwater harvesting:
1. I have investigated rainwater harvesting as an alternative water
source, assessing the feasibility of collecting and storing
rainwater for household use during dry spells associated with El
Niño.
2. I have installed or planned to install a rainwater harvesting
system on my property to collect and store rainwater for non-
potable uses such as washing vehicles, cleaning the toilets, and
irrigation during El Niño-induced droughts.
3. I have prepared buckets, containers, bottles, and barrels to
collect rainwater and developed a maintenance plan for my
rainwater harvesting system, including regular cleaning, keeping
it sealed to prevent mosquito harbor, inspection, and repairs to
ensure optimal functionality during El Niño events.
4. I have considered integrating rainwater harvesting into my
overall water conservation strategy, complementing other water-
saving techniques to reduce reliance on municipal water sources
during El Niño.
5. I am aware of any local regulations or incentives related to
rainwater harvesting that could facilitate its adoption in my
community during El Niño-induced water shortages.
Water-saving techniques:
1. I have educated myself and my household members on the
importance of shorter showers, turning off taps when not in use,
 78

and other daily water-saving habits suitable for El Niño

conditions.
2. I regularly monitor my household's water usage and have taken
proactive steps to reduce unnecessary consumption, particularly
during periods of water scarcity associated with El Niño.
3. I have implemented water-saving measures in my home, such as
fixing leaks promptly, installing water-efficient appliances, and
using low-flow fixtures.
4. I have a sufficient supply of clean drinking water stored in my
home to last at least one week in the event of disruptions to the
water supply during El Niño.
5. I have considered reusing greywater (used or foul water) for non-
potable purposes, such as watering plants or flushing toilets, to
conserve water during El Niño events.
Alternative water sources:
1. I have researched and identified potential alternative water
sources in my area.
2. I have communicated with local authorities or community
organizations about alternative water sources, such as
community wells.
3. I have explored options such as desalination or groundwater
access for alternative water sources.
4. I have explored the possibility of installing a greywater recycling
system in my home to reuse water from sinks, showers, and
laundry for non-potable purposes like irrigation, reducing
reliance on freshwater sources during El Niño-induced droughts.
5. I have sufficient information on how to utilize alternative water
sources effectively.

Preparedness: 4 3 2 1
Preventing Fires (HP) (P) (LP) (U)
Fire-resistant landscaping:
1. I have implemented fire-resistant landscaping techniques
around my property, such as using non-flammable plants,
creating defensible space, etc.
2. I have taken steps to mitigate potential fire hazards around my
property, including avoiding flammable lightweight wooden
structures in anticipation of El Niño condition.
3. I regularly maintain my landscaping to reduce the risk of
wildfires, including trimming trees and shrubs, removing dead
vegetation, and clearing debris from gutters and roofs.
4. I have consulted with local fire officials or landscaping
professionals to identify fire-resistant plant species and design
a fire-safe landscape around my property, especially important
during El Niño-associated wildfire risks.
 79

5. I have strategically placed fire-resistant barriers such as stone

walls or fences made from non-combustible materials around
my property to reduce the potential for fire spread, particularly
in areas prone to wildfires during El Niño conditions.
Safety cooking:
1. I know the potential risks associated with cooking during El
Niño conditions, such as power outages or high heat, which can
increase fire hazards.
2. I ensure my kitchen is equipped with fire safety devices (e.g.,
fire extinguisher, smoke detector) in preparation for El Niño-
related cooking challenges.
3. I regularly check and maintain my kitchen appliances to lower
the chance of electrical fires during El Niño weather conditions.
4. I have educated my household members about fire safety in the
kitchen and the importance of practicing caution while cooking
during El Niño conditions.
5. I never leave my cooking unattended, especially when frying,
grilling, or using high heat. If I must leave the kitchen, I turn
off the stove.
Emergency preparedness:
1. I have ensured that important contacts and copies of essential
documents are stored in a secure, easily accessible location.
2. I have developed an emergency evacuation plan tailored to
potential hazards associated with El Niño conditions, such as
flooding or mudslides.
3. I regularly check reliable sources of information, such as
official government websites or reputable news outlets, for
updates on El Niño forecasts and preparedness tips.
4. I actively seek out information about El Niño preparedness
measures and resources available in my community, such as
evacuation routes, emergency shelters, and support services
5. I regularly evaluate how effective my current emergency
communication systems are in providing timely and accurate
information during a large-scale disaster like El Niño.

Preparedness: 4 3 2 1
Bracing Typhoons, Extreme Weather, and Emergencies (HP) (P) (LP) (U)
Reinforcing homes:
1. I regularly inspect and maintain the structural integrity of my
home, including roofs, walls, foundations, and drainage
systems, to reduce the risk of damage during El Niño events.
2. I have developed a plan for securing or reinforcing windows and
doors to protect against wind-driven debris or intrusion during
El Niño-related storms.
3. I have taken proactive measures to reinforce vulnerable areas of
my home to withstand potential impacts of El Niño-related
weather conditions (e.g., reinforcing roofing, clearing gutters).
 80

4. I have installed hurricane straps or clips to secure the roof to the

walls of my home, enhancing its resistance to high winds and
potential storm damage during El Niño events.
5. I have elevated critical utilities and appliances in my home, such
as electrical panels and air-conditioning units, to minimize the
risk of flood damage during heavy rainfall and flooding
associated with El Niño.
Natural barriers:
1. I have maintained or enhanced natural barriers around my
property to reduce the risk of erosion, flooding, or other
weather-related damages during El Niño events (e.g., planting
native vegetation and reinforcing soil stability).
2. I have educated my household members about the role of
natural barriers in protecting our homes and property during El
Niño events and the importance of preserving local ecosystems.
3. I regularly engage in practices that promote the health and
resilience of natural barriers, such as avoiding littering or illegal
dumping and participating in conservation efforts.
4. I have installed erosion control measures such as retaining walls
or terracing to enhance the effectiveness of natural barriers and
prevent soil erosion during heavy rainfall associated with El
Niño.
5. I have planted native grasses and shrubs along slopes and
waterways on my property to stabilize soil, reduce erosion, and
enhance natural flood control during El Niño events.
Emergency kits:
1. I have an emergency preparedness kit available in my home,
including essential supplies such as water, non-perishable food,
medications, and first aid supplies, to sustain my household
during El Niño-related emergencies.
2. I have tailored my emergency kit to include specific items
relevant to potential hazards associated with El Niño events,
such as waterproof containers, extra clothing, and emergency
blanket.
3. I have assembled an emergency kit that includes flashlights,
batteries, a first aid kit, and solar chargers to sustain my
household during El Niño-related emergencies.
4. I have included copies of my important documents and contact
information in my emergency kit, such as identification,
insurance policies, and emergency contact numbers, to facilitate
communication and recovery efforts during El Niño-related
emergencies.
5. I have included specialized items in my emergency kit to meet
the unique needs of family members, such as infant supplies,
pet food, or medical equipment, to ensure everyone's safety and
well-being during El Niño Events.
 81

APPENDIX C.2
MGA KAGAMITAN SA PAGPANUKIDUKI
UNANG BAHIN. Kasayoran sa Sumasalmot

Pasiuna sa Tala sa mga Pangutana:

Kining tala sa mga pangutana mosusi sa mga lumlupyo nga namuyo sa Barangay Ibo,
Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu bahin sa ilang pagkaandam sa panahon sa El Niño sa tuig 2024. Ang
matinud-anong tubag makatampo og pagsabot bahin sa pagkaandam sa katilingban sa pag-atubang
sa mga sangpotanang gidala sa El Niño. Palihog og tubag sa mga pangutana taman sa imong
makaya. Mapasalamaton kami sa imong pagsalmot, ug dili ka mailhan basi sa imong mga tubag.
Unang Tipik: Kasayoran sa Matang sa Kamulupyohan
Butangi og timailhan (✓).

1. Edad:

18 hangtod sa 24: ___

25 hangtod sa 34: ___
35 hangtod sa 44: ___
45 hangtod sa 54: ___
55 hangtod sa 64: ___
65 pataas : ___

2. Kinatawhan (sa pagkatawo): Babaye : ___ o Lalaki : ___

3. Nahuman:

Elementary : ___
High School : ___
College : ___
Masteral/Doktor : ___
Lain (nganli palihog) : ___

4. Binuwan nga Kinitaan:

Ubos: Kabos : ___ (ubos sa Php 9,100)

Gamay : ___ (Php 9,101 - 18,200)
Ilawm sa Tunga : ___ (Php 18,201 - 36,400)

Tunga: Tunga-tunga : ___ (Php 36, 401 - 63, 700)

Babaw sa tunga : ___ (Php 63,701 - 109, 200)

Taas: May kaya : ___ (Php 109, 201 - 182,000)

Adunahan : ___ (dako pa sa Php 182,000)
 82

IKADUHANG BAHIN. Pagkaandam

Palihog sukda ang imong pagkaandam sa ting-El Niño gamit sa mga mosunod nga mga
numero ug paghulagway. Ang sukdanan ug ang kahulogan sa mga numero nia sa ubos:

Sukdanan Tubag Kahulogan

Andam Kaayo Gapasabot ni nga gibuhat nimo kanunay ang tanan nga
4
(AK) gihulagway.
Andam Gapasabot ni nga gibuhat nimo kasagaran ang tanan nga
3
(A) gihulagway.
Dili Kaayo Andam Gapasabot ni nga gibuhat nimo usahay ang tanan nga
2
(DKA) gihulagway.
Dili Gyud Andam Gapasabot ni nga wala nimo gibuhat ang tanan nga
1
(DGA) gihulagway.

Sa matag mosunod nga paghulagway, pagpili og usa lang ka numero aron masukod ang
imong pagkaandam sa El Niño. Butangi og timailhan (✓) ilawm sa numero nga gapasabot sa imong
tubag.
Pagkaandam: 4 3 2 1
Pakigbatok sa Pagtaas sa Kainit (AK) (A) (DKA) (DGA)
Pagpabugnaw sa balay pinaagi sa mga kagamitan:
1. Buot o plano nakong mogamit og lain-laing pamaagi nga
malayo akong balay sa kainit (sama sa weatherstripping,
thermal curtains, ug uban pa) aron makadaginot sa
kuryente ug mahayahay ang akong pamuyo atol sa El
Niño.
2. Buot o plano nakong magbutang og insulation sa atop,
bungbong, ug mga bintana aron dili makasulod ang init sa
balay.
3. Nagbutang ko og spray foam insulation aron wala’y kang-
a ug liki sa mga bungbong, kisami, ug sawg ug aron
mapugngan ang kainit ug makadaginot sa kuryente atol sa
El Niño.
4. Kanunay akong gasusi ug gaamping sa mga kagamitang
pampabugnaw sa akong balay aron sigurado ko nga
moandar sila og tarong atol sa El Niño.
5. Nanukiduki ug nagpatuman ko og mga pamaagi nga
makapabugnaw sa balay (sama sa paggamit og paypay,
electric fan, lusotanan sa hangin, aircon, ug uban pa) nga
angay sa akong balay atol sa El Niño.
Pagpabugnaw pinaagi sa kinaiyahan:
1. Gipalibotan nako og mga tanom ang balay aron duna’y
landong, aron maibanan ang pagtuhop sa kainit, ug aron
limpyo ang hangin.
2. Gituyo namo nga ang among balay mosalo sa hangin
pinaagi sa pag-atbang og mga bintana ug pultahan sulod
sa balay, pagpasaka sa kisami, paggahin og hawan babaw
 83

sa bungbong ug pultahan, ug uban pang pamaagi aron

makalusot-lusot ang hangin ug aron makadaginot og
kuryente sa panahon sa El Niño.
3. Akong giangay ang akong adlaw-adlaw nga buluhaton
aron mapahimuslan ang oras nga mobugnaw sa gawas
samtang nag-El Niño, sama sa pag-abli sa mga bintana
inig gabii aron makasulod ang hangin.
4. Gahimo ko’g tamanan o buwakan sa atop aron malayo sa
kainit, aron suyopon sa tanom ang kainit, ug aron
mabugnaw ang balay sa natural nga pamaagi atol sa
panahon sa El Niño.
5. Nagsagang akong balay sa kainit pinaagi sa paglandong
gikan sa mga atop-atop, bayungbong, tapangko, o kamalig
aron dili makalusot dayon ang kainit ug aron maibanan
ang panginahanglan sa kuryente atol sa El Niño.
Pagsiguro nga kanunay akong naa’y tubig:
1. Gisiguro nakong mokaon og mga tubigon nga pagkaon ug
moinom og tubig aron dili maughan akong lawas atol sa
ting-init, sama sa panahon sa El Niño.
2. Gisiguro nakong dugangan ang akong pag-inom og tubig
sa ting-init, sama sa panahong gibalita nga mag-El Niño.
3. Gipahibalo nako ang akong kaugalingon ug ang akong
mga kauban sa balay bahin sa mga timailhan sa kakuwang
og tubig sa lawas ug bahin sa pagkabililhon sa pag-inom
og tubig atol sa panahon sa El Niño.
4. Gidasig nako ang akong katilingban o kasilinganan nga
magdaginot og tubig, ug nakasalmot ko og mga kalihokan
dinhi bahin sa pagdaginot og tubig.
5. Gitino nako nga duna mi’y luwas ug hinlo nga kakuhaan
og tubig pinaagi sa pagtigom og igo nga mga kagamitan
ug pamaagi sa paghinlo sa tubig aron mainom atol sa El
Niño.

Pagkaandam: 4 3 2 1
Pakigbatok sa Kakuwang sa Tubig (AK) (A) (DKA) (DGA)
Pagsawd sa uwan:
1. Gabasa-basa ko bahin sa pagsawd sa uwan isip usa ka
pamaagi nga makatigom o makaandam og tubig, ug akong
natimbang-timbang ang mga kakulian ug kaayohan sa
pagsawd og uwan aron naa’y magamit sa balay atol sa
panahon sa hulaw gumikan sa El Niño.
2. Nagbutang ko o buot kong magbutang og sawranan sa
uwan sa akong tugkaran aron makatigom ug makahipos
og tubig alang sa paghinlo sa sakyanan, paghinlo sa
inidoro, ug pagpamisbis atol sa panahon sa El Niño.
 84

3. Nakaandam ko og mga baldi, sudlanan, botelya, ug baril

aron makatigom og uwan, ug nakaplano na ko unsaon
pag-amping ini nga mga kagamitan, lakip na ang
kanunayng panghinlo, pagsiguro sa pagsirado ini aron
makalikay sa mga lamok, kanunay nga pagsusi, ug pag-
ayo sa mga guba aron siguradong magamit ang tinigom
nga tubig sa panahon sa El Niño.
4. Buot o plano nakong apilon ang pagsawd og uwan sa
akong lain-laing mga pamaagi sa pagdaginot og tubig aron
dili ko magsalig lang sa MCWD sa panahong mag-El
Niño.
5. Nasayod ko nga naa’y mga balaod ug pagdasig bahin sa
pagsawd sa uwan kay giduso kini nga buhaton sa
katilingban sa panahong magkuwang og tubig gumikan sa
El Niño.
Pagdaginot sa tubig:
1. Akong gitudloan akong kaugalingon ug ang akong mga
kauban sa balay bahin sa kamahinungdanon sa kadyot nga
pagligo, pagpawng sa mga gripo nga wala gamita, ug
uban pang pamaagi sa pagdaginot og tubig nga angayng
buhaton sa ting El Niño.
2. Kanunay akong gabantay sa gidaghanon sa nagamit
namong tubig sa balay ug naningkamot ko nga malikayan
ang pagpalabi og gamit sa tubig, hilabi na sa panahong
magkuwang og tubig tungod sa El Niño.
3. Nagpatuman ko og mga pamaagi sa pagdaginot og tubig
sa balay, sama sa pag-ayo dayon og mga liki sa tubo,
pagtaod og mga appliance nga pangdaginot og tubig, ug
paggamit og mga gripo nga hinay og agas.
4. Duna ko’y igo nga natigom nga tubig mainom sa balay
nga molungtad og usa ka semana alang sa mga kalit-kalit
nga pagkawala sa agas atol sa El Niño.
5. Gahuna-huna ko og gamit og ginamit na nga tubig alang
sa pagpamisbis og tanom, pag-flush sa inidoro, ug uban
pa aron makatipig og tubig atol sa El Niño.
Pagpangita og uban pang kakuhaan og tubig:
1. Nakapanukiduki ug nakapangita ko og laing kakuhaan og
tubig dapit sa amoa alang sa mga adlaw nga wala’y agas.
2. Nakighinabi ko sa mga taga barangay ug sa mga pundok-
pundok sa katilingban bahin sa lain-laing mga kakuhaan
og tubig, sama sa mga atabay ug mga puso.
3. Nakapangita na ko og lain-laing pamaagi sa paghinlo og
tubig kun ugaling mogamit sa laing kakuhaan og tubig,
sama sa desalination o sa pagkuha og tubig ilawm sa yuta.
4. Nagplano kong mosuway og taod og sistema ilawm sa
yuta nga makahinlo sa tubig nga ginamit na, gikan sa
mga lababo, banyo, ug labhanan aron magamit usab sa
 85

pagpamisbis o pang-flush sa inidoro ug aron dili mi

magsalig lang sa tubig gikan sa gripo atol sa hulaw
gumikan sa El Niño.
5. Aduna ko’y igo nga kasayoran bahin sa unsaon
paggamit og laing mga kakuhaan sa tubig sa
masangpoton nga pamaagi.

Pagkaandam: 4 3 2 1
Paglikay sa Sunog (AK) (A) (DKA) (DGA)
Paggamit og palibot nga makalikay og sunog:
1. Gagamit ko og palibot nga molikay og sunog sa akong
tugkaran, sama sa pagtanom og mga tanom nga molikay
og sunog, pagpalibot sa akong balay og hawan kun diin
galagyo ang mga kahoy o tanom, ug uban pa.
2. Nagpatuman ko og mga lakang sa paglikay og mga
butang nga peligro sa sunog sa akong tugkaran, lakip na
ang paglikay sa pagpanday gamit og kahoy nga dali
masunog.
3. Kanunay nakong giampingan ang akong palibot aron
maibanan ang risgo sa sunog sa kakahoyan, lakip na ang
pagtupi sa mga kahoy, libon, og mga layang tanom ug sa
pagpupo sa sagbot sa mga sandayong ug mga atop.
4. Nikonsulta ko sa mga bombero ug mga eksperto aron
mahibalo haing tanoma ang peligro sa sunog ug aron
makadisenyo sa akong tugkaran og palibot nga luwas sa
sunog. Labing mahinungdanon kini atol sa El Niño kun
diin taas ang risgo sa sunog sa kakahoyan.
5. Gituyo nakong magbutang og mga babag nga moali og
sunog sama sa bungbong ginama sa bato o mga koral
ginama sa materyales nga dili masunog, ug gipalibot
kini nako sa akong tugkaran aron maibanan ang risgo sa
pagkatap sa sunog, hilabi na sa mga dapit nga peligro
atol sa El Niño.
Luwas nga pagluto:
1. Nasayod ko sa mga posibleng risgo nga nalangkit sa
pagluto atol sa El Niño, sama sa kalit nga pag brown out
o pagsaka sa kainit, ug nasayod ko nga motaas ang risgo
sa sunog tungod ana.
2. Gisiguro nako nga ang akong kusina gitaoran og mga
himan batok sa sunog (sama sa fire extinguisher, smoke
detector, ug uban pa) aron makapangandam sa mga
aksidente gumikan sa El Niño.
3. Kanunay nakong gisusi ug giampingan ang akong mga
appliances sa kusina aron maibanan ang risgo sa sunog
gumikan sa pagkidlap sa kuryente atol sa El Niño.
4. Gitudloan nako ang akong mga kauban sa balay unsaon
pagpabiling luwas sa sunog sulod sa kusina ug unsa
kamahinungdanon ang magbantay-bantay samtang
magluto atol sa El Niño.
 86

5. Dili gyod ko tigbilin sa akong giluto, labi na samtang

gaprito, gasugba, o gagamit og labing kainit. Kon mobiya
man gani ko sa kusina, palungon gyod nako ang kalayo.
Pagpangandam sa mga emergency:
1. Gisiguro nako nga ang mga importante nga contact
number ug ang akong mga importante nga dokumento
nahipos sa usa ka luwas ug sayong ablihan nga
butanganan.
2. Nakaandam ko’g mga ruta sa pagbakwit alang sa lain-
laing emergency nga nalangkit sa El Niño, sama sa
pagbaha ug pagdahili sa yuta.
3. Kanunay kong nanan-aw sa mga makasaligang kakuhaan
og kasayoran, sama sa mga official government website
o mga makasaligang news outlet, alang sa mga bag-ong
balita bahin sa pag-abot sa El Niño ug alang sa mga
pamaagi sa pangpangandam.
4. Tinuyoan nakong mangalap og kasayoran bahin sa mga
pamaagi sa pagpangandam sa El Niño dinhi sa akong
katilingban, sama sa paglista og mga ruta alang sa
pagbakwit, mga dapit nga kasilongan o katulgan, ug mga
serbisyo alang sa mga emergency.
5. Kanunay akong gasusi kon unsa ka masangpoton sa
paghatag og tukma nga kasayoran ang akong mga
pamaagi sa pag-kontak sa usa’g usa sa panahon sa mga
emergency atol sa mga katalagman sama sa El Niño.

Pagkaandam: 4 3 2 1
Pagpangandam sa mga Bagyo ug mga Panahong Wala (AK) (A) (DKA) (DGA)
Maandi ug Wala Damha
Pagpalig-on sa balay pinaagi sa mga kagamitan:
1. Kanunay nakong gisusi ug giampingan ang kalig-on sa
akong balay, lakip na ang atop, bungbong, katarokan, ug
mga agianan sa tubig, aron maibanan ang risgo sa
pagkaguba atol sa El Niño.
2. Nakaandam ko og plano sa pagpalig-on sa akong mga
bintana ug pultahan aron masagang kini batok sa mga
malagpot o mapalid sa kusog nga hangin atol sa mga
bagyo tungod sa El Niño.
3. Nangunay ko og palig-on sa mga bahin sa balay nga
peligro maguba aron molungtad atol sa mga kusog nga
uwan ug hilabing kainit gumikan sa El Niño (sama sa
pagpalig-on sa atop ug pagpanghinlo sa mga sandayong).
4. Nagbutang ko og mga hurricane strap or clip aron mataod
ang atop sa bungbong, aron dili mapalid sa kusog nga
hangin, ug aron malikayan ang posibleng pagguba sa atop
kung magbagyo atol sa El Niño.
 87

5. Akong gibalhin sa babaw sa bungbong ang mga panel

board ug mga aircon aron malikayan ang pagkaguba kung
magbaha tungod sa kusog nga uwan atol sa El Niño.
Pagpalig-on sa balay gamit sa kinaiyahan:

1. Akong giampingan ug gipalig-on ang kinaiyahan nga

nagpalibot sa akong tugkaran (sama sa pagpananom ug
pagpagahi sa yuta) aron maibanan ang risgo sa
pagkabanlas sa yuta, pagbaha, ug uban pang kagusbatan
gumikan sa mga katalagman atol sa El Niño.
2. Gitudloan nako ang akong mga kauban sa balay bahin sa
pagkamahinungdanon sa kinaiyahang nagsagang sa atong
mga balay ug tugkaran atol sa El Niño ug bahin sa
pagkamahinungdanon sa pagpatunhay sa kalikopan.
3. Kanunay kong nangunay sa pagpausbaw sa kahimsog ug
kalig-on sa kinaiyahang nagsagang kanato, pinaagi sa
paglikay sa paglabay og basura bisa’g asa, paglikay sa
pagtambak og basura, ug pagsalmot sa mga kalihokan nga
mopatunhay sa kinaiyahan.
4. Nagpatukod ko og mga bungbong o mga terraces aron
makatabang sa kinaiyahan sa pagsagang sa pagdahili sa
yuta atol sa kusog nga uwan tungod sa El Niño.
5. Nananom ko og mga lumad nga balili ug libon buyon sa
mga bakilid ug agianan sa tubig nga nagpalibot sa akong
tugkaran aron mosagang sa pagdahili sa yuta ug pagbaha
atol sa El Niño.
Pagpangandam og emergency kit:

1. Sa akong panimalay, duna ko’y gitapok daan nga mga

kagamitan alang sa mga emergency, lakip na niini ang
tubig, pagkaong dili dayong madaot, tambal, ug mga first-
aid supply, aron makatabang sa akong mga kauban sa
balay atol sa mga emergency gumikan sa El Niño.
2. Akong giangay ang akong emergency kit sa mga
katalagman nga nalangkit sa El Niño pinaagi sa paglakip
og mga butang sama sa mga waterproof nga sudlanan,
pakapin nga sinina, ug pang-emergency nga habol.
3. Nakatapok ko og emergency kit nga naglakip og mga
suga, mga battery, first-aid kit, ug mga solar charger aron
makatabang sa akong mga kauban sa balay atol sa mga
emergency gumikan sa El Niño.
4. Sulod sa akong emergency kit, nagilakip ko og mga
kopya sa akong mga importante nga dokumento ug mga
pamaagi sa pagkontak nako, sama sa mga ID, insurance,
ug contact number, aron masiguro nga matawgan ko ug
makit-an ko sa panahon sa emergency atol sa El Niño.
5. Sulod sa akong emergency kit, galakip ko og mga butang
alang sa mga gagmayng bata, binuhi, ug masakiton, sama
sa diaper, gatas, pagkaon sa binuhi, ug tambal aron
 88

sigurado nga luwas ang tibuok nakong pamilya atol sa

panahon sa katalagman tungod sa El Niño.
 89

APPENDIX D
LOCATION MAP
 90

APPENDIX E
CONTENT VALIDATION

In validating the study, experts with extensive knowledge of the

research area and the capacity to critically analyze its benefits and effects will

be recruited. The content validator possesses the necessary expertise to

validate the research, as he teaches Disaster Risk Reduction Management

(DRRM). His extensive knowledge and experience in this field make him

highly qualified for this role.

His expertise enables him to assess the credibility, accuracy, and

relevance of the research findings, thereby providing valuable insights and

feedback to strengthen the study. The expert's particular skills in DRRM have

been developed through education, training, and practical experience, which

includes a solid understanding of disaster factors, risk assessment resources,

and effective management solutions.

The expert's qualifications position him well to review the study,

ensuring that it adheres to recognized standards, contributes to the

advancement of knowledge in the field, and meets the practical needs of

disaster-affected communities.
 91

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Janine Castro

Birthday: January 19, 2003

Age: 21

Address: 148. A. Lopez. St. Labangon, Cebu City

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Phone Number: 09662319723

E-mail address: janincastr@gmail.com

Mother: Marissa S. Castro

Father: Romeo Q. Castro

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Primary: Labangon BLISS Elementary School (2009-2015)

Secondary: Salazar Colleges of Science and Institute of Technology

(20152021)

Tertiary: University of Cebu (2021-Present)

Program: Bachelor of Science in Nursing

 92

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name:Crislyn C. Mangubat

Birthday: December 11, 2001

Age: 22

Address: Univille Kasambagan, Cebu City

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Phone Number: 09666487225

E-mail address: crislynmangubat9@gmail.com

Mother: Marivic C. Mangubat

Father: Joselito G. Mangubat

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Primary: Talamban Elementary School (2008-2014)

Secondary: Banilad Night High School. (2014-2020)

Tertiary: University of Cebu (2021-Present)

Program: Bachelor of Science in Nursing

 93

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Robert Marione Garcia

Birthday: April 11, 2003

Age: 20

Address: Highway 77 Talamban, Cebu, City

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Adventist

Phone Number: 09662482135

E-mail address: garciarobertmarione@gmail.com

Mother: Maribeth S. Garcia

Father: Rodulfo D. Garcia

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Primary: Villanueva Elementary School (2009-2015)

Secondary: Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Hearts (2015-2020)

Tertiary: University of Cebu (2021-Present)

Program: Bachelor of Science in Nursing

 94

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Famela Rose Ruiz

Birthday: February 04, 2002

Age: 21

Address: Katugasan, Casili, Consolacion, Cebu

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Phone Number: 09995855888

E-mail address: famela033@gmail.com

Mother: Maria Saidy R. Jugan

Father: Claver A. Capangpangan

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Primary: Consolacion Central School (2008-2014)

Secondary: La Consolacion College - Liloan, Cebu Inc. (2014-2020)

Tertiary: University of Cebu (2021-Present)

Program: Bachelor of Science in Nursing

 95

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Cloyd Jason A. Villarta

Birthday: February 23, 2002

Age: 21

Address: E. Sabellano St., Sitio Franada, Quiot Pardo, C. C.

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Roman Catholic

Phone Number: 09999829265

E-mail address: cloydjasonvillarta@gmail.com

Mother: Donabella A. Villarta

Father: Lydio A.Villarta Jr.

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Primary: Don Vicente Rama Memorial Elementary School (2009-2015)

Secondary: Don Vicente Rama Memorial National High School (2015-

2021)

Tertiary: University of Cebu (2021-Present)

Program: Bachelor of Science in Nursing

 96

CURRICULUM VITAE

Name: Zadie Marie R. Zafra

Birthday: May 14, 2002

Age: 21

Address: 32 Silver Street Labangon, Tisa, Cebu

Nationality: Filipino

Religion: Catholic

Phone Number: 09951675686

E-mail address: z.zadiezafra@gmail.com

Mother: Grace R. Zafra

Father: Zaidevic M. Zafra

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Primary: University of San-Jose Recoletos (2009-2015)

Secondary: University of San-Jose Recoletos (2015-2021)

Tertiary: University of Cebu (2021-Present)

Program: Bachelor of Science in Nursing

 97

Name: Sheen Mark T. Bilbao

Age: 51

Birthdate: May 11, 1973

Gender: Male

Nationality: Filipino

Contact number:(63998) 988 6998

(6332) 268 8687

Email: surg.nurse72@gmail.com

Permanent Address: Z3-092 Valley View Village, Mohon Talisay City 6045 Cebu

Education:

● Post-Graduate - University of Cebu, Cebu City - Master of Arts in Nursing (MAN)

(Major in Medical-Surgical Nursing)
● College/Degree - Dr. Carlos S. Lanting College (Bachelor of Science in Nursing
(BSN) - Tandang Sora Ave., Quezon City
- Trinity College of Quezon City - E. Rodriguez Sr. Ave., Quezon
City High School :
● High School - Ramon Magsaysay (Cubao) High School - E. Delos Santos Ave.,
Cubao, Quezon City
● Elementary - Trinity College of Quezon City - E. Rodriguez Sr. Ave., Quezon City

WORK EXPERIENCE

● Clinical Instructor/Classroom Lecturer – Level III & IV ( University of Cebu

– Banilad Campus) -- June 2018 – Present
● Clinical Instructor – Level III (University of Cebu – Banilad Campus – February
2007 – May 2011

Job Description:
 98

a. Supervision of Nursing students in Clinical Areas: Operating Room,

Post-Anesthesia Care Unit, Delivery Room, Out-Patient Department,
and Wards, in affiliated hospitals of the university.

b. Teaching and instruction of nursing students the theories and concept of

nursing care with focus on preventive, promotive, curative, and
rehabilitative aspects.

c. Overseeing nursing students in the attainment of goals set by the

university, but not limited to the performance of duties and
responsibilities, enhancement of skills, gaining of knowledge and
development of attitudes towards the practice in the clinical area, home
setting and the community.

● Charge Nurse/Supervisor – OR-PACU / DR-LR / NR-NICU Departments -

(Mactan Doctors’ Hospital - Basak, Lapulapu City, Cebu, Philippines) September
2004 to December 2006

Job Description:

a. Supervision of staff/personnel - nurses, midwives, nursing aides and

orderlies - in the Operating Room, Labor and Delivery Room, Nursery
/ NICU and the Central Service;

b. Arrangement and scheduling of assignments of the staff;

c. Monthly performance of administrative work – income reports, monthly

census, waste management and disposal and infection control reports;

d. Direct supervision of students nurses assigned to the unit, and;

e. All related work of an OR / DR / NR Staff Nurse.

● Staff Nurse – OR-PACU / DR Department - IV Therapy Nurse

○ Reliever Staff Nurse – Endoscopy Unit / Emergency Department
(Mactan Doctors’ Hospital - Basak, Lapulapu City, Cebu, Philippines)
March 2002 to October 2004 (Mar. 2002 to Oct. 2002 – Probationary)

Job Description:

a. Functions as a Circulating Nurse or the Scrubbed Nurse during surgical

procedures;
 99

b. Performs labor watch and assesses conditions of patients in active labor;

c. Assist in the delivery of a newborn or delivers the newborn in the absence

of a physician;

d. Assesses the condition of the newborn and performs appropriate care;

e. Planning of nursing care to patients due for surgery;

f. Implementation of nursing care and administration of medications;

g. Insertion and administration of intravenous fluids and medications;

h. Assist in the performance of an endoscopic procedures;

i. Care of equipment and machines related to OR, DR, Nursery and

Endoscopy Units;

j. Care of patients in the Recovery phase (PACU);

k. Transmission of charges for billing purposes;

l. Environmental sanitation.

● Nurse Orientee - (Mactan Doctors’ Hospital - Basak, Lapu Lapu City,Cebu,

Philippines) - February 2002 to March 2002

Job Description:

a. Provides care to an assigned group of patients in the wards;

b. Monitoring and assess patients’ vital signs;

c. Administration of medications both oral and intravenous;

d. Performs bedside nursing to assigned patients.

● Medical Representative - (Randril International Company, Inc. - Sct. Tobias cor.

Timog Ave., Quezon City) - June 2000 to June 2001

Job Description:

a. Work includes promotion of pharmaceutical products to physicians;

b. Books orders from hospital pharmacies and drugstores;

c. Performs servicing to select physicians.

 100

● Personal Business - July 1997 to May 2000

● Medical Representative - (Pascual Laboratories, Inc. - EDSA, Quezon City) -
November 1995 to June 1997

PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATION

● Philippine Nurses’ Association (PNA)

○ Regular Member - 1994, 2002 to present
○ Board of Trustee (Cebu Chapter) - 2021
● Operating Room Nurses’ Association of the Philippines (ORNAP)
○ Regular Member - 2002 to 2004
○ Life Member - Since 2005
○ President (Cebu Chapter) - 2005 to 2006
○ Adviser - 2007
● Philippine Hospital Infection Control Society (PHICS)
○ Regular Member - 2005

MACHINES AND EQUIPMENTS OPERATED

● Anesthesia Machines with Ventilaton

● Patient Monitors (i.e. Cardiac Monitors, Pulse Oximeters…)
● Dermatomes
● Electrocautery Machines / Diathermy
● Defibrillators
● Electrocardiographs
● Infusion Pumps
● Suction Machine with Intermittent Program
● Thoracic Pump / Intestinal Pump
● Pneumatic Tourniquet and Drills
● Fetal Monitors
● Incubators
● Biliblankets
● Radiant Warmers
● Ophthalmic Microscope
● Endoscopes / Colonoscopes
● VisX Excimer Laser
 101

GOOD CLINICAL PRACTICE

102