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Fluid Mechanics II: Lecture #8

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8 views20 pages

Fluid Mechanics II: Lecture #8

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s.eleslam122
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fluid Mechanics II

Lecture #8
Dr. Mahmoud Nady Abdelmoez
Mechanical Engineering Department
Course outline
• Ch #1 (Steady Incompressible Flows in Piping Systems )

• Ch #2 (Boundary Layer Theory)

• Ch #3 (Unsteady Flow in Conduits)

• Ch #4 (An Introduction to Hydrodynamics)

• Ch #5 (Flow About Submerged Bodies)


• The Boundary Layer Concept
• The Differential Equations of the Boundary Layer
• The Navier-Stokes Equations
• The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
• Approximate Solution to the Laminar Boundary Layer With Zero Pressure
Gradient

Ch #2 •
•
The Displacement and Momentum Thickness
Similarity solutions for the laminar incompressible boundary layer

(Boundary • The turbulent boundary layer

Layer
Theory)
The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
The Continuity Equation in Integral Form
• Consider a two-dimensional flow along a flat
surface, such that a boundary layer grows
starting at x = 0.

For constant density;


The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
The Momentum Equation in Integral Form

This is the momentum equation in integral


form, for constant density;
The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
Approximate Solution to the Laminar Boundary Layer With Zero
Pressure Gradient
• The previous integration can be now calculated using the velocity
profile given by equation

• Simplifying and separating the variables, we have

• Using δ = 0 at x = 0 (the leading edge), integrating we obtain


The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
Approximate Solution to the Laminar Boundary Layer With Zero
Pressure Gradient
Now, we can evaluate a friction coefficient based on free-stream
velocity , using the defining equation
The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
Approximate Solution to the Laminar Boundary Layer With Zero
Pressure Gradient
Now, we can evaluate the drag force per unit width of the plate by

The mean friction coefficient along the plate:


The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
Approximate Solution to the Laminar Boundary Layer With Zero
Pressure Gradient
Displacement thickness:
The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate
Approximate Solution to the Laminar Boundary Layer With Zero
Pressure Gradient
Momentum thickness:
The Boundary Layer Along a Flat Plate

Momentum thickness:
The Steady Turbulent Boundary Layer Along a
Flat Plate
• There are no known analytical solutions for turbulent boundary layer that
are analogous to Blasius solution for the laminar boundary layer on a flat
plate.

• Prandtl assumed that the average velocity in the x-direction at any point
has the same kind of distribution as that found in a pipe and is represented
by Prandtl’s rule of 1/7 power in the form:
The Steady Turbulent Boundary Layer Along a
Flat Plate
• There are no known analytical solutions for turbulent boundary layer that
are analogous to Blasius solution for the laminar boundary layer on a flat
plate.

• Prandtl assumed that the average velocity in the x-direction at any point
has the same kind of distribution as that found in a pipe and is represented
by Prandtl’s rule of 1/7 power in the form:
The Steady Turbulent Boundary Layer Along a
Flat Plate
• Prandtl assumed that the average velocity in the x-direction at any point
has the same kind of distribution as that found in a pipe and is represented
by Prandtl’s rule of 1/7 power in the form:

• The equation of the wall shear stress is taken directly from the circular
pipe:
The Steady Turbulent Boundary Layer Along a
Flat Plate
• Using the momentum equation in integral form
The Steady Turbulent Boundary Layer Along a
Flat Plate
The Steady Turbulent Boundary Layer Along a
Flat Plate

• We can compute a friction coefficient for a turbulent boundary layer obtaining

• The average friction factor over a length x of the plate, measured from the
leading edge, f 0− x , is given by:
The Steady Turbulent Boundary Layer Along a
Flat Plate
The Steady Turbulent Boundary Layer Along a
Flat Plate

• To calculate drag or friction force on the


plate

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