ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Code No. MP 323

Lec. No 5b

By

Dr. Abdel-Moneim M. Nassib

Mechanical Engineering Department
University of Assiut
2021-2022

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• 3-4 CENTRIFUGAL COLLECTORS
• Two general types of centrifugal collectors-cyclones and
dynamic-precipitators are commonly used.
• Cyclones
v i2
Fc = Mpx (3-3)
R
• where Fc = centrifugal force, N
• M
2 p
= particulate mass, kg
vi
• = centrifugal acceleration, where vi equals
R
particle velocity and R equals radius of the
cyclone, m/s2 .

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Figure 3-3 Standard-dimension cyclone collector. (a) Relative
dimensions and operational mode. (b) Empirical efficiency for
standard-dimension cyclone collector as a function of relative 3
particle size.
Fig. 3-4 Cyclones arranged in parallel: (a) multiple
cyclone and (b) collector element.

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Determination of collection efficiency
The size of this particle is determined by the following
equation based on work by Lapple.
1/ 2
 9b 
d 50 =   (3-4)
 2N v  
 e i p 
where d50 = diameter of the particle that is collected
with 50 percent efficiency, m
µ = gas viscosity, kg/m.s
b = width of cyclone inlet, m
Ne = number of effective turns within the cyclone
vi = inlet gas velocity, m/s
ρp = density of the particulate matter, kg/m3

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Example 3-2: Determining particle removal efficiency
in cyclones. An air stream with a flow rate of 7 m3/s is
passed through a cyclone of standard proportions.
The diameter of the cyclone is 2.0 m, and the air
temperature is 77°C.
(a) Determine the removal efficiency for a particle with
a density of 1.5 g/cm3 and a diameter of 10 µm.
(b) Determine the collection efficiency based on the
above if a bank of 64 cyclones with diameters of 24
cm are used instead of the single large unit

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 D D
b= = 0.5 , h= = 1.0
4 2

Area of inlet = 1 x 0.5 = 0.5 m2

1/ 2
Q 7m / s 3  9b 
vi = = = 14 m / s d 50 =  
A 0.5m 2  2N v  
 e i p 
At this inlet velocity, Ne = 5 turns
At 77°C,µ =2.l x 10-5 kg/m.s
Using Eq. (3-4).
 9x2.1x10 −5 kg / m.sx0.5m 
d 50 =  
 2x5x14m / sx1500kg / m
3

=1.19x10-5 m = 12 µm
d 10
= = 0.83
d 50 12
From Fig. 3-3b the efficiency for the l0-µm particle is found to be about 42 percent.

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 D 0.24 D 0.24
b= = = 0.06 m , h= = = 0.12 m
4 4 2 2

Area of inlet = 0.06 x 0.12 = 7.2x10-3 m2

Area of all inlets = 64x7.2x10-3 m2
= 0.45 m2
Q 7m 3 / s
Inlet velocity v i = = 2
= 15 m / s
A 0.45m
1/ 2
 9x2.1x10 kg / m.sx0.06m 
−5
 9b 
1/ 2

d 50 =  
3  d 50 =  
 2N v  
 2x5x15m / sx1500kg / m   e i p 
=4.0 x 10-6 m = 4.0 µm

d 10
= = 2.5
d 50 4

From Fig. 3-3b the efficiency for the 10-µm particle is about 88 percent.
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• Cyclone collectors are:
1- Relatively inexpensive to construct and operate.
2- They can handle large volumes of gases at temperatures up to 980°C.
3- Pressure drops across these units are generally low and range from 2.5 to 20
cm of water.
4- Cyclones have been used successfully at feed and grain mills, cotton gins,
cement plants, fertilizer plants, petroleum refineries, asphalt mixing plants, and
other applications involving large quantities of gas containing relatively large
particles.

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Dynamic Precipitators
Dynamic precipitators are compact units that impart a
centrifugal force to the particulate by the action of
rotating vanes, a force about seven times that of a
conventional cyclone of the same capacity.

Fig. 3-5 Dynamic precipitator.

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 3-5 WET COLLECTORS
Wet collectors, or scrubbers, remove particulate matter
from gas streams by incorporating the particles into
liquid droplets directly on contact.
Table 3-3 Average pressure drops from well-designed
collectors of several different types
Wet collector Pressure drop, cm w.g.
Chamber 1-4
Centrifugal 5-15
Dynamic 15
Atomizing orifice type 8—15
Atomizing venturi type 12-250

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Fig3-6 Graph of efficiency versus particle size for a wet
scrubber.
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Three of the wet collectors most commonly used for
control of particulate matter are:
1- The spray tower.
2- The wet cyclone scrubber.
3- The venturi scrubber.

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Spray Towers are:
1- Low-cost scrubbers that can be used to remove both
gaseous and particulate contaminants.
2- Effective in removing
particles in excess of
10 μm.

Fig. 3-7 Spray tower scrubber.

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Wet Cyclone Scrubbers
In a simple wet cyclone scrubber, high-pressure spray
nozzles located in various places within the cyclone
chamber generate.
For droplets of 100 μm, efficiency approaches 100
percent, and 90 to 98 percent removal is achieved for
droplets between 5 and 50 µm.

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Fig. 3-8 Wet cyclone scrubber. 16
Venturi Scrubbers
1- Venturi scrubbers are most efficient for removing
particulate matter in the size range of 0.5 to 5 µm,
that makes them especially effective for the removal
of submicron particulates associated with smoke and
fumes.
2- At velocities from 60 to 180 m/s, the contaminated
gas passes through a duct that has a venturi-shaped
throat section.

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Fig. 3-9 Venturi wet collector: (a) theoretical section (b) application.

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3-6 FABRIC FILTERS (BAGHOUSE FILTERS)
Filter bags are capable of removing most particles as small as
0.5 μm and will remove substantial quantities of particles as
small as 0.1 μm. Filter bags ranging from 1.8 to 9 m long.
Cleaning fabric filters
1- Intermittent cleaning. Because intermittent cleaning
means the unit must be shut down to prevent the discharge
of raw gases directly into the atmosphere, that method is
seldom used.
2- Periodic cleaning. In periodic cleaning portions of the filter
device are shut down and cleaned for brief intervals, while
the rest remains operational.
3- Continuously cleaning. In a continuous, automatic cleaning
operation, cleaning of some parts of the filter occurs at all
times. Continuously cleaned filters that use a traveling blow
ring or reverse-air jets leave little filter cake in place at any
time.
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The problems associated with the use of fabric filters:
1. The possibility of explosion or fire exists if sparks
are discharged in a baghouse area where organic
dusts are being filtered.
2. Space limitations may prohibit use of baghouses
large enough to handle heavy loads.
3. There is always a slight possibility of rupture or
other adverse effects because of temperatures too
high for the fabric medium or because of the
moisture, acidity, or alkalinity content of the
particulate-laden gas stream. Judicious fabric choice
can minimize these problems

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Table 3-4 Summary of data on the common filter
media used in industrial baghouses

Maximum temperature at baghouse inlet

Chemical resistance
for continuous duty
Summary of
Recommended
Fabric published data, Acid Alkali
maximum, °C
°C
Cotton 70—90 80 Poor Fair
Dynel 65—80 80 Good Good
Wool 80—110 105 Good Poor
Nylon 90—140 105 Good Poor
Orion 90—175 135 Good Fair
Dacron 120—175 135 Excellent Good
Glass 260—370 290 Excellent Excellent

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Fig. 3-10 Baghouse filter. (a) Typical simple fabric filter baghouse design. 22
Example 3-3: A fabric filter is to be constructed using
bags that are 0.3 m in diameter and 6.0 m long. The
baghouse is to receive 10 m3/s of air, and the
appropriate filtering velocity has been determined to
be 2.0 m/min. Determine the number of bags
required for a continuously cleaned operation.
SOLUTION
1. Determine the cloth area required.
60 s
10 m 3 / s x = 600m 3 / min
min

600m 3 / min
= 300 m 2
2 m / min

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2. The area of one bag is:
DH = x0.3mx6.0 m = 5.65 m 2
3. The total number of bags is
300m 2
2
= 53.05, use 54
5.65 m
Fabric filters have many applications.
1- They have a high collection efficiency over a broad
range of particle sizes.
2- Extreme flexibility in design, the ability to handle
large volumes of gases at relatively high speeds.
3- Reasonable operating pressure drops and power
requirements.
4- The ability to handle a diversity of solid materials.
5- They are particularly useful in many high-volume
operations such as cement kilns, foundries, steel
furnaces, and grain-handling plants.
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