1. Ingestion: Ingestion is the process of taking in food through the mouth.

The organs involved in

ingestion are the mouth and associated structures such as the teeth, tongue, and salivary glands 1 2.

2. What do you think will

happen if you chew the
foods?
3. Yes, you are right. And
that is an example of
mechanical digestion,
4. it involve the physical
changes in the food.
5. How about the chemical
digestion? What gland is
involves in this?
6. Correct! They produce
salivary amylase to
breakdown
7. carbohydrates and turn
the food into bolus, for the
digestion in
8. stomach
9. What do you think will
happen if you chew the
foods?
10. Yes, you are right. And
that is an example of
mechanical digestion,
11. it involve the physical
changes in the food.
12. How about the
chemical digestion? What
gland is involves in this?
13. Correct! They produce
salivary amylase to
breakdown
14. carbohydrates and
turn the food into bolus,
for the digestion in
15. stomach
16. What do you think will
happen if you chew the
foods?
17. Yes, you are right. And
that is an example of
mechanical digestion,
18. it involve the physical
changes in the food.
19. How about the
chemical digestion? What
gland is involves in this?
20. Correct! They produce
salivary amylase to
breakdown
21. carbohydrates and
turn the food into bolus,
for the digestion in
22. stomach
23. What do you think will
happen if you chew the
foods?
24. Yes, you are right. And
that is an example of
mechanical digestion,
25. it involve the physical
changes in the food.
26. How about the
chemical digestion? What
gland is involves in this?
27. Correct! They produce
salivary amylase to
breakdown
28. carbohydrates and
turn the food into bolus,
for the digestion in
29. stomach
2. Digestion: Digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller components that can be absorbed by the body.
The organs involved in digestion include the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
Mechanical digestion, which involves the physical breakdown of food, occurs in the mouth and stomach.
Chemical digestion, which involves the breakdown of food by enzymes, occurs primarily in the small
intestine 1 3 4.

3. Absorption: Absorption is the process by which nutrients from digested food are taken up by cells in the
intestines and transported to the rest of the body. The primary organ involved in absorption is the small
intestine. The small intestine has a large surface area due to the presence of finger-like projections called
villi, which increase the absorption capacity. Through the processes of osmosis and diffusion, nutrients such
as glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and vitamins are absorbed into the bloodstream 5 2 [[7]].

4. Assimilation: Assimilation is the process by which absorbed nutrients are utilized by body cells in
metabolism. Once nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream, they are available to all cells in the body. The
liver plays a crucial role in assimilation by storing and processing nutrients, as well as detoxifying certain
substances. The nutrients are then delivered to the rest of the body as needed 5.

5. Excretion: Excretion is the process of removing waste products from the body. In the context of nutrition,
excretion refers to the elimination of undigested materials and waste products of metabolism. The organs
involved in excretion are the large intestine, which eliminates undigested materials as feces, and the urinary
system, which eliminates waste products through urine 2.

EVALUATE

1. Ingestion: Ingestion is the process of taking in food through the mouth. The mouth is the organ
involved in this process 1.
2. Add more surface in the small intestine for easy absorption of nutrients: The small intestine has
finger-like projections called villi that increase the surface area for absorption of nutrients 2.
3. Absorbs water/electrolytes: The large intestine, specifically the colon, is responsible for absorbing
water and electrolytes from the undigested food material 3.
4. Produces digestive juices such as amylase, peptidase, and lipase: The pancreas produces digestive
juices that contain enzymes such as amylase (for carbohydrate digestion), peptidase (for protein
digestion), and lipase (for fat digestion).
5. Produces bile that turns large droplet of fat into smaller one: The liver produces bile, which is
stored in the gallbladder and released into the small intestine. Bile helps in the emulsification of fats,
breaking them down into smaller droplets for easier digestion 2.
6. It is a semifluid material formed from bolus that is acted upon by the gastric juices secreted by
the stomach: The semifluid material formed from the bolus that is acted upon by gastric juices is
called chyme. It is produced in the stomach.
7. It is the muscle contraction in the esophagus that aids in pushing down food into the
stomach: The muscle contraction in the esophagus that aids in pushing down food into the stomach
is called peristalsis 4.
8. The process in which digested foods are distributed into different parts of the body cells: The
process in which digested foods are distributed into different parts of the body cells is called
assimilation. Once nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream, they are transported to different cells
and tissues for utilization 5.
9. Process of turning food into smaller molecules with the aid of enzymes: The process of turning
food into smaller molecules with the aid of enzymes is called digestion. It involves both mechanical
and chemical processes and occurs in various organs such as the mouth, stomach, and small
intestine 6.
10. Enzyme in the stomach that digests proteins: The enzyme in the stomach that digests proteins is
called pepsin 7.
Mouth: The mouth, or oral cavity, is the first part of the digestive tract. It receives food, breaks it into small particles
through chewing (mastication), and mixes it with saliva. The lips, cheeks, and palate form its boundaries. The mouth
also plays a role in speech formation.

Esophagus: The esophagus is a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. It transports food from the
mouth to the stomach through rhythmic contractions called peristalsis.

Stomach: The stomach is a muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. It secretes gastric juices, including
enzymes and acid, to break down food further and mix it into a semi-liquid substance called chyme. The stomach
also helps regulate the release of food into the small intestine.

Small Intestine: The small intestine is a long tube where most of the digestion and absorption of nutrients occur. It
receives chyme from the stomach and continues the breakdown of food using enzymes produced by the pancreas
and intestinal cells. Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestinal walls for distribution to the
body.

Large Intestine: The large intestine, also known as the colon, absorbs water and electrolytes from the remaining
undigested food, forming feces. It also houses beneficial bacteria that aid in the final digestion of certain substances
and the production of certain vitamins. The colon eliminates waste through the rectum and anus.

Anus: The anus is the opening at the end of the digestive tract through which feces are eliminated from the body.

Liver: The liver is a large organ that performs various functions in the body, including producing bile. Bile helps in the
digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine. The liver also detoxifies harmful substances, stores nutrients,
and produces important proteins.

Pancreas: The pancreas is a glandular organ that produces digestive enzymes and hormones. The digestive enzymes
are released into the small intestine to further break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The pancreas also
produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels.

Gallbladder: The gallbladder is a small organ that stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver. When needed,
it releases bile into the small intestine to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats.