Continuous Internal Assessment - ll

Automobile Engineering
Answer Key
Part-A
1) Distinguish between torque converter gear box and fluid flywheel
Ans:
Fluid flywheel or fluid coupling
 Output speed is less than the input speed.
 It is used to transmit rotary motion from a shaft to another shaft with almost same
torque.
 Casing rotates with shafts.
Torque Converter gear Box

 Output speed is more than the input speed.

 It is also used to transmit rotary motion from a shaft to another with increased
torque.
 Casing is stationary.

2) Important of using slip joint in the driveline of a vehicle?

Ans:
A slip joint is used between a propeller shaft and universal joint connecting the propeller
shaft to compensate the change in length and it helps to transmit power from the engine to
the rear axle at the same time.

3) Types of rear axles used in various Indian vehicles.

Ans:
1. Semi-floating axle
2. Three-quarter floating axle Ambassador.
3. Full floating axle

4) Torsion Bar?
Ans:
Torsion bar is a steel bar which is operated by both twisting and absorbing shear only.

5) Traction Control?
Ans:
The control system which maintains the traction and stability of the vehicle regardless
of the road surface condition is known as traction control.

The primary function of a traction control system is to maintain the traction and stability of
the vehicle regardless of the road surface condition.
6) Write short note on EBD?
Ans:
EBD (Electronic Brake Force Distribution) is a technology that enables the braking force of a
vehicle to be increased or applied automatically depending on road conditions, speed of the
vehicle, weight of vehicle, etc. An EBD system can not only detect how much weight is being
supported by each wheel but it varies the amount of braking power sent to each wheel on
an instant-by-instant basis.

Part-B

7)A) Explain Differential with neat sketch?

Ans:

Both right and left wheels are always rotated at the same speed when the vehicle is running on flat
roads. But when the vehicle travels on curved road during turning, the inner wheels need to run
slower than the outer wheel as it is required to travel less distance. So, the wheels are designed in
such a way that they rotate at different speeds
The path of the inside wheel (A) and the path of the outside wheel (B) of a vehicle when it turns
along a curve are shown in Figure 3.44 for comparison. The outside wheel (B) draws.

The basic parts of the type of differential used in rear-wheel-drive cars. On the inner ends of each
axle a smaller bevel gear called differential side gear is mounted. Two bevel gears are put together to
mesh both driving and driven shafts at an angle of 90°. The differential case is mounted with two
wheel axles and differential side gears. The differential case has bearings which rotate two axle
shafts. Then, the two pinion gears and their supporting shaft, called pinion shafts, are fitted into the
differential case. Then, the pinion shaft is meshed with the two differential side gears connected to
inner ends of the axle.

While the car is running on a-straight road, the resistance at both wheels is equal and the ring gear,
differential case, differential pinion gears and two differential side gears will tum as a unit. It results
the side gears rotating at the same speed as the ring gear makes both drive wheels to rotate at the
same speed. The differential pinions revolve without spinning about its own axis and both wheels
turn at the same rate.

If the left differential side gear encounters resistance (when the vehicle runs on curved path), the
differential pinions spin as well as revolve which allows the left differential side gear to slow down
with an equal speeding up of the right differential side gear. It causes the outer wheel to turn faster
than the inner wheel. Thus, for example, if the vehicle is making a turn to the right, the main ring
gear may make 10 full rotations. During that time, the left wheel will make more rotations because it
has further to travel and the right wheel will make fewer rotations as it has less distance to travel.
The differential side gears will rotate in opposite directions relative to the ring gear by, say, 2 full
turns each, resulting in the left wheel making 12 rotations, and the right wheel making 8 rotations.
The rotation of the ring gear is always the average of the rotations of the differential side gears.

7)B) Sliding mesh gearbox with neat sketch?

Ans:

(i) Gears in neutral:

When the engine is running and the clutch is engaged, the counter shaft is driven by the cultch gear.
The cultch gear rotates in the opposite direction to counter shaft. The low speed and high speed
gears that are fitted on the transmission main shaft or gearbox shaft do not rotate because they are
not engaged with any driving gears. Therefore, there is no motion transmitted from clutch to output
shaft. Hence, the vehicle is stationary.

(ii) First or low speed gear:

When the gear shift fork moves towards direction (1) by operating the gear shift lever, the sliding
gear (5) on the output shaft will be shifted forward to mesh with low speed gear (4) on the
countershaft. It results in the rotations of input shaft being transmitted in the order (1)(2)(4) ⇒ (5) to
turn the output shaft, as shown in Figure 3.17. This gear combination is the one that produces the
lowest speed from the input shaft and low transmission.

(iii) Second gear:

When the gear shift fork is moved towards direction 2, the second sliding gear (6) will be shifted
backward to mesh with the second speed gear (3) but gear (5) and gear (4).

(v) Reverse gear:

When the gear shift fork is moved towards direction R, the sliding gear (5) will be shifted backward to
mesh with the reverse idler gear (8), as shown in Figure 3.20. Then the rotation of input shaft is
transmitted in the order (1) (2) (7) (8) (5) to turn the output shaft in reverse direction. It is the
transmission in reverse speed. Even though there is no measure to allow easy meshing of gears,
"double clutching" technique must be acquired for shifting gears properly. The gears also have some
disadvantages such as noisy and defects. So, this type is not practically in current use.

8)A) Antilock Braking System (ABS)?

Ans:
4.4.9. Antilock Braking Systems (ABS)
Stopping safely is one of the most important functions a motor vehicle. Antilock brake ystem (ABS)
prevents the wheels of a vehicle brake from locking when the brakes are applied suddenly, thus it
avoids skidding and maintain the ability to steer a vehicle. The Jocking of wheels of a vehicle is
extremely dangerous on wet or icy roads.

4.4.9.1. Need of ABS in Automobiles

During sudden application of brake, the wheels may stop rotating before the car comes to a halt. This
condition is known as locking up. Locking up refers to the braking force on the wheel not being
transferred efficiently to stop the vehicle due to tyre sliding upon the road.

When the front wheels are locked during hard braking, the driver losses the control of direction and
the vehicles continues to move in its current direction. When the rear wheels are locked, the vehicle
can spin around thereby creating an extremely unstable condition. ABS is a form of electronic braking
which helps a driver to control the vehicle under heavy braking by preventing wheels from locking
up. To avoid such locking, ABS is employed.

The ABS automatically controls the brakes to keep the wheels in rotating condition. Thus, ABS
enables the driver to apply the brakes while steering around in an emergency situation. Therefore,
even an inexperienced driver can brake safely and effectively.

8)B) Steering system with Neat sketch?

Ans:
Ball joints:
These joints are connected at both ends of the drag link and tie rod. It performs the angular
displacement, rotational movement of the drag link and the tie rod produced by the front wheel
rotation and suspension articulation.

Drag link:
It is connected between pitman arm and steering arm. It is a single piece forge component having a
ball joint socket formed at the end in some other cases.

Steering arm:
It is also a forged component which is connected to the steering knuckle. During turning the drag link
force is converted into a turning moment about the left kingpin. The steering arm is connected to the
spindle through a keyway, locking taper and nut. The arm is extended either to the front or rear
spindles according to package constraints. The end of the steering arm connects with the drag link
and a tapered hole receives the ball stud.

Left spindle and kingpin:

The torque obtained by the steering arm rotates the left spindle, wheel and tyre about the Kingpin.

Left tie rod arm:

The left tie rod arm is connected with the spindle in the same way as the steering arm converts the
available torque to turn the right wheel into force in the tie rod. The tie rod ha tapered hole to
receive the tie rod ball stud.

Tie rod:
The tie rod is a tubular member. Both left and right tie rod arms are connected by thi rod. The force is
transmitted between these two components. The tie rod ends have fer threads but the ball joint
shafts have mating male threads. The threaded connections are together firmly by locking clamps
after setting the correct length. The length of the tie re an adjustable one to the specified amount. In
the direct cross type steering linkage pitman arm is directly connected to one tie rod which in turn is
connected to another tie The other end of the tie rod is connected to steering arms.

Part-C
9)A) Multiplate clutch with neat sketch?
Ans:
Multi-plate clutches are used in heavy vehicles with racing cars and motorcycles for transmitting high
torque. As compared to single plate clutch, this type of clutch is smooth and easy to operate due to
their assembly of friction surface's contact. It may be used where the space is very limited.

As the number of clutch plates is increased, the friction surfaces will be also increased. The increase
in friction surface obviously increases the capacity of the clutch to transmit more torque for the same
size. The multi-plate clutch of small size transmits approximately the same torque as a single plate
clutch of twice the diameter.

These clutches may be wet or dry type. When the clutch of this type is operated in a bath of oil, it is
called wet clutch. But, this oil immersed wet clutches are generally used in conjunction with a part of
the automatic transmission. The multi-plate clutch consists of number of clutch plates. Its
construction is similar to a single plate clutch except that the number of clutch plates.

The total number of clutch plates is divided into two sets in which one from each set is alternatively
arranged as shown in Figure 3.6. One set of plate slides in grooves on the flywheel and other one
slides on splines on the pressure plate hub. These plates are firmly pressed by a strong coil spring and
assembled in a drum. Multiplate clutch works in the same way as the single plate clutch by operating
the clutch pedal.

9)B) Fluid Flywheel?

Ans:

It is also known as fluid clutch or fluid coupling which couples the driving member with driven
member through a media of fluid. It consists of two members in which one is driving member and
the other one is driven member as shown in Figure 3.35. Among them, the driving member is
connected with the engine flywheel and the driven member is connected with the transmission
shaft. These two members are not made to contact with each other. The driven member is free to
slide on splines provided on the transmission shaft. The two rotors are filled with fluid of required
viscosity. Radial ribs are provided to form a number of passages to avoid the formation of eddies.
They also guide the fluid to flow in the desired direction.

10)A) Telescopic type shock absorber?

Ans:

The upper eye of the telescopic shock absorber is attached to the axle and the lower eye is attached
to the chassis frame as shown in Figure 4.51. A two way valve V_{1} is connected to a rod. Another
one two-way valve V_{2} is connected to the lower end of the cylinder. The fluid occupies the space
between above and below the valve V_{1} and also the annular space between cylinder and tube. A
gland is provided on the head. Fluid scrapped out by the rod is brought down into the annular space
through the inclined passage.

Working:
When the vehicle comes across a bump, the lower eye will move up. So, the fluid follows from lower
side of the valve V_{1} to the upper side. Due to less volume of the space above valve V_{1} than the
volume of the rod, the pressure is exerted on valve V_{2} Thus, the damping force is produced by this
pressure of the fluid. The fluid will flow from the upper side of the valve V_{1} to lower side when the
lower eye moves down and from lower side of the valve V_{2} to its upper side. When a car absorbs
shocks from the road surface, the suspension springs will compress and expand because the spring
has the characteristic of continuing to oscillate for a long time of oscillation to stop. So, a riding
comfort will be poor even the damp oscillation is supplied.

10)B) Hydraulic braking system with neat sketch?

Ans:

Today, most of the cars use hydraulic brake system on all wheels with additional hand brake the stop
the rear wheel movement. The liquid pressure supplies hydraulic brakes. The pedal force is
transmitted to the brake shoe by definite quantity of liquid passing through a force transmission
system. Then the force applied to the pedal is multiplied and transmitted to brake shoes by a suitable
transmission system based upon Pascal's principle. It states that the total pressure acting on the
transmission system is equal to the sum of pressures acting in all directions without any losses.

Hydraulic braking system consists of two main components which are master cylinder and wheel
cylinder. The master cylinder is attached to the wheel cylinder by tubes on each of four wheels. The
system has light liquid pressure which acts as a brake fluid. This brake fluid is a mixture of glycerin
and alcohol or castor oil, denatured alcohol and some additives.

Construction:
Wheel brake has a cylinder brake drum connected on the inner side of the wheel as shown in Figure
4.75. Two brake shoes are connected inside the brake drums. The shoes are fixed with heat and wear
resisting brake lining on their surface. The brake pedal is fitted to the master cylinder piston by a
piston rod.
Working:

When the brake is applied, the driver depresses the pedal to force the piston into the master
cylinder. It will increase the pressure of the fluid in the master cylinder. So, the entry hydraulic system
pressure is increased. This pressure is transmitted equally to the wheel cylinder on each of four
brakes. Then, it forces the wheel cylinder piston outwards. Due to this, the brake shoes are forced
out against the brake drums. Hence, the brake is applied.