9 Oct 2023

LESSON 1
Introduction to Engineering Profession

At the end of this module, it is expected that the student is able to:

• define what is profession, engineering, ethics or morality, professional ethics,

and engineering ethics;
• differentiate the various engineering tasks and their potential moral
problems;
• familiarize with some impediments or obstacles to responsive professional
action;
• aware the common traits of good engineers to become successful
professionals; and
• explain the importance of engineering ethics

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ETHICS
• Also called moral philosophy

• a set of standards by which a particular group decides to regulate its

behavior. It is a system of moral principles by which human actions and
proposals may be judged as good or bad

ETHICS
In a broad sense, it is the discipline concerned with
• What is morally good or bad?
• What is morally right or wrong?
• Moral duty and obligation

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ETHICS
• For example, from the movie John Wick, The Continental, have their
own rules.

• Thus, gangsters and syndicates for a particular purpose, whether lawful

and unlawful, do have their own professional ethics.

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MORAL
• rules for right conduct for all individuals

• Relating to the standards of good or bad behavior, fairness, honesty,

etc. that each person believes in, rather than to laws

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MORALLY RESPONSIBILITY
• It refers to holding to people morally accountable for some past action
or actions.

• It also means care, welfare, or treatment of others as derived from the

specific social role that one plays in the society.

• It is likewise referring to one’s capacity for making moral or rational

decisions on his own.

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WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ETHICS AND

MORALITY?

Therefore, it is viewed that MORALITY IS

NOTHING ELSE BUT A DOING OF ETHICS. ETHICS
is used to refer to the formal study of those
MORAL STANDS AND MORAL CONDUCT.

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ETHICAL VALUES
Ethical values
• Are those values that people use to determine what is right and
wrong in different, random situations.
• Different people have different ethical values.
Compassion, love, beauty, joy, forgiveness etc

For example: Some people value compassion.

Compassion is the ability to see, feel, and respond to people’s suffering. I wish I could
help everybody, but that is definitely impossible. But I can help the people right next to
me.

ETHICAL VALUES
• A person must know the difference between right and wrong.
• A single person doing the right things all the time does not exist.
• A human being has two sides like a coin which has two sides. His
decision making capability decides the ethical values whether it is
right or wrong.
• Sometimes, if you answer ”YES” can lead to disaster or even can be
good sign.
• In the same way, if you answer ”NO”, it can lead to good sign or bad
sign, it depends on the situation.

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Three Types of Ethics or Morality

1. Common Morality – is the set of moral beliefs shared by almost
everyone. It is the basis or at least the reference point compare to
other types of morality. It primarily negative or it does contain a
positive or aspirational component in such precepts as “prevent
killing.”

2. Personal Morality – or personal ethics is the set of moral beliefs that a

person holds. This is closely parallel the precepts of common morality.
For Example, we believe that murder, lying, cheating, and stealing are
wrong. However, our personal moral beliefs may differ from common
morality in some areas.

Three Types of Ethics or Morality

3. Professional Ethic – is the set of standards adopted by professional in
so far as they view themselves acting as professionals. It is usually stated
in a formal code. It is focus on the issues that are important in that
profession. It is supposed to take precedence over personal morality.

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ETHICAL VALUES
• An example of a personal code of ethics is as follows:

• A person chooses to return a wallet that they found on the ground to

lost and found rather than keep it for themselves due to their personal
ethic of honesty.

ETHICAL VALUES (Situation)

• B went out to buy some groceries in the nearest store. To make his walk
short, he went into an alley. But just as he enters the alley, B witnesses a
hold-up situation. In the middle of the alley stands A with his knife held
against Cs neck.
• Upon seeing this, B quickly turned around and head towards where he
came from. At the same time C saw B and mustered all his courage to
swat away the knife that A was holding. A dropped the knife and C was
able to run towards Bs way. C rans past B in mere seconds.
• A then picked the knife and rans towards where C was headed. But when
he reached the corner, A could no longer see C.

• So, A turned towards B and asked where C went.

• If you are B, what will you do?

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BUSINESS ETHICS
• Business is a complex enterprise that involves several activities:
purchasing, manufacturing, marketing, advertising, selling and
accounting.

• It is the study of what is right and wrong human behavior and conduct
in business.

• It is also the study of the perceptions of people about morality, moral

norms, moral rules and ethical principles as they apply to people and
institutions in business.

BUSINESS ETHICS
• It is the study, evaluation, analysis, and questioning of ethical
standards, policies, moral norms, and ethical theories that managers
and decision makers use in resolving moral issues and ethical dilemmas
affecting business

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BUSINESS ETHICS

BUSINESS ETHICS
• Manana
• Bahala na
• Ningas Cogon
• Padrino
• Amor Propio

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BUSINESS ETHICS
• Pakikisama (Fellowship)
• Family Oriented
• Hospitality
• Joy and Humor
• Ability to survive
• Flexible
• Utang na Loob
• Suki

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PROFESSION
consists of a group of people organized to serve a body of specialized
knowledge in the interests of a society.

At the center of a profession is a set of skills, proficiencies, techniques

and competencies involving a line of work.

PROFESSION
• It referred to anyone who professed to be duly qualified

• It also means that an occupation which one professes (admits, agrees)

to be skilled and to follow.

• It is a vocation in which professed knowledge of some branch of

learning is used in its application to the affairs of others

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PROFESSION
• It is an example of social practice that has one or more aims or goods
that are especially associated with it or internal to it. It also provides a
moral criterion for evaluating the behavior of those who participate in the
social practice and for resolving moral issues that might arise in the
practice.

A Socratic Account of Professionalism (based on Greek

philosopher Socrates as proposed by philosopher
Michael Davis)
A profession is a number of individuals in the same occupation voluntarily organized to earn a
living by openly serving a moral ideal in a morally permissible way beyond what law, market,
morality, and public opinion would otherwise require.
Thus, a profession should:
a. Cannot be composed of only one person, rather composed of a number of individuals
b. Involves a public element – should openly “profess” to be a professional (engineer, physician,
etc.)
c. It is a way people earn a living and something that occupies them during their working hours
d. It is something that people enter into voluntarily and that they can leave voluntarily
e. It advocates of the social practice approach – serves morally praiseworthy goal by morally
permissible means

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Key Characteristics of Modern Profession

a. substantial intellectual and practical training

b. provision of a specialized skill and service
c. high degree of professional autonomy and responsibility
d. an occupational organization controlling the profession
e. embargoes/restrictions on methods of attracting business f. a trust
relationship with the client

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ENGINEERS
• The profession in which the knowledge of the mathematical and
physical sciences gained by study, experience and practice with
judgment to develop ways to utilize economics, materials and forces of
nature for the progressive well-being of human kind.

Engineering Professional Ethics

Two Models of Professionalism

Business Model – an occupation that is primarily oriented toward making

a profit within the boundaries set by law (regulations imposed by law).

Professional Model – an occupation that have an implicit trust

relationship with the larger public – trust relationship means as “social
contract” with the public, are that professionals agree to regulate their
practice so that it promotes the public good

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CODE OF ETHICS
• As a set of principles that serve to guide the professionals in their daily
work.
• It is more than a minimum standard of conduct and requires that the
professionals to who the codes are aimed engage with them and
develop a personal position/stand, which they can defend in terms of
code of ethics
• Code of Ethics or Code of Conduct serves to maintain the integrity of
the profession so that its members serve “society’s best interests.”
• It also specifies the moral considerations of professional life as well as
penalties and sanctions for violating them

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IMPORTANCE ROLES OF PROFESSIONAL

CODE OF ETHICS
• a. Serving and protecting the public or society
• b. Guidance for the primary responsibilities
• c. Inspiration, motivation and collective commitment
• d. Shared standards for excellence and fair
competition
• e. Positive Support for responsible professionals
• f. Education and mutual understanding about moral
responsibilities of professionals
• g. Deterrence (prevention/restriction) and discipline
• h. Contributing to the profession’s positive image

PROFESSIONAL CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

• These are situations where professionals have an interest that, if pursued, might keep them from meeting
their obligations to their employers or clients.

• These interests involve serving in some other professional role, or making substantial private investments in
a competitor’s company. These conditions may arise when these two conditions are met
• (a) the professional is in a relationship or role that requires exercising good judgment on behalf of the
interest of an employer or client, and
• (b) the professional has some additional or side interests of the employer or client

• There ways that conflicts of interest may arise such as: gifts, bribes, kickbacks; interest in other companies;
and insider information

• Note that conflict of interest is different from “conflicting interests”. Conflicting interests means that a
person has two or more desires that cannot all be satisfied given the circumstances.

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PROFESSIONAL RIGHT
• These are special rights that arise from professional role and the obligations it
involves. Three professional rights have special importance:

• (a) the basic right of professional conscience,

• (b) the right of conscientious refusal, and
• (c) the right of professional recognition

PROFESSIONAL RIGHT
• The right of professional conscience – is the moral right to exercise professional
judgment in pursuing professional responsibilities and duties. Pursuing those
responsibilities involves exercising both technical judgment, and reasoned moral
convictions.

• The right of conscientious refusal is the right to refuse engage in unethical

behavior and to refuse to do so solely because one views it as unethical.

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PROFESSIONAL RIGHT
• Right of Recognition – This is the right of professional for their work and
accomplishments which involves fair monetary remuneration, and nonmonetary
forms of recognition.

PROFESSIONAL RIGHT
• Employee Rights –These are any rights, moral or legal that involves the status of
being an employee.

• Privacy Right – This is a right to pursue outside activities can be thought as a

right to personal privacy in the sense that is means the right to have a private life
off the job. It is also means the right to control the access to and the use of
information about oneself

• Right to equal opportunity: preventing sexual harassment – It is the unwanted

imposition of sexual requirements in the context of a relationship of unequal
power.

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PROFESSIONAL RIGHT
• Right to equal opportunity: nondiscrimination – It relates to sex, color, age, or
political or religious outlook or affiliations.

• Right to equal opportunity: affirmative action – It is giving preference or

advantage to a member of a group that in the past was denied equal treatment,
in particular, women and minorities (indigenous people) or people with
disabilities.

PRESENTATION
Instruction: Find a news article or actual scenario of the following:

a. An employee disobey the code of ethics of the company he/she is working.

What are the actions done? What are the penalties?

b. An issue of a construction company with ethical and moral issues as presented

in the news, archives or history

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INTERACTION RULES OF BEHAVIOR

1. Engineers rarely work as lone individuals, we generally work in
teams. “No man is an Island.”

2. Therefore, we need a set of interaction rules outlining the

expected sets of behavior between the engineer, other individuals
and society as a whole.

3. Interaction rules can be classified as etiquette, law, morals and

ethics

TERMINOLOGIES
Ethics – also called moral philosophy , the set of rules and guidelines that
engineers adhere to as a moral obligation to their profession and to the
world. The discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad and
morally right and wrong. The term is also applied to any system or theory
of moral values or principles.

Values - denotes individual beliefs that motivate people to act one way or
another. They serve as a guide for human behavior.

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TERMINOLOGIES

Canons - a rule or especially body of rules or principles or guides

generally established as valid and fundamental in a field or art or
Philosophy

Moral - a person's standards of behaviour or beliefs concerning what is

and is not acceptable for them to do.

TERMINOLOGIES

Etiquette – rule of acceptable personal behavior and courtesy when

interacting with others in a social setting. Addresses such issues as how
many forks to place in the dinner table, proper dress at wedding, seating
arrangements and invitation to parties. In engineering proper etiquette is
manifested by showing proper respect to employers and clients, not
embarrassing colleagues, answering the phone in a professional manner
and so forth.

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TERMINOLOGIES

Laws-a system of rules and punishments clearly defined and established

by a society to maintain a safe and orderly social environment, violation
of law carry penalties such as imprisonment, fines, community service,
death, dismemberment or banishment. Each society has its own
consequences for law violations.

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE

ENGINEERING PROFESSION

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SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE

ENGINEERING PROFESSION
1. Human Safety

Public trust in engineering requires that the profession

considers its impacts on human safety. There is
widespread consensus in the codes of ethics of
engineering professional societies worldwide that
engineering has a primary duty to protect public
safety, health, and welfare.

Health is generally characterized as being able to

function physically without pain, and may also include
mental soundness. Safety is associated being protected
from physical injuries or death, again considering risks.

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SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE

ENGINEERING PROFESSION
2. Sustainability

Engineering codes of ethics include environmental

protection among professional social responsibilities.
Considering the potential environmental impact of
technology.

One may simply understand that preservation of the

environment is ultimately self-preservation for human
life. “Use of knowledge and skills for the benefit of the
community to create engineering solutions for a
sustainable future,” and “promote sustainability” is one
of the four key statements of ethical practice”.

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The Green Building Initiative (GBI) is an

international nonprofit organization dedicated to
reducing climate impacts by improving the built
environment. Founded in 2004, the organization is
the global provider of the Green Globes® and
federal Guiding Principles Compliance certification
and assessment programs.

“To reduce climate impacts by improving the built

environment. We deliver education, standards, assessments,
and certifications through an inclusive and global community.

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The Green Building Initiative (GBI) is an

international nonprofit organization dedicated to
reducing climate impacts by improving the built
environment. Founded in 2004, the organization is
the global provider of the Green Globes® and
federal Guiding Principles Compliance certification
and assessment programs.

“To reduce climate impacts by improving the built

environment. We deliver education, standards, assessments,
and certifications through an inclusive and global community.

LEED (LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL

DESIGN) is the most widely used green building ration
system in the world. Available for virtually all building
types. LEED provides a framework for healthy, efficient
and cost-saving green buildings

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Scorecard%20(2)

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Other Green Building Accreditation in the

Philippines

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE

ENGINEERING PROFESSION
3. Pro bono

The idea of pro bono work is that professions should donate some of their
technical expertise to individuals or organizations unable to pay for those
services.

This can be providing services for free or at a reduced rate. We encourage

engineer’s students as individuals to provide services to charitable causes
and in emergency situations; however, its real purpose appears directed at
liability issues and indenification.

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SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE

ENGINEERING PROFESSION
3. Pro bono

“Engineers are encouraged to participate in civic affairs; career guidance for

youths; and work for the advancement of the safety, health, and well-being
of their community” – NSPE Code

“Engineers should seek opportunities to be of constructive service in civic

affairs and work for…their communities.” – ASCE Code

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE

ENGINEERING PROFESSION
4. Social Justice

Social justice relates to the distribution of wealth

and privileges in society, as well as issues related
to poverty and development.

There are a growing number of advocates that

engineering social responsibility encompasses
social justice issues, including engineering faculty.

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SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE

ENGINEERING PROFESSION
5. Diversity

A primary issue is the persistent lack of diversity within the engineering

workforce which is predominated by men and generally lacks racial/ethnic
diversity.

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE

ENGINEERING PROFESSION
5. Diversity

Other “non-visible” diversity issues relate to socio-economic status (low

income individuals under-represented), cognitive and personality types, etc.
Another important issue with respect to diversity is the extent to which the
profession fairly compensates workers, without regard to gender,
race/ethnicity, etc

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Code of ethics

CODE OF ETHICS
Preamble

Engineering is an important and learned profession. As members of this

profession, engineers are expected to exhibit the highest standards of honesty
and integrity. Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality of life
for all people. Accordingly, the services provided by engineers require honesty,
impartiality, fairness, and equity, and must be dedicated to the protection of
the public health, safety, and welfare. Engineers must perform under a
standard of professional behavior that requires adherence to the highest
principles of ethical conduct.

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CODE OF ETHICS
Fundamental Principles
Civil Engineers uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity of the
civil engineering profession by:

1. Using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human

welfare and the environment;
2. Being honest and impartial and serving with fidelity the public their
employers/employees and clients;
3. Striving to increase the competence and prestige of the civil
engineering profession; and
4. Supporting the professional and technical societies of their disciplines.

CODE OF ETHICS
Fundamental canons:
1. Civil Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of
the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of sustainable
development in the performance of their duties.
2. Civil Engineers shall perform services only in areas of their
competence.
3. Civil Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and
truthful manner.
4. Civil Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or
client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of
interest.

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CODE OF ETHICS
Fundamental canons:
5. Civil Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the merit of
their services and shall not compete unfairly with others.

6. Civil Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance

the honor, integrity, and dignity of the civil engineering profession.

7. Civil Engineers shall continue their professional development

throughout their careers, and shall provide opportunities for the
professional development of those civil engineers under their
supervision.

CANON 1: Civil Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and
welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of
sustainable development in the performance of their duties.

a. Civil Engineers shall recognize that the lives, safety, health and welfare of the
general public are dependent upon engineering judgments, decisions and
practices incorporated into structures, machines, products, processes and
devices.

b. Civil Engineers shall approve or seal only those design documents, reviewed
or prepared by them, which are determined to be safe for public health and
welfare in conformity with accepted engineering standards.

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CANON 1: Civil Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and
welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of
sustainable development in the performance of their duties.

c. Civil Engineers whose professional judgment is overruled under circumstances

where the safety, health and welfare of the public are endangered, or the
principles of sustainable development ignored, shall inform their clients or
employers of the possible consequences.

d. Civil Engineers who have knowledge or reason to believe that another person or
firm may be in violation of any of the provisions of Canon 1 shall present such
information to the proper authority in furnishing such further information or
assistance as may be required.

CANON 1: Civil Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and
welfare of the public and shall strive to comply with the principles of
sustainable development in the performance of their duties.

e. Civil Engineers should seek opportunities to be of constructive service in civic

affairs and work for the advancement of the safety, health and well-being of their
communities, and the protection of the environment through the practice f
sustainable development.

f. Civil Engineers should be committed to improving the environment by

adherence to the principles of sustainable development so as to enhance the
quality of life of the general public.

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CANON 2 : Civil Engineers shall perform services only in

areas of their competence.

a. Civil Engineers shall undertake to perform engineering assignments only when

qualified by education or experience in the technical field of engineering
involved.

b. Civil Engineers may accept an assignment requiring education or experience

outside of their own fields of competence, provided their services are
restricted to those phases of the project in which they are qualified. All other
phases of such project shall be performed by qualified associates, consultants,
or employees

CANON 2 : Civil Engineers shall perform services only in

areas of their competence.

c. Civil Engineers shall not affix their signatures or seals to any civil
engineering plan or documents dealing with subject matter in which they
lack competence by virtue of education or experience or to any such plan
or document not reviewed or prepared under their supervision and
control.

d. Civil Engineers shall not use The Specialty Engineering Title such as
Structural Engineer, Transportation Engineer, Water Engineer,
Geotechnical Engineer, Construction Engineer, etc. without the PICE
Specialist Accreditation.

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CANON 3: Civil Engineers shall issue public

statements only in an objective and truthful
manner.

a. Civil Engineers should endeavour to extend the public knowledge of civil

engineering and sustainable development, and shall not participate in
the dissemination of untrue, unfair or exaggerated statements
regarding civil engineering.

b. Civil Engineers shall be objective and truthful in professional reports,

statements, or testimony. They shall include relevant and pertinent
information in such reports, statements, or testimony.

CANON 3: Civil Engineers shall issue public

statements only in an objective and truthful
manner.

c. Civil Engineers, when serving as expert witnesses, shall express civil

engineering opinion only when it is founded upon adequate knowledge of
the facts, upon a background of technical competence, and upon honest
conviction.

d. Civil Engineers shall issue no statements, criticisms, or arguments on

civil engineering matters which are inspired or paid for by interested
parties, unless they indicate on whose behalf the statements are made.

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CANON 3: Civil Engineers shall issue public

statements only in an objective and truthful
manner.

e. Civil Engineers shall be dignified and modest in explaining their work

and merit, and will avoid any act tending to promote their own interests
at the expense of the integrity, honor and dignity of the civil engineering
profession and/or related professions

CANON 4 : Civil Engineers shall act in

professional matters for each employer or
client as faithful agents or trustees, and
shall avoid conflicts of interest.

a. Civil Engineers shall avoid all known or potential conflicts of interest

with their employers or clients and shall promptly inform their
employers or clients of any business association, interests, or
circumstances which could influence their judgment or the quality of
their services.

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CANON 4 : Civil Engineers shall act in

professional matters for each employer or
client as faithful agents or trustees, and
shall avoid conflicts of interest.

b. Civil Engineers shall not accept compensation from more than one
party for services on the same project, or for services pertaining to the
same project, unless the circumstances are fully disclosed to and agreed
to, by all interested projects

CANON 4 : Civil Engineers shall act in

professional matters for each employer or
client as faithful agents or trustees, and
shall avoid conflicts of interest.

c. Civil Engineers shall not solicit or accept gratuities, directly or indirectly

from contractors, their agents, or other parties dealing with their clients
or employers in connection with work for which they are responsible.

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CANON 4 : Civil Engineers shall act in

professional matters for each employer or
client as faithful agents or trustees, and
shall avoid conflicts of interest.

d. Civil Engineers in public services as members, advisors, or employees

of a governmental body or department shall not participate in
consideration or actions with respect to services solicited or provided by
them or their organization in private or public engineering practice.

e. Civil Engineers shall advise their employers or clients when, as a result

of their studies, they believe a project will not be successful.

CANON 4 : Civil Engineers shall act in

professional matters for each employer or
client as faithful agents or trustees, and
shall avoid conflicts of interest.

f. Civil Engineers shall not use confidential information coming to them in

the course of their assignments as a means of making personal profit if
such action is adverse to the interests of their clients, employers or the
public.

g. Civil Engineers shall not accept professional employment outside of

their regular work or interest without the knowledge of their employers.

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CANON 5: Civil Engineers shall build their

professional reputation on the merit of
their services and shall not compete
unfairly with others.

a. Civil Engineers shall not give, solicit or receive either directly or

indirectly, any political contribution, gratuity or unlawful
consideration in order to secure work, exclusive of securing salaried
positions through employment agencies.

b. Civil Engineers should negotiate contracts for professional services

fairly and on the basis of demonstrated competence and
qualifications for the type of professional service required..

CANON 5: Civil Engineers shall build their

professional reputation on the merit of
their services and shall not compete
unfairly with others.

c. Civil Engineers may request; propose or accept professional

commissions on a contingent basis only under circumstances in which
their professional judgments would not be compromised.

d. Civil Engineers shall not falsify or permit misrepresentation of their

academic or professional qualifications or experience.

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CANON 5: Civil Engineers shall build their

professional reputation on the merit of
their services and shall not compete
unfairly with others.

e. Civil Engineers shall give proper credit for engineering work to those to
whom credit is due, and shall recognize the proprietary interests of others.
Whenever possible, they shall name the person or persons who may be
responsible for designs, inventions, writings or other accomplishments

CANON 5: Civil Engineers shall build their

professional reputation on the merit of
their services and shall not compete
unfairly with others.
f. Civil Engineers may advertise professional services in a way that does
not contain misleading language or is in any other manner derogatory to
the dignity of the profession
a. Professional cards b. Brochures
b. Display Advertising (business & Prof. publications)
c. Statement of the Engineers’ Names (Business Name)
d. Preparation or Authorization of descriptive articles
e. Commercial Advertisements (Published, broadcast, etc.)
f. Civil Engineers shall not maliciously or falsely, directly or
indirectly, injure the professional reputation, prospects,
practice or employment of another engineer or
indiscriminately criticize another’s work.

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CANON 5: Civil Engineers shall build their

professional reputation on the merit of
their services and shall not compete
unfairly with others.
f. Civil Engineers may advertise professional services in a way that does
not contain misleading language or is in any other manner derogatory to
the dignity of the profession
g. Civil Engineers shall not maliciously or falsely, directly or
indirectly, injure the professional reputation, prospects,
practice or employment of another engineer or
indiscriminately criticize another’s work.

h. Civil Engineers shall not use equipment, supplies, laboratory

or office facilities of their employers to carry on outside private
practice without the consent of their employers.

CANON 6: Civil Engineers shall act in such a

manner as to uphold and enhance the
honor, integrity, and dignity of the civil
engineering profession.

a. Civil Engineers shall not knowingly act in a manner

which will be derogatory to the honor, integrity, or
dignity of the civil engineering profession or
knowingly engage in business or professional
practices of a fraudulent, dishonest or unethical
nature.

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CANON 7 : Civil Engineers shall continue their

professional development throughout their careers, and
shall provide opportunities for the professional
development of those civil engineers under their
supervision.
a. Civil Engineers shall continue their professional development
throughout their careers, and shall provide opportunities for the
professional development of those Civil Engineers under their meetings
or seminars.

b. Civil Engineers should encourage their engineering employees to

become registered at the earliest possible date.

CANON 7 : Civil Engineers shall continue their

professional development throughout their careers, and
shall provide opportunities for the professional
development of those civil engineers under their
supervision.
c. Civil Engineers should encourage engineering employees to
attend and present papers at professional and technical society
meetings.

d. Civil Engineers shall uphold the principle of mutually

satisfying relationships between employers and employees with
respect to terms of employment including professional grade
descriptions, salary ranges, and fringe benefits.

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LESSON 2
RELATIONSHIP OF THE ENGINEERS
LIABILITY OF TECHNICAL MEN

ENTRY OF THE ENGINEER TO THE

PROFESSION

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WHAT SHOULD BE THE

RELATIONSHIP OF THE ENGINEER TO
THE FOLLOWING?

• General Public
• Profession and Engineering Society
• Client and Employer
• Engineers

RELATIONSHIP TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC

• At all times and when feasible the

general public is entitled to share
the knowledge and benefits of
engineering from the society. Effort
should be made that only fair,
accurate and true engineering
matters are fed to the pubic for their
easy comprehension and
appreciation

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RELATIONSHIP TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC

1. Avoid Misinformation

An engineer should assist the public to arrive at a fair and correct

understanding of technical engineering matters. This may be done by using
as much as practicable simple language which may be readily understood
by everyone.

RELATIONSHIP TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC

1. Avoidance of rendering opinions in public on verified engineering

matters

An engineer should refrain from rendering opinions in public on technical

engineering matters if not positively certain of its veracity sinc this may
create complications or add confusions to already controversial
transactions.

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RELATIONSHIP TO THE GENERAL PUBLIC

2. Guard against public health and safety

Engineering works includes accidents costing the lives and limbs not only by
the workers but also strangers who may not have connections thereto due
to the deleterious operations and the prevailing conditions therein.
Engineers must be an advocate of preventive and curative measure for
safety of everyone.

RELATIONSHIP TO THE PROFESSION

AND ENGINEERING SOCIETY

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RELATIONSHIP TO THE PROFESSION

AND ENGINEERING SOCIETY

An engineer is called upon by his profession to cooperate by extending

the effectiveness of the engineering profession through interchanging
information and experiences with other engineers and even students of
engineering. He will not advertise his work or merit in a self-laudatory
manner, and he will avoid all conduct or practice likely to discredit or do
injury to the dignity and honour of his profession.

RELATIONSHIP TO THE PROFESSION

AND ENGINEERING SOCIETY

1. Loyalty

Loyalty to the profession is a must and should prevail at all times in the
heart and mind of an engineer. This duty calls for unselfish protection of the
profession by him both as an individual and as a member of the profession.

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RELATIONSHIP TO THE PROFESSION

AND ENGINEERING SOCIETY

2. Identification with legitimate enterprise

The engineer should at all times associate or deal only with legitimate
enterprises. Illegal enterprises may take the form of unlawful corporations,
partnerships and other organizations whose purpose is against the law,
customs , good morals and public order and public policy.

RELATIONSHIP TO THE PROFESSION

AND ENGINEERING SOCIETY

3. Continuous awareness of the engineering law

Universal principle in all civilized society is the ignorance of the law excuses
no one.

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RELATIONSHIP TO THE PROFESSION

AND ENGINEERING SOCIETY

4. Avoid discussing engineering matters in the public

An engineer is enjoined from conducting or participating in technical

discussion on engineering issues in public

RELATIONSHIP TO THE CLIENT AND

EMPLOYER

The relationship of the engineer with his client

or employers is strictly contractual and
anchored essentially on mutual trust and
confidence.

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RELATIONSHIP TO CLIENT AND

EMPLOYER

1. Protection to client or employer

An engineer should be aware that in many aspects he is an agent or

trustees who should safeguard the interest of client because in such capacity
he gets confidential information, and such acts on delicate matters affecting
his benefactor

RELATIONSHIP TO CLIENT AND

EMPLOYER

2. Quality and dedicated service

Service is given in relation to the professional standing, training ad

experts. The obligation is violated if the engineer will accept a part time jobs
without the consent of his employer.

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RELATIONSHIP TO CLIENT AND

EMPLOYER

3. Reasonable professional fee

The engineer is not permitted to demand or collect exorbitant charges

which compensate his advise or service

RELATIONSHIP TO CLIENT AND

EMPLOYER

4. On commission, rebates, percentage, etc.,

The engineer should refrain from accepting compensation, monetary or

otherwise directly or indirectly from the same professional service unless all
parties are aware and consent to it.

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RELATIONSHIP TO CLIENT AND

EMPLOYER

5. Disclosure of financial interest

A conflict of financial interest between the engineer and his client takes
place when he or their firm is engaged directly or indirectly in the same or
related business or products or services to which his client is engaged.

RELATIONSHIP WITH ENGINEERS

Engineers are considered brother in

profession of another engineer who
are retained or employed by his client
or employer. Whether employee or
employer the following conduct must
be observed:

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RELATIONSHIP WITH ENGINEERS

1. Protection of fellow engineers

The reputation and charisma of an engineer is what attracts

people to avail of his services. Thus, every engineer should
strive to protect all reputable engineers from mis
presentation and from being misunderstood in his
professional work

RELATIONSHIP WITH ENGINEERS

2. Fairness and tolerance

For a professional brotherhood to be desirable and lasting,

it must have a solid foundation of equality both in privileges
and opportunities for advancement.

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RELATIONSHIP WITH ENGINEERS

3. Merits not due

Recognition in the field of engineering is feat that costs the

engineer’s time effort and money. It is unethical for an
engineer to claim credit which is not due him.

RELATIONSHIP WITH ENGINEERS

4. Review of colleague's work

The engineer should not make or issue publicly undesirable

comments or opinion regarding the work of a colleague
except to save the public and the profession from the harm
or injury, but the comments must be done through an
informal arrangement before an open review of his work.

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RELATIONSHIP WITH ENGINEERS

5. Controversies with colleague

In the struggle to attain a worthy professional reputation an

engineer may innocently step on the toe or run across the
path of another trying also to carve a name for his career.
As much as possible care must be observed to avoid
running conflict with your colleagues

RELATIONSHIP WITH ENGINEERS

6. Solicitation of undertaking or client

Solicitations take place when an engineer resorts to

undesirable practices like underbidding for particular work,
or reduce the normal charges or fees after becoming aware
or the charges offered by he other in order to assure
himself of the job or capture the client of another.

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RELATIONSHIP WITH ENGINEERS

7. Signing plans and specifications

The preparation of plans and specifications for an

engineering work is delicate task which should be done
solely by registered engineer or one who has been
previously authorized by law. The engineer should bot allow
his signature to be used in such documents that was not
premade by him or under his control.

LIABILITY OF TECHNICAL MEN

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LIABILITY OF TECHNICAL MEN

LIABILITY OF TECHNICAL MEN

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LIABILITY OF TECHNICAL MEN

LIABILITY OF TECHNICAL MEN

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LIABILITY OF TECHNICAL MEN

LIABILITY OF TECHNICAL MEN

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LIABILITY OF TECHNICAL MEN

LESSON 3
THE CIVIL ENGINEERING LAW

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Republic Act No. 544*

(As Amended by R.A. 1582) An Act to
Regulate the Practice of Civil Engineering
in the Philippines

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544

ARTICLE I
Title of the Act and Definition of Terms

ARTICLE II
Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers

ARTICLE III
Examination and Registration
ARTICLE IV
Enforcement of Act and penal provisions
ARTICLE V
Miscellaneous provisions

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REPUBLIC ACT NO. 544

ARTICLE I
Title of the Act and Definition of Terms

ARTICLE II
Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers

ARTICLE III
Examination and Registration
ARTICLE IV
Enforcement of Act and penal provisions
ARTICLE V
Miscellaneous provisions

ARTICLE I
Title of the Act and Definition of Terms
Section 1. Title of Act. – This Act shall be known as the "Civil Engineering Law.“

Sec. 2. Definition of terms. – (a) The practice of civil engineering within the
meaning and intent of this Act shall embrace services in the form of consultation,
design, preparation of plans, specifications, estimates, erection, installation and
supervision of the construction of streets, bridges, highways, railroads, airports and
hangars, portworks, canals, river and shore improvements, lighthouses, and dry
docks; buildings, fixed structures for irrigation, flood protection, drainage, water
supply and sewerage works; demolition of permanent structures; and tunnels.

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ARTICLE I
Title of the Act and Definition of Terms
The enumeration of any work in this section shall not be construed as excluding
any other work requiring civil engineering knowledge and application.

(b) The term "civil engineer" as used in this Act shall mean a person duly registered
with the Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers in the manner as hereinafter
provided.

ARTICLE II
Board of Examiners for Civil
Engineers

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ARTICLE II
Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers

Sec. 3. Composition of Board. – ” Within thirty days after the approval of this Act
there shall be created
a Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers, hereinafter referred to as the Board, to be
composed of a chairman and two members who shall be appointed by the
President of the Philippines, upon recommendation of the Commissioner of PRC.
The members of the Board shall hold office for a term of three years after appoint
mentor until their successors shall have been appointed and shall have qualified.

ARTICLE II
Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers

The first members of the Board appointed under this Act shall hold office for the
following terms:
One member for one year;
one member for two years;
and one member for three years

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ARTICLE II
Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers

Each member of the Board shall qualify the proper oath of office before entering
upon the performance of his duties.
Any members of the Board may be removed by the Secretary of Public Works and
Communications for neglect of duty, incompetency, malpractice, unprofessional,
unethical, immoral, or dishonorable conduct, after having been given opportunity
to defend himself in a proper administrative investigation

ARTICLE II
Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers

. Any member of the Board may be removed by the

President of the Philippines, upon recommendation by the Professional Regulation
Commission for neglect of
duty, incompetency, malpractice, unprofessional, unethical, immoral, or
dishonorable conduct, after having
been given opportunity to defend himself in a proper administrative investigation

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ARTICLE II
Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers
Section 4. Powers and Duties of the Board

• to administer oaths, issue, suspend and revoke certificates of registration for

the practice of civil engineering,

• Issue certificates of recognition to civil engineers already registered under this

Act for advanced studies, research, and/or highly specialized training in any
branch of civil engineering subject to the approval of the PRC

ARTICLE II
Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers
Section 4. Powers and Duties of the Board
• to investigate such violations of this Act and the regulations, there under as may
come to the knowledge of the Board

• to inspect at least once a year educational institutions offering courses in civil

engineering, civil engineering works, projects or corporations, established in the
Philippines and, for safeguarding of life, health and property,

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ARTICLE II
Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers
Section 4. Powers and Duties of the Board
• to discharge such other powers and duties as may affect ethical and
technological standards of the civil engineering profession in the Philippines.

• the Director of Public Works and/or his authorized representative in the

provinces and chartered cities shall be ex-officio agents of the Board and as
such it shall be their duty to help in the enforcement of the provisions of this
Act.

ARTICLE II
Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers
Section 4. Powers and Duties of the Board
• The Board may, with the approval of the Professional Regulation Commission
issue such rules and regulations as may be deemed necessary to carry out the
provisions of this Act.

• The board shall also adopt a code of ethics in the practice of civil engineering
and have an official seal to authenticate its official documents.

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ARTICLE II
Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers
Section 5. Qualifications of Board Members.” Each member of the Board shall, at the
time of his appointment:
a. Be a citizen and resident of the Philippines;
b. Be at least thirty years of age and of good moral character;
c. Be a graduate of civil engineering from a recognized and legally constituted school,
institute, college or university.
d. Be a registered civil engineer duly qualified to practice civil engineering in the
Philippines;
e. Have practiced civil engineering, with a certificate as such, for a period of not less
than ten years prior to his appointment.
f. Not be a member of the faculty of any school, institute, college, or university where
civil engineering course is taught, nor have a pecuniary interest in such institutions; g.
No former members of the faculty of any school, institute or university where civil
engineering is taught can become a member of the Board unless he had stopped
teaching for at least three consecutive years.

ARTICLE II
Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers
Section 6. Fees and Compensation of Board.”

The Board for Civil Engineers shall charge for each application for examination the
sum of P100 (one hundred) payable to the collecting and disbursing officer of the
PRC upon filing of said application, and for each certificate of registration, fifty
pesos. Each member of the Board shall receive a compensation of fifteen pesos
for each applicant examined.

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ARTICLE II
Board of Examiners for Civil Engineers
Section 7. Annual Report.”

The Board shall, at the end of each fiscal year, submit to the PRC a detailed report
of its activities and proceedings during the period covered by the fiscal year
ended.

ARTICLE III
EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION

Section 8. Examination Requirement.” All applicants for registration for the

practice of civil engineering shall be required to pass a technical examination as
hereinafter provided.

Section 9. Holding of Examination.” Examination of candidates desiring to

practice civil engineering in the Philippines shall be given in the City of Manila of
each year, provided that such days do not fall on official holidays, otherwise the
examinations shall be held on the days next following.

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ARTICLE III
EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION

Section 10. Subjects of Examination.”

Applicants for certificate of registration as civil engineer shall be examined, in the
discretion of the Board, on the following subjects:
mathematics, including algebra, plane and spherical trigonometry, analytics,
descriptive and solid geometry, differential and integral calculus, and rational and
applied mechanics; hydraulics; surveying, including highway and railroad
surveying; plane, topographic and hydrographic surveying, and advance
surveying; design and

ARTICLE III
EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION

Section 10. Subjects of Examination.”

construction of highways and railroads, masonry structures, wooden and
reinforced concrete buildings, bridges, towers, walls, foundations, piers, ports,
wharves, aqueducts, sanitary engineering works, water supply systems, dikes,
dams and irrigation and drainage canals

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ARTICLE III
EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION

Section 11. Executive Officer of the Board.”

The Commissioner of Professional Regulation Commission shall be the executive
officer of the Board and shall conduct the examinations given by the said Board.
He shall designate any subordinate officer of the Professional Regulation
Commission to act as the Secretary and custodian of all records including
examination papers and minutes of the deliberation of the Board.

ARTICLE III
EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION
Section 12. Qualifications for Examination.”
Any person applying for admission to the civil engineering examination as herein
provided shall, prior to the date of the examination, establish to the satisfaction of
the Board that he has the following qualifications:
a. Be at least twenty-one years of age;
b. Be a citizen of the Philippines;
c. Be of good reputation and moral character; and
d. Be a graduate of a four-year course in civil engineering from a school,
institute, college or university recognized by the Government or the State
wherein it is established

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ARTICLE III
EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION
Section 13. Oath of Civil Engineers.”

All successful candidates in the examination shall be required to take a

professional oath before the Board of Civil Engineers or other Government
Officials authorized to administer oaths, prior to entering upon the practice of the
civil engineering profession.

ARTICLE III
EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION
Section 14. Seal and Use of Seal.”
All registered civil engineers shall obtain a seal of such design as the Board shall
authorize and direct: Provided, however, That the serial number of the certificate
issued by the Board shall be included in the design of the seal.

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ARTICLE III
EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION
Section 14. Seal and Use of Seal.”

Plans and specifications prepared by, or under the

direct supervision of a registered civil engineer shall
be stamped with said seal during the life of the
registrant’s certificate, and it shall be unlawful for any
one to stamp or seal any documents with said seal
after the certificate of registrant named thereon has
expired or has been revoked, unless said certificate
shall have been renewed or re-issued.

ARTICLE III
EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION
Section 15. Exemption from Registration.”
1. Registration shall not be required of the following persons:
a. Officers or enlisted men of the United States and Philippine Armed Forces, and
civilian employees of the Government of the United States stationed in the
Philippines while rendering civil engineering services for the United States and/or
Philippines.
b. Civil engineers or experts called in by the Philippine Government for
consultation, or specific design and construction of fixed structures as defined
under this Act, provided that their practice shall be limited to such work.

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ARTICLE III
EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION
Section 15. Exemption from Registration.”
2. Any person residing in the Philippines may make plans on specifications for any of
the following:
a. Any building in chartered cities or in towns with building ordinances, not
exceeding the space requirement specified therein, requiring the services of a
civil engineer.
b. Any wooden building enlargement or alteration which is to be used for farm
purposes only and costing not more than ten thousand pesos.

ARTICLE III
EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION
Section 15. Exemption from Registration.”
2. Any person residing in the Philippines may make plans on specifications for any of
the following:

a. Provided, however. That there shall be nothing in this Act that will prevent any
person from constructing his own (wooden or light material) residential house,
utilizing the services of a person or persons required for the purpose, without the
use of a civil engineer, as long as he does no violate local ordinances of the place
where the building is to be constructed.

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ARTICLE III
EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION
Section 15. Exemption from Registration.”
3. Nor shall anything in this Act prevent draftsmen, student clerk-or-work,
superintendents, and other employees of those lawfully engaged in the practice of
civil engineering under the provisions of this Act, from acting under the instruction,
control or supervision of their employer.

ARTICLE III
EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION
Section 15. Exemption from Registration.”
4. Nor shall anything in this Act prevent any person who prior to the approval of this
Act have been lawfully engaged in the practice of “maestro de obras” to continue
as such, provided they shall not undertake the making of plans supervision for the
following classes of work:
a. Building of concrete whether reinforced or not.
b. Building of more than two stories.
c. Building with frames of structural steel. d. Building of structures intended for
public gathering or assemblies such as theaters, cinematographs, stadia,
churches, or structures of like nature.

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ARTICLE III
EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION
Section 15. Exemption from Registration.”
5. Nor shall anything in this Act prevent professional architects and engineers to
practice their professions.

ARTICLE III
EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION
Section 16. Refusal to Issue Certificate.”

The Board for Civil Engineers shall not issue a certificate to any person convicted by a
court of competent jurisdiction of any criminal offense involving moral turpitude, or
to any person guilty of immoral or dishonorable conduct, or to any person guilty of
immoral or dishonorable conduct, or to any person of unsound mind. In the event of
a refusal to issue a certificate to any person,
the Board shall give to the applicant a written statement setting forth its reason for
such action, which statement shall be incorporated in the records of the Board.

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ARTICLE III
EXAMINATION AND REGISTRATION
Section 17. Suspension and Revocation of Certificates. “ The Board shall have the
power, after due notice and hearings to suspend or revoke the certificate of
registration for any cause mentioned in the preceding section.

Section 18. Re-issue and Replacement of Certificates. “ The Board may, after the
expiration of one year from the date of certificate of registration is revoked and for
reasons it may deem sufficient, entertain an application for a new certificate of
registration from the registrant concerned. Such application shall be accomplished in
the same form prescribed for examination, but the Board may, in its discretion,
exempt the applicant from taking the requisite examination.

ARTICLE IV
ENFORCEMENT OF ACT AND PENAL PROVISIONS
Section 20. Enforcement of the Act by officers of the law.” It shall be the duty of all
duly constituted law officers of the national, provincial, city and municipal
governments, or any political subdivisions thereof, to enforce the provisions of this
Act and to prosecute any person violating the same.

Section 21. Registration required.” Unless exempt from registration, no person shall
practice or offer to practice civil engineering in the Philippines without having
obtained the proper certificate of registration from the Board for Civil Engineers.*

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ARTICLE IV
ENFORCEMENT OF ACT AND PENAL PROVISIONS
Section 22. Penal provisions.”
• Any person who shall practice or offer to practice civil engineering in the
Philippines without being registered in accordance with the provisions of this Act
• or any person presenting or attempting to use as his own the certificate of
registration of a registered civil engineer,
• or any person who shall give any false or forged evidence of any kind to the Board,
• or any person who shall impersonate any registrant civil engineer of different
name
• or any person who shall attempt to use a revoked or suspended certificate of
registration,
•

ARTICLE IV
ENFORCEMENT OF ACT AND PENAL PROVISIONS
Section 22. Penal provisions.”

• or any person who shall use in connection with his name or otherwise assume,
use or advertise any title or description tending to convey the impression that he
is a civil engineer, without holding a valid certificate of registration,
• or any person who shall violate any of the provision of this Act, shall be guilty of a
misdemeanor and shall, upon conviction,
be sentenced to a fine of not less than five hundred pesos nor more than two
thousand pesos, or to suffer imprisonment for a period of not less than six months
not more than one year, or both, in the discretion of the court.

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ARTICLE V
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Section 23. Preparation of plans and supervisions of construction by registered civil
engineer.”

It shall be unlawful for any person to order or otherwise cause the construction,
reconstruction, or alteration of any building or structure intended for public
gathering or assembly such as theaters, cinematographs, stadia, churches or
structures of like nature, and any other engineering structures mentioned in section
two of this Act unless the designs, plans, and specifications of same have been
prepared under the responsible charge of, and signed and sealed by a registered civil
engineer,.

ARTICLE V
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Section 23. Preparation of plans and supervisions of construction by registered civil
engineer.”

and unless the construction, reconstruction and/or alteration thereof are executed
under the responsible charge and direct supervision of a civil engineer. Plans and
designs of structures must be approved as provided by law or ordinance of a city or
province or municipality where the said structure is to be constructed

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ARTICLE V
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
Section 24.
The practice of civil engineering is a professional service, admission to which must
be determined upon individual, personal qualifications. Hence, no firm, partnership,
corporation or association may be registered or licensed as such for the practice of
civil engineering: Provided, however

, That persons properly registered and licensed as civil engineers may, among
themselves or with a person or persons properly registered and licensed as
architects, form, and obtain registration of, a firm, partnership or association using
the term “Engineers” or “Engineers and Architects

ARTICLE V
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

,” but, nobody shall be a member or partner of such firm, partnership or association

unless he is duly licensed civil engineer or architect, and the members who are civil
engineers shall only render work and services proper for a civil engineer, as defined
in this Act, and the members who are architects shall also only render work and
services proper for an architect, as defined in the law regulating the practice of
architecture; individual members of such firms, partnership or association shall be
responsible for their own respective acts.

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ARTICLE V
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Section 25. Reciprocity requirements.”

No person who is not a citizen of the Philippines at the time he applies to take the
examination shall be allowed to take it unless he can prove in the manner provided
by the Rules of Court that, by specific provision of law, the country of which he is a
citizen, subject, or national either admits citizens of the Philippines to the practice of
the same profession without restriction or allows them to practice it after an
examination on terms of strict and absolute equality with citizens, subjects, or
nationals of the country concerned, including the unconditional recognition of
degrees issued by institutions of learning duly recognized for the purpose by the
Government of the Philippines:

ARTICLE V
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Section 25. Reciprocity requirements.”

Provided, That if he is not a citizen of the Philippines, and was admitted to the
practice of a profession in the Philippines after December 8, 1941, his active practice
in that profession, either in the Philippines or in the state or country where he was
practicing his profession, shall not have been interrupted for a period of two years or
more prior to July 4, 1946, and that the country or state from which he comes allows
the citizens of the Philippines by specific provision of law, to practice the same
profession without restriction or on terms of strict and absolute equality with
citizens, subjects or nationals of the country or state concerned.

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ARTICLE V
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Sec. 26. Roster of civil engineers. –

A roster showing the names and places of business of all registered civil engineers
shall be prepared by the Commissioner of Civil Service periodically but at least once
a year.
Copies of this roster shall be placed on file with the Secretary of Public Works and
Communications and furnished to all department heads, mayors of all chartered
cities, to the Director of Public Works, to such other Bureaus, government entities or
agencies and municipal and provincial authorities as may be deemed necessary and
to the public upon request.

ARTICLE V
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Sec. 27. Repeal. – All laws, parts of laws, orders, ordinances, or regulations in conflict
with the provisions hereof; including parts of Act Numbered Twenty-nine hundred
and eighty-five, as amended, as pertains to the practice of civil engineering, are
hereby repealed, except the provisions of Act Numbered Thirty-one hundred and
fifty-nine amending Act Numbered Twenty-nine hundred and eighty-five, pertaining
to the practice of "maestro de obras."

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ARTICLE V
MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS

Sec. 28. Construction of Act. – If any part or section of this Act shall be declared
unconstitutional, such declaration shall not invalidate the other provisions hereof.

Sec. 29. Effectivity. – This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

WHAT ARE THE ROLES AND

RESPONSIBILITIES OF A CIVIL ENGINEER?
Civil Engineering incorporates a broad range of different
job roles. From the construction of highways and buildings to
dams, tunnels, bridges and other smaller facilities the role and
responsibility of civil engineers is vast.

The two crucial aspects within this field are consulting

engineering and contracting engineering.
 Consulting engineers design a specific project whereas
 Contracting engineers manage the physical construction and play a significant role
in transforming the proposed development into architecture.

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Key Roles and Responsibilities of the civil

engineer
1. To analyze the site location and the surrounding area. This includes a
search and investigation, verifying its feasibility for construction
purposes.

2. To design a plan, outlining the key variables and what needs to be

changed prior to the construction.

3. To develop a detailed design layout, keeping the requirements of the

client in mind. The design and any subsequent reports need to be
reviewed and approved, and any potential risks and challenges of the
project identified.

Key Roles and Responsibilities of the civil

engineer
4. Following the completion of this tender the proposal will need to
be submitted to those officials that supervise the tendering process,
ensuring that all rules, regulations and guidelines are fulfilled. It’s
paramount that all safety measures are met whilst the project is
being undertaken.

5. Whilst the project is underway it is the responsibility of the civil

engineer to monitor the staff onsite. They must keep an open
dialogue with architects, consultants and subcontractors. Should
any issues arise, they have the responsibility of resolving them.

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What is a tender of proposal?

A tender proposal is the

step in the tendering process
where you put forward your
case and bid to try and gain
the contract. Bid refers to a signed offer or
proposal to undertake a contract
submitted by a bidder in response to
and in consonance with the
requirements of the Bidding
Documents

What is a tender of proposal?

Bidder. Refers to an eligible contractor, manufacturer,

supplier, distributor and/or consultant competing for the
award of a contract in any procurement by the GOP. A
contractor, manufacturer, supplier, distributor or consultant is
said to be eligible if it meets all the eligibility requirements
issued by the procuring entity

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What is a tender of proposal?

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Procurement Process in the Philippines

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Government Procurement Reform Act: RA

9184
Government Procurement Reform Act

the purpose of prescribing the necessary rules and regulations for

the modernization, standardization, and regulation of the
procurement activities of the Government of the Philippines

Government Procurement Reform Act: RA

9184
Government Procurement Reform Act

1. apply to all procurement of any branch, agency, department,

bureau, office, of the Government of the Philippines

2. government-owned and/or –controlled corporations (GOCCs),

government financial institutions (GFIs), state universities and
colleges (SUCs), and local government units (LGUs)

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Government Procurement Reform Act: RA

9184
Government Procurement Reform Act
Bidding Documents.
Refer to the documents issued by the procuring entity as the basis
for bids, furnishing all information necessary for a prospective bidder
to prepare a bid for the infrastructure projects, goods and/or
consulting services required by the procuring entity

Bidding Documents.

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Eligibility Requirements for the Procurement of

Goods and Infrastructure Projects
a) Class “A” Documents
Legal Documents

Registration certificate from SEC, Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) for sole
proprietorship, or CDA for cooperatives, or any proof of such registration as stated in the
Bidding Documents.

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Eligibility Requirements for the Procurement of

Goods and Infrastructure Projects
a) Class “A” Documents
Legal Documents

ii) Mayor’s permit issued by the city or municipality where the principal place of business
of the prospective bidder is located.

iii) Tax clearance per Executive Order 398, Series of 2005, as finally reviewed and
approved by the BIR.10

Eligibility Requirements for the Procurement of

Goods and Infrastructure Projects
a) Class “A” Documents
Technical Documents
iv) Statement of the prospective bidder of all its ongoing government and private
contracts, including contracts awarded but not yet started, if any, whether similar or not
similar in nature and complexity to the contract to be bid, within the relevant period as
provided in the Bidding Documents; and

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Eligibility Requirements for the Procurement of

Goods and Infrastructure Projects
a) Class “A” Documents
Technical Documents
v) In the case of procurement of infrastructure projects, a valid Philippine Contractors
Accreditation Board (PCAB) license and registration for the type and cost of the contract
to be bid.

Eligibility Requirements for the Procurement of

Goods and Infrastructure Projects
a) Class “A” Documents
Financial Documents

vi) The prospective bidder’s audited financial statements, showing, among others, the
prospective bidder’s total and current assets and liabilities, stamped “received” by the BIR
or its duly accredited and authorized institutions, for the preceding calendar year which
should not be earlier than two (2) years from the date of bid submission

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Eligibility Requirements for the Procurement of

Goods and Infrastructure Projects
a) Class “A” Documents
Financial Documents

vii) The prospective bidder’s computation for its Net Financial Contracting Capacity
(NFCC).12

Eligibility Requirements for the Procurement of

Goods and Infrastructure Projects
B) Class “B” Document
Financial Documents

Valid joint venture agreement (JVA), in case the joint venture is already in existence

in the case of foreign bidders, the foregoing eligibility requirements under Class “A”
Documents may be substituted by the appropriate equivalent documents, if any, issued
by the country of the foreign bidder concerned.

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Eligibility Requirements for the Procurement of

Goods and Infrastructure Projects
B) Class “B” Document
Financial Documents

A prospective bidder may be allowed to submit his eligibility requirements electronically

The PhilGEPS (PHILIPPINE GOVERNEMENT ELECTRONIC PROCUREMENT SYSTEM) is the

single, centralized electronic portal that serves as the primary
and definitive source of information on government procurement

Eligibility Requirements for the Procurement of

Goods and Infrastructure Projects

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Eligibility Requirements for the Procurement of

Goods and Infrastructure Projects

BAC. Refers to the Bids and Awards Committee established in accordance with Rule V of
this IRR

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Requirements to apply for a PCAB

license:
Affidavit of Attestation
Authorized Managing Officer (AMO) Affidavit
Authority to verify documents with Depository Bank, BIR and other Government Agencies
Authorized Representatives Affidavit
Certificate of Attendance of 2-day AMO Seminar
Certificate of Completion of 40-hour Construction Safety and Health Seminar (COSH)
Certificate of Completion of 40-hour Construction Safety and Health Seminar (COSH) of at
least one (1) of the qualified nominated STEs;
A certified true copy of the Business Name Registration Certificate
Contractor’s General Information

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Requirements to apply for a PCAB

license:
Complete Audited Financial Statement (AFS) with accompanying Auditor’s Opinion Report and Notes dated within the last six (6) months
immediately preceding the filing of the application.
Construction in Progress: Schedule with complete details (if the amount exceeds 10% of the Net Worth)
Documents supporting other assets
For existing firms: AFS for the immediately preceding taxable year and copy of Annual Income Tax Return (ITR) and Quarterly ITR certified by the
BIR
Integrity Pledge
Original NBI Clearance
 Original signature (preferably with blue ink) of AMO on every page of the application forms, including supporting documents
Proofs of Employer’s membership with SSS, PHILHEALTH, and PAG-IBIG
Schedule of Receivables
Sustaining Technical Employee(s) Affidavit of Construction Experience
Sustaining Technical Employee(s) Personal Appearance
Sustaining Technical Employee(s) Affidavit of Undertaking with a copy of valid PRC ID/s

PCAB EXPIRY

The PCAB Office follows a fiscal year of July 1 to June 30.

The Contractor's Licenses (PCAB License) that they release are valid only until
June 30 of the fiscal year you applied.

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Eligibility Requirements for the Procurement of

Goods and Infrastructure Projects
B) Class “B” Document
Financial Documents

A prospective bidder may be allowed to submit his eligibility requirements electronically

The PhilGEPS (PHILIPPINE GOVERNEMENT ELECTRONIC PROCUREMENT SYSTEM) is the

single, centralized electronic portal that serves as the primary
and definitive source of information on government procurement

Key Roles and Responsibilities of the civil

engineer
6. Wherever possible all construction work should be completed within budget and to
the agreed timescale. The responsibility of scheduling the work, ensuring that sound
organizational skills are employed and that all the raw materials are present also lies
with a civil engineer.

7. A civil engineer plays a pivotal role in the effective execution of all manner of
engineering projects. Their input, and leadership where necessary is essential to
secure the smooth execution of a vast selection of projects.

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CIVIL ENGINEERING SERVICES

Typical Services may include:
1. Design, consultation and services
2. Feasibility studies
3. Field investigations and engineering data
4. Environmental assessments, impact statement or Engineering reports
5. Opinions of probable construction cost
6. Preliminary and final designs, drawings, specifications and construction
bidding documents.
7. Assistance in securing construction bids and in awarding contracts

CIVIL ENGINEERING SERVICES

Typical Services may include:
8. Construction administration and observation
9. Arrangements for or performance of testing materials and equipment
10. Assistance in start-up, assessment of capacity, and operation of facilities.
11. Preparation of operation and maintenance manuals
12. Appraisals and rate studies
13. Value engineering
14. Expert testimony
15. Assessment of risks

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CIVIL ENGINEERING SERVICES

Typical Services may include:
16. Structural remediation or rehabilitation
17. Project management and Controls
18. Provision of supplements temporary staff
19. Teaching

SPECIALIZATION OF A CIVIL ENGINEER

Within the practice of Civil Engineering , the PICE recognizes the initial five
areas of specialization:

1. Structural Engineering
2. Geotechnical Engineering
3. Water Engineering
4. Transportation Engineering
5. Construction Management and Engineering
6. Civil Engineering Education
A Civil Engineer who was specialized in any area of Civil Engineering maybe
considered as specialist in the appropriate field as enumerated.

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SELECTION OF A CIVIL ENGINEER

As a Civil Engineer the most important decisions to be made during the
development of an Engineering project is the ENGAGEMENT.
Several Factors need to be considered as a Civil Engineer, that may affect life
cycle cost -
1. Objective and commitment of financial resources
2. Soundness of design
3. Suitability of the project
4. Organization
5. Skill
6. Integrity

PRIME PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

This refers to the engagement of Engineering services where the consulting Civil Engineer serve
as the client directly as a prime professional and where the client is usually also the owner of
the project.

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EMPLOYMENT
"Every employee is a wellspring of potential energy. The degree to which that
energy is tapped in any given employee is a function of the interaction between
the employee, his or her manager, and the working environment. An
organization that expects, inspires, and encourages employees to perform at
their highest levels will more than likely achieve those results. Energized
employees take charge and do what needs to be done without being told.“
◦ By Bob Nelson of Retention Connection

DESIGN COMPETITION
DESIGN COMPETITION is a process through which a Civil Engineer is selected
above other competitors based on proposal or an innovative approach to solving
a clients needs .

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CONTINGENCY BASIS OF EMPLOYMENT

Canon 5c or the PICE Code or Ethics provides that “ Engineers may request ,
propose or accept professional commissions on a contingency basis only under
circumstances in w/c their professional judgements would not be compromised
“

Contingency Employment Agreement

- are used for a variety of purposes, as well as time frames, and may or
may not lead to permanent employment.
1. Agreement Expectations
2. Worker Types
3. Contract Expectations
4. Work Scope

AGREEMENT EXPECTATIONS
1. Agreement Expectations
There are many expectations with contingency employment.
a) Contracts typically cover duration, job description, pay rate,
noncompetition agreement, confidentiality, management rights and
termination conditions.
b) The contract can also be renewed, extended or converted into a
permanent position.

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WORKER TYPES
2. Worker Types
a) Contingent employment is most fully developed in the high-tech and high-wage sectors of
information technology, such as the software industry.

a) Temporary-work employers also hire workers under this type of contract. These workers,
whether classified as temporary, contract, independent, seasonal, on-call or leased-
contract, normally complete the work within a certain time frame.

CONTRACT CONSIDERATIONS
3. Contract Considerations

◦ A consideration with contingency contracts is that the workers are not

permanent employees.

◦ However, employers have the option to hire them as permanent employees.

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WORK SCOPE
3. Work Scope
◦ The work performed doesn't typically extend beyond the
work outlined in contingency contracts between employers
and workers.
◦ The tasks, as detailed in the contract, are what the worker is
expected to complete.
◦ When all tasks are finished, the contingency contract can be
considered complete, which would eliminate the position.

PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE OF FOREIGN

CIVIL ENGINEERS
Foreign Civil Engineers are allowed by law (see RA 8991) to practice Civil
Engineering in the Philippines under the following instances .
1. The laws on the foreigner’s state or country allow the citizens of the
Philippines to practice civil engineering on the same basis and grant the same
privileges as those enjoyed by the subjects or citizens of such foreign state or
country .
2. Allowed under international agreement .
3. Consultants to be engaged in foreign – funded , joint venture or foreign –
assisted projects of the government .
4. Employees of Philippines or Foreign private institutions pursuant to law.

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PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE OF FOREIGN

CIVIL ENGINEERS
5. Civil Engineers who were former citizens of the Philippines , who had been
registered and issued a certificate of registration and a professional
identification card prior to their naturalization as foreign citizens , and who
while in the country on a visit , sojourn or permanent residence , desire to
practice their profession .

CLASSIFICATION OF ENGINEERING
SERVICES
With the various specializations offered by civil engineers, the services can be grouped
into seven general categories:

1. Consultations, Research, Investigations and Reports.

2. Design Services for Construction Projects.
3. Construction Services.
4. Special Services for Construction Projects.
5. Engineering Support Services.
6. Academic Services.
7. Services as Employee.

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Pursuant to RA 544, the different types of infrastructure under the civil

engineering domain include:
1. Streets, bridges, highways and railroads
2. Airports and hangars
3. Portworks, canals, river and shore
improvements, light houses, and dry docks
4. Buildings
5. Fixed structures for irrigation, flood
protection, drainage, water supply and
sewerage works
6. Tunnels

The coverage of civil engineering has not been

changed nor diminished by subsequent laws.

4.1. CONSULTATIONS, RESEARCH,

INVESTIGATIONS, AND REPORTS
The scope of services for this category includes:

1. Collection interpretation, and reporting information

2. Formulate conclusions

3. Give recommendations

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4.1.1. PRELIMINARY AND FEASIBILITY

INVESTIGATIONS AND REPORTS
Before allocation of funds for a project, extensive investigations and analyses
should be done with comparisons of potential plans. The basis for conclusions
and recommendations for undertaking a project are the following:
1. Environmental impact of the project
• Effect of the project on the environment. Would the project develop pollution in the area?
denudation of earth?

2. Sustainable development
• Economic development which does not deplete natural resources.

3. Operating costs
• Also called Operational costs, they are the expenses related to business operation, or to the
operation of a device, component, piece of equipment or facility. They are the cost of
resources to maintain its existence.

4.1.1. PRELIMINARY AND FEASIBILITY

INVESTIGATIONS AND REPORTS
4. Life-cycle costs
• The total cost - recurring and one-time (non-recurring) - over the full life span or a
specified period of a structure or system. It includes purchase price, installation
cost, operating costs, maintenance and upgrade costs, and remaining (residual or
salvage) value at the end of ownership or its useful life.

5. Financing considerations
• Choosing between financing methods
◦ Payment terms
◦ Total cost
◦ Length of arrangement
◦ Associated costs
◦ Requirements of the lender or investor

6. Expected revenues
• This signifies the amount projected to be collected during an accounting period.

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4.1.2. PLANNING STUDIES

Civil engineer services cover the following:
1. Developing engineering requirements for master plans
2. Improvement plans
3. Preliminary engineering studies of land development plans
4. Urban plans
5. Regional plans
6. Investigations of environmental conditions

4.1.3. APPRAISALS, VALUATIONS AND

RATE STUDIES
The service covers the establishment of prospective rates in
evaluating properties through: A broad analysis of existing conditions
provides a solid foundation for the
1. Analysis of existing conditions development of recommendations and
alternatives
2. Capital and operating costs
Capital Cost – is an expense a business (construction)
3. Overhead costs incurs to create a benefit in the future.

4. Financing costs Operating Cost – is an expense required for the day-to-

day functioning of a business (construction)
5. Revenues
Revenue – is the Financing Cost – also known as the Overhead Cost- All costs on
income generated cost of finances, is the cost, income statement except
from normal interest, and other charges direct labor, direct materials,
business involved in the borrowing of and direct expenses.
operations. money to build of purchase assets. cv

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4.1.4. ASSISTANCE IN FINANCIAL MATTERS

For clients who intend to issue revenue bonds, engineering services include:
1. evaluation of the capabilities of facilities to meet needs
2. probable construction costs
3. annual revenue requirements

(Wikipedia: a special type of municipal bond distinguished by

its guarantee of repayment solely from revenues generated by
a specified revenue-generating entity)

4.1.5, 4.1.6 & 4.1.7

4.1.5. MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND EQUIPMENT TESTS
Using codes and standards, the service tests materials and equipment.

4.1.6. DIRECT PERSONAL SERVICES

This service covers preparation of legal proceedings.

4.1.7. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

The types of research covered:
◦ Development of methods and materials in construction.
◦ Improvement or upgrade of construction materials and methods.

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4.1.8. SPECIAL SERVICES

Diverse activities in this scope are:
1. Value engineering
2. Appraisal and valuation
3. Load testing
4. Environmental evaluations
5. Traffic engineering
6. Forensic engineering for structural and other failures
7. Operational assistance
8. Materials process design

4.1.8. SPECIAL SERVICES

9. Pilot studies
10. Computer modeling
11. Safety engineering
12. Topographic, sounding and boundary survey engineering
13. Toxic and hazardous waste evaluation
14. Permit and application services
15. Sales and marketing services
16. Expert witness
17. Representation of municipal or private entities in projects proposed for
privatization

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4.2. DESIGN SERVICES FOR

CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
The six standard phases of a construction project and the engineering
services needed for each are as follows
1. Study and Report Phase
2. Preliminary Design Phase
3. Final Design Phase
4. Bidding or Negotiating Phase
5. Construction Phase
6. Operation Phase

4.2.1 Study and Report Phase

The feasibility of a project can be investigated in this phase:

1. Reviewing data and clarification of the client's requirements

2. Identifying and analyzing government requirements for the
project approval.
3. Provision for clients' needs (planning surveys, evaluations) of
prospective sites.
4. Provision of general economic analysis of clients
requirements and alternatives.
5. Preparation of reports containing alternative solutions
according to the findings and recommendations.

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4.2.2. Preliminary Design Phase

Preliminary design includes establishment of general size, scope and location of
the project. The services include:

1. Clarifying study and report phase and coordinating with governmental

agencies and utilities.
2. Advising clients for additional data and services required.
3. Preparation of estimates
4. Provision of periodic status reports
5. Preparation of preliminary design documents
6. Preliminary drawings
7. Outline specifications

4.2.3. Final Design Phase

After approval of preliminary design, basic services for final design are as follows:

1. Preparation of final drawing plans

2. Preparation of revised estimate of probable total cost of the project
3. Furnishing the necessary data for the application of regulatory permits.
4. Preparation of basic construction documents for review and approval of the
client.
5. Furnishing required copies for necessary documents.
6. Provision of periodic status reports

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4.2.4. Bidding Or Negotiating Phase

Services under this phase may include:
1. Assisting in the bidding process:
a) Obtaining bids
b) Attending pre-bid conferences
c) Receiving and processing deposits for bidding documents

2. Issuing addenda for the bidding documents (interpretation,

clarification, amending, expanding)
3. Assisting in determination of contractors, subcontractors, and
materials suppliers.
4. Advice on acceptability of materials and equipment proposed
by contractors and suppliers.

4.2.5. Construction Phase

Services in this phase include consulting and advising the client
during construction.
1. Review work of constructors through design concepts and
shop and erection drawings.
2. Review test reports on materials and equipment.
3. Visiting the project site to observe and check progress and
quality of work.
4. Providing services by a full-time resident project
representative and by supporting staff.

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4.2.5. Construction Phase

5. Issuing instructions from the client to the contractors -
interpret and clarify; preparation of change orders, special
inspections, testing of work, recommendation to the
acceptability of work.
6. Recommend the client on corrective actions or contractual
measures that may be exercised by the client.
7. Preparing sketches required to resolve problems due to
actual field conditions.
8. Determining progress of work and preparation of payments
due.

4.2.5. Construction Phase

9. Observing and assisting performance tests and initial
operation of the project.
10. Preparation of record drawings from information submitted
by the contractor.
11. Conducting final inspection and reporting the completion of
the project, recommend final payments to contractors and
release retained percentages.

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4.2.6. Operation Phase

The civil engineer may assist in the start-up of the project
operations.
1. Preparation of a manual for both operation and maintenance
requirements
2. Provide assistance in adjusting and balancing equipment
3. Identify deficiencies and assisting in obtaining corrections
4. Perform inspection before the end of the warranty period
5. Assist in operator training
6. Set up job classifications and salaries
7. Organizing purchase of supplies
8. Develop charts for recording operational data
9. Observing and reporting on project operations.

4.3. CONSTRUCTION SERVICES

A civil engineer can work as a contractor. However, this is true only after the civil
engineer is licensed as a contractor by the Philippine Contractors Accreditation
Board (PCAB).

Section 23 of RA 544 states that only registered civil engineers can take charge or
supervise construction or alteration of any building or structure and other
engineering works.

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4.3.1. RA 4566 (Contractor's License Law)

"R.A. 4566 as amended by P.D. No. 1746 provides that no contractor
(including sub-contractor and specialty contractor) shall engage in the
business of contracting without first having secured a PCAB license to
conduct business. It is an offense to engage in contracting business
without a license first being obtained."

4.3.2. Types Of Contractors License

1. Regular license.
Issued to a domestic construction firm ( a sole
proprietorship/partnership/corporation with at least 60% Filipino equity.

2. Special license.
Issued to a joint venture, a consortium, a foreign contractor, or a project
owner who authorizes the licensee to engage only in the construction or a single,
specific project/undertaking.

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4.3.3. AUTHORIZED MANAGING OFFICERS

The qualifications to be an AMO:

1. Senior Executive of a company

2. With at least 2 years experience in implementing a construction project in a
managerial or supervisory capacity; and
3. Nominated by the firm and possessing managerial powers

4.3.4. SUSTAINING TECHNICAL EMPLOYEE

A Sustaining Technical Employee is a licensed technical
professional with at least three (3) years experience.
The STE (Sustaining Technical Employee) forms the backbone of the contractor and
represents the technical qualifications required for a PCAB license as well as the
License Classification. STEs also play a major part in determining the License Category.

Every contractor shall have at least one Sustaining Technical Employee (STE) who has
undergone the 40 hour Construction Occupational Safety and Health (COSH) Course
for Site Safety Officers as a condition for license renewal or New License Application.

A Sustaining Technical Employee (STE) must have at least three (3) years experience of
construction implementation and knowledge of Philippine construction-building
codes and ordinances, labor safety codes and other laws applicable to construction
operation

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4.3.5. COSH Seminar

The Construction Safety and Health Seminar is a forty (40)-hour seminar that
is intended to equip the contractor/applicant with the knowledge on standard
occupational safety, health, practices and processes in construction industry.
The following are those who should attend:
1.The proprietor in an application for a new license
2.Any person nominated as Authorized Managing Officer (AMO) in an application for new license of a
partnership or corporation
3.Any person designated to replace the AMO of a PCAB licensed contractor (application to be filed:
CAMO: Change in AMO)
4.Proprietors or AMO of applicants for upgrading of license category
5.At least (1) Sustaining Technical Employee (STE) of the film. If the proprietor or AMO who are the same
time STEs of their companies who have completed the course on COSH are deemed compliant

4.3.6. AMO Seminar

The AMO Seminar is a two(2)-day seminar that is intended to
equip the contractor/applicant with the basic knowledge on the
following:
1. construction safety,
2. building and lien laws,
3. taxation, labor and other relevant laws, and
4. the basic principles of the construction business.

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4.4. SPECIAL SERVICES FOR

CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
1. Geotechnical Engineering including test borings, sampling and
analysis, and recommendation on soils.
2. Establishment of design criteria or demonstrate compliance
3. Surveying works. Land surveys, establishment of boundaries and
monuments, preparation of easement descriptions, topographic
surveys
4. Shop or laboratory inspections
5. Reproduction of reports, drawings, specifications, and documents
required for bidding and construction
6. Value engineering
7. Extra travel and subsistence
8. Value engineering
9. Redesign to reflect changes by the client

4.4. SPECIAL SERVICES FOR

CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS
10. Assistance to client as an expert witness in litigation
11. Final investigation
12. Preparation of documents for public works
13. Land planning and partitioning activities
14. Environmental assessments and impact statements
15. Detailed studies to meet special conditions encountered
during construction
16. Assistance to the client in the selection and engagement of
contractors and subcontractors.
17. Assessment of the project's ability
18. Computer simulation and modeling

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4.5. ENGINEERING SUPPORT SERVICES

General engineering support services are as follows:
1. Drafting.
Also called technical drawing, this is the creation of accurate
representations of objects, buildings or houses for engineering purposes.

2. Land and construction surveying.

Surveying works to establish the major features of the land surface, which
can be affected with upcoming construction.

3. Procurement of adequate and correct data.

These are information which need sound engineering judgment and
guidance.

4.6. ACADEMIC SERVICES

Academic services of civil engineers include full or part-time
teaching or training. These services include:
1. Teaching of civil engineering courses in colleges/universities.
RA 8981 states that all subjects for licensure examinations
shall be taught by registered professionals and who comply
with CHED requirements.
2. Lecturing in PICE seminars for CPD credits.
3. Conducting tutorials/refresher courses on civil engineering
subjects
4. A Resource Speaker in Technical Session
5. Writing technical articles

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4.7. SERVICES AS EMPLOYEE

These services engage the civil engineer to duties for regular
salary from the employer.
1. A civil engineer can be employed in any institutional or
commercial functions.
2. For part-time employment, as an employee and a consultant,
the civil engineer should be compliant to the two different
standards - as an employee and as a consultant.
3. If the civil engineer is employed in a consulting firm, he should
comply with the standards of the firm or the consulting civil
engineer.
4. Civil engineers working in the government are governed by laws
prescribed by the Civil Service Commission.

THETheSELECTION OF THE CIVIL ENGINEER

autonomy in the workplace makes the works of a civil engineer
unique from others. This chapter discusses recommendations for
engineers to be selected.

1. Basis for Selection

2. Client's Selection Committee

3. Qualifications-based Selection (QBS) Procedure

4. Selection Procedure For "Level Of Effort" Contracts

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5.1. BASIS FOR SELECTION

The primary move for a client in selecting an engineer is to
define the scope of works in a project. The client determines
performance requirements. The following are factors in the
selection process for the private sector:

1. Reputation of the civil engineer as referred by the previous

clients.

2. Validity of registration from PRC.

3. Qualifications and expertise in performing services.

5.1. BASIS FOR SELECTION

4. Ability to assign a qualified staff on site to take charge of the
project.

5. Possession of financial and business resources to accomplish

the assignment.

For government projects, EO 164 and PD 1594 as

amended apply to procurement of consulting services and
selection of contractor for construction.

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5.2. CLIENT'S SELECTION COMMITTEE

In big organizations, the person designated to select the
civil engineer should be familiar with the project requirements
and should be free from pressure - internal or external.

The committee should comprise of three individuals, one

of which is a professional civil engineer. The individuals should
demonstrate objectivity. Additionally, at least one should be
thoroughly familiar with civil engineering practices.

5.3. QUALIFICATIONS-BASED SELECTION

(QBS) PROCEDURE
If the client has a satisfactory relationship with the civil engineer,
there are steps which can be skipped in the procedure. The
procedure is as follows:
1. Statement of:
a) General nature of the project.
b) Services required
c) Request statements
d) CE qualifications and experience
e) RFQ. Request for qualifications. Request for general
qualifications in a selected area of expertise.
f) RFP. Request for proposals. Shortlist for selecting a civil
engineer for a specific project.

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5.3. QUALIFICATIONS-BASED SELECTION

(QBS) PROCEDURE
2. Prepare a budget expected from the potential civil engineer.

3. Evaluate statements. Select the best three civil engineers or

firms.

4. Correspondence with the chosen engineers.

A. Describe the project in detail including:

a) Scope of the project
b) Services required

5.3. QUALIFICATIONS-BASED SELECTION

(QBS) PROCEDURE
B. Proposal for the engineer to describe:
a) Plan for managing
b) Plan for performing the required services
For complex
c) Assigned personnel projects, a
d) Proposed schedule pre-proposal
conference
e) Experience with similar projects might be
f) Office location where services will be performed beneficial.

g) Financial standing
h) Present workload Each civil engineer or firm
i) References should be given the
opportunity to visit the site,
review data and obtain
clarification of any required
items.

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5.3. QUALIFICATIONS-BASED SELECTION

(QBS) PROCEDURE
5. Interview and discussion.

6. Check with recent clients of each engineer about the

performance of services.

7. List the engineers of preference.

8. The best qualified engineer is invited to develop a detailed

scope.

5.3. QUALIFICATIONS-BASED SELECTION

(QBS) PROCEDURE
9. The engineer's proposed compensation should be taken into
account.

10. If negotiations fail, inform the first civil engineer or firm

through writing about termination of negotiation and then
proceed to the second engineer.

7. When an agreement (scope, schedule, compensation) has

been reached, a written contract is finalized.

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 9 Oct 2023

5.4. SELECTION PROCEDURE FOR "LEVEL

OF EFFORT" CONTRACTS
When a "level of effort" contract is used, the QBS procedure is
still applicable as listed from 9-11.

9. The engineer's proposed compensation should be taken

into account.

10. If negotiations fail, inform the first civil engineer or firm

through writing about termination of negotiation and
then proceed to the second engineer.

11. When an agreement (scope, schedule, compensation) has

been reached, a written contract is finalized.

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