MATHEMATICS

LESSON -2 RELATIONS

1) Let R = {(1, 3),(4, 2),(2, 4),(2, 3),(3, 1)} be the relation on the set A = {1,2,3,4}.

The relation R is:

a) a function

b) transitive

c) not symmetric

d) reflexive

ANS:- c

EXPLANATION:- The relation is not symmetric because 2 has image 3 but 3 does

Not have image 2

2) Let R = {(3, 3),(6, 6),(9, 9),(12, 12),(6, 12),(3, 9),(3, 12),(3, 6)}

Be a relation on the set A = {3,6,9,12}. The relation is:

a) reflexive only

b) reflexive and transitive only

c) reflexive and symmetric only

d) an equivalence relation

ANS:- b

EXPLANATION:- since (3,3) ,(6, 6),(9, 9),(12, 12) are in R,

∴ R isreflexive
 Since (3, 6),(6, 12),(3, 12) are in R,
∴ R istransitive

Hence R is reflexive and transitive only.

3) Let W denote the words in the English dictionary. Define the relation R by:

R={ ( x , y ) ∈W ×W ; the words x∧ y have at least one letter common }

Then R is:

a) not reflexive, symmetric and transitive

b) reflexive, symmetric and not transitive

c) reflexive, symmetric and transitive

d) reflexive, not symmetric and transitive

ANS:- b

EXPLANATION:- clearly (x, x) ∈ R for x ∈ W

⇒ R is reflexive

Let ( x , y ) ∈ R . Then ( y , x ) ∈ R .

[ ∵ x , y have at least one letter∈ common ]

⇒ R is symmetric .

But R is not transitive

[For example: Let x = INDIA, y = MUMBAI, z = ZUHU

Then ( x , y ) ∈ Rand ( y , z ) ∈ Rbut (x , z )∉ R ¿

4) Let R be the real line. Consider the following subsets of the plane R × R :

S= { ( x , y ) : y=x +1∧0< x< 2 }

T ={ ( x , y ) : x− y is an integer } .
 Which one of the following is true?

a) T is an equivalence relation on R but S is not

b) neither S nor T is an equivalence relation on R

c) both S and T are equivalence relations on R

d) S is an equivalence relation on R but T is not

ANS:- a

EXPLANATION:- We have :T ={ ( x , y ) : x− y ∈ Z }
T is reflexive .[∵ ( x , x ) ∈ Z ⇒ ( x−x ) i . e .0 ∈ Z]

T is symmetric .¿ T is transitive .[∵ ( x , y )∈ Z ,( y , w)∈ Z ⇒ (x− y )∈ Z , y−w ∈ Z ]

⇒ ( x− y )+ ( y−w )=( x−w ) ∈ Z ⇒ (x , w )∈ Z ¿

Thus, T is an equivalence relation.

We have : S = {(x, y):Y = x+1, 0 < x < 2}

S is not reflexive.

[∵ ( x , x ) ∈ S ⇒ x=x +1⇒ 0=1 , which is impossible

Hence T is an equivalence relation and S is not.

5 ) Consider the following relations:

R¿ {(x, y)|x, y are real numbers and x = wy for some rational number w};
m p
S={( , )}; m, n, p and q are integers such that n, q ≠ 0∧{qm= pn }.
n q

Then:

a) R is an equivalence relation but S is not an equivalence relation

b) neither R nor S is an equivalence relation

c) S is an equivalence relation but R is not an equivalence relation

 d) R and S both are equivalence relation

ANS:- c

EXPLANATION:- Here xRy ⇒ x=wy

yRx ⇒ y=wx

⇒ xRy ≠ yRx

⇒ R is not symmetric .

Thus R is not an equivalence relation .

m m
Now S =mn=mn , whichis true for m ,n ∈ Z
n n

⇒ S is reflexive

m p
S ⇒ mq= pn
n q

p m
⇒ pn=mq⇒ S
q n

⇒ S is symmetric .

m p p r
S , S ⇒ qm= pn , ps=qr
n q q s

⇒ ( qm) ( ps )= ( pn )( qr )

m r
⇒ ms=rn ⇒ S
n s

⇒ S is transitive .

Thus S is an equivalence relation .

Hence S is an equivalence relation but R is not an equivalence relation .

6) Let A = {1,2,3}. The total number of distinct relations which can be defined over

A is :
 a) 6

b) 8

c) 29

d) None of these

ANS:- c

EXPLANATION:- n ( A × A )=n ( A ) . n ( A )=3 ×3=9.

9
∴ Total number of ⊂of A × A=2
9
⇒ of distinct relation=2

7) Let A = {1,2,3,4} and R = {(2, 2),(3, 3),(4, 4),(1, 2)} be a relation on A. Then A is:

a) reflexive

b) symmetric

c) transitive

d) None of these

ANS:- c

EXPLANATION:- Since ( 1 , 1 ) ∉ R

∴ R isnot reflexive

Since ( 1 , 2 ) ∈ R but ( 2 , 1 ) ∉ R ,

∴ R isnot symmetric

Clearly R is transitive .

8) The void relation on a set A is:

a) reflexive

b) symmetric and transitive

 c) reflexive and symmetric

d) reflexive and transitive

ANS:- b

EXPLANATION:- Void relation on A is not reflexive because(a, a)

∈R,

for a ∈ R

9) The relation ‘is subset of on the power set P(A) of a set A is:

a) symmetric

b) anti- symmetric

c) equivalence relation

d)none of these

ANS:- b

EXPLANATION:- Relation is not symmetric because A⊂ B does not imply B ⊂ A .

But it is anti- symmetric because A⊂ B∧B ⊂ A

⇒ A=B

10) The relation ‘congruence modulo m’ is:

a) reflexive only

b) symmetric only

c) transitive only

d) an equivalence relation

ANS:- d

EXPLANATION:- Here R is defined by a R b ⇔ a−b is divisib≤by m.

a R a because a- a is divisible by m⇒ R is reflexive .

 a R b ⇒ b R a⇒ R is symmetric .
a R b∧b R c ⇒ a−b=k 1 m, b−c=k 2 m

⇒ a−c =( k 1 +k 2) m

⇒ R is transitive .

Hence R is an equivalence relation .

11) R is a relation over the set of real numbers and it is given by mn ≥ 0.Then R is:

a) reflexive and symmetric

b) reflexive and transitive

c) an equivalence relation

d) partial order relation

ANS:- c

EXPLANATION:- Clearly R is reflexive, symmetric and transitive.

∴ R is an equivalence relation .

12) Let R be a relation on a set A such that R = R-1 . Then R is:

a) reflexive

b) symmetric

c) transitive

d) None of these

ANS:- b

EXPLANATION:- Let (a, b) ∈ R . Then ( b , a ) ∈ R−1

⇒ ( b , a ) ∈ R [ ∵ R=R−1 ]

⇒ R is symmetric
13) Let R be the relation over the set of straight lines in a plane such that
l R m⟺ l⊥ m .Then R is:

a) reflexive

b) symmetric

c) transitive

d) an equivalence relation

ANS:- b

EXPLANATION:- l ⊥m ⇒ m⊥ l ⇒ R is symmetric .

14) Let R be the relation over the set of integers such that l R m⟺ l is a multiple

of m. Then R is:

a) reflexive

b) symmetric

c) an equivalence relation

d) None of these

ANS:- a

EXPLANATION:- l R l ⟺ lis a multiple of l⇒ R is reflexive

15) Let a relation R in the set of natural numbers be defined by

(x , y)∈ R ⟺ x 2−4 xy +3 y 2=0 for all x , y ∈ N . Then therelation R is :

a) reflexive

b) symmetric

c) transitive

d) an equivalence relation
ANS:- a

EXPLANATION:- Let x ∈ N . x 2−4 x . x +3 x 2=4 x 2−4 x 2=0

⇒ ( x , x ) ∈ R ⇒ R is reflexive .

16) Let R ¿ { ( x , y ) : x , y ∈ A , x + y=5 } , where A={ 1 ,2 , 3 , 4 ,5 } . Then:

a) R is reflexive, symmetric but not transitive

b) R is not reflexive, not symmetric but transitive

c) R is not reflexive, symmetric and not transitive

d) R is an equivalence relation

ANS:- c

EXPLANATION:- R = {(1, 4),(4, 1),(2, 3),(3, 2)}.

( 1 ,1 ) ∉ R ⇒ R is not reflexive .

Clearly r is symmetric.

But R is not transitive.

[∵ ( 1 , 4 ) ∈ R , ( 4 ,1 ) ∈ R but(1 , 1)∉ R ¿

17) Let x, y ∈ I

¿ supposethat a relation R on I is defined by x R y if ∧onlyif x ≤y. Then:

a) R is reflexive and symmetric

b) R is symmetric and transitive

c) R is an equivalence relation

d) R is partial order.

ANS:- d

EXPLANATION:- x R x ⇒ x ≤ x , which istrue ⇒ R is reflexive .

 Now ( 1, 2 ) ∈ R because 1≤ 2

¿ ( 2 ,1 ) ∉ R because2 ≥1. ∴ R is not symmetric .

¿ x ≤ y , y ≤ z ⇒ x ≤ z ⇒ R is transitive .

If x ≤ y∧ y ≤ x , then x= y ⇒ R is anti−symmetric

Hence R is∂ order .

18) Let A = {1,2,3}. Then the relation R = {(2, 3)} in A is:

a) symmetric only

b) transitive only

c) symmetric and transitive only

d) None of these

ANS:- b

EXPLANATION:- Here (2, 3) ∈ R but , (3 ,2 ) ∉ R

⇒ R is not symmetric

But R is transitive .

19) Let the relation R be defined by :

R={(4, 5),(1, 4),(4, 6),(7, 6),(3, 7)}.

Then the relation R−1 ∘ R is givenby :

a) {(1, 5),(1, 6),(3, 6)}

b) {(1, 1),(4, 4),(7, 4),(4, 7),(7, 7)}

c) {(1, 1),(4, 4),(4, 7),(7, 4),(7, 7),(3, 3)}

d) None of these

ANS:- b
EXPLANATION:- WE have: R={(4, 5),(1, 4),(4, 6),(7, 6),(3, 7)}

R-1 = {(5, 4),(4, 1),(6, 4),(6, 7),

(7, 3)}.

Now (1, 1)∈ R−1 ∘ Rbecause ( 1 , 4 ) ∈ Rand ( 4 ,1 ) ∈ R−1

( 4 , 4 ) ∈ R−1 ∘ R because ( 4 , 5 ) ∈ R∧( 5 , 4 ) ∈ R−1 .

similarly others :

Hence ( b ) is the correct answer

20) The relation R defined on the set A={1,2,3,4} by:

R= {(x, y):|x 2− y 2|≤ 10 , x , y ∈ A }is given by :

a) {(1, 1),(1, 2),(1, 3),(1, 4),(2, 1),(2, 2),(2, 3),(2, 4)}

b) {(1, 1),(1, 2),(1, 3),(2, 2),(2, 3),(3, 3),(3, 4),(4, 4)}

c) {(1, 1),(1, 2),(1, 3),(2, 1),(2, 2),(2, 3),(3, 1),(3, 2),(3, 3),(3,
4),(4, 3),

(4, 4)}

ANS:- c

EXPLANATION:- When x=1, then y = 1,2,3.

When x = 2, then y = 1,2,3.

When x = 3, then y = 1,2,3,4.

When x = 4, then y = 3,4.

Hence R = {(1, 1),(1, 2),(1, 3),(2, 1),(2, 2),(2, 3),(3, 1),(3, 2),(3,
3),

(3, 4),(4, 3),(4, 4)}

21) Given the relation R = {(1, 2),(2, 3)} in the set A = {1,2,3}. Then
the minimum

number of ordered pairs which when added to R make it an

equivalence

relation is:

a) 5

b) 6

c) 7

d) 8

ANS:- c

EXPLANATION:- R is reflexive if (1, 1),(2, 2),(3, 3)∈ R

Now (1, 2) ∈ R , ( 2 , 3 ) ∈ R
∴ R is symmetric if ( 2 ,1 ) ∈ R , ( 3 , 2 ) ∈ R .

Now R= {( 1 , 1 ) (2 , 2 ) ( 3 ,3 )( 1 , 2 )( 2 , 1 ) (2 , 3 ) ( 3 , 2 ) }

Hence R istransitive if ( 3 , 1 ) ∈ R , R ∈ ( 1 ,3 ) .

Thus R is an equivalence relationif the o rdered pairs ¿ be added is 7.

22) Let A={ a , b , c } .Which of the following isnot equivalence relation∈A ?

a) R1={(a, b),(b, c),(a, c),(a, a)}

b) R2 = {(c, b),(c, a),(c, c),(b, b)}

c) R3 ={(a, a),(b, b),(c, c),(a, b)}

d) None of these

ANS:- d

EXPLANATION:- can be verified

23) Two points A and B in a plane are related if OA = OB, where O
is a fixed point.

This relation is:

a) reflexive but not symmetric

b) reflexive but not transitive

c) equivalence relation

d) partial order relation

ANS:- c

EXPLANATION:- can be verified

24) Let R1 and R2 be two equivalence relations in the set A. Then :

a) R1∪ R2 is an equivalence relation

b) R1 ∩ R2 is an equivalence relation

c) R1 -R2 is an equivalence relation

d) None of these

ANS:- b

EXPLANATION:- can be verified

25) If A is the set of even natural numbers less than 8 and B is a set
of prime

numbers less than 7, then the number of relations from A to B

is:

a) 29

b) 92

c) 32
 d) 29-1

ANS:- a

EXPLANATION:- Here A={2,4,6} and B={2,3,5}.

∴ A × B contains 3 ×3 i .e . ,9 elements .

9
∴ No. of relations=2
Define the relation R by :¿