PROJECT REPORT ON

WIRELESS POWER TRANSFER

BY

AKSHIT YADAV

UNDER SUPERVISION of

Dr. YADAV KRISHNA KUMAR R.

DEPARTMENT OF
INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING

IERT,PRAYAGRAJ
 DEPARTMENT OF
INDUSTRIAL AND PRODUCTION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the term work carried out

in the subject of MINI PROJECT and recorded in
this report is the bonafide work of Mr. AKSHIT
YADAV. Roll No.: 2101100450004 of B.Tech
semester 3RD in the branch of INDUSTRIAL &
PRODUCTION ENGINEERING during the academic
year 2022-2023

SIGNATURE DATE:
25.FEBRUARY.2023
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We hereby, completing this project, would like to express

our very great appreciation to Dr. YADAV KRISHNA
KUMAR R. for providing required guidance and his
valuable and constructive suggestions during our project
work. His willingness to give his time so generously has
been very much appreciated.

We would also like to thank our friends for their timely

help comment and suggestions. Their suggestions and
comments had really given me new direction to think on
project.

Lastly, we would like to extend our gratitude to authors

of the papers and information sources without which this
project would not have been possible.

IERT,PRAYAGRAJ has provided us with the knowledge

and assistance that constructed the foundation required
in us to initiate and follow through a project such as this,
and for that we are grateful to all the teachers, officers,
and staff of the I.P.Department.

Finally, we would like to express our gratefulness towards

our parents and Almighty for being there with
us through thick and thin.
 ABSTRACT

The transmission of electrical energy from source to load

for a distance without any conducting wire or cables is
called Wireless Power Transmission. The concept of
wireless power transfer was realized by Nikola Tesla.
Wireless power transfer can make a remarkable change in
the field of the electrical engineering which eliminates the
use conventional copper cables and current carrying wires.

Day by day new technologies are making our life simpler.

Wireless charging through resonance could be one of the
next technologies that bring the future nearer. In this
project it has been shown that it is possible to charge low
power devices wirelessly via inductive coupling. It
minimizes the complexity that arises for the use of
conventional wire system. In addition, the project also
opens up new possibilities of wireless systems in our other
daily life uses.
 INDEX

S.No. Title Pg.No.

1. Introduction 01
2. Basics concept of wireless power transfer 03
3. Inductance of coil and coil design 05
4. Block Diagram O7
5. Cicuit Diagram 08
6. Transmitter 09
7. Receiver 12
8. Output 14
9. Conclusion 15
10. Application and Future work 16
11. Advantages and Disadvantages 18
12. Bibliography 19
13. Appendix 20
 INTRODUCTION

We live in a world of technological advancement. New technologies

emerge each and every day to make our life simpler. Despite all
these, we still rely on the classical and conventional wire system to
charge our everyday use low power devices such as mobile phones,
digital camera etc. and even mid power devices such as laptops.
The conventional wire system creates a mess when it comes to
charging several devices simultaneously. It also takes up a lot of
electric sockets and not to mention the fact that each device has
its own design for the charging port. At this point a question might
arise. ―What if a single device can be used to charge these devices
simultaneously without the use of wires and not creating a mess in
the process? We gave it a thought and came up with an idea. The
solution to all these dilemma lies with inductive coupling, a simple
and effective way of transferring power wirelessly.

Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) is the efficient transmission of

electric power from one point to another trough vacuum or an
atmosphere without the use of wire or any other substance. This
can be used for applications where either an instantaneous amount
or a continuous delivery of energy is needed, but where
conventional wires are unaffordable, inconvenient, expensive,
hazardous, unwanted or impossible. The power can be transmitted
using Inductive coupling for short range, Resonant Induction for
mid-range and Electromagnetic wave power transfer for high
range. WPT is a technology that can transport power
to locations, which are otherwise not possible or impractical to
reach. Charging low power devices and eventually mid power
devices by means of inductive coupling could be the next big thing.

-1-
The objective of this project is to design and construct a method to
transmit wireless electrical power through space and charge a
designated low power device. The system will work by using
resonant coils to transmit power from an AC line to a resistive load.
Investigation of various geometrical and physical
form factors evaluated in order to increase coupling between
transmitter and receiver.

A success in doing so would eliminate the use of cables in the

charging process thus making it simpler and easier to charge a low
power device. It would also ensure the safety of the device since it
would eliminate the risk of short circuit.

The objective also includes the prospect of charging multiple low

power devices simultaneously using a single source which would use
a single power outlet.

-2-
Basic concept of wireless power transfer

1. Inductive Coupling
Inductive or Magnetic coupling works on the principle of
electromagnetism. When a wire is proximity to a magnetic field, it
generates a magnetic field in that wire. Transferring energy
between wires through magnetic fields is inductive coupling.

If a portion of the magnetic flux established by one circuit interlinks

with the second circuit, then two circuits are coupled magnetically
and the energy may be transferred from one circuit to the another
circuit.

This energy transfer is performed by the transfer of the magnetic

field which is common to the both circuits.

In electrical engineering, two conductors are referred to as mutual-

inductively coupled or magnetically coupled when they are
configured such that change in current flow through one wire
induces a voltage across the end of the other wire through
electromagnetic induction. The amount of inductive coupling
between two conductors is measured by their mutual inductance.

Inductive Coupling with four component fluxes

-3-
Power transfer efficiency of inductive coupling can be increased by
increasing the number of turns in the coil, the strength of the
current, the area of cross-section of the coil and the strength of
the radial magnetic field. Magnetic fields decay quickly, making
inductive coupling effective at a very short range.

2. Inductive Charging
Inductive charging uses the electromagnetic field to transfer energy
between two objects. A charging station sends energy through
inductive coupling to an electrical device, which stores the energy
in the batteries. Because there is a small gap between the two coils,
inductive charging is one kind of short- distance wireless energy
transfer.

Induction chargers typically use an induction coil to create an

alternating electromagnetic field from within a charging base
station, and a second induction coil in the portable device takes
power from the electromagnetic field and converts it back into
electrical current to charge the battery. The two induction coils in
proximity combine to form an electrical transformer.

Greater distances can be achieved when the inductive charging

system uses resonant inductive coupling.

-4-
 Inductance of Coil and Coil Design

Introductiuon
An ideal inductor has inductance, but no resistance or capacitance, and
does not dissipate or radiate energy. However, real inductors have
resistance (due to the resistance of the wire and losses in core
material), and parasitic capacitance (due to the electric field between the
turns of wire which are at slightly different potentials). At high
frequencies the capacitance begins to affect the inductor's behavior;
at some frequency, real inductors behave as resonant circuits, becoming
self-resonant. At frequencies above this the capacitive reactance becomes
the dominant part of the impedance. Energy is dissipated by the
resistance of the wire, and by any losses in the magnetic core due to
hysteresis. At high currents, iron core inductors also show gradual
departure from ideal behavior due to nonlinearity caused by
magnetic saturation. At higher frequencies, resistance and resistive losses
in inductors grow due to skin effect in the inductor's winding wires. Core
losses also contribute to inductor losses at higher
Frequencies

Single Layer Coil

Single Layer Coil

-5-
A single layer coil, as shown in figure, has two advantages. Firstly,
like all air core coils, it is free from iron losses and the non-
linearity mentioned above. Secondly, single layer coils have the
additional advantage of low self-capacitance and thus high self-
resonant frequency.

In the simple case of a single layer solenoidal coil the inductance

may be calculated as follows:
L = (d2n2) / (l + 0.45d) [μH]
Where L is the inductance, d is the coil diameter in meters, l is the
coil length in meters and n is the number of turns.

Losses in coil:
At high frequencies, particularly radio frequencies (RF), inductors
have higher resistance and other losses. In addition to causing
power loss, in resonant circuits this can reduce the Q factor of the
circuit, broadening the bandwidth. In RF inductors, which are
mostly air core types, specialized construction techniques are used
to minimize these losses. The losses are due to these effects:

1. Skin effect: The resistance of a wire to high frequency current

is higher than its resistance to direct current because of skin effect.
Radio frequency alternating current does not penetrate far into the
body of a conductor but travels along its surface. Therefore, in a
solid wire, most of the cross sectional area of the wire is not used
to conduct the current, which is in a narrow annulus on the
surface. This effect increases the resistance of the wire in the coil,
which may already have a relatively high resistance due to its
length and small diameter.
2. Parasitic capacitance: The capacitance between individual
wire turns of the coil, called parasitic capacitance, does not cause
energy losses but can change the behaviour of thr coil.

-6-
 Block Diagram

D.C. power Oscillator

supply transmitter
circuit

Receiver
Filter rectifier

-7-
 Circuit Diagram

Component used:

Component’s Name Component’s Value or code

Enamelled copper wire 0.4-0.6 mm
Transister 2N2222A
Resistor 27k
Battery 9V

-8-
 Transmitter

Working of transmitter circuit:

The transmitter module of our project is made up of a D.C. power
source, an oscillator circuit (commonly known as an inverter) and a
transmitter coil.

The D.C. power source provides a constant D.C. voltage to the input
of the oscillator circuit. There, this D.C. power is converted to a
high frequency A.C. power and is supplied to the transmitter coil.
The transmitter coil, energized by the high frequency A.C. current,
produces an alternating magnetic field.

D.C.
Power Oscillator Transmitter Coil
Source

D.C. supply:
The D.C. Power Source consists of a simple step down transformer
and a rectifier circuit. The transformer steps down the voltage to a
desired level and the rectifier circuit convert the A.C. voltage to
D.C.

Oscillator circuit:
The prototype oscillator Circuit designed for the project is a
modified Royer oscillator. This oscillator circuit is incredibly simple
yet a very powerful design. Very high oscillating current can be
achieved with this circuit depending on the semiconductor used.

-9-
Here high current is necessary to increase the strength of the
magnetic field.

Working of oscillator circuit:

The circuit consists of with two chokes labeled L1 and L2, two
semiconductors (Here N-channel Enhancement power-MOSFETS)
labeled Q1 and Q2, a resonating capacitor labeled C2 and an
inductor (here the transmitter coil) labeled L3. Cross-coupled
feedback is provided via the diodes D1 and D2. R1, R3 and R2, R4
are the biasing network for MOSFETS.

When power is applied, DC current flows through the two sides of

the coil and to the transistors’ drain. At the same time the voltage
appears on both gates and starts to turn the transistors on. One
transistor is invariably a little faster than the other and will turn
on more. The current would continue to increase until
the coil (transformer) saturates. The resonating capacitor C
causes the voltage across the primary to first rise and then fall in a
standard sine wave pattern.

Assuming that Q1 turned on first, the voltage at the drain of Q1’s

will be clamped to near ground while
the voltage at Q2’s drain rises to a peak and then falls as the tank
formed by the capacitor and the coil primary oscillator through
one half cycle. After that, D1 will be forward bias by more voltage
than D2 and hence it will turn on Q2 and cycle repeats.
The oscillator runs at the frequency determined by the inductance
of the coil, the capacitor value and to a lesser extent, the load
applied to the secondary (Source coil).

The operating frequency is the familiar formula for resonance,

F= 1/2 × π × √(LC)

- 10 -
Transmitter coil:
For this project the transmitter coil was constructed with 92 mm
diameter, 17 swg copper wire and 7 turns.

From the equation of inductance of a single layer air core coil, we

get inductance L = 8.1 uH.

- 11 -
 Receiver

Working of Receiver:
The receiver module of our project is made up of a receiver coil, a
rectifier circuit and a voltage regulator IC. And additional buck
converter to get more current by decreasing output voltage to 5
volt.

An A.C. voltage is induced in the receiver coil. The rectifier circuit

converts it to D.C. and the voltage regulator IC helps to maintain a
constant limited voltage at the load.

The following block diagram gives a general idea of the receiver

module:

Voltage
Receiver Load/Low
Rectifier Regulator
Coil power Device
IC

Block DIagram of the Receiver Module

Receiver coil:
Receiver coil for our project is designed same as transmitter coil
with same value.

Rectifier:
A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a
bridge circuit configuration that provides the same polarity of
output for either polarity of input. When used in its most

- 12 -
Common application, for conversion of an alternating current (AC)
input into direct current a (DC) output, it is known as a bridge
rectifier. The essential feature of a diode bridge is that the polarity
of the output is the same regardless of the polarity at the input.

Operation of bridge rectifier:

During the Positive half cycle of the input AC waveform diodes D1
and D3 are forward biased and D2 and D4 are reverse biased.
When the voltage, more than the threshold level of the diodes D1
and D3, starts conducting – the load current starts flowing
through it.
During the negative half cycle of the input AC waveform, the
diodes D2 and D4 are forward biased, and D1 and D3 are reverse
biased. Load current starts flowing through the D2 and D4 diodes.
Further we can use capacitor filter to remove ripples present in
output of bridge rectifier. After capacitor filter, smooth DC voltage
is present at the input of voltage regulator.

Voltage regulator IC:

A voltage regulator is an electrical regulator designed to
automatically maintain a constant voltage level. It may use an
electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending
on the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC
voltages.
In this project, LM 7812 voltage regulator IC is used since it
allowed no more than 12v to the output.

Buck converter:
It is totally optional part in receiver circuit. It is used to increase
current at output.Buck converter is DC to DC converter which step
down the voltage and according to it, it increase output current.

- 13 -
 Output

Transmitted signal:

Receiver output:

- 14 -
 Conclusion

The goal of this project was to design and implement a wireless

charger for low power devices via resonant inductive coupling. After
analysing the whole system step by step for optimization, a circuit
was designed and implemented. Experimental results showed that
significant improvements in terms of power-transfer efficiency
have been achieved.

It was described and demonstrated that resonant inductive

coupling can be used to deliver power wirelessly from a source coil
to a load coil and charge a low power device.

As it was mentioned earlier, wireless charging could be the next big

thing.

- 15 -
Possible Applications and future work

Applications:

1) Smart Phones, Portable Media Players, Digital Cameras and

Tablets.
2) Public Access Charging Terminal.
3) Computer Systems
4) Miscellaneous: Wireless chargers are finding its way into
anything with a battery inside it. This includes game and TV
remotes, cordless power tools, cordless vacuum cleaners, soap
dispensers, hearing aids and even cardiac pacemakers. Wireless
chargers are also capable of charging super capacitors (super caps),
or any device that is traditionally powered by a low-voltage power
cable.

Future work:
To transmit the power to a greater distance, a high power radio
frequency amplifier connected with an oscillator is needed. But the
construction of the bulky RF power amplifier requires much time
and patience.
High power vacuum tube transistor amplifier with high current will
make the system more efficient.
A crystal oscillator circuit might be a better option for the
transmitter circuit since it can produce a very high frequency A.C.
current.
Further effort on this same project can yield some real solutions
that can solve the problems of this project. The knowledge of this
project will help those who want to design a wireless charging
system.

- 16 -
- 17 -
 Advantages and disadvantages

Wireless power transfer will be next biggest move in this integrated

technologies world because it has numerous advantages and
applications.

Advantages:
we don’t have need to stick with wires while using any electric
device like mobile, laptop, camera etc. complete removal of wires is
possible by WPT so system becomes very user friendly and
complexity can be reduced. At public places like Malls and stations,
complexity of power system can be reduced by WPT.

Disadvantages:
Major disadvantage of wireless power transfer is high power loss for
longer distance. So we can transfer power wirelessly from one
point to another very efficiently if distance is too small but loss
rapidly increases with distance.

- 18 -
 Bibliography

1) Jacob Millman and Christos C. Halkias, ― Integrated Electronics:

Analog and Digital Circuits and Systems
2) Muhammad H. Rashid, ― Power Electronics: Circuits, Devices,
and Applications
3) Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Electronic Devices and
Circuit Theory
4) William H.Hayt,Jr. and John A.Buck, Engineering
Electromagnetics
5) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_power
6) http://www.engineersgarage.com/articles/wireless-power-
transmission

- 19 -
 Appendix

1) Datasheet of MOSFET IRF540.

2) Datasheet of OA79.
3) Datasheet of LM7812.

- 20 -